{"id":98959,"date":"2026-09-01T18:56:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T10:56:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/98959.html"},"modified":"2026-09-01T18:56:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T10:56:52","slug":"c20%e6%96%b0%e7%89%b9%e6%80%a7%e7%b2%be%e8%ae%b2%ef%bc%9a%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e3%80%81%e8%8c%83%e5%9b%b4%e4%b8%8e%e4%b8%89%e8%b7%af%e6%af%94%e8%be%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/98959.html","title":{"rendered":"C++20\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u7cbe\u8bb2\uff1a\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u662f C++ \u7cfb\u5217\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u7b2c 22 \u7bc7\u3002\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86 C++17 \u65b0\u7279\u6027，\u672c\u7bc7\u6df1\u5165 C++20 \u65b0\u7279\u6027：\u6982\u5ff5（concepts）\u3001\u8303\u56f4（ranges）\u3001\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83（spaceship）\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u7b49，\u8986\u76d6 8 \u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u6982\u5ff5（Concepts）<\/h2>\n

1.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n

C++20 \u4e4b\u524d，\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u53ea\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6587\u6863\u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u6982\u5ff5（Concept）\u628a\u300c\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u300d\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u7b49\u516c\u6c11，\u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7ed9\u51fa\u6e05\u6670\u9519\u8bef，\u4e5f\u8ba9\u91cd\u8f7d\u51b3\u8bae\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <concepts><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <string><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5：\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u53ef\u76f8\u52a0，\u4e14\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>typename<\/span> T<\/span>,<\/span> typename<\/span> U<\/span>><\/span>
\nconcept<\/span> Addable<\/span> =<\/span> requires<\/span>(<\/span>T a,<\/span> U b)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n {<\/span> a +<\/span> b }<\/span> -><\/span> convertible_to<<\/span>T><\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\u7ea6\u675f\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>Addable T><\/span>
\nT add<\/span>(<\/span>T a,<\/span> T b)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n return<\/span> a +<\/span> b;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> add<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ 7（int \u6ee1\u8db3 Addable）<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> add<\/span>(<\/span>1.5<\/span>,<\/span> 2.5<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ 4（double \u6ee1\u8db3）<\/span>
\n \/\/ cout << add(string("a"), 1); \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef：string+int \u4e0d\u53ef\u76f8\u52a0<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6982\u5ff5\u7531 concept \u5133\u592e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e，requires \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u7ea6\u675f\u5931\u8d25\u65f6，\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed9\u51fa\u6df1\u5965\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n

1.2 \u6807\u51c6\u6982\u5ff5\u5e93<\/h3>\n

<concepts> \u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u73b0\u6210\u6982\u5ff5：integral\u3001floating_point\u3001signed_integral\u3001same_as\u3001convertible_to\u3001derived_from\u3001assignable_from \u7b49：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <concepts><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <type_traits><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u9650\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6574\u578b<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>integral T><\/span>
\nT twice<\/span>(<\/span>T x)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n return<\/span> x *<\/span> 2<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u591a\u4e2a\u7ea6\u675f\u7ec4\u5408（\u5408\u53d6）<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>integral T><\/span>
\n requires<\/span> (<\/span>sizeof<\/span>(<\/span>T)<\/span> >=<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>
\nvoid<\/span> printWide<\/span>(<\/span>T x)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> x <<<\/span> " \u81f3\u5c114\u5b57\u8282"<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> twice<\/span>(<\/span>21<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ 42（int \u662f\u6574\u578b）<\/span>
\n \/\/ cout << twice(3.14) << endl; \/\/ \u9519\u8bef：double \u4e0d\u662f integral<\/span>
\n printWide<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u6ee1\u8db3 sizeof(int)>=4<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ea6\u675f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u5728 template<…> \u540e\u76f4\u63a5\u9644\u52a0（\u5982 template <integral T>），\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 requires \u5b50\u53e5\u8865\u5145\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u8303\u56f4（Ranges）<\/h2>\n

2.1 \u7ba1\u9053\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u521d\u4f53\u9a8c<\/h3>\n

