{"id":95964,"date":"2026-08-27T08:08:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T00:08:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/95964.html"},"modified":"2026-08-27T08:08:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T00:08:45","slug":"%e5%88%ab%e6%80%a5%e7%9d%80%e4%b8%8a-metaclass%ef%bc%9a%e7%94%a8-__init_subclass__-%e8%ae%be%e8%ae%a1%e4%b8%80%e5%a5%97%e5%8f%af%e6%b5%8b%e8%af%95%e7%9a%84-python-%e8%87%aa%e5%8a%a8%e6%8f%92","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/95964.html","title":{"rendered":"\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass\uff1a\u7528 `__init_subclass__` \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass&#xff1a;\u7528 __init_subclass__ \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728 Python \u91cc&#xff0c;\u4e00\u65e6\u9700\u6c42\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u81ea\u52a8\u767b\u8bb0\u201d\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u201d\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u57fa\u7c7b\u5373\u53ef\u751f\u6548\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>metaclass&#xff08;\u5143\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u771f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u90fd\u9700\u8981 metaclass \u5417&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece Python 3.6 \u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;__init_subclass__ \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u660e\u663e\u66f4\u8f7b\u91cf\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u7c7b\u767b\u8bb0\u3001\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u8def\u7531\u3001\u4efb\u52a1\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6ce8\u518c\u7b49\u5927\u91cf\u5b9e\u9645\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4 metaclass \u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u770b\u61c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7 Python \u5b9e\u6218\u6587\u7ae0&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5b9e\u9645\u5f88\u6709\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c55\u5f00&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3 metaclass&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53ea\u505c\u7559\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c42\u9762&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u9010\u6b65\u5904\u7406\u4e09\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6&#xff0c;super() \u5230\u5e95\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u7528&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>import \u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u526f\u4f5c\u7528&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u5168\u5c40 registry \u4f1a\u6c61\u67d3\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff0c;\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u9694\u79bb&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u7f16\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u80fd\u5e2e\u4f60\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff1b;\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u505a\u6846\u67b6\u3001SDK\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u6216\u4e2d\u5927\u578b Python \u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;\u5e0c\u671b\u5176\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f\u534f\u8bae\u3001\u5bfc\u5165\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u80fd\u7ed9\u4f60\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e00\u3001\u5148\u770b\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u5e95\u60f3\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u5904\u7406\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CsvPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u6846\u67b6\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u83b7\u5f97&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> JsonPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> CsvPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u521b\u5efa\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin_cls <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\nplugin <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u624b\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;classmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin_cls<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> JsonPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee3\u7801\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u63d2\u4ef6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u51e0\u4e2a\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00&#xff0c;\u58f0\u660e\u63d2\u4ef6\u548c\u6ce8\u518c\u63d2\u4ef6\u88ab\u62c6\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5199\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">XmlPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u5fd8\u8bb0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;xml&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> XmlPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c&#xff0c;\u6846\u67b6\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6ce8\u518c API\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09&#xff0c;\u63d2\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u591f\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Plugin\u201d&#xff0c;\u518d\u8981\u6c42\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u91cd\u590d\u544a\u8bc9\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u6b21&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5197\u4f59\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u6001\u5e94\u8be5\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u4e00\u521b\u5efa&#xff0c;\u6ce8\u518c\u81ea\u52a8\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f __init_subclass__ \u975e\u5e38\u64c5\u957f\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001__init_subclass__ \u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u5148\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5c0f\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53d1\u73b0\u5b50\u7c7b&#xff1a;&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CsvPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c\u540e\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u53d1\u73b0\u5b50\u7c7b&#xff1a; JsonPlugin<br \/>\n\u53d1\u73b0\u5b50\u7c7b&#xff1a; CsvPlugin<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65f6\u6267\u884c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u7c7b\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6267\u884c\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u65f6&#xff0c;JsonPlugin \u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u540e Python \u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b50\u7c7b<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\nPython \u521b\u5efa class \u5bf9\u8c61<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\n\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684 __init_subclass__<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\n\u6267\u884c\u6821\u9a8c\u3001\u767b\u8bb0\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u7b49\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u903b\u8f91<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u5929\u7136\u9002\u5408&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c<br \/>\n\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5668\u6ce8\u518c<br \/>\n\u547d\u4ee4 Handler \u6ce8\u518c<br \/>\nORM \u5b50\u7c7b\u68c0\u67e5<br \/>\n\u7b56\u7565\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u767b\u8bb0<br \/>\n\u4efb\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\u767b\u8bb0<br \/>\n\u534f\u8bae\u5b9e\u73b0\u68c0\u67e5<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;10 \u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">getattr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CsvPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b registry&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u679c\u7c7b\u4f3c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;__main__.JsonPlugin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;__main__.CsvPlugin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f\u63d2\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin_cls <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\nplugin <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c01\u88c5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">getattr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;classmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            plugin_cls <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except<\/span> KeyError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u672a\u77e5\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>create<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684 Factory &#043; Registry \u7ec4\u5408\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u56db\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u6ee5\u7528\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027&#xff1a;\u628a\u63d2\u4ef6\u5143\u6570\u636e\u5199\u8fdb\u58f0\u660e<\/h2>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7ecf\u5e38\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u6837\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u540c\u6837\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        