Linux 用户和用户组管理6868

Linux 用户和用户组管理

Linux系统是一个多用户多任务的分时操作系统，任何一个要使用系统资源的用户，都必须首先向系统管理员申请一个账号，然后以这个账号的身份进入系统。

用户的账号一方面可以帮助系统管理员对使用系统的用户进行跟踪，并控制他们对系统资源的访问；另一方面也可以帮助用户组织文件，并为用户提供安全性保护。

每个用户账号都拥有一个唯一的用户名和各自的口令。

用户在登录时键入正确的用户名和口令后，就能够进入系统和自己的主目录。

实现用户账号的管理，要完成的工作主要有如下几个方面：

• 用户账号的添加、删除与修改。
• 用户口令的管理。
• 用户组的管理。

一、Linux系统用户账号的管理

用户账号的管理工作主要涉及到用户账号的添加、修改和删除。

添加用户账号就是在系统中创建一个新账号，然后为新账号分配用户号、用户组、主目录和登录Shell等资源。刚添加的账号是被锁定的，无法使用。

1、添加新的用户账号使用useradd命令，其语法如下：

useradd 选项 用户名

参数说明：

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• 选项:

  • -c comment 指定一段注释性描述。
  • -d 目录 指定用户主目录，如果此目录不存在，则同时使用-m选项，可以创建主目录。
  • -g 用户组 指定用户所属的用户组。
  • -G 用户组，用户组 指定用户所属的附加组。
  • -s Shell文件 指定用户的登录Shell。
  • -u 用户号 指定用户的用户号，如果同时有-o选项，则可以重复使用其他用户的标识号。

• 用户名:

  指定新账号的登录名。

实例1

# useradd –d /home/sam -m sam

此命令创建了一个用户sam，其中-d和-m选项用来为登录名sam产生一个主目录 /home/sam（/home为默认的用户主目录所在的父目录）。

实例2

# useradd -s /bin/sh -g group –G adm,root gem

此命令新建了一个用户gem，该用户的登录Shell是 /bin/sh，它属于group用户组，同时又属于adm和root用户组，其中group用户组是其主组。

这里可能新建组：#groupadd group及groupadd adm

增加用户账号就是在/etc/passwd文件中为新用户增加一条记录，同时更新其他系统文件如/etc/shadow, /etc/group等。

Linux提供了集成的系统管理工具userconf，它可以用来对用户账号进行统一管理。

2、删除帐号

如果一个用户的账号不再使用，可以从系统中删除。删除用户账号就是要将/etc/passwd等系统文件中的该用户记录删除，必要时还删除用户的主目录。

删除一个已有的用户账号使用userdel命令，其格式如下：

userdel 选项 用户名

常用的选项是 -r，它的作用是把用户的主目录一起删除。

例如：

# userdel -r sam

此命令删除用户sam在系统文件中（主要是/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group等）的记录，同时删除用户的主目录。

3、修改帐号

修改用户账号就是根据实际情况更改用户的有关属性，如用户号、主目录、用户组、登录Shell等。

修改已有用户的信息使用usermod命令，其格式如下：

usermod 选项 用户名

常用的选项包括-c, -d, -m, -g, -G, -s, -u以及-o等，这些选项的意义与useradd命令中的选项一样，可以为用户指定新的资源值。

另外，有些系统可以使用选项：-l 新用户名

这个选项指定一个新的账号，即将原来的用户名改为新的用户名。

例如：

# usermod -s /bin/ksh -d /home/z –g developer sam

此命令将用户sam的登录Shell修改为ksh，主目录改为/home/z，用户组改为developer。

4、用户口令的管理

用户管理的一项重要内容是用户口令的管理。用户账号刚创建时没有口令，但是被系统锁定，无法使用，必须为其指定口令后才可以使用，即使是指定空口令。

指定和修改用户口令的Shell命令是passwd。超级用户可以为自己和其他用户指定口令，普通用户只能用它修改自己的口令。命令的格式为：

passwd 选项 用户名

可使用的选项：

• -l 锁定口令，即禁用账号。
• -u 口令解锁。
• -d 使账号无口令。
• -f 强迫用户下次登录时修改口令。

如果默认用户名，则修改当前用户的口令。

例如，假设当前用户是sam，则下面的命令修改该用户自己的口令：

$ passwd
Old password:******
New password:*******
Re-enter new password:*******

如果是超级用户，可以用下列形式指定任何用户的口令：

# passwd sam
New password:*******
Re-enter new password:*******

普通用户修改自己的口令时，passwd命令会先询问原口令，验证后再要求用户输入两遍新口令，如果两次输入的口令一致，则将这个口令指定给用户；而超级用户为用户指定口令时，就不需要知道原口令。

为了系统安全起见，用户应该选择比较复杂的口令，例如最好使用8位长的口令，口令中包含有大写、小写字母和数字，并且应该与姓名、生日等不相同。

为用户指定空口令时，执行下列形式的命令：

# passwd -d sam

此命令将用户 sam 的口令删除，这样用户 sam 下一次登录时，系统就不再允许该用户登录了。

passwd 命令还可以用 -l(lock) 选项锁定某一用户，使其不能登录，例如：

# passwd -l sam

二、Linux系统用户组的管理

每个用户都有一个用户组，系统可以对一个用户组中的所有用户进行集中管理。不同Linux 系统对用户组的规定有所不同，如Linux下的用户属于与它同名的用户组，这个用户组在创建用户时同时创建。

用户组的管理涉及用户组的添加、删除和修改。组的增加、删除和修改实际上就是对/etc/group文件的更新。

1、增加一个新的用户组使用groupadd命令。其格式如下：

groupadd 选项 用户组

可以使用的选项有：

• -g GID 指定新用户组的组标识号（GID）。
• -o 一般与-g选项同时使用，表示新用户组的GID可以与系统已有用户组的GID相同。

实例1：