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SQLAlchemy是Python中最流行的ORM(对象关系映射)框架之一,它提供了高效且灵活的数据库操作方式。本文将介绍如何使用SQLAlchemy ORM进行数据库操作。

目录

  • 安装SQLAlchemy

  • 核心概念

  • 连接数据库

  • 定义数据模型

  • 创建数据库表

  • 基本CRUD操作

  • 查询数据

  • 关系操作

  • 事务管理

  • 最佳实践

  • 安装

    bash

    pip install sqlalchemy

    如果需要连接特定数据库,还需安装相应的驱动程序:

    bash

    # PostgreSQL
    pip install psycopg2-binary

    # MySQL
    pip install mysql-connector-python

    # SQLite (Python标准库已包含,无需额外安装)

    核心概念

    • Engine:数据库连接的引擎,负责与数据库通信

    • Session:数据库会话,管理所有持久化操作

    • Model:数据模型类,对应数据库中的表

    • Query:查询对象,用于构建和执行数据库查询

    连接数据库

    python

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

    # 创建数据库连接引擎
    # SQLite示例
    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///example.db', echo=True)

    # PostgreSQL示例
    # engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@localhost:5432/mydatabase')

    # MySQL示例
    # engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqlconnector://username:password@localhost:3306/mydatabase')

    # 创建会话工厂
    SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)

    # 创建会话实例
    session = SessionLocal()

    定义数据模型

    python

    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, declarative_base

    # 创建基类
    Base = declarative_base()

    class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
    name = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
    email = Column(String(100), unique=True, index=True)

    # 定义一对多关系
    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="author")

    class Post(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'posts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
    title = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
    content = Column(String(500))
    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))

    # 定义多对一关系
    author = relationship("User", back_populates="posts")

    # 定义多对多关系(通过关联表)
    tags = relationship("Tag", secondary="post_tags", back_populates="posts")

    class Tag(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'tags'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
    name = Column(String(30), unique=True, nullable=False)

    posts = relationship("Post", secondary="post_tags", back_populates="tags")

    # 关联表(用于多对多关系)
    class PostTag(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'post_tags'

    post_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('posts.id'), primary_key=True)
    tag_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('tags.id'), primary_key=True)

    创建数据库表

    python

    # 创建所有表
    Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

    # 删除所有表
    # Base.metadata.drop_all(bind=engine)

    基本CRUD操作

    创建数据

    python

    # 创建新用户
    new_user = User(name="张三", email="zhangsan@example.com")
    session.add(new_user)
    session.commit()

    # 批量创建
    session.add_all([
    User(name="李四", email="lisi@example.com"),
    User(name="王五", email="wangwu@example.com")
    ])
    session.commit()

    读取数据

    python

    # 获取所有用户
    users = session.query(User).all()

    # 获取第一个用户
    first_user = session.query(User).first()

    # 根据ID获取用户
    user = session.query(User).get(1)

    更新数据

    python

    # 查询并更新
    user = session.query(User).get(1)
    user.name = "张三四"
    session.commit()

    # 批量更新
    session.query(User).filter(User.name.like("张%")).update({"name": "张氏"}, synchronize_session=False)
    session.commit()

    删除数据

    python

    # 查询并删除
    user = session.query(User).get(1)
    session.delete(user)
    session.commit()

    # 批量删除
    session.query(User).filter(User.name == "李四").delete(synchronize_session=False)
    session.commit()

    查询数据

    基本查询

    python

    # 获取所有记录
    users = session.query(User).all()

    # 获取特定字段
    names = session.query(User.name).all()

    # 排序
    users = session.query(User).order_by(User.name.desc()).all()

    # 限制结果数量
    users = session.query(User).limit(10).all()

    # 偏移量
    users = session.query(User).offset(5).limit(10).all()

    过滤查询

    python

    from sqlalchemy import or_

    # 等值过滤
    user = session.query(User).filter(User.name == "张三").first()

    # 模糊查询
    users = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like("张%")).all()

    # IN查询
    users = session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(["张三", "李四"])).all()

    # 多条件查询
    users = session.query(User).filter(
    User.name == "张三",
    User.email.like("%@example.com")
    ).all()

    # 或条件
    users = session.query(User).filter(
    or_(User.name == "张三", User.name == "李四")
    ).all()

    # 不等于
    users = session.query(User).filter(User.name != "张三").all()

    聚合查询

    python

    from sqlalchemy import func

    # 计数
    count = session.query(User).count()

    # 分组计数
    user_post_count = session.query(
    User.name,
    func.count(Post.id)
    ).join(Post).group_by(User.name).all()

    # 求和、平均值等
    avg_id = session.query(func.avg(User.id)).scalar()

    连接查询

    python

    # 内连接
    results = session.query(User, Post).join(Post).filter(Post.title.like("%Python%")).all()

    # 左外连接
    results = session.query(User, Post).outerjoin(Post).all()

    # 指定连接条件
    results = session.query(User, Post).join(Post, User.id == Post.author_id).all()

    关系操作

    python

    # 创建带关系的对象
    user = User(name="赵六", email="zhaoliu@example.com")
    post = Post(title="我的第一篇博客", content="Hello World!", author=user)
    session.add(post)
    session.commit()

    # 通过关系访问
    print(f"文章 '{post.title}' 的作者是 {post.author.name}")
    print(f"用户 {user.name} 的所有文章:")
    for p in user.posts:
    print(f" – {p.title}")

    # 多对多关系操作
    python_tag = Tag(name="Python")
    sqlalchemy_tag = Tag(name="SQLAlchemy")

    post.tags.append(python_tag)
    post.tags.append(sqlalchemy_tag)
    session.commit()

    print(f"文章 '{post.title}' 的标签:")
    for tag in post.tags:
    print(f" – {tag.name}")

    事务管理

    python

    # 自动提交事务
    try:
    user = User(name="测试用户", email="test@example.com")
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    except Exception as e:
    session.rollback()
    print(f"发生错误: {e}")

    # 使用事务上下文管理器
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

    def create_user(session: Session, name: str, email: str):
    try:
    user = User(name=name, email=email)
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    return user
    except:
    session.rollback()
    raise

    # 嵌套事务
    with session.begin_nested():
    user = User(name="事务用户", email="transaction@example.com")
    session.add(user)

    # 保存点
    savepoint = session.begin_nested()
    try:
    user = User(name="保存点用户", email="savepoint@example.com")
    session.add(user)
    savepoint.commit()
    except:
    savepoint.rollback()

    最佳实践

  • 会话管理:为每个请求创建新会话,请求结束后关闭

  • 异常处理:始终处理异常并适当回滚事务

  • 延迟加载:注意N+1查询问题,使用 eager loading 优化

  • 连接池:合理配置连接池大小和超时设置

  • 数据验证:在模型层或应用层验证数据完整性

  • python

    # 使用上下文管理器管理会话
    from contextlib import contextmanager

    @contextmanager
    def get_db():
    db = SessionLocal()
    try:
    yield db
    db.commit()
    except Exception:
    db.rollback()
    raise
    finally:
    db.close()

    # 使用示例
    with get_db() as db:
    user = User(name="上下文用户", email="context@example.com")
    db.add(user)

    总结

    SQLAlchemy ORM提供了强大而灵活的数据库操作方式,通过本文的介绍,您应该能够:

  • 安装和配置SQLAlchemy

  • 定义数据模型和关系

  • 执行基本的CRUD操作

  • 构建复杂查询

  • 管理数据库事务

  • 遵循最佳实践

  • SQLAlchemy还有更多高级特性,如混合属性、事件监听、自定义查询等,值得进一步探索学习。

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