plugin_name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CsvPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7c7b\u58f0\u660e\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6574\u4e2a\u8bed\u4e49\u975e\u5e38\u81ea\u7136&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bfb\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a Plugin \u5b50\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5728\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u53eb json\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u5143\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd DSL \u98ce\u683c\u901a\u5e38\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e94\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8986\u76d6&#xff1a;\u5904\u7406\u63d2\u4ef6\u540d\u51b2\u7a81<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e0a\u4e00\u7248\u4ee3\u7801\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5371\u9669\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6ce8\u518c &#034;json&#034;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPluginV1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPluginV2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48 V2 \u4f1a\u6084\u65e0\u58f0\u606f\u8986\u76d6 V1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6846\u67b6\u4ee3\u7801\u91cc&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u7684\u662f fail fast&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        plugin_name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> plugin_name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            old <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u63d2\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u51b2\u7a81&#xff1a;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token conversion-option punctuation\">!r<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#xff0c;&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u5df2\u7ecf\u7531 <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>old<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__module__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">.<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>old<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__qualname__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u6ce8\u518c&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u9519\u8bef\u4f1a\u5728\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u7acb\u523b\u66b4\u9732&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u51e0\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e1a\u52a1\u8bf7\u6c42\u91cc\u7a81\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684 Python \u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u9636\u6bb5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u62d6\u5230\u8fd0\u884c\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u516d\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u7c7b\u600e\u4e48\u529e&#xff1f;\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u518c<\/h2>\n<p>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DatabasePlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MySQLPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>DatabasePlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>DatabasePlugin \u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u95f4\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u5168\u90e8\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65e0\u6548\u6761\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 abc&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> abc <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> abstractmethod<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;abstractmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">run<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u95f4\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DatabasePlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">connect<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;connecting&#8230;&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MySQLPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>DatabasePlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;mysql&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">run<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;MySQL:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c4\u5b9a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u663e\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b name \u7684\u7c7b\u624d\u53c2\u52a0\u6ce8\u518c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u201d\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e03\u3001\u5173\u952e\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff1a;\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6 super() \u600e\u4e48\u5904\u7406&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5f88\u591a __init_subclass__ \u6559\u7a0b\u4e00\u7b14\u5e26\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a mixin&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LoggingMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;LoggingMixin:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ValidationMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;ValidationMixin:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>LoggingMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ValidationMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Python \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f MRO&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__mro__<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u81f4\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<br \/>\nLoggingMixin<br \/>\nValidationMixin<br \/>\nobject<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u8c03\u7528\u94fe\u7c7b\u4f3c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<br \/>\n  \u2193<br \/>\nLoggingMixin.__init_subclass__<br \/>\n  \u2193<br \/>\nValidationMixin.__init_subclass__<br \/>\n  \u2193<br \/>\nobject.__init_subclass__<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u53e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>\u9519\u8bef\u505a\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u70b9\u540d\u7236\u7c7b<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LoggingMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        ValidationMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee3\u7801\u4f1a\u7834\u574f cooperative multiple inheritance&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f Python \u7684\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u7ee7\u627f\u987a\u5e8f\u8c03\u6574&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>OtherMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> LoggingMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ValidationMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u903b\u8f91\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5f7b\u5e95\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u7ec4\u5408\u7684 mixin \u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8c03\u7528\u6211\u7684\u7236\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u771f\u6b63\u8868\u793a\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u628a\u5904\u7406\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9 MRO \u4e2d\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u7406\u89e3 Python \u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u516b\u3001__init_subclass__ \u53c2\u6570\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u534f\u4f5c\u6d88\u8d39<\/h2>\n<p>\u66f4\u52a0\u9690\u853d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u81ea\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> plugin_name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a mixin&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">RetryMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> retries<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    RetryMixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    retries<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    plugin_name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;http&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u63a8\u8350\u5199\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">RetryMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> retries<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>retries <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> retries<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> plugin_name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u90fd\u53ea\u6d88\u8d39\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RetryMixin \u62ff\u8d70&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>retries<\/p>\n<p>\u5269\u4e0b\u53c2\u6570\u4ea4\u7ed9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Plugin \u518d\u6d88\u8d39&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin_name<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u201c\u53c2\u6570\u7ba1\u9053\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u60f3\u8c61\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>class \u58f0\u660e kwargs<br \/>\n       \u2502<br \/>\n       \u25bc<br \/>\nRetryMixin<br \/>\n\u6d88\u8d39 retries<br \/>\n       \u2502<br \/>\n       \u25bc<br \/>\nPlugin<br \/>\n\u6d88\u8d39 plugin_name<br \/>\n       \u2502<br \/>\n       \u25bc<br \/>\nobject<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u5230\u8fbe object.