服务器并发性能详解：从C10K到C10M

服务器并发性能详解：从C10K到C10M

文档时间： 2026-01-27

目录

并发性能速查表

快速对比不同并发级别：

典型服务性能参考：

关键技术对比：

并发性能概述

什么是C10K/C100K/C10M

C10K/C100K/C10M指单机维持1万/10万/1000万条并发TCP连接并正常处理请求的能力。

#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .label text,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node rect,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node circle,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node .label,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-fdLSKtRXloTeJlRE :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

基础

优化

深度优化

极限

并发性能级别

C10K1万连接

C100K10万连接

C1M100万连接

C10M1000万连接

I/O多路复用

系统调优

内核优化

内核旁路

并发级别说明：

并发性能指标

关键性能指标：

#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .label text,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node rect,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node circle,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node .label,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-d2VnPYQmXc56TnM4 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

并发连接

每秒查询

带宽

响应时间

CPU/内存

并发性能指标

连接数

QPS

吞吐量

延迟

资源消耗

同时在线连接

请求处理能力

数据传输能力

用户体验

资源利用率

指标说明：

性能挑战演进

从C10K到C10M的挑战演进：

#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge{stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 path{fill:hsl(240, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 text{fill:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon–1{font-size:40px;color:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge–1{stroke:hsl(240, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth–1{stroke-width:17;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section–1 line{stroke:hsl(60, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 path{fill:hsl(60, 100%, 73.5294117647%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-0{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-0{stroke:hsl(60, 100%, 73.5294117647%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-0{stroke-width:14;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-0 line{stroke:hsl(240, 100%, 83.5294117647%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 path{fill:hsl(80, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-1{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-1{stroke:hsl(80, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-1{stroke-width:11;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-1 line{stroke:hsl(260, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 path{fill:hsl(270, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 text{fill:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-2{font-size:40px;color:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-2{stroke:hsl(270, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-2{stroke-width:8;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-2 line{stroke:hsl(90, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 path{fill:hsl(300, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-3{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-3{stroke:hsl(300, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-3{stroke-width:5;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-3 line{stroke:hsl(120, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 path{fill:hsl(330, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-4{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-4{stroke:hsl(330, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-4{stroke-width:2;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-4 line{stroke:hsl(150, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 path{fill:hsl(0, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-5{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-5{stroke:hsl(0, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-5{stroke-width:-1;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-5 line{stroke:hsl(180, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 path{fill:hsl(30, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-6{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-6{stroke:hsl(30, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-6{stroke-width:-4;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-6 line{stroke:hsl(210, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 path{fill:hsl(90, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-7{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-7{stroke:hsl(90, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-7{stroke-width:-7;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-7 line{stroke:hsl(270, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 path{fill:hsl(150, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-8{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-8{stroke:hsl(150, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-8{stroke-width:-10;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-8 line{stroke:hsl(330, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 path{fill:hsl(180, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-9{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-9{stroke:hsl(180, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-9{stroke-width:-13;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-9 line{stroke:hsl(0, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 path{fill:hsl(210, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 text{fill:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .node-icon-10{font-size:40px;color:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-edge-10{stroke:hsl(210, 100%, 76.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge-depth-10{stroke-width:-16;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-10 line{stroke:hsl(30, 100%, 86.2745098039%);stroke-width:3;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .lineWrapper line{stroke:black;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled circle,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:lightgray;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .disabled text{fill:#efefef;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-root rect,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-root path,#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-root circle{fill:hsl(240, 100%, 46.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .section-root text{fill:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .icon-container{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .edge{fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 .eventWrapper{filter:brightness(120%);}#mermaid-svg-sRhlJ1ueO8Pp6z83 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

2000s

C10K问题

线程模型瓶颈

I/O多路复用解决

2010s

C100K挑战

系统资源瓶颈

系统调优解决

2015s

C1M挑战

内核协议栈瓶颈

内核优化解决

2020s

C10M挑战

硬件和架构瓶颈

内核旁路解决

并发性能挑战演进

挑战对比：

C10K实现

C10K问题

**C10K问题的核心：**传统的"一个连接一个线程"模型无法支持1万并发连接。

#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .label text,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node rect,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node circle,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node .label,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-aw5ZdH1oUDLXuBnP :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

传统模型

一个连接一个线程

1万连接 = 1万线程

资源耗尽

内存不足每线程2-8MB

上下文切换开销大

文件描述符限制

传统模型的问题：

解决方案

C10K问题的解决方案：I/O多路复用

#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .label text,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node rect,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node circle,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node .label,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-kV4VdpaksIV6uu47 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

