技术逆向英语|202602018

文章目录

• What does a beginner in R do?
• Foundation
• 英语语法详细分析
• • 目录
  • 引言部分分析
  • • 标题：What does a beginner in R do?
    • 句子1：R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics.
    • 句子2：As a new user in R, the procedure of what you need to do for the first occasion is installing it as follows:
  • 安装步骤部分分析
  • • 步骤1：Go to R's official website: https://www.r-project.org/.
    • 步骤2：Download the appropriate installation package from https://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html and install it correctly.
    • 步骤3：On your disk, you had better make a new directory where your project's home will be.
    • 步骤4：In the terminal of the OS, inputting "R" can get you into its interactive mode to debug your code line by line or learn R programming.
    • 步骤5：By the way, the "q()" command allows you to quit this environment provided by R.
  • 基础概念部分分析
  • • 第1点：Maybe you dislike the prompt ">", so you can easily change it whenever you want by typing `options(prompt="goodluck")`.
    • 第2点：A comment in R is represented by the "#" character, with everything following it being ignored by the compiler when running.
    • 第3点第一段：The working directory is a very important aspect of coding in R. As mentioned earlier, it is often overlooked by beginners. You can use `getwd()` and `setwd()` to manage it. This is typically where you store your code, pictures, documents, data files, and everything related to your project.
    • 第3点第二段：Furthermore, the workspace is crucial for debugging projects, even for release versions. It preserves all information from an R session in a file with the ".RData" extension, including all objects, commands used, loaded data, and so on. Managing these workspace files is straightforward using `save.image()` and `load()`.
    • 第4点：Some basic operations are similar to those in other scripting languages like Python and Perl. Both <- and = can be used for assignment (more accurately called "binding" or "assigning a value to an object").
    • 向量部分：Vectors in R differ from most programming languages, particularly in their vectorized operations that can be easily performed in parallel. In other languages, such tasks are more difficult and complex, requiring multiple lines of code.
    • 包的部分：
  • 常用语法结构总结
  • • 1. 句子类型统计
    • 2. 主要语法点汇总
    • 3. 技术写作特点
    • 4. 高频词汇统计

What does a beginner in R do?

R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. As a new user in R, the procedure of what you need to do for the first occasion is installing it as follows:

Foundation

> x<-c(11,22,33)
> y <- seq(100, 300, length.out = 3)
> x+y
[1] 111 222 333

A package in R refers to a library that supports scientific computation, statistical analysis, machine learning, graphical visualization, and so on. In fact, its functionality is equivalent to libraries in other languages. Use install.packages(“name”) to install a package and library(name) to load it.

英语语法详细分析

目录

• 引言部分分析
• 安装步骤部分分析
• 基础概念部分分析
• 代码示例部分分析
• 常用语法结构总结

引言部分分析

标题：What does a beginner in R do?

单词释义：

• beginner /bɪˈɡɪnər/ (n.)：初学者，新手
• R /ɑːr/ (n.)：R语言（编程语言名称）

语法结构：

语法点： 特殊疑问句结构：疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词

句子1：R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics.

单词释义：

• free /friː/ (adj.)：免费的，自由的
• software /ˈsɒftweər/ (n.)：软件
• environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ (n.)：环境
• statistical /stəˈtɪstɪkl/ (adj.)：统计的
• computing /kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ/ (n.)：计算
• graphics /ˈɡræfɪks/ (n.)：图形，绘图

语法结构：

句子 (SVC结构)
├── 主语: R [专有名词]
├── 系动词: is [动词]
└── 主语补足语: a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics [名词短语]
├── 前置定语: a free software [冠词+形容词+名词]
└── 中心词: environment [名词]
└── 后置定语: for statistical computing and graphics [介词短语]
├── 介词: for
└── 宾语: statistical computing and graphics [并列名词短语]

短语搭配：

• “software environment”：软件环境
• “statistical computing”：统计计算

句子2：As a new user in R, the procedure of what you need to do for the first occasion is installing it as follows:

单词释义：

• procedure /prəˈsiːdʒər/ (n.)：程序，步骤
• occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/ (n.)：场合，时机
• install /ɪnˈstɔːl/ (v.)：安装
• follow /ˈfɒləʊ/ (v.)：跟随，如下

核心词汇详解：

从句分析 – “what you need to do”：

语法点： “what"引导名词性从句，相当于"the thing that”

安装步骤部分分析

步骤1：Go to R’s official website: https://www.r-project.org/.