<ranges> \u5f15\u5165\u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u89c6\u56fe（View），\u914d\u5408\u7ba1\u9053\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 | \u8ba9\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u50cf\u6d41\u6c34� �\u4e00\u6837\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u89c6\u56fe\u4e0d\u62f7\u8d1d\u5143\u7d20，\u6309\u9700\u8ba1\u7b97：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <ranges><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <numeric><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>int<\/span>><\/span> v<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n iota<\/span>(<\/span>v.<\/span>begin<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> v.<\/span>end<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ 1..10<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u53d6\u5076\u6570 -> \u5e73\u65b9 -> \u53ea\u53d6\u524d3\u4e2a，\u4e00\u6c14\u5475\u6210<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> result =<\/span> v
\n |<\/span> views::<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> n)<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> n %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ 2 4 6 8 10<\/span>
\n |<\/span> views::<\/span>transform<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> n)<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> n *<\/span> n;<\/span> }<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ 4 16 36 64 100<\/span>
\n |<\/span> views::<\/span>take<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ 4 16 36<\/span><\/p>\n

for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> x :<\/span> result)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> x <<<\/span> " "<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ 4 16 36<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

views::filter \u4e0e views::transform \u8fd4\u56de\u60f0\u6027\u89c6\u56fe：\u53ea\u6709\u904d\u5386\u65f6\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u8ba1\u7b97，\u4e14\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e34\u65f6\u5bb9\u5668，\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u4e8e\u624b\u5199\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bb9\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n

2.2 ranges \u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6295\u5f71<\/h3>\n

std::ranges \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5168\u90e8 STL \u7b97\u6cd5，\u652f\u6301\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5bb9\u5668\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6295\u5f71（projection）\u548c\u54e8\u5175（sentinel）：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <ranges><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <algorithm><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <string><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

struct<\/span> Student<\/span> {<\/span>
\n string name;<\/span>
\n int<\/span> score;<\/span>
\n}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>Student><\/span> students =<\/span> {<\/span>
\n {<\/span>"\u5f20\u4e09"<\/span>,<\/span> 85<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u674e\u56db"<\/span>,<\/span> 92<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u738b\u4e94"<\/span>,<\/span> 78<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u8d75\u516d"<\/span>,<\/span> 95<\/span>}<\/span>
\n }<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5bb9\u5668（\u65e7\u7248\u8981 begin\/end），\u6295\u5f71\u5230 score \u6392\u5e8f<\/span>
\n ranges::<\/span>sort<\/span>(<\/span>students,<\/span> ranges::<\/span>greater{<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> &<\/span>Student::<\/span>score)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span>&<\/span> s :<\/span> students)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> s.<\/span>name <<<\/span> ": "<\/span> <<<\/span> s.<\/span>score <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n }<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u67e5\u627e\u6700\u9ad8\u5206<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> it =<\/span> ranges::<\/span>max_element<\/span>(<\/span>students,<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> &<\/span>Student::<\/span>score)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> "\u6700\u9ad8\u5206: "<\/span> <<<\/span> it-><\/span>name <<<\/span> " "<\/span> <<<\/span> it-><\/span>score <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6295\u5f71 &Student::score \u8ba9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u6392\u5e8f\/\u6bd4\u8f83\u65f6\u53ea\u770b\u8be5\u6210\u5458，\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3001\u610f\u56fe\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83（Spaceship）<\/h2>\n

3.1 \u98de\u8239\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 <=><\/h3>\n

\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 <=> \u4e00\u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83\u5373\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u300c\u5c0f\u4e8e \/ \u7b49\u4e8e \/ \u5927\u4e8e\u300d\u4e09\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c，\u8fd4\u56de strong_ordering（\u5f3a\u5e8f）\u6216 partial_ordering（\u5f31\u5e8f，\u5141\u8bb8 NaN \u7b49）：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <compare><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> r =<\/span> 3<\/span> <=><\/span> 5<\/span>;<\/span>
\n if<\/span> (<\/span>r <<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> "3 < 5"<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n else<\/span> if<\/span> (<\/span>r ==<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> "3 == 5"<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n else<\/span> cout <<<\/span> "3 > 5"<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> typeid<\/span>(<\/span>decltype<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span> <=><\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ strong_ordering<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> type
\nid<\/span>(<\/span>decltype<\/span>(<\/span>3.0<\/span> <=><\/span> 5.0<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ partial_ordering<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u5168\u5957\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h3>\n