1万线程

少量线程

传统模型

资源耗尽

I/O多路复用

高效管理

epoll/kqueue

单线程管理多连接

事件驱动

解决方案对比：

技术要点

实现C10K的关键技术：

#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .label text,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node rect,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node circle,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node .label,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-s7hJNKuRzuFGOCab :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

epoll

非阻塞

事件循环

参数调整

C10K技术要点

I/O多路复用

非阻塞I/O

事件驱动

系统调优

高效事件通知

避免线程阻塞

单线程处理

资源限制

关键技术：

示例代码框架：

// epoll示例框架
int epfd = epoll_create1(0);
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EVENTS];

while (1) {
int nfds = epoll_wait(epfd, events, MAX_EVENTS, –1);
for (int i = 0; i < nfds; i++) {
if (events[i].events & EPOLLIN) {
// 处理读事件
handle_read(events[i].data.fd);
}
if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
// 处理写事件
handle_write(events[i].data.fd);
}
}
}

C100K实现

C100K挑战

C100K的主要挑战：

#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .label text,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node rect,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node circle,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node .label,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-mexrzwQmRVo0wBgt :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

每连接4-20KB

10万连接

网络栈优化

中断处理

数据传输

C100K挑战

内存消耗

文件描述符

内核优化

CPU处理

带宽需求

4-10GB内存

需调高限制

协议栈调优

软中断优化

足够带宽

挑战详解：

关键技术

实现C100K的关键技术：

#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .label text,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node rect,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node circle,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node .label,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-m9u5ONhatCmBRdvP :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

内存池

参数调整

TCP优化

中断优化

C100K技术

内存优化

系统调优

网络优化

CPU优化

预分配内存

文件描述符等

缓冲区、快速打开

中断绑定

关键技术详解：

1. 内存优化

内存池技术：

// 内存池示例
struct connection_pool {
void *memory_pool;
size_t pool_size;
struct connection *free_list;
};

// 预分配连接内存
void init_connection_pool(struct connection_pool *pool, int max_connections) {
pool->pool_size = max_connections * sizeof(struct connection);
pool->memory_pool = malloc(pool->pool_size);
// 初始化空闲列表
}

内存优化策略：

2. 系统调优

关键系统参数：

# 文件描述符限制
ulimit -n 1000000
echo "* soft nofile 1000000" >> /etc/security/limits.conf
echo "* hard nofile 1000000" >> /etc/security/limits.conf

# TCP参数优化
echo 'net.core.somaxconn = 65535' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -p

系统参数说明：

3. 网络优化

TCP优化参数：

# TCP缓冲区优化
echo 'net.core.rmem_max = 16777216' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.core.wmem_max = 16777216' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216' >> /etc/sysctl.conf

# TCP快速打开
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen = 3' >> /etc/sysctl.conf

# TCP连接复用
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30' >> /etc/sysctl.conf

系统优化

完整的系统优化清单：

C10M实现

C10M挑战

C10M的极端挑战：

#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .label text,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node rect,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node circle,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node .label,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-RVDgex8pHXB2LWfd :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

1000万连接

100万连接/秒

10 Gbit/s

1000万PPS

微秒级

C10M挑战

连接规模

处理能力

网络吞吐

数据包速率

处理延迟

极大规模

极高处理速度

极高带宽

极高包速率

极低延迟

C10M资源需求：

内核旁路技术

核心思路：控制面与数据面分离

#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .label text,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node rect,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node circle,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node .label,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-UIM9PqFvFBizuDoA :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

处理

处理

绕过

直接

系统架构

控制面Linux内核

数据面用户态应用

SSH、监控、配置低频操作

网络数据包高频转发

内核协议栈

用户态处理

内核旁路原理：

实现架构

C10M实现架构：

#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .label text,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node rect,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node circle,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node .label,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-NQdUDTjzuOcGG92E :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

DMA

轮询

处理

发送

DMA

控制

不参与数据转发

绑定

绑定

绑定

网卡

用户态内存池

应用线程

用户态协议栈

Linux内核

配置、监控

CPU核心1

CPU核心2

CPU核心N

架构特点：

内核旁路技术对比

主要内核旁路技术：

DPDK架构：

#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .label text,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node rect,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node circle,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node .label,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-hOIIPePOlLLwUz1T :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

DMA

轮询

数据包

处理

发送

DMA

不参与

网卡硬件

DPDK内存池

PMD驱动

用户态应用

用户态协议栈

Linux内核

DPDK关键特性：

典型后端服务性能

接入层/网关

接入层服务性能特点：

#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .label text,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node rect,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node circle,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node .label,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-5ywxa3ivvCNKcicy :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

特点

特点

特点

性能

性能

性能

接入层服务

Nginx/OpenResty

Netty TCP服务

自研网关

连接多逻辑轻

长连接高并发

定制化高性能

5万-10万 QPS

10万-30万并发连接

可定制性能

接入层性能参考：

业务微服务

业务微服务性能特点：

#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .label text,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node rect,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node circle,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node .label,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-qERbMOmTe7Gkh2dP :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

特点

特点

性能

性能

业务微服务

简单CRUD

复杂业务

数据库查询缓存访问

多服务调用复杂计算

数千-2万 QPS

几百-几千 QPS

瓶颈

数据库

外部服务

业务逻辑

业务服务性能参考：

数据库与缓存

数据库与缓存性能：

#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .label text,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node rect,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node circle,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node .label,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-gLhq5QmAurYDJ03V :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