单词释义：

• official /əˈfɪʃl/ (adj.)：官方的，正式的
• website /ˈwebsaɪt/ (n.)：网站

语法结构： 祈使句

• 谓语：Go (动词原形)
• 状语：to R’s official website (介词短语)
  • R’s：名词所有格，表示"R的"
  • official：形容词修饰website

语法点： 祈使句省略主语you，动词用原形

步骤2：Download the appropriate installation package from https://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html and install it correctly.

单词释义：

• download /ˈdaʊnləʊd/ (v.)：下载
• appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/ (adj.)：适当的，合适的
• installation /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn/ (n.)：安装
• package /ˈpækɪdʒ/ (n.)：包，软件包
• correctly /kəˈrektli/ (adv.)：正确地

词汇搭配：

语法结构： 并列祈使句

• 第一个祈使句：Download the appropriate installation package from…
• 连词：and
• 第二个祈使句：install it correctly
  • 动词：install
  • 宾语：it (指代installation package)
  • 状语：correctly (方式副词)

语法点： and连接两个并列的祈使句，表示先后顺序

步骤3：On your disk, you had better make a new directory where your project’s home will be.

单词释义：

• disk /dɪsk/ (n.)：磁盘
• directory /dəˈrektəri/ (n.)：目录，文件夹
• project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ (n.)：项目
• home /həʊm/ (n.)：家，在这里指"主目录"

短语搭配：

• “had better”：最好（表示建议）
• “make a directory”：创建目录

语法结构：

语法点：

• “had better” + 动词原形，表示强烈的建议
• "where"引导定语从句修饰地点名词directory
• 名词所有格"project’s"表示"项目的"

步骤4：In the terminal of the OS, inputting “R” can get you into its interactive mode to debug your code line by line or learn R programming.

单词释义：

语法结构：

语法点：

• 动名词短语作主语：inputting "R"是主语
• 使役结构：get somebody into something
• 并列不定式：to debug…or (to) learn（第二个to可以省略）

步骤5：By the way, the “q()” command allows you to quit this environment provided by R.

单词释义：

• by the way /baɪ ðə weɪ/ (短语)：顺便说一下
• command /kəˈmɑːnd/ (n.)：命令
• allow /əˈlaʊ/ (v.)：允许
• quit /kwɪt/ (v.)：退出
• environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ (n.)：环境
• provide /prəˈvaɪd/ (v.)：提供

语法结构：

语法点：

• "allow somebody to do something"结构
• 过去分词短语"provided by R"作后置定语，相当于"which is provided by R"

基础概念部分分析

第1点：Maybe you dislike the prompt “>”, so you can easily change it whenever you want by typing options(prompt="goodluck").

单词释义：

• maybe /ˈmeɪbi/ (adv.)：也许，可能
• dislike /dɪsˈlaɪk/ (v.)：不喜欢
• prompt /prɒmpt/ (n.)：提示符
• easily /ˈiːzəli/ (adv.)：容易地
• whenever /wenˈevər/ (conj.)：无论何时
• type /taɪp/ (v.)：键入，输入

语法结构：

这是一个并列复合句，由so连接两个分句：

第一分句： Maybe you dislike the prompt “>”

• 状语：Maybe (句子副词)
• 主语：you
• 谓语：dislike (及物动词)
• 宾语：the prompt “>” (名词+同位语)

第二分句： so you can easily change it whenever you want by typing…

• 连词：so (表示结果)
• 主语：you
• 谓语：can change (情态动词+动词原形)
• 状语：easily (方式副词)
• 宾语：it
• 时间状语从句：whenever you want
  • 连接词：whenever
  • 主语：you
  • 谓语：want (后面省略了to change it)
• 方式状语：by typing… (介词+动名词短语)

语法点：

• "whenever"引导时间状语从句
• "by + doing"表示方式、手段
• 省略现象：whenever you want (to change it)

第2点：A comment in R is represented by the “#” character, with everything following it being ignored by the compiler when running.

