常见性能瓶颈（CPU、内存、I/O、网络）

Java性能优化实战技术文章大纲

性能优化的基础概念

• 性能优化的定义与目标
• 常见性能瓶颈（CPU、内存、I/O、网络）
• 性能指标（吞吐量、延迟、响应时间）

JVM调优

• 堆内存与垃圾回收机制
  • 堆内存分区（新生代、老年代）
  • 垃圾回收算法（G1、CMS、ZGC）
  • 常见GC问题分析与优化
• JVM参数调优
  • -Xms、-Xmx、-XX:NewRatio等关键参数
  • 选择适合的垃圾回收器

代码级优化

• 减少对象创建与垃圾回收压力
  • 对象池技术（如Apache Commons Pool）
  • 避免频繁字符串拼接（使用StringBuilder）
• 数据结构与算法优化
  • 选择高效集合类（ArrayList vs LinkedList）
  • 时间复杂度优化案例
• 并发与多线程优化
  • 锁优化（减少锁粒度、使用ConcurrentHashMap）
  • 线程池配置（ThreadPoolExecutor参数）

数据库与I/O优化

• SQL查询优化
  • 索引设计与使用
  • 避免N+1查询（使用JOIN或批量查询）
• 连接池配置
  • HikariCP、Druid参数调优
• 文件与网络I/O优化
  • 使用NIO（FileChannel、Selector）
  • 缓冲技术（BufferedInputStream）

工具与监控

• 性能分析工具
  • VisualVM、Arthas、JProfiler
  • jstack、jmap命令行工具
• 监控与日志
  • Prometheus + Grafana监控JVM
  • 日志优化（异步日志、合理级别）

实战案例

• 高并发场景下的秒杀系统优化
• 内存泄漏排查与修复
• 慢SQL分析与索引优化

总结与最佳实践

• 性能优化的常见误区
• 持续性能监控的重要性
• 结合业务场景的权衡策略

通过以上大纲，可以系统性地覆盖Java性能优化的核心领域，从理论到实践逐步展开

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