C++栈与队列：核心操作全解析

好的，我将为您介绍C++中的栈（Stack）和队列（Queue）类的基础概念和使用方法。以下是清晰的结构化内容：

一、栈（Stack）

栈是一种后进先出（LIFO） 的线性数据结构，仅允许在容器的一端进行插入和删除操作。
核心操作：

示例代码：

#include <stack>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
std::stack<int> s;
s.push(10); // 入栈: 10
s.push(20); // 入栈: 20
std::cout << "栈顶元素: " << s.top() << std::endl; // 输出 20
s.pop(); // 出栈
std::cout << "栈大小: " << s.size() << std::endl; // 输出 1
return 0;
}

二、队列（Queue）

队列是一种先进先出（FIFO） 的线性数据结构，元素在队尾插入，在队头删除。
核心操作：

示例代码：

#include <queue>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
std::queue<int> q;
q.push(10); // 入队: 10
q.push(20); // 入队: 20
std::cout << "队头元素: " << q.front() << std::endl; // 输出 10
q.pop(); // 出队
std::cout << "队尾元素: " << q.back() << std::endl; // 输出 20
return 0;
}

三、底层容器与模板参数

栈和队列在C++中通过容器适配器实现，默认使用std::deque作为底层容器：

std::stack<int, std::vector<int>> s; // 使用vector作为底层容器
std::queue<int, std::list<int>> q; // 使用list作为底层容器

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四、典型应用场景

五、注意事项

通过理解上述核心概念和操作，您可高效利用栈和队列解决实际问题。建议结合算法题目（如LeetCode）加深对数据结构的掌握。