单词释义：

语法结构：

语法点：

• 被动语态：is represented by…
• 独立主格结构：with + 名词 + 现在分词短语
• 省略结构：when running = when it is running

第3点第一段：The working directory is a very important aspect of coding in R. As mentioned earlier, it is often overlooked by beginners. You can use getwd() and setwd() to manage it. This is typically where you store your code, pictures, documents, data files, and everything related to your project.

单词释义：

句子1：The working directory is a very important aspect of coding in R.

语法结构： SVC句型

• 主语：The working directory
• 系动词：is
• 表语：a very important aspect of coding in R
  • 中心词：aspect
  • 前置定语：a very important
  • 后置定语：of coding in R (介词短语)

句子2：As mentioned earlier, it is often overlooked by beginners.

语法结构：

句子3：You can use getwd() and setwd() to manage it.

语法结构：

• 主语：You
• 谓语：can use (情态动词+动词原形)
• 宾语：getwd() and setwd() (并列宾语)
• 目的状语：to manage it (不定式短语)

句子4：This is typically where you store your code, pictures, documents, data files, and everything related to your project.

语法结构：

• 主语：This
• 系动词：is
• 副词：typically
• 表语从句：where you store your code, pictures, documents, data files, and everything related to your project
  • 引导词：where (相当于the place where)
  • 主语：you
  • 谓语：store
  • 宾语：your code, pictures, documents, data files, and everything related to your project
    • 并列宾语
    • 后置定语：related to your project (形容词短语修饰everything)

语法点：

• “As + 过去分词"作状语，表示"正如…”
• "where"引导表语从句
• "related to"是形容词短语作后置定语

第3点第二段：Furthermore, the workspace is crucial for debugging projects, even for release versions. It preserves all information from an R session in a file with the “.RData” extension, including all objects, commands used, loaded data, and so on. Managing these workspace files is straightforward using save.image() and load().

单词释义：

句子1：Furthermore, the workspace is crucial for debugging projects, even for release versions.

语法结构：

• 连接副词：Furthermore (表示递进)
• 主语：the workspace
• 系动词：is
• 表语：crucial
• 状语：for debugging projects (介词短语，表示方面)
• 补充状语：even for release versions (进一步强调)

句子2：It preserves all information from an R session in a file with the “.RData” extension, including all objects, commands used, loaded data, and so on.

语法结构：

• 主语：It
• 谓语：preserves (及物动词)
• 宾语：all information
• 后置定语：from an R session (介词短语修饰information)
• 地点状语：in a file
• 定语：with the “.RData” extension (介词短语修饰file)
• 伴随状语：including all objects, commands used, loaded data, and so on
  • 现在分词短语作状语
  • 并列宾语：objects, commands, data
  • 后置定语：used (过去分词修饰commands)
  • 后置定语：loaded (过去分词修饰data)
  • 短语：and so on (等等)

句子3：Managing these workspace files is straightforward using save.image() and load().

语法结构：

• 主语：Managing these workspace files (动名词短语)
• 系动词：is
• 表语：straightforward
• 方式状语：using save.image() and load() (现在分词短语)

语法点：

• 动名词短语作主语：Managing…files
• 现在分词短语作状语：using…
• 并列结构：save.image() and load()

第4点：Some basic operations are similar to those in other scripting languages like Python and Perl. Both <- and = can be used for assignment (more accurately called “binding” or “assigning a value to an object”).

单词释义：

句子1：Some basic operations are similar to those in other scripting languages like Python and Perl.

语法结构：

• 主语：Some basic operations
• 谓语：are similar to (形容词短语作谓语)
• 宾语：those
• 后置定语：in other scripting languages (介词短语修饰those)
• 举例：like Python and Perl (介词短语)

代词"those"的用法： “those"在这里指代前面提到的"operations”，避免重复。相当于"the operations"。

句子2：Both <- and = can be used for assignment (more accurately called “binding” or “assigning a value to an object”).