\u53ea\u8981\u91cd\u8f7d operator<=>（\u5e76\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a default），\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 <\u3001<=\u3001==\u3001!=\u3001>=\u3001> \u5168\u90e8 6 \u4e2a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26，\u7701\u53bb\u5927\u91cf\u6837\u677f\u4ee3\u7801：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <compare><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <algorithm><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

struct<\/span> Point<\/span> {<\/span>
\n int<\/span> x,<\/span> y;<\/span>
\n \/\/ \u6309 x \u518d\u6309 y \u81ea\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> operator<\/span><=><\/span>(<\/span>const<\/span> Point&<\/span>)<\/span> const<\/span> =<\/span> default<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>Point><\/span> pts =<\/span> {<\/span>{<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 9<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>}<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span>
\n sort<\/span>(<\/span>pts.<\/span>begin<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> pts.<\/span>end<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u53ef\u7528 < \u6392\u5e8f<\/span><\/p>\n

for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span>&<\/span> p :<\/span> pts)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> "("<\/span> <<<\/span> p.<\/span>x <<<\/span> ","<\/span> <<<\/span> p.<\/span>y <<<\/span> ") "<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> endl;<\/span><\/p>\n

Point a{<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> b{<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> (<\/span>a <<\/span> b)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ 1（x \u76f8\u7b49，\u6bd4 y）<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> (<\/span>a !=<\/span> b)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span> \/\/ 1<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6210\u5458\u6309\u58f0\u660e\u987a\u5e8f\u9010\u9879\u6bd4\u8f83（\u5b57\u5178\u5e8f）\u3002= default \u7684 <=> \u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u652f\u6301 <=> \u6216\u81ea\u5e26\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757（C++20 \u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027）<\/h2>\n

4.1 \u534f\u7a0b：co_await \u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/h3>\n

C++20 \u534f\u7a0b\u8ba9\u300c\u53ef\u6682\u505c\/\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u300d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6210\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8981\u7b49 C++23，\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u52a9 std::generator \u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u6216\u81ea\u5efa\u6781\u7b80\u534f\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7528 C++20 \u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u534f\u7a0b\u793a\u4f8b（\u9700\u8981\u534f\u7a0b\u652f\u6301\u5e93）：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <coroutine><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u6781\u7b80 generator：\u6bcf\u6b21 co_yield \u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570<\/span>
\nstruct<\/span> Generator<\/span> {<\/span>
\n struct<\/span> promise_type<\/span> {<\/span>
\n int<\/span> current;<\/span>
\n Generator get_return_object<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> Generator{<\/span>this<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n suspend_always initial_suspend<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n suspend_always final_suspend<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> noexcept<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n suspend_always yield_value<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> v)<\/span> {<\/span> current =<\/span> v;<\/span> return<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n void<\/span> return_void<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>
\n void<\/span> unhandled_exception<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>
\n }<\/span>;<\/span>
\n using<\/span> handle =<\/span> coroutine_handle<<\/span>promise_type><\/span>;<\/span>
\n handle h;<\/span>
\n explicit<\/span> Generator<\/span>(<\/span>promise_type*<\/span> p)<\/span> :<\/span> h<\/span>(<\/span>handle::<\/span>from_promise<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>p)<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span>
\n ~<\/span>Generator<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span> if<\/span> (<\/span>h)<\/span> h.<\/span>destroy<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n bool<\/span> next<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span> h.<\/span>resume<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> return<\/span> !<\/span>h.<\/span>done<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n int<\/span> value<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span> return<\/span> h.<\/span>promise<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>current;<\/span> }<\/span>
\n}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

Generator counter<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> n)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> i =<\/span> 1<\/span>;<\/span> i <=<\/span> n;<\/span> ++<\/span>i)<\/span>
\n co_yield<\/span> i;<\/span> \/\/ \u6302\u8d77\u70b9<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> gen =<\/span> counter<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n while<\/span> (<\/span>gen.<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> gen.<\/span>value<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> " "<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ 1 2 3 4 5<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> end
\nl;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u534f\u7a0b\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u7acb\u5373\u6267\u884c，\u9996\u6b21 resume() \u624d\u8fd0\u884c\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u8d77\u70b9\u3002co_yield \u628a\u503c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u540e\u6302\u8d77，\u4e0b\u6b21 resume() \u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/p>\n

4.2 \u6a21\u5757（Modules）\u521d\u63a2<\/h3>\n

\u6a21\u5757\u53d6\u4ee3\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f，\u7f16\u8bd1\u66f4\u5feb\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u6a21\u5757\u6587\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5 .cppm \u7ed3\u5c3e：<\/p>\n