__init_subclass__() \u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7559\u4e0b\u672a\u77e5\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>TypeError: &#8230; takes no keyword arguments<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9e\u73b0 mixin \u65f6\u6700\u597d\u59cb\u7ec8\u9075\u5b88&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> my_option<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u8981\u8f7b\u6613\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u541e\u6389\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e5d\u3001\u90a3\u5b83\u5230\u5e95\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3 metaclass&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u6807\u9898\u91cc\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u573a\u666f\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5173\u952e&#xff0c;\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecb\u5165\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b80\u5355\u8868\u793a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>class \u8bed\u53e5<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u51c6\u5907 namespace<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u6267\u884c class body<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nmetaclass.__new__()<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ea7\u751f<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u7236\u7c7b.__init_subclass__()<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nclass \u521b\u5efa\u5b8c\u6210<\/p>\n<p>Metaclass \u63a7\u5236\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c __init_subclass__ \u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u6211\u8981\u5bf9\u5b83\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u9700\u6c42\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u53d1\u73b0\u5b50\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u6821\u9a8c\u5b50\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u767b\u8bb0\u5b50\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u8865\u5145\u5b50\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<br \/>\n\u9650\u5236\u63a5\u53e3<br \/>\n\u6536\u96c6\u58f0\u660e\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u9700\u6c42\u9700\u8981\u5e72\u9884&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b<br \/>\nnamespace \u7684\u51c6\u5907<br \/>\n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49 class \u6784\u9020\u89c4\u5219<br \/>\nmetaclass \u7ea7\u522b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u884c\u4e3a<br \/>\n\u590d\u6742\u6846\u67b6\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b<\/p>\n<p>\u624d\u66f4\u9002\u5408 metaclass\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u5143\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginMeta<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__new__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>mcls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> bases<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> namespace<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        cls <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__new__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>mcls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> bases<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> namespace<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        plugin_name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> namespace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;plugin_name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            mcls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>plugin_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>metaclass<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>PluginMeta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u5f53\u7136\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6ce8\u518c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u9700\u6c42\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5b50\u7c7b\u6ce8\u518c\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6848\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u6982\u5ff5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u666e\u901a\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u5143\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u5143\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u5143\u7c7b\u6ce8\u518c\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p>\u800c __init_subclass__ \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8fbe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7236\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u5b50\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u7236\u7c7b\u767b\u8bb0\u5b50\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u8005\u660e\u663e\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u539f\u5219<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u5728\u5b9e\u9645 Python \u6846\u67b6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u91cc\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6761\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u80fd\u7528 class decorator \u89e3\u51b3\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u6025\u7740\u7528 __init_subclass__&#xff1b;\u80fd\u7528 __init_subclass__ \u89e3\u51b3\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u6025\u7740\u7528 metaclass\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c97\u7565\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u9636\u68af&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\nDecorator<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\n__init_subclass__<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\nDescriptor<br \/>\n    \u2193<br \/>\nMetaclass<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4 metaclass \u4e0d\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;metaclass \u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6846\u67b6\u80fd\u529b\u8d8a\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u7ef4\u62a4\u5b83\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6210\u672c\u901a\u5e38\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u5de7\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6807\u5fd7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5927\u5751&#xff1a;import \u65f6\u6ce8\u518c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u526f\u4f5c\u7528&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>project\/<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 plugins\/<br \/>\n\u2502   \u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py<br \/>\n\u2502   \u251c\u2500\u2500 json_plugin.py<br \/>\n\u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 csv_plugin.py<br \/>\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 main.py<\/p>\n<p>json_plugin.py&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>base <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> Plugin<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u671f\u5f85&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u52a8\u5305\u542b &#034;json&#034;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u53ea\u6709\u5728 Python \u6267\u884c class \u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>json_plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>py<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab import&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6ce8\u518c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728<br \/>\n\u2192 \u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6a21\u5757\u88ab import<br \/>\n\u2192 class body \u6267\u884c<br \/>\n\u2192 \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b<br \/>\n\u2192 __init_subclass__<br \/>\n\u2192 \u6ce8\u518c<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0<\/h2>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u63d2\u4ef6\u6846\u67b6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u90fd\u4f1a\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h4>\u6ce8\u518c Registry<\/h4>\n<p>\u8868\u793a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e2a\u63d2\u4ef6\u7c7b<\/p>\n<h4>\u53d1\u73b0 Discovery<\/h4>\n<p>\u8868\u793a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u627e\u5230\u63d2\u4ef6\u6a21\u5757<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Registration\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66ff\u4f60\u5b8c\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Discovery\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u6a21\u5757\u7531\u8c01 import\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># plugins\/__init__.py<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>json_plugin <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> JsonPlugin<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>csv_plugin <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> CsvPlugin<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u5165\u53e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> plugins<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u63d2\u4ef6\u5c31\u5b8c\u6210\u6ce8\u518c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u53c8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>import \u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e1a\u52a1\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e09\u3001import side effect \u5230\u5e95\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u98ce\u9669&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u8ba4\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> module<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u201c\u52a0\u8f7d\u4ee3\u7801\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46 Python \u7684 import \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u6a21\u5757\u9876\u5c42\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;loading plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6267\u884c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> json_plugin<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>print<br \/>\nclass \u521b\u5efa<br \/>\n__init_subclass__<br \/>\nregistry \u4fee\u6539<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u63d2\u4ef6\u6a21\u5757\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>db <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> connect_database<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> HttpClient<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>load_config<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>register_metrics<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48 import \u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5efa\u7acb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5<br \/>\n\u8bfb\u53d6\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf<br \/>\n\u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u7edc<br \/>\n\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7ebf\u7a0b<br \/>\n\u4fee\u6539\u5168\u5c40\u72b6\u6001<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684 import-time side effect\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u6211\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e<\/h4>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u9876\u5c42\u4ee3\u7801\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u8fd1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>CONSTANT <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginImplementation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u907f\u514d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> connect<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u907f\u514d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>client<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>fetch_remote_config<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8d44\u6e90\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6bd4\u8f83\u91cd&#xff0c;\u5e94\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6784\u9020\u6216\u663e\u5f0f\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;http&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> HttpClient<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u751a\u81f3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;http&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">start<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> HttpClient<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">stop<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>client<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>close<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u53d1\u73b0<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u542f\u52a8<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u6210\u719f\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u56db\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u9760\u626b\u63cf\u6240\u6709 .py \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u201c\u795e\u5947\u53d1\u73b0\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f1a\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> pkgutil<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> importlib<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> _<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> module_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> _ <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> pkgutil<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>iter_modules<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>package<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__path__<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    importlib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>import_module<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>package<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">.<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>module_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u626b\u63cf\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u9b54\u6cd5\u201d\u6709\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u589e\u52a0<br \/>\n\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684 import \u987a\u5e8f<br \/>\n\u9690\u85cf\u526f\u4f5c\u7528<br \/>\n\u5f02\u5e38\u5b9a\u4f4d\u56f0\u96be<br \/>\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u53d8\u6162<br \/>\n\u6a21\u5757\u610f\u5916\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u6a21\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927&#xff0c;\u6211\u66f4\u63a8\u8350\u663e\u5f0f\u53d1\u73b0\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u914d\u7f6e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>PLUGINS <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;myapp.plugins.json_plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;myapp.plugins.csv_plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> importlib <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> import_module<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">load_plugins<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>plugin_modules<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> module_name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> plugin_modules<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        import_module<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>module_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u5e95\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e94\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u5168\u5c40 registry \u5982\u4f55\u6c61\u67d3\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4ece\u6d4b\u8bd5\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684 mutable global state\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u6d4b\u8bd5 A&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_json_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u540e\u6d4b\u8bd5 B&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_registry_empty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5 B \u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d4b\u8bd5 A \u5df2\u7ecf\u4fee\u6539\u4e86&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u662f&#xff0c;\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>pytest test_a.py test_b.py<\/p>\n<p>\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>pytest test_b.py test_a.py<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5371\u9669\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6c61\u67d3\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u516d\u3001\u65b9\u6848\u4e00&#xff1a;pytest fixture \u6e05\u7406 registry<\/h2>\n<p>\u6700\u76f4\u63a5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> pytest<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;pytest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>fixture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>autouse<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">True<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clean_plugin_registry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">yield<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fd0\u884c\u524d\u540e\u90fd\u4f1a\u6e05\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_register_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DemoPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> DemoPlugin<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_registry_isolated<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u6210\u672c\u6700\u4f4e\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6765 registry \u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a dict&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u673a&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e05\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8106\u5f31\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u65b9\u6848\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65f6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u72b6\u6001<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5168\u90e8 