{"id":89789,"date":"2026-08-03T19:24:36","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T11:24:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/89789.html"},"modified":"2026-08-03T19:24:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T11:24:36","slug":"cplusplus%e5%85%a5%e9%97%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/89789.html","title":{"rendered":"Cplusplus\u5165\u95e8"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. \u7a7a\u95f4\u547d\u540d<\/h2>\n<h3>1.1 namespace\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728C\/C&#043;&#043;\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u540e\u2faf\u8981\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u2f24\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u7684&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u5c06\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u2f64\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u591a\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f7f\u2f64\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u2f6c\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u8fdb\u2f8f\u672c\u5730\u5316&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u540d\u5b57\u6c61\u67d3&#xff0c;namespace \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5c31\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 namespace\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u2f64\u5230 namespace \u5173\u952e\u5b57&#xff0c;\u540e\u2faf\u8ddf\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u540d\u5b57&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u63a5\u2f00\u5bf9 {} \u5373\u53ef&#xff0c;{} \u4e2d\u5373\u4e3a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\/\u51fd\u6570\/\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>namespace \u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fa\u2f00\u4e2a\u57df&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57df\u8ddf\u5168\u5c40\u57df\u5404\u2f83\u72ec\u2f74&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u540c\u540d\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;\u4e2d\u57df\u6709\u51fd\u6570\u5c40\u90e8\u57df\u3001\u5168\u5c40\u57df\u3001\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u57df\u3001\u7c7b\u57df&#xff1b;\u57df\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u8bed\u6cd5\u67e5\u627e\u2f00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\/\u51fd\u6570\/\u7c7b\u578b\u51fa\u5904(\u58f0\u660e\u6216\u5b9a\u4e49)\u7684\u903b\u8f91&#xff0c;\u6240\u6709\u6709\u4e86\u57df\u9694\u79bb&#xff0c;\u540d\u5b57\u51b2\u7a81\u5c31\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u57df\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u57df\u9664\u4e86\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u67e5\u627e\u903b\u8f91&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u2f63\u547d\u5468\u671f&#xff0c;\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u57df\u548c\u7c7b\u57df\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u53d8\u91cf\u2f63\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>namespace \u53ea\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5168\u5c40&#xff0c;\u5f53\u7136\u5b83\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5d4c\u5957\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9879\u2f6c\u2f2f\u7a0b\u4e2d\u591a\u2f42\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u540d namespace \u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u2f00\u4e2a namespace&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u90fd\u653e\u5728\u2f00\u4e2a\u53eb std(standard) \u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u57fa\u7840\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1. \u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9a\u4e49 \u2014\u2014 \u53ea\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> hai<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5728\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> rand <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">9<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Node<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Node<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> next<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> val<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf a&#xff0c;\u5c31\u8fd1\u539f\u5219&#xff1a;\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6253\u5370\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf a \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 20<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ ::a \u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf a \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 10<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ hai::rand \u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 hai \u4e2d\u7684 rand \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 9<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> hai<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>rand<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 hai \u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> hai<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> sum<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>:: \u662f\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u3002::a \u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;hai::rand \u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 hai \u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u4f1a\u906e\u853d\u540c\u540d\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u9075\u5faa&#034;\u5c31\u8fd1\u539f\u5219&#034;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7 \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4::\u6210\u5458\u540d \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5728\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5d4c\u5957<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 2. \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5d4c\u5957\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> ha<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> hb  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5d4c\u5957\u5b50\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 hb<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> hc  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5d4c\u5957\u5b50\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 hc<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0e hb::a \u540c\u540d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9010\u5c42\u4f7f\u7528 :: \u8bbf\u95ee\u5d4c\u5957\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ha<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>hb<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 10<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ha<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>hc<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 100<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u5d4c\u5957\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ha<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>hb<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 3<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">printf<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;%d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ha<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>hc<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 \u8f93\u51fa 70<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5d4c\u5957\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8bbf\u95ee\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a \u5916\u5c42::\u5185\u5c42::\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u5d4c\u5957\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u540c\u540d\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u4e92\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81&#xff0c;\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u540c\u540d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u653e\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5373\u53ef\u9694\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.3 \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/h3>\n<p>\u7f16\u8bd1\u67e5\u627e\u2f00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u58f0\u660e\/\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6&#xff0c;\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53ea\u4f1a\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u6216\u8005\u5168\u5c40\u67e5\u627e&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5230\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u2fa5\u2faf\u53bb\u67e5\u627e\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0b\u2faf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4f7f\u2f64\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\/\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u2f45\u5f0f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6307\u5b9a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff08;\u63a8\u8350&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4::\u6210\u5458\u540d&#xff0c;\u51b2\u7a81\u98ce\u9669\u6700\u4f4e&#xff0c;\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>using \u5c55\u5f00\u5355\u4e2a\u6210\u5458&#xff1a;using \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4::\u6210\u5458\u540d;&#xff0c;\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e14\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6210\u5458\u63a8\u8350\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>using namespace \u5c55\u5f00\u5168\u90e8\u6210\u5458&#xff1a;using namespace \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4;&#xff0c;\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350&#xff08;\u51b2\u7a81\u98ce\u9669\u5927&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u65e5\u5e38\u5c0f\u7ec3\u4e60\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f14\u793a\u7528\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> demo<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">show<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;demo::show() called&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00&#xff1a;\u6307\u5b9a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff08;\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u63a8\u8350&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> demo<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 42<\/span><br \/>\n    demo<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">show<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65b9\u5f0f\u4e8c&#xff1a;using \u5c55\u5f00\u5355\u4e2a\u6210\u5458<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> demo<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 value<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65b9\u5f0f\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5c55\u5f00\u6574\u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff08;\u5c0f\u7ec3\u4e60\u53ef\u7528&#xff0c;\u9879\u76ee\u614e\u7528&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> demo<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">show<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u524d\u7f00<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9879\u76ee\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00&#xff0c;\u660e\u786e\u6765\u6e90&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<li>using namespace std; \u867d\u7136\u65b9\u4fbf&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4f1a\u5c06\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf\u540d\u79f0\u5f15\u5165\u5168\u5c40&#xff0c;\u589e\u52a0\u51b2\u7a81\u98ce\u9669&#xff0c;\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e94\u614e\u91cd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&lt;iostream&gt; \u662f Input Output Stream \u7684\u7f29\u5199&#xff0c;\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8f93\u2f0a\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\u5e93&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8f93\u2f0a\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>std::cin \u662f istream \u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u2faf\u5411\u7a84\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u2f0a\u6d41\u3002<\/li>\n<li>std::cout \u662f ostream \u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u2faf\u5411\u7a84\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\u3002<\/li>\n<li>std::endl \u662f\u2f00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6d41\u63d2\u2f0a\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u63d2\u2f0a\u2f00\u4e2a\u6362\u2f8f\u5b57\u7b26\u52a0\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>&lt;&lt; \u662f\u6d41\u63d2\u2f0a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26&#xff0c;&gt;&gt; \u662f\u6d41\u63d0\u53d6\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3002&#xff08;C \u8bed\u2f94\u8fd8\u2f64\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u505a\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u5de6\u79fb\/\u53f3\u79fb&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u2f64 C&#043;&#043; \u8f93\u2f0a\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u2f45\u4fbf&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u50cf printf\/scanf \u90a3\u6837\u9700\u8981\u2f3f\u52a8\u6307\u5b9a\u683c\u5f0f&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u8f93\u2f0a\u8f93\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u2f83\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u6d41\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u2f40\u6301\u2f83\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8f93\u2f0a\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li>cout\/cin\/endl \u7b49\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e C&#043;&#043; \u6807\u51c6\u5e93&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u90fd\u653e\u5728\u2f00\u4e2a\u53eb std(standard) \u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u8981<br \/>\n\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f7f\u2f64\u2f45\u5f0f\u53bb\u2f64\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u2f00\u822c\u2f47\u5e38\u7ec3\u4e60\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5 using namespace std;&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u2f6c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae using namespace std;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u2fa5\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u542b &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u2f64 printf \u548c scanf&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5305\u542b &lt;iostream&gt; \u95f4\u63a5\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u3002vs \u7cfb\u5217\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684&#xff0c;\u5176\u4ed6\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;cout \u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b &#043; cin \u8fde\u7eed\u8f93\u5165<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;algorithm&gt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for sort<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;list&gt;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for list<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ cout \u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b \u2014\u2014 \u65e0\u9700\u50cf printf \u90a3\u6837\u5199 %d \/ %lf \/ %c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">9<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">8<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    list<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> lt<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u6392\u5e8f<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b int \u7c7b\u578b\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6362\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ cin \u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u8f93\u5165\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cin <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6 int \u548c double&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u8df3\u8fc7\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa int<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa double<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u94fe\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ endl \u6362\u884c &#043; \u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cout \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d\u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981 %d\u3001%lf\u3001%s \u7b49\u683c\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<li>cin &gt;&gt; i &gt;&gt; d; \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u8bfb\u53d6\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u6839\u636e\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u89e3\u6790\u8f93\u5165&#xff0c;\u6bd4 scanf \u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/li>\n<li>endl \u4e0d\u4ec5\u6362\u884c&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5237\u65b0\u7f13\u51b2\u533a&#xff08;flush&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u786e\u4fdd\u5185\u5bb9\u7acb\u5373\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u7ec8\u7aef\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u5236\u5237\u65b0&#xff0c;&#039;\\\\n&#039; \u6548\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u63d0\u9ad8 IO \u6548\u7387&#xff08;\u7ade\u8d5b\u5e38\u7528&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5728 IO \u9700\u6c42\u2f50\u8f83\u2fbc\u7684\u5730\u2f45&#xff0c;\u5982\u90e8\u5206\u2f24\u91cf\u8f93\u2f0a\u7684\u7ade\u8d5b\u9898\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u52a0\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4e0b 3 \u2f8f\u4ee3\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u2fbc C&#043;&#043; IO \u6548\u7387<\/span><br \/>\n    ios_base<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sync_with_stdio<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">false<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u9664 C&#043;&#043; \u6d41\u4e0e C \u6807\u51c6 IO \u7684\u540c\u6b65<\/span><br \/>\n    cin<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">tie<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>                   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u9664 cin \u4e0e cout \u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    cout<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">tie<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>                  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u9664 cout \u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u6d41\u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e4b\u540e\u4f7f\u7528 cin \/ cout \u65f6\u4e0d\u518d\u4e0e scanf \/ printf \u540c\u6b65&#xff0c;\u901f\u5ea6\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cin <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u7684 cin\/cout \u4e0e C \u7684 scanf\/printf \u540c\u6b65&#xff0c;\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6df7\u7528\u65f6\u987a\u5e8f\u6b63\u786e&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6027\u80fd\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sync_with_stdio(false) \u89e3\u9664\u540c\u6b65\u540e&#xff0c;cin\/cout \u901f\u5ea6\u63a5\u8fd1 scanf\/printf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>cin.tie(nullptr) \u89e3\u9664\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff1a;\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6bcf\u6b21 cin \u524d\u90fd\u4f1a\u5237\u65b0 cout&#xff0c;\u89e3\u9664\u540e\u4e0d\u518d\u81ea\u52a8\u5237\u65b0&#xff0c;\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u5347\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u89e3\u9664\u540c\u6b65\u540e\u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u7528 C \u548c C&#043;&#043; \u7684 IO&#xff08;\u5982\u540c\u65f6\u7528 cout \u548c printf&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u8f93\u51fa\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u9519\u4e71\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. \u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u58f0\u660e\u6216\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u3002\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u5b9e\u53c2\u5219\u91c7\u7528\u8be5\u5f62\u53c2\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u5206\u4e3a\u5168\u7f3a\u7701\u548c\u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570&#xff08;\u4e5f\u53eb\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5168\u7f3a\u7701\u5c31\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u5f62\u53c2\u90fd\u7ed9\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u5c31\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u5f62\u53c2\u7ed9\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u3002C&#043;&#043;\u89c4\u5b9a\u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u53f3\u5f80\u5de6\u4f9d\u6b21\u8fde\u7eed\u7f3a\u7701&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u95f4\u9694\u8df3\u8dc3\u7ed9\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e26\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043;\u89c4\u5b9a\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\u4f9d\u6b21\u7ed9\u5b9e\u53c2&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8df3\u8dc3\u7ed9\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5206\u79bb\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0&#xff0c;\u89c4\u5b9a\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u7ed9\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u5168\u7f3a\u7701\u4e0e\u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5168\u7f3a\u7701&#xff1a;\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u90fd\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> c <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;b &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;c &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> c <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u534a\u7f3a\u7701&#xff1a;\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u53f3\u5f80\u5de6\u8fde\u7eed\u7f3a\u7701&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8df3\u8dc3&#xff08;\u5982\u4e0b a \u4e0d\u80fd\u7f3a\u7701&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u274c \u9519\u8bef\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;void Func2(int a &#061; 1, int b, int c &#061; 3);  \u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8 b \u5728\u524d<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> c <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;b &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;c &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> c <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u4f20\u53c2 \u2192 \u5168\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>               <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;10, b&#061;20, c&#061;30<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f20\u53c2\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u5de6\u5411\u53f3\u8fde\u7eed\u7ed9\u5b9e\u53c2&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8df3\u8dc3<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>              <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;1, b&#061;20, c&#061;30<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>           <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;1, b&#061;2,  c&#061;30<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;1, b&#061;2,  c&#061;3<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;100, b&#061;20, c&#061;30<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">200<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;100, b&#061;200, c&#061;30<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">200<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">300<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ a&#061;100, b&#061;200, c&#061;300<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Func2(); \/\/ \u274c \u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u7ed9 a \u4f20\u503c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u534a\u7f3a\u7701\u7684\u987a\u5e8f&#xff1a;\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8fde\u7eed\u7ed9\u51fa&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u5de6\u8fb9\u7f3a\u7701\u800c\u53f3\u8fb9\u6ca1\u7ed9\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 void func(int a &#061; 1, int b); \u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a a \u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u800c b \u6ca1\u6709&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528 func() \u65f6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u7ed9 b \u4ec0\u4e48\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8c03\u7528\u5b9e\u53c2\u987a\u5e8f&#xff1a;\u5b9e\u53c2\u4ece\u5de6\u5411\u53f3\u4f9d\u6b21\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5f62\u53c2&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8df3\u8fc7\u3002Func1(,2,) \u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5 C&#043;&#043; \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u58f0\u660e\u4e0e\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u5e94\u5199\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u5904&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u590d\u5199\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u590d\u5b9a\u4e49\/\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528&#xff08;\u6808\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;cassert&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;cstdlib&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">typedef<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> STDataType<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">typedef<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Stack<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    STDataType<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6307\u5411\u52a8\u6001\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6307\u9488<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> top<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6808\u9876\u7d22\u5f15&#xff08;\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> capacity<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f53\u524d\u6808\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> ST<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e&#xff1a;\u521d\u59cb\u5bb9\u91cf n \u5e26\u6709\u7f3a\u7701\u503c 4<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u58f0\u660e\u5904\u7ed9\u51fa\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">StackInit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ST<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> pa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u5199\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u590d\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">StackInit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ST<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> pa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">assert<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u7f16\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u786e\u4fdd pa \u975e\u7a7a<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6839\u636e\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf n \u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58&#xff08;\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u4e3a 4&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>STDataType<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token function\">malloc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>STDataType<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token constant\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;malloc fail&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">exit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>top <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>capacity <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">StackPush<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ST<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> pa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b80\u5316&#xff1a;\u5047\u8bbe\u5bb9\u91cf\u8db3\u591f&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u538b\u6808<\/span><br \/>\n    pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>pa<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>top<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u786e\u5b9a\u8981\u63d2\u5165 100 \u4e2a\u503c \u2014\u2014 \u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u5bb9\u91cf 100<\/span><br \/>\n    ST st1<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">StackInit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>st1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ n &#061; 100&#xff08;\u6307\u5b9a\u5b9e\u53c2&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">StackPush<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>st1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;st1 capacity &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> st1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>capacity <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 100<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8981\u63d2\u5165\u591a\u5c11 \u2014\u2014 \u4e0d\u4f20\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u7f3a\u7701\u5bb9\u91cf 4<\/span><br \/>\n    ST st2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">StackInit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>st2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ n &#061; 4&#xff08;\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;st2 capacity &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> st2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>capacity <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 4<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token function\">free<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>st1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">free<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>st2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u8ba9\u63a5\u53e3\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b&#xff1a;\u5e38\u89c1\u60c5\u51b5&#xff08;\u5bb9\u91cf 4&#xff09;\u65e0\u9700\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u586b\u5199\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u7279\u6b8a\u9700\u6c42&#xff08;\u5bb9\u91cf 100&#xff09;\u4ecd\u53ef\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u5199\u7f3a\u7701\u503c&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u4e0d\u5199&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u5904\u90fd\u5199\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u70b9\u81ea\u52a8\u8865\u5168\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u5b9e\u53c2&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f&#xff08;\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u7b49&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. \u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h2>\n<p>C&#043;&#043; \u652f\u6301\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u6216\u8005\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837 C&#043;&#043; \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u6001\u884c\u4e3a&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u3002C \u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d&#xff08;\u6307\u9488\u7248 swap&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d Swap&#xff1a;\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u540c \u2014\u2014 int*<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> tmp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd4\u56de\u4ea4\u6362\u524d\u7684 *x<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d Swap&#xff1a;double*<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> tmp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d