\/\/ math.cppm \u2014\u2014 \u6a21\u5757\u63a5\u53e3\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
\nexport<\/span> module<\/span> math<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

export<\/span> int<\/span> square<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> x)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n return<\/span> x *<\/span> x;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

export<\/span> double<\/span> pi<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 3.14159265358979<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ main.cpp \u2014\u2014 \u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u5757<\/span>
\nimport<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>;<\/span>
\nimport<\/span> math<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n std::<\/span>cout <<<\/span> square<\/span>(<\/span>7<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> std::<\/span>endl;<\/span> \/\/ 49<\/span>
\n std::<\/span>cout <<<\/span> pi<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> std::<\/span>endl;<\/span> \/\/ 3.14159<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u610f：\u6a21\u5757\u7f16\u8bd1\u9700\u8981\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668（GCC 11+\u3001Clang 16+\u3001MSVC 2019 16.10+），\u4e14\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf（\u5982 CMake 3.28+）\u624d\u5b8c\u6574\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u7528\u65b0\u7279\u6027<\/h2>\n

5.1 std::span：\u96f6\u5f00\u9500\u6570\u7ec4\u89c6\u56fe<\/h3>\n

std::span \u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u300c\u89c6\u56fe\u300d，\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u636e，\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u5f53\u6570\u7ec4\u4f7f\u7528，\u907f\u514d\u6307\u9488+\u957f\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <span><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

void<\/span> printAll<\/span>(<\/span>span<<\/span>const<\/span> int<\/span>><\/span> s)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> x :<\/span> s)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> x <<<\/span> " "<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n int<\/span> arr[<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>int<\/span>><\/span> vec =<\/span> {<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 20<\/span>,<\/span> 30<\/span>}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

printAll<\/span>(<\/span>arr)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u6570\u7ec4\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u4e3a span<\/span>
\n printAll<\/span>(<\/span>vec)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ vector \u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u4e3a span<\/span>
\n printAll<\/span>(<\/span>{<\/span>arr +<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>}<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u6307\u5b9a\u5b50\u533a\u95f4 2 3 4<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

span \u4e0d\u62f7\u8d1d\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7406\u5185\u5b58，\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5145\u53c2\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

5.2 constexpr \u6269\u5c55\u4e0e\u7acb\u5373\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n

C++20 \u5141\u8bb8 constexpr \u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u7528 try\u3001new\/delete\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7b49，\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165 consteval（\u7acb\u5373\u51fd\u6570，\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8c03\u7528）：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

consteval<\/span> int<\/span> square<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> x)<\/span> {<\/span> \/\/ \u7acb\u5373\u51fd\u6570：\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u6c42\u503c<\/span>
\n return<\/span> x *<\/span> x;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

constexpr<\/span> int<\/span> factorial<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> n)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n if<\/span> (<\/span>n <=<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span> return<\/span> 1<\/span>;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> n *<\/span> factorial<\/span>(<\/span>n –<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n constexpr<\/span> int<\/span> a =<\/span> square<\/span>(<\/span>9<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97 81<\/span>
\n constexpr<\/span> int<\/span> f =<\/span> factorial<\/span>(<\/span>6<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ 720<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> a <<<\/span> " "<\/span> <<<\/span> f <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

consteval \u51fd\u6570\u82e5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u8c03\u7528\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef，\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6240\u6709\u8c03\u7528\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u5b9e\u6218：C++20 \u6210\u7ee9\u5206\u6790\u5668<\/h2>\n

\u7efc\u5408\u8fd0\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u4e09\u8def \u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e span \u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6848\u4f8b：<\/p>\n