clear()&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5 snapshot&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> pytest<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;pytest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>fixture<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">isolated_registry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    old_registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>copy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">yield<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">finally<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>update<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>old_registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_custom_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>isolated_registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TestPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;test&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;test&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> isolated_registry<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u80fd\u591f\u6062\u590d\u539f\u6765\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u516b\u3001\u65b9\u6848\u4e09&#xff1a;\u771f\u6b63\u5de5\u7a0b\u5316\u2014\u2014Registry \u672c\u8eab\u505a\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u9010\u6e10\u590d\u6742&#xff0c;\u6211\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u4e00\u76f4\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginRegistry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u91cd\u590d\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin_cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">unregister<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clear<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__contains__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u770b\u4f3c\u53ea\u662f\u628a dict \u5305\u4e86\u4e00\u5c42&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6536\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u540e\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5165&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u590d\u68c0\u6d4b<br \/>\n\u65e5\u5fd7<br \/>\n\u63d2\u4ef6\u7248\u672c<br \/>\n\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<br \/>\n\u522b\u540d<br \/>\n\u7981\u7528\u72b6\u6001<br \/>\n\u6765\u6e90\u6a21\u5757<br \/>\n\u63d2\u4ef6\u5143\u6570\u636e<br \/>\n\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<br \/>\n\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b89\u5168<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u6240\u6709\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginRegistry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    version<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    priority<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5341\u4e5d\u3001\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba9\u57fa\u7c7b\u76f4\u63a5\u4f9d\u8d56\u5168\u5c40 Registry<\/h2>\n<p>\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u91cc\u6211\u66f4\u504f\u7231\u4f9d\u8d56\u6ce8\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginRegistry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u9ed8\u8ba4 registry&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>default_registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> default_registry<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e13\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_plugin_registration<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    test_registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TestPluginBase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> test_registry<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DemoPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>TestPluginBase<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> test_registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> DemoPlugin<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u53c8\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u5199\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u533a\u522b\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u8005\u5141\u8bb8\u5b50\u7c7b\u8986\u76d6 registry&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TestPluginBase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> test_registry<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9694\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u8005\u4f1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4fee\u6539\u5168\u5c40&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u6765\u8bf4&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u85cf BUG&#xff1a;\u4e2d\u95f4\u57fa\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u9519 registry<\/h2>\n<p>\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>test_registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TestPluginBase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> test_registry<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DemoPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>TestPluginBase<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6548\u679c\u5f88\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u63d2\u4ef6\u5bb6\u65cf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ParserPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">StoragePlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6ce8\u518c\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonParser<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ParserPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">S3Storage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>StoragePlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;s3&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u7ec8&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>ParserPlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u5305\u542b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>json<\/p>\n<p>\u800c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>StoragePlugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u5305\u542b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>s3<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u5927\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u5b8c\u6574\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u6846\u67b6<\/h2>\n<p>\u628a\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ec4\u5408\u8d77\u6765&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> __future__ <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> annotations<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> abc <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> abstractmethod<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> Any<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginRegistry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u63d2\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            old <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u63d2\u4ef6 <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token conversion-option punctuation\">!r<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u5df2\u6ce8\u518c&#xff1a;&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>old<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__module__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">.<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>old<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__qualname__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin_cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except<\/span> KeyError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            available <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> LookupError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u63d2\u4ef6 <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token conversion-option punctuation\">!r<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">\u3002&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u53ef\u7528\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>available <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u65e0&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Any<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Any<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Plugin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        plugin_cls <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clear<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">names<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;abstractmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">run<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Any<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Any<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> NotImplementedError<\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">run<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string\">&#034;type&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string\">&#034;data&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CsvPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">run<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string\">&#034;type&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string\">&#034;data&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>create<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>run<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;id&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u679c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;type&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;data&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;id&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>names<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;csv&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc&#xff0c;\u4e00\u5957\u975e\u5e38\u8f7b\u91cf\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u6846\u67b6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u52a0\u5165\u5143\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u771f\u6b63\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u50cf\u6846\u67b6\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>\u771f\u5b9e\u9879\u76ee\u5f88\u5c11\u53ea\u6709\u63d2\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u9700\u8981&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>version<br \/>\npriority<br \/>\ndescription<br \/>\nenabled<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> dataclasses <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> dataclass<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;dataclass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>frozen<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">True<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginInfo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><br \/>\n    version<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><br \/>\n    priority<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><br \/>\n    plugin_cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Registry&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginRegistry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> info<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> PluginInfo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;duplicate plugin: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_plugins<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> info<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> PluginRegistry<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        version<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;1.0&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        priority<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> name <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>register<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            PluginInfo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n                version<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>version<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n                priority<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>priority<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n                plugin_cls<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u58f0\u660e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    version<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;2.1&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    priority<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6 class \u58f0\u660e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c0f\u578b DSL&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff1f;<br \/>\n\u53eb\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<br \/>\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u7248\u672c&#xff1f;<br \/>\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u606f\u5168\u90e8\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f API\u6b63\u662f __init_subclass__ \u6700\u6709\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u3001\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe<\/h2>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u7528\u542f\u52a8<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u52a0\u8f7d\u63d2\u4ef6\u6a21\u5757<br \/>\nimport plugins.json_plugin<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u6267\u884c class JsonPlugin(&#8230;)<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nPython \u521b\u5efa JsonPlugin \u7c7b<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u8c03\u7528 Plugin.__init_subclass__()<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u6821\u9a8c\u63d2\u4ef6\u5143\u6570\u636e<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nregistry.register(&#8230;)<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nRegistry<br \/>\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510<br \/>\n\u2502 json \u2192 Json   \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502 csv  \u2192 Csv    \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502 xml  \u2192 Xml    \u2502<br \/>\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\nPlugin.create(&#034;json&#034;)<br \/>\n   \u2502<br \/>\n   \u25bc<br \/>\n\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316 JsonPlugin<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u4ee5\u540e&#xff0c;__init_subclass__ \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u57fa\u672c\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u3001\u5982\u679c\u63d2\u4ef6\u5f88\u591a&#xff0c;\u8003\u8651 Entry Points<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u63d2\u4ef6\u5168\u90e8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u5e93&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>myapp\/<br \/>\nplugins\/<\/p>\n<p>\u663e\u5f0f import \u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u597d\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8ba9\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u5b89\u88c5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>pip <span class=\"token function\">install<\/span> awesome-plugin<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u9700\u4fee\u6539\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5e94\u8be5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8003\u8651 Python Packaging \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684 entry points \u673a\u5236&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u626b\u63cf site-packages \u6216\u75af\u72c2 import \u6240\u6709\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67b6\u6784\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9 Python Package<br \/>\n        \u2502<br \/>\n        \u25bc<br \/>\npackage metadata \/ entry points<br \/>\n        \u2502<br \/>\n        \u25bc<br \/>\n\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53d1\u73b0\u63d2\u4ef6<br \/>\n        \u2502<br \/>\n        \u25bc<br \/>\nimport \u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61<br \/>\n        \u2502<br \/>\n        \u25bc<br \/>\nPlugin Registry<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u601d\u60f3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u53ef\u4ee5\u8d1f\u8d23\u201c\u7c7b\u7ea7\u522b\u6ce8\u518c\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c entry points \u8d1f\u8d23\u201c\u5305\u7ea7\u522b\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019 class decorator \u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u5408\u9002&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6709\u65f6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;register_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">register_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">decorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> decorator<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;register_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;json&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Decorator \u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u663e\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;register_plugin<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u8005\u7acb\u523b\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6ce8\u518c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">JsonPlugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053 Plugin.