Swap&#xff1a;char*<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span> tmp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.90<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> d2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">9.99<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span> ch1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;A&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ch2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;B&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u81ea\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u5e94\u7248\u672c\u7684 Swap<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 int    Swap(int*, int*)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 double Swap(double*, double*)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ch1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ch2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 char   Swap(char*, char*)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039; &#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 20 10<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039; &#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d2 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 9.99 2.9<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ch1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039; &#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ch2 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 B A<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d test&#xff1a;\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u4e0d\u540c \u2014\u2014 1 \u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d test&#xff1a;2 \u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd4\u56de\u4e24\u6570\u4e4b\u548c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">999<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 test(int*)       \u2192 10<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">test<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 test(int*,int*)  \u2192 1009<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u91cd\u8f7d\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6&#xff1a;\u53ea\u770b\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868&#xff08;\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u987a\u5e8f&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4ec5\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u91cd\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8c03\u7528\u5339\u914d\u89c4\u5219&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u53c2\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u627e\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u5339\u914d\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u80fd\u5339\u914d&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6b67\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043; \u4e3a\u4f55\u80fd\u91cd\u8f7d&#xff1a;C&#043;&#043; \u91c7\u7528**\u540d\u5b57\u4fee\u9970&#xff08;Name Mangling&#xff09;**\u6280\u672f&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u4e0e\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u7f16\u7801\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 int Swap(int*, int*) \u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u4e3a _Z4SwapPiS_&#xff0c;double Swap(double*, double*) \u4fee\u9970\u4e3a _Z4SwapPdS_&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;\u91cd\u8f7d\u8ba9\u540c\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7248\u672c\u5171\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u540d&#xff0c;\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u590d\u7528\u6027&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982 cout &lt;&lt; \u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u8f7d operator&lt;&lt; \u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. \u5f15\u7528<\/h2>\n<h3>5.1 \u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u662f\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ed9\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u522b\u540d&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u53d8\u91cf\u5f00\u8f9f\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u5b83\u548c\u5b83\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5171\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u578b&amp; \u5f15\u7528\u522b\u540d &#061; \u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ ref \u662f a \u7684\u5f15\u7528&#xff08;\u522b\u540d&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, ref &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 10, 10<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;&amp;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, &amp;ref &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ref <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5730\u5740\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4fee\u6539 ref \u5373\u4fee\u6539 a<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 20<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a \u7c7b\u578b&amp; \u5f15\u7528\u540d &#061; \u53d8\u91cf\u540d;&#xff0c;&amp; \u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7ed3\u5408\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58&#xff0c;\u4fee\u6539\u5f15\u7528\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a NULL&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5176\u6bd4\u6307\u9488\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.2 \u5f15\u7528\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/li>\n<li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u65e6\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53&#xff0c;\u518d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f15\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f8\u540c\u5730\u5740<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">200<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u26a0\ufe0f \u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba9 ref1 \u5f15\u7528 b&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u628a b \u7684\u503c\u8d4b\u7ed9 ref1&#xff08;\u5373 a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 200&#xff0c;a \u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u4e86<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;&amp;ref1 &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &amp;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5730\u5740\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0e a \u76f8\u540c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e2d\u9014\u6539\u53d8\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u8bed\u6cd5\u80fd\u8ba9 ref1 \u53d8\u6210 b \u7684\u522b\u540d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u7a7a\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ref1 &#061; b; \u662f\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u5c06 b \u7684\u503c\u590d\u5236\u5230 ref1 \u6307\u5411\u7684 a \u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8 ref1 \u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6307\u9488\u60ac\u6302\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.3 \u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u505a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e2d\u51cf\u5c11\u62f7\u8d1d\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u5f62\u53c2\u4fee\u6539\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2\u8ddf\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u53c2\u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e00\u4e9b&#xff0c;\u8bed\u6cd5\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u6307\u9488\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210&#xff0c;\u529f\u80fd\u6709\u91cd\u53e0\u6027&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u5404\u6709\u7279\u70b9&#xff0c;\u4e92\u76f8\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f15\u7528\u505a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\u539f\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u62f7\u8d1d<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> tmp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> tmp<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528\u505a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u522b\u540d&#xff0c;\u53ef\u652f\u6301\u94fe\u5f0f\u8d4b\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">getElem<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> idx<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>idx<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd4\u56de