读

写

读

写

数据存储

Redis缓存

MySQL数据库

10万+ QPS

几万 QPS

几千 QPS

几千 QPS

数据存储性能参考：

硬件配置与性能

高性能配置

示例：i7-12700K + 16GB + 百兆宽带

#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .label text,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node rect,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node circle,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node .label,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-f4VvUbm1kDIh3L3e :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

性能

性能

性能

硬件配置

CPU: i7-12700K12核20线程

内存: 16GB

带宽: 100Mbps

极高足以支撑数十万并发

足够约10万连接

瓶颈约1.25万QPS

并发能力

C10K: 轻松

C50K-C80K: 合理目标

C100K: 理论上限

性能预估：

瓶颈分析：

中等配置

示例：2核4GB服务器

#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .label text,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node rect,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node circle,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node .label,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-65PqwONSfvDmSglk :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

瓶颈

性能

性能

瓶颈

2核4GB服务器

Web/API服务

纯连接服务

带宽1-5M

C1K-C3K合理目标

C10K可以做到

带宽后端服务

性能预估：

资源分析：

低配置

低配置服务器建议：

关键技术详解

I/O多路复用

I/O多路复用技术对比：

渲染错误: Mermaid 渲染失败: Parse error on line 8: …ws] B –>|O(n)| G[性能较差] C – ———————^ Expecting 'SQE', 'DOUBLECIRCLEEND', 'PE', '-)', 'STADIUMEND', 'SUBROUTINEEND', 'PIPE', 'CYLINDEREND', 'DIAMOND_STOP', 'TAGEND', 'TRAPEND', 'INVTRAPEND', 'UNICODE_TEXT', 'TEXT', 'TAGSTART', got 'PS'

I/O多路复用对比：

epoll优势：

异步非阻塞

异步非阻塞模型：

#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .label text,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node rect,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node circle,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node .label,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-k075kbOfB33G8YqK :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

epoll

异步回调

异步非阻塞模型

事件循环

非阻塞I/O

回调处理

高效事件通知

不阻塞主线程

耗时操作

异步处理

线程池

消息队列

异步非阻塞优势：

零拷贝技术

零拷贝技术原理：

#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .label text,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node rect,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node circle,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node .label,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-wBjMGunPbEErTZBw :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

传统方式

数据拷贝

内核空间

用户空间

应用处理

用户空间

内核空间

网卡

零拷贝

直接传输

DMA

用户空间

应用处理

DMA

网卡

零拷贝技术：

内核旁路技术

内核旁路技术详解：

DPDK技术

DPDK架构：

#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .label text,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node rect,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node circle,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node .label,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-h4mgnqoc69KOTqca :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

DMA

轮询

数据包

处理

发送

不参与数据转发

绑定

绑定

绑定

网卡

DPDK内存池大页内存

PMD驱动

用户态应用

用户态协议栈

Linux内核

CPU核心1

CPU核心2

CPU核心N

DPDK关键特性：

XDP技术

XDP架构：

#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .label text,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node rect,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node circle,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node .label,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-098cRXUDF5cGtUP4 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

数据包

XDP Hook

处理

丢弃

转发

重定向

网卡

驱动层

XDP程序eBPF

决策

丢弃数据包

内核协议栈

用户态应用

XDP优势：

实现路线图

从C10K到C10M的实现路线：

#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .label text,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node rect,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node circle,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node .label,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-BLIuBEH53XHwvhus :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

Nginx/Netty

系统调优

内核优化

DPDK/XDP

应用层优化

几万到几十万并发

几十万并发

百万级并发

千万级并发

异步非阻塞

连接池

业务优化

epoll优化

系统参数

协议栈优化

中断优化

零拷贝

内存优化

内核旁路

专用硬件

实现阶段：

最佳实践

性能优化建议

优化策略：

#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .label text,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node rect,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node circle,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node .label,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-mkl1L7ZIFq1Gn7RR :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

性能优化

架构优化

代码优化

系统优化

硬件优化

缓存

异步处理

消息队列

算法优化

数据结构

连接池

系统参数

内核优化

CPU

内存

网络

优化建议：

常见问题与解决方案

常见问题：

总结

核心要点

并发性能实现总结：

#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .label text,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node rect,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node circle,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node .label,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .icon-shape rect,#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .image-shape rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-PicmFLgCCAWkI26M :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}

I/O多路复用

系统调优

内核优化

内核旁路

并发性能实现

C10K基础

C100K优化

C1M深度优化

C10M内核旁路

epoll

参数优化

协议栈优化

DPDK/XDP

关键技术总结

实现高并发的关键技术：

性能目标建议

不同场景的合理目标：

重要提醒：

⚠️ 性能优化注意事项：

• 并发连接数不等于QPS，需要区分
• 带宽往往是实际瓶颈，而非CPU或内存
• 业务逻辑复杂度严重影响性能
• 数据库通常是最终瓶颈
• 从C10K到C10M，技术难度呈指数级增长

参考资源：

• C10K问题
• DPDK项目
• XDP文档
• Nginx性能调优