__init_subclass__ \u7684\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u4f1a\u4fee\u6539 registry\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6807\u51c6\u901a\u5e38\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u7c7b\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u518c<br \/>\n\u2192 decorator<\/p>\n<p>\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7c7b\u65cf\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u89c4\u5219<br \/>\n\u2192 __init_subclass__<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u771f\u6b63\u63a7\u5236 class \u521b\u5efa<br \/>\n\u2192 metaclass<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u6bd4\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4e89\u8bba\u201c\u54ea\u4e2a\u6280\u672f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u201d\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef\u4e00&#xff1a;\u5fd8\u8bb0 super()<\/h2>\n<p>\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u672a\u6765\u52a0\u5165&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">OtherMixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u6536\u4e0d\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u662f\u51c6\u5907\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u517b\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e60\u60ef&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u660e\u786e\u8981\u7ec8\u6b62\u7ee7\u627f\u94fe&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u8ba9 super() \u7ee7\u7eed\u6cbf MRO \u524d\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef\u4e8c&#xff1a;registry \u653e\u9519\u5730\u65b9<\/h2>\n<p>\u5bb9\u6613\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    registry <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u660e\u786e\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Registry \u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e1a\u52a1\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u63d2\u4ef6\u6c38\u8fdc\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839 Registry\u201d&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u652f\u6301&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Parser Registry<br \/>\nStorage Registry<br \/>\nCommand Registry<br \/>\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e13\u7528 Registry<\/p>\n<p>\u5219&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u5374\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef\u4e09&#xff1a;\u6ce8\u518c\u9636\u6bb5\u505a\u592a\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> connect_database<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>config <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> fetch_remote_config<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>model <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> load_large_model<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b<br \/>\n&#061; import \u6a21\u5757<br \/>\n&#061; \u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93<br \/>\n&#061; \u8bf7\u6c42\u7f51\u7edc<br \/>\n&#061; \u52a0\u8f7d\u6a21\u578b<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4f1a\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8\u7f13\u6162<br \/>\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u56f0\u96be<br \/>\nimport \u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b<br \/>\n\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u592a\u65e9<br \/>\n\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u96be\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u6700\u9002\u5408\u505a\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8f7b\u91cf\u6821\u9a8c<br \/>\n\u5143\u6570\u636e\u6574\u7406<br \/>\n\u7c7b\u578b\u767b\u8bb0<br \/>\n\u63a5\u53e3\u7ea6\u675f<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbf\u95ee<br \/>\n\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5<br \/>\n\u91cd\u578b\u521d\u59cb\u5316<br \/>\n\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u81f3\u5c11\u8986\u76d6\u8fd9 6 \u4e2a\u573a\u666f<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u9760\u7684 Plugin Registry&#xff0c;\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u81f3\u5c11\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_plugin_registered<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6b63\u5e38\u6ce8\u518c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_duplicate_name_rejected<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u540d\u79f0\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_unknown_plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u672a\u77e5\u63d2\u4ef6\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_registry_isolation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6c61\u67d3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_multiple_inheritance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1 super() \/ MRO\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test_plugin_import<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u63d2\u4ef6\u53ea\u6709\u52a0\u8f7d\u6a21\u5757\u540e\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5c24\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>events <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Mixin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        events<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;mixin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        events<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;base&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Demo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Mixin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Base<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">assert<\/span> events <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;mixin&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;base&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u6d4b\u4e1a\u52a1\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u628a\u56e2\u961f\u5bf9 Python MRO \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9884\u671f\u56fa\u5316\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e09\u5341\u3001\u6027\u80fd&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f18\u5316\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7126\u8651<\/h2>\n<p>\u6709\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u90fd\u6267\u884c __init_subclass__&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6027\u80fd&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u63d2\u4ef6\u7c7b\u53ea\u4f1a\u5728&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u7a0b\u542f\u52a8<br \/>\n\u6a21\u5757 import<br \/>\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6536\u96c6<\/p>\n<p>\u9636\u6bb5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u5728&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>plugin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>run<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9ad8\u9891\u4e1a\u52a1\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u5e94\u8be5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    expensive_network_request<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62c5\u5fc3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>registry<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cls<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b57\u5178\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u660e\u786e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f cold path \u8fd8\u662f hot path&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u6ce8\u518c\u901a\u5e38\u5c5e\u4e8e cold path\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e1a\u52a1\u5904\u7406\u5faa\u73af\u624d\u5f80\u5f80\u662f hot path\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u3001__init_subclass__ \u771f\u6b63\u503c\u5f97\u5b66\u4e60\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7406\u89e3\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Python \u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6280\u5de7<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u80cc\u540e\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u4e00\u6574\u7ec4\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684 Python \u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u60f3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>class \u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/p>\n<p>\u7ee7\u627f\u4f7f\u7528 MRO<\/p>\n<p>super() \u662f\u534f\u4f5c\u673a\u5236<\/p>\n<p>import \u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801<\/p>\n<p>\u5168\u5c40\u53ef\u53d8\u72b6\u6001\u5f71\u54cd\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/p>\n<p>\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f API \u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u672c<\/p>\n<p>\u6846\u67b6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u201c\u9b54\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u8fb9\u754c<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u4e00\u65e6\u7406\u89e3&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5f88\u591a Python \u6846\u67b6\u7684\u6e90\u7801\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\u8bfb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u770b\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">User<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>BaseModel<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u8005&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MyCommand<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Command<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>class \u5b9a\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6269\u5c55\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd&#xff1f;<\/h2>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6d53\u7f29\u6210\u8fd9\u5f20\u51b3\u7b56\u8868&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u9700\u6c42\u63a8\u8350\u65b9\u6848<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5355\u4e2a\u7c7b\u663e\u5f0f\u767b\u8bb0<\/td>\n<td>Decorator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u89c4\u5219<\/td>\n<td>__init_subclass__<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b50\u7c7b\u63a5\u53e3\u6821\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>__init_subclass__ \/ ABC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u63d2\u4ef6 Registry<\/td>\n<td>__init_subclass__<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u590d\u6742\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u63a7\u5236<\/td>\n<td>Metaclass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5305\u63d2\u4ef6\u53d1\u73b0<\/td>\n<td>Entry Points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9694\u79bb<\/td>\n<td>\u72ec\u7acb Registry \/ Fixture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u6269\u5c55<\/td>\n<td>Cooperative super()<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u7ae0\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>__init_subclass__ \u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3 metaclass&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5e94\u8be5\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u201c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b50\u7c7b\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3 metaclass&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651&#xff1b;\u5f53\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u201c\u7ba1\u7406\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u201d&#xff0c;metaclass \u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5199\u5728\u6700\u540e&#xff1a;Python \u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5728\u201c\u9b54\u6cd5\u591a\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u521a\u521a\u597d\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>\u521a\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u7684\u65f6\u5019&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u4e3a\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7740\u8ff7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> numbers<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u6df1\u5165\u4e00\u70b9&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u559c\u6b22&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>decorator<br \/>\ngenerator<br \/>\ncontext manager<br \/>\ndescriptor<br \/>\nmetaclass<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5199\u8fc7\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u751f\u4ea7\u4ee3\u7801\u4ee5\u540e&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u6162\u6162\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u9ad8\u7ea7 Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5bfb\u627e\u90a3\u4e2a\u6070\u5230\u597d\u5904\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u53ea\u662f\u5341\u51e0\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8ba4\u771f\u8ffd\u7a76\u4e0b\u53bb&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u78b0\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<br \/>\nMRO<br \/>\nsuper()<br \/>\n\u6a21\u5757\u5bfc\u5165<br \/>\n\u5168\u5c40\u72b6\u6001<br \/>\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9694\u79bb<br \/>\n\u4f9d\u8d56\u6ce8\u5165<br \/>\n\u63d2\u4ef6\u53d1\u73b0<br \/>\n\u6846\u67b6 API \u8bbe\u8ba1<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u6700\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u80cc\u540e\u5f80\u5f80\u8fde\u63a5\u7740\u6574\u5957\u8bed\u8a00\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21&#xff0c;\u5f53\u4f60\u51c6\u5907\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PluginMeta<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u65f6\u5019&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u59a8\u5148\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u53e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u662f\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u7c7b\u7684\u521b\u5efa&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u4e4b\u540e\u505a\u4e00\u70b9\u4e8b\u60c5&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u540e\u8005&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init_subclass__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init_subclass__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u9b54\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u76ee\u91cc\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fc7 Python \u63d2\u4ef6\u673a\u5236&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5f88\u6b22\u8fce\u7ee7\u7eed\u601d\u8003\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u663e\u5f0f decorator \u6ce8\u518c&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\u5373\u6ce8\u518c&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u63d2\u4ef6\u8fbe\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u767e\u4e2a\u4ee5\u540e&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9 import\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f entry points \u505a discovery&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u54ea\u4e9b\u7531\u4e8e registry\u3001import side effect \u6216\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u8be1\u5f02 Bug&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7b54\u6848&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u8ba4\u771f\u8ba8\u8bba&#xff0c;\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u9760\u3001\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684 Python \u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u9644\u5f55&#xff1a;\u5ef6\u4f38\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5411<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u51c6\u5907\u7ee7\u7eed\u6df1\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u987a\u7740\u4e0b\u9762\u51e0\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\u5b66\u4e60&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Python Data Model&#xff1a;\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3 class\u3001MRO\u3001descriptor \u4e0e metaclass\u3002<\/li>\n<li>PEP 487&#xff1a;\u4e86\u89e3 __init_subclass__ \u548c __set_name__ \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u88ab\u5f15\u5165 Python\u3002<\/li>\n<li>abc.ABC&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u62bd\u8c61\u63d2\u4ef6\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>importlib&#xff1a;\u7406\u89e3 Python \u6a21\u5757\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u5bfc\u5165\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>importlib.metadata&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e Entry Points \u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u63d2\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>pytest fixture&#xff1a;\u89e3\u51b3\u5168\u5c40\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9694\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Dependency Injection&#xff1a;\u5c06 registry\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4ece\u5168\u5c40\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u89e3\u8026\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Python Packaging&#xff1a;\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7 pip \u5206\u53d1\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u4f60\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201cPython \u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u6280\u5de7\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u6b63\u7528\u4e8e\u6846\u67b6\u3001SDK\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u7aef\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684 Python \u63d2\u4ef6\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass&#xff1a;\u7528 __init_subclass__ \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236<br \/>\n\u5728 Python \u91cc&#xff0c;\u4e00\u65e6\u9700\u6c42\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u81ea\u52a8\u767b\u8bb0\u201d\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u201d\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u57fa\u7c7b\u5373\u53ef\u751f\u6548\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd&#xff1a;<br \/>\nmetaclass&#xff08;\u5143\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002<br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u9519\u3002<br \/>\n\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u771f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u90fd\u9700\u8981 metaclass \u5417&amp;#<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[10187,58,81,190],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-95964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-codingplan","tag-linux","tag-python","tag-190"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass\uff1a\u7528 `__init_subclass__` \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/95964.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass\uff1a\u7528 `__init_subclass__` \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u522b\u6025\u7740\u4e0a Metaclass&#xff1a;\u7528 __init_subclass__ \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684 Python \u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u518c\u673a\u5236 \u5728 Python \u91cc&#xff0c;\u4e00\u65e6\u9700\u6c42\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b\u81ea\u52a8\u767b\u8bb0\u201d\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u201d\u201c\u63d2\u4ef6\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u57fa\u7c7b\u5373\u53ef\u751f\u6548\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd&#xff1a; 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