Python3 迭代器与生成器【十八】

迭代器

迭代是 Python 最强大的功能之一，是访问集合元素的一种方式。

迭代器是一个可以记住遍历的位置的对象。

迭代器对象从集合的第一个元素开始访问，直到所有的元素被访问完结束。迭代器只能往前不会后退。

迭代器有两个基本的方法：iter() 和 next()。

字符串，列表或元组对象都可用于创建迭代器：

实例(Python 3.0+)

>>> list=[1,2,3,4] >>> it = iter(list)    # 创建迭代器对象 >>> print (next(it))   # 输出迭代器的下一个元素 1 >>> print (next(it)) 2 >>>

迭代器对象可以使用常规for语句进行遍历：

实例(Python 3.0+)

#!/usr/bin/python3 list=[1,2,3,4] it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象 for x in it: print (x, end=" ")

执行以上程序，输出结果如下：

1 2 3 4

也可以使用 next() 函数：

实例(Python 3.0+)

#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys # 引入 sys 模块 list=[1,2,3,4] it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象 while True: try: print (next(it)) except StopIteration: sys.exit()

执行以上程序，输出结果如下：

1
2
3
4

创建一个迭代器

把一个类作为一个迭代器使用需要在类中实现两个方法 __iter__() 与 __next__() 。

如果你已经了解的面向对象编程，就知道类都有一个构造函数，Python 的构造函数为 __init__(), 它会在对象初始化的时候执行。

更多内容查阅：Python3 面向对象

__iter__() 方法返回一个特殊的迭代器对象， 这个迭代器对象实现了 __next__() 方法并通过 StopIteration 异常标识迭代的完成。

__next__() 方法（Python 2 里是 next()）会返回下一个迭代器对象。

创建一个返回数字的迭代器，初始值为 1，逐步递增 1：

实例(Python 3.0+)

class MyNumbers: def __iter__(self): self.a = 1 return self def __next__(self): x = self.a self.a += 1 return x myclass = MyNumbers() myiter = iter(myclass) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter))

执行输出结果为：

1
2
3
4
5

StopIteration

StopIteration 异常用于标识迭代的完成，防止出现无限循环的情况，在 __next__() 方法中我们可以设置在完成指定循环次数后触发 StopIteration 异常来结束迭代。

在 20 次迭代后停止执行：

实例(Python 3.0+)

class MyNumbers: def __iter__(self): self.a = 1 return self def __next__(self): if self.a <= 20: x = self.a self.a += 1 return x else: raise StopIteration myclass = MyNumbers() myiter = iter(myclass) for x in myiter: print(x)

执行输出结果为：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

生成器

在 Python 中，使用了 yield 的函数被称为生成器（generator）。

yield 是一个关键字，用于定义生成器函数，生成器函数是一种特殊的函数，可以在迭代过程中逐步产生值，而不是一次性返回所有结果。

跟普通函数不同的是，生成器是一个返回迭代器的函数，只能用于迭代操作，更简单点理解生成器就是一个迭代器。

当在生成器函数中使用 yield 语句时，函数的执行将会暂停，并将 yield 后面的表达式作为当前迭代的值返回。

然后，每次调用生成器的 next() 方法或使用 for 循环进行迭代时，函数会从上次暂停的地方继续执行，直到再次遇到 yield 语句。这样，生成器函数可以逐步产生值，而不需要一次性计算并返回所有结果。

调用一个生成器函数，返回的是一个迭代器对象。

下面是一个简单的示例，展示了生成器函数的使用：

实例

def countdown(n): while n > 0: yield n n -= 1 # 创建生成器对象 generator = countdown(5) # 通过迭代生成器获取值 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 5 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 4 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 3 # 使用 for 循环迭代生成器 for value in generator: print(value) # 输出: 2 1

以上实例中，countdown 函数是一个生成器函数。它使用 yield 语句逐步产生从 n 到 1 的倒数数字。在每次调用 yield 语句时，函数会返回当前的倒数值，并在下一次调用时从上次暂停的地方继续执行。

通过创建生成器对象并使用 next() 函数或 for 循环迭代生成器，我们可以逐步获取生成器函数产生的值。在这个例子中，我们首先使用 next() 函数获取前三个倒数值，然后通过 for 循环获取剩下的两个倒数值。

生成器函数的优势是它们可以按需生成值，避免一次性生成大量数据并占用大量内存。此外，生成器还可以与其他迭代工具（如for循环）无缝配合使用，提供简洁和高效的迭代方式。

执行以上程序，输出结果如下：

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5
4
3
2
1

以下实例使用 yield 实现斐波那契数列：

实例(Python 3.0+)

#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys def fibonacci(n): # 生成器函数 – 斐波那契 a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0 while True: if (counter > n): return yield a a, b = b, a + b counter += 1 f = fibonacci(10) # f 是一个迭代器，由生成器返回生成 while True: try: print (next(f), end=" ") except StopIteration: sys.exit()

执行以上程序，输出结果如下：

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55