#<\/span>include<\/span> <iostream><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <ranges><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <vector><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <algorithm><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <concepts><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <compare><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <span><\/span><\/span>
\n#<\/span>include<\/span> <string><\/span><\/span>
\nusing<\/span> namespace<\/span> std;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u6982\u5ff5：\u6210\u7ee9\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7b97\u672f\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>typename<\/span> T<\/span>><\/span>
\nconcept<\/span> Score<\/span> =<\/span> arithmetic<<\/span>T><\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

struct<\/span> Student<\/span> {<\/span>
\n string name;<\/span>
\n Score auto<\/span> score;<\/span> \/\/ \u6982\u5ff5\u7b80\u5199：\u7ea6\u675f\u6210\u5458\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n

auto<\/span> operator<\/span><=><\/span>(<\/span>const<\/span> Student&<\/span>)<\/span> const<\/span> =<\/span> default<\/span>;<\/span> \/\/ \u81ea\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span>
\n}<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u7528 span \u63a5\u6536\u6210\u7ee9\u6570\u7ec4<\/span>
\ntemplate<\/span> <<\/span>Score T><\/span>
\ndouble<\/span> average<\/span>(<\/span>span<<\/span>const<\/span> T><\/span> scores)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n double<\/span> sum =<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span> s :<\/span> scores)<\/span> sum +=<\/span> s;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> scores.<\/span>empty<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> ?<\/span> 0<\/span> :<\/span> sum \/<\/span> scores.<\/span>size<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

int<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>Student><\/span> students =<\/span> {<\/span>
\n {<\/span>"\u5f20\u4e09"<\/span>,<\/span> 88<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u674e\u56db"<\/span>,<\/span> 92.5<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u738b\u4e94"<\/span>,<\/span> 76<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"\u8d75\u516d"<\/span>,<\/span> 95<\/span>}<\/span>
\n }<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u8303\u56f4\u7b97\u6cd5 + \u6295\u5f71：\u6309\u5206\u6570\u964d\u5e8f<\/span>
\n ranges::<\/span>sort<\/span>(<\/span>students,<\/span> ranges::<\/span>greater{<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> &<\/span>Student::<\/span>score)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

cout <<<\/span> "\u6309\u5206\u6570\u6392\u5e8f:"<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span>&<\/span> s :<\/span> students)<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> s.<\/span>name <<<\/span> " "<\/span> <<<\/span> s.<\/span>score <<<\/span> endl;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u53d6\u524d\u4e24\u540d（\u89c6\u56fe + take）<\/span>
\n auto<\/span> top2 =<\/span> students |<\/span> views::<\/span>take<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> "\u524d\u4e24\u540d: "<\/span>;<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span>&<\/span> s :<\/span> top2)<\/span> cout <<<\/span> s.<\/span>name <<<\/span> " "<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> endl;<\/span><\/p>\n

\/\/ \u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u5206（span \u4f20\u5165）<\/span>
\n vector<<\/span>double<\/span>><\/span> scores;<\/span>
\n for<\/span> (<\/span>auto<\/span>&<\/span> s :<\/span> students)<\/span> scores.<\/span>push_back<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>score)<\/span>;<\/span>
\n cout <<<\/span> "\u5e73\u5747\u5206: "<\/span> <<<\/span> average<\/span>(<\/span>span<\/span><<\/span>const<\/span> double<\/span>><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>scores)<\/span>)<\/span> <<<\/span> endl;<\/span>
\n return<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n

\u672c\u7bc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86 C++20 \u6838\u5fc3\u65b0\u7279\u6027：concepts \u8ba9\u6a21\u677f\u7ea6\u675f\u53ef\u8bfb\u3001\u53ef\u590d\u7528；ranges \u4ee5\u60f0\u6027\u89c6\u56fe\u4e0e\u7ba1\u9053\u98ce\u683c\u91cd\u6784\u6570\u636e\u6d41；\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u6b21\u64cd\u4f5c\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u5168\u5957\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26；\u534f\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u5f00\u542f\u8bed\u8a00\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f；std::span \u4e0e constexpr \u6269\u5c55\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u9ad8\u6548\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5728 GCC 11+\/Clang 16+\/MSVC 2019 16.10+ \u4e0a\u5f00\u542f -std=c++20 \u5b9e\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165 C++ \u5e76\u53d1\u7f16\u7a0b（\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e0e\u4e92\u65a5\u9501），\u656c\u8bf7\u671f\u5f85！<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u662f C \u7cfb\u5217\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u7b2c 22 \u7bc7\u3002\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86 C17 \u65b0\u7279\u6027，\u672c\u7bc7\u6df1\u5165 C20 \u65b0\u7279\u6027：\u6982\u5ff5（concepts）\u3001\u8303\u56f4（ranges）\u3001\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83（spaceship）\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u7b49，\u8986\u76d6 8 \u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801\u3002 \u4e00\u3001\u6982\u5ff5（Concepts）
\n1.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u6982\u5ff5
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