语法结构：

• 主语：Both <- and = (并列结构)
• 谓语：can be used (情态动词+被动语态)
• 目的状语：for assignment (介词短语)
• 插入语/补充说明：more accurately called “binding” or “assigning a value to an object”
  • 过去分词短语作定语修饰assignment
  • 比较级状语：more accurately
  • 并列宾语：“binding” or “assigning a value to an object”

语法点：

• "both…and…"结构连接两个并列主语
• 被动语态：can be used
• 过去分词短语作后置定语：called…

向量部分：Vectors in R differ from most programming languages, particularly in their vectorized operations that can be easily performed in parallel. In other languages, such tasks are more difficult and complex, requiring multiple lines of code.

单词释义：

句子1：Vectors in R differ from most programming languages, particularly in their vectorized operations that can be easily performed in parallel.

语法结构：

• 主语：Vectors
• 后置定语：in R
• 谓语：differ from (动词短语)
• 宾语：most programming languages
• 状语：particularly in their vectorized operations (介词短语，表示方面)
  • 后置定语从句：that can be easily performed in parallel
    • 关系代词：that (指代operations)
    • 谓语：can be performed (情态动词+被动语态)
    • 状语：easily (方式副词)
    • 状语：in parallel (方式状语)

句子2：In other languages, such tasks are more difficult and complex, requiring multiple lines of code.

语法结构：

• 状语：In other languages (介词短语提前)
• 主语：such tasks
• 谓语：are (系动词)
• 表语：more difficult and complex (并列形容词比较级)
• 伴随状语/结果状语：requiring multiple lines of code (现在分词短语)

语法点：

• “differ from"是固定搭配，表示"与…不同”
• "that"引导定语从句修饰operations
• 现在分词短语"requiring…"作状语，表示伴随或结果

包的部分：

A package in R refers to a library that supports scientific computation, statistical analysis, machine learning, graphical visualization, and so on. In fact, its functionality is equivalent to libraries in other languages. Use install.packages(“name”) to install a package and library(name) to load it.

单词释义：

句子1：A package in R refers to a library that supports scientific computation, statistical analysis, machine learning, graphical visualization, and so on.

语法结构：

• 主语：A package
• 后置定语：in R
• 谓语：refers to (动词短语)
• 宾语：a library
• 定语从句：that supports scientific computation, statistical analysis, machine learning, graphical visualization, and so on
  • 关系代词：that (指代library，作主语)
  • 谓语：supports
  • 宾语：scientific computation, statistical analysis, machine learning, graphical visualization, and so on (并列名词短语)

句子2：In fact, its functionality is equivalent to libraries in other languages.

语法结构：

• 插入语：In fact (事实上)
• 主语：its functionality
• 谓语：is equivalent to (形容词短语作谓语)
• 宾语：libraries
• 后置定语：in other languages (介词短语修饰libraries)

句子3：Use install.packages(“name”) to install a package and library(name) to load it.

语法结构： 这是一个祈使句，包含并列结构：

• 谓语：Use (动词原形)
• 宾语：install.packages(“name”)
• 目的状语：to install a package
• 连词：and
• 省略结构：[(Use) library(name) to load it]
  • 省略了谓语Use
  • 宾语：library(name)
  • 目的状语：to load it

语法点：

• "refer to"是固定短语动词
• "that"引导定语从句
• "be equivalent to"是固定搭配
• 祈使句的并列结构中，第二个动词可以省略

常用语法结构总结

1. 句子类型统计

2. 主要语法点汇总

时态：

• 一般现在时：用于陈述事实（占90%）
• 一般将来时：will be（少量）

语态：

• 主动语态：主要用于操作说明
• 被动语态：is represented, is overlooked, can be used

非谓语动词：

• 动名词作主语：inputting “R”, Managing these files
• 不定式作状语：to debug, to manage, to install
• 分词作定语：provided by R, commands used, loaded data
• 分词作状语：including…, requiring…

从句类型：

• 名词性从句：what you need to do
• 定语从句：that supports…, where your project’s home will be
• 状语从句：whenever you want, when running

3. 技术写作特点

4. 高频词汇统计