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\n

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Paul Kennedy \u5728\u300a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\u300b\u4e2d\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u903b\u8f91：\u7528\u6d77\u519b\u786e\u4fdd\u5168\u7403\u8d38\u6613\u901a\u9053，\u7528\u91d1\u63f4\u786e\u4fdd\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u6218\u6597\u529b，\u7528\u5747\u52bf\u786e\u4fdd\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u817e\u51fa\u624b\u6765\u6311\u6218\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u9738\u6743\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7cbe\u5999\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6d77\u519b\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5f81\u670d\u5927\u9646，\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u5927\u9646\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u7275\u5236\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u6d77\u519b\u3002\u5927\u9646\u76df\u53cb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6253\u8d62，\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u62d6\u4f4f\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u91d1\u63f4\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u6d3e\u9646\u519b\u2014\u2014\u4e03\u5e74\u6218\u4e89（1756-1763）\u671f\u95f4，\u82f1\u56fd\u7528\u91d1\u63f4\u652f\u6491\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u5927\u5e1d\u5bf9\u6297\u6cd5\u5965\u4fc4\u4e09\u56fd，\u540c\u65f6\u81ea\u5df1\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e89\u593a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u5462？\u82f1\u56fd\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e2d\u56fd：\u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6587\u660e\u903b\u8f91<\/h4>\n

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\u8d39\u6b63\u6e05（John King Fairbank）\u5c06\u8fd9\u5957\u4f53\u7cfb\u79f0\u4e3a"\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f"（The Chinese World Order）\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u4f53\u7cfb\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c：\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u5e73\u7b49，\u800c\u662f\u6587\u660e\u7b49\u7ea7；\u4e0d\u662f\u6761\u7ea6\u4e49\u52a1，\u800c\u662f\u4eea\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u670d\u4ece；\u4e0d\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u751f\u5b58，\u800c\u662f\u7b49\u7ea7\u6027\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bfb\u6c42\u5f81\u670d\u5468\u8fb9\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u671d\u8d21\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5b83\u5bfb\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883，\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u519c\u8015\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6270\u3002<\/p>\n

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1840：\u4e24\u6761\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u78b0\u649e<\/h4>\n

\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u5e38\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a"\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u4fb5\u7565\u4e2d\u56fd"\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d9\u4e8b\u5e76\u975e\u9519\u8bef，\u4f46\u5b83\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u4e8b\u5b9e：1840\u5e74\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u78b0\u649e，\u66f4\u662f\u4e24\u6761\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u649e\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u65b9：\u5546\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u79cd\u690d\u9e26\u7247 \u2192 \u653f\u5e9c（\u8bae\u4f1a）\u4fdd\u62a4\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5229\u76ca \u2192 \u6d77\u519b\u662f\u5168\u7403\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u62a4\u536b \u2192 \u4e00\u573a\u4e3a\u8d38\u6613\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u800c\u6253\u7684\u6218\u4e89，\u662f"\u5730\u7406\u2192\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2192\u653f\u6cbb\u2192\u5916\u4ea4"\u94fe\u6761\u7684\u672b\u7aef\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u65b9：\u519c\u8015\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613 \u2192 \u5b98\u50da\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0d\u4fdd\u62a4\u5546\u4eba\u5229\u76ca \u2192 \u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u7cfb\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3"\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89" \u2192 \u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u6253\u788e\u4e86\u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u7cfb，\u4e5f\u6253\u788e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765"\u5730\u7406\u2192\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2192\u653f\u6cbb\u2192\u5916\u4ea4"\u5c01\u95ed\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u81ea\u6d3d\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4，\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd"\u5f31"\u800c\u82f1\u56fd"\u5f3a"\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u662f\u7ed3\u679c，\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u662f：\u4e24\u6761\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u94fe，\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u540e，\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u94fe\u6761\u7684\u672b\u7aef\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u6218\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6d77\u519b；\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u94fe\u6761\u7684\u672b\u7aef\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u4e3a\u9632\u5fa1\u5185\u9646\u53db\u4e71\u800c\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u519b\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e94\u3001\u53cd\u601d：\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\u4e0e\u677e\u52a8<\/h3>\n

\u4efb\u4f55\u5b8f\u5927\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86"\u5730\u7406\u2192\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2192\u653f\u6cbb\u2192\u5916\u4ea4"\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u4e4b\u540e，\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8bda\u5b9e\u5730\u9762\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5730\u7406，\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/h4>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd：\u4e24\u4e2a\u6e29\u5e26\u5c9b\u56fd，\u540c\u6837\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650，\u540c\u6837\u6bd7\u90bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5927\u9646\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d，\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c（1603-1868）\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u662f"\u9501\u56fd"\u800c\u975e\u8fdc\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5730\u7406\u53c2\u6570，\u65e5\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5411\u5185\u7684\u6536\u7f29，\u82f1\u56fd\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5411\u5916\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u5730\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4，\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4ecd\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u6027\u3001\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9886\u8896\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65f6\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u6837\u7684\u957f\u6c5f\u9ec4\u6cb3，\u5b8b\u4ee3（960-1279）\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5ea6\u8fdc\u8d85\u660e\u6e05：\u7eb8\u5e01（\u4ea4\u5b50）\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684，\u6cc9\u5dde\u7684\u8fdc\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u548c\u4e1c\u975e\u3002\u4f46\u660e\u6e05\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u6d77\u7981\u548c\u5185\u5377\u3002\u5730\u7406\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u9ec4\u6cb3\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u9ec4\u6cb3，\u957f\u6c5f\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u957f\u6c5f\u3002\u53d8\u7684\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e"\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb"\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u5411\u7684\u2014\u2014\u653f\u6cbb\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u91cd\u5851\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u665a\u6e05\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u30011978\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e，\u90fd\u662f"\u653f\u6cbb\u5148\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e"\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5730\u7406\u4f18\u52bf\u9700\u8981\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u5151\u73b0<\/h4>\n

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\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u6982\u7387\u8bba？<\/h4>\n

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\n

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\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u94fe\u6761： \u82f1\u5409\u5229\u6d77\u5ce1 \u2192 \u8fdc\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7ecf\u6d4e \u2192 \u5546\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u5d1b\u8d77 \u2192 \u8bae\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4ea7\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4 \u2192 \u5747\u52bf\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4eca\u5929，\u201c\u6d77\u9646\u4e4b\u8fa9"\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u547d\u9898（\u9ea6\u91d1\u5fb7\u7684"\u9646\u5fc3\u8bf4\u201d vs \u9a6c\u6c49\u7684"\u6d77\u6743\u8bba"），\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5411\u6d77\u5219\u5f00\u653e\u7ade\u4e89，\u5411\u9646\u5219\u5185\u5411\u81ea\u8db3\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u597d，\u800c\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u9002\u914d\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u751f\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5982\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6b63\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d1\u751f\u2014\u2014\u65e7\u94fe\u6761\u7684\u677e\u52a8，\u5f80\u5f80\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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