arr[idx] \u7684\u5f15\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Swap<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65e0\u9700\u53d6\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, b &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 20, 10<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">getElem<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u6570\u7ec4\u5143\u7d20<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 100<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2&#xff1a;\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u76f4\u63a5\u662f\u539f\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u522b\u540d&#xff0c;\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u4fee\u6539\u5f62\u53c2\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6539\u53d8\u5b9e\u53c2&#xff0c;\u4e14\u65e0\u9700\u62f7\u8d1d\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\u3002\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u65e0\u9700\u989d\u5916\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u505a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u64cd\u4f5c\u666e\u901a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e00\u6837\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5b83\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd4\u56de\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f15\u7528&#xff08;\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u5c06\u53d8\u6210\u60ac\u7a7a\u5f15\u7528&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u6bd4\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u53c2&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u53c2\u8bed\u6cd5\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01&#xff0c;\u4e14\u5929\u7136\u975e\u7a7a&#xff0c;\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.4 const \u5f15\u7528<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a const \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 const \u5f15\u7528\u3002const \u5f15\u7528\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u666e\u901a\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u5728\u5f15\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f29\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u5927\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6240\u8c13\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6682\u5b58\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u6c42\u503c\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\u4e34\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u547d\u540d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672a\u547d\u540d\u5bf9\u8c61\u53eb\u505a\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ int&amp; ref &#061; a;        \/\/ \u274c \u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u975e const \u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230 const \u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2705 \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;const \u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a const \u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 10<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2705 \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;const \u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u666e\u901a\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;\u6743\u9650\u7f29\u5c0f&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 30&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u975e const \u4fee\u6539&#xff0c;ref2 \u53ea\u8bfb<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ const \u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e34\u65f6 double \u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref4 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u663e\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref3 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039; &#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref4 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 3.14 3<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 const \u5f15\u7528\u5ef6\u957f\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref5 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">string<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> ref5 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 hello<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6743\u9650\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u5927&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e const \u5f15\u7528\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a const \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u90a3\u6837\u5c31\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u4fee\u6539 const \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u7834\u574f\u4e86 const \u8bed\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6743\u9650\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f29\u5c0f&#xff1a;\u5141\u8bb8 const \u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u975e const \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6b64\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u5f15\u7528\u53ea\u80fd\u8bfb&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u5199&#xff0c;\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>const \u5f15\u7528\u5ef6\u957f\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;\u5f53 const \u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4f1a\u5ef6\u957f\u81f3\u8be5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.5 \u6307\u9488\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8bed\u6cd5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5f15\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53d6\u522b\u540d\u4e0d\u5f00\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u6307\u9488\u662f\u5b58\u50a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;\u8981\u5f00\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u6307\u9488\u5efa\u8bae\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u540e&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5f15\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1b;\u800c\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6307\u9488\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u624d\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sizeof \u4e2d\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6307\u9488\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u6240\u5360\u5b57\u8282\u4e2a\u6570&#xff08;32 \u4f4d\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0b\u5360 4 \u4e2a\u5b57\u8282&#xff0c;64 \u4f4d\u4e0b\u662f 8 byte&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6307\u9488\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u548c\u91ce\u6307\u9488\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u5f88\u5c11\u51fa\u73b0&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u8d77\u6765\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u5f53\u522b\u540d\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539 a<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 100<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6307\u9488&#xff1a;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u58f0\u660e&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u6307\u5411<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">200<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u4fee\u6539<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 200<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u6307\u5411 b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">300<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;b &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 300<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ sizeof \u533a\u522b<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;sizeof(ref) &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 4 (int \u7684\u5927\u5c0f)<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;sizeof(ptr) &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 8 (64 \u4f4d\u6307\u9488\u5927\u5c0f)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u95ee\u9898<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ *p &#061; 42;   \/\/ \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u7a7a\u6307\u9488<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 null reference<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027&#xff1a;\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u9488\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5176\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0a\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u6307\u9488\u7684\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u7ec6\u8282&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b89\u5168\u6027&#xff1a;\u5f15\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a&#xff0c;\u6709\u6548\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u548c\u91ce\u6307\u9488\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u573a\u666f\u5c3d\u91cf\u7528\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027&#xff1a;\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u5411\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4e0e nullptr \u6bd4\u8f83&#xff0c;\u5728\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u3001\u94fe\u8868\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5404\u6709\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. inline<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7528 inline \u4fee\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53eb\u505a\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6 C&#043;&#043; \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c55\u5f00\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u6837\u8c03\u7528\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u6808\u5e27\u4e86&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li>inline \u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u800c\u8a00\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4&#xff0c;\u4f60\u52a0\u4e86 inline \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5173\u4e8e inline \u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u5c55\u5f00\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a C&#043;&#043; \u6807\u51c6\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u3002inline \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9891\u7e41\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u77ed\u5c0f\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u76f8\u5bf9\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u52a0\u4e0a inline \u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<li>C \u8bed\u8a00\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u9884\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u66ff\u6362\u5c55\u5f00&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u9519&#xff0c;\u4e14\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u8c03\u8bd5&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86 inline \u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3 C \u7684\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>inline \u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u58f0\u660e\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5206\u79bb\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u5206\u79bb\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u94fe\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a inline \u88ab\u5c55\u5f00&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;\u94fe\u63a5\u65f6\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;inline \u51fd\u6570 vs \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u53ef\u8c03\u8bd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">inline<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;C \u98ce\u683c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u5b58\u5728\u9690\u60a3&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">define<\/span> <span class=\"token macro-name function\">ADD<\/span><span class=\"token expression\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ inline \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528 \u2014\u2014 \u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a x &#043; y<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;inline add: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 30<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528 \u2014\u2014 \u9884\u5904\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u66ff\u6362\u6587\u672c<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;macro ADD: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">ADD<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 30<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9690\u60a3\u793a\u4f8b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;ADD(a&#043;&#043;, b): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">ADD<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5c55\u5f00\u540e\u53d8\u6210 ((a&#043;&#043;) &#043; (b))&#xff0c;a \u88ab\u52a0\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21&#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f 5&#043;3&#061;8&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645 a \u88ab\u9012\u589e\u4e24\u6b21&#xff0c;\u8f93\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u7b26<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a after macro: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 7&#xff08;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f 6&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ inline \u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u6b64\u95ee\u9898<\/span><br \/>\n    a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;inline add(a&#043;&#043;, b): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 8<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;a after inline: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2192 6&#xff08;\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570 vs \u5b8f\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\n<ul>\n<li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u89c4\u5219&#xff0c;\u53ef\u8c03\u8bd5&#xff1b;\u5b8f\u53ea\u662f\u6587\u672c\u66ff\u6362&#xff0c;\u65e0\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u526f\u4f5c\u7528&#xff08;\u5982\u4e0a\u8ff0 a&#043;&#043; \u591a\u6b21\u6c42\u503c&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458&#xff0c;\u5b8f\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;\u5c55\u5f00\u4f1a\u589e\u5927\u76ee\u6807\u4ee3\u7801\u4f53\u79ef&#xff08;\u4ee3\u7801\u81a8\u80c0&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u8f83\u5927\u4e14\u8c03\u7528\u9891\u7e41&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6307\u4ee4\u7f13\u5b58 miss&#xff0c;\u53cd\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u81ea\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/li>\n<li>inline \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff1a;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5c55\u5f00&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u770b\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u4f53&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u901a\u5e38\u5c06 inline \u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff08;\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9690\u542b inline \u5efa\u8bae&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. nullptr<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;11 \u5f15\u5165 nullptr \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u5b57\u9762\u91cf&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u7684 std::nullptr_t \u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4efb\u610f\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728 C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d&#xff0c;NULL \u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a (void*)0 \u6216 0&#xff0c;\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u91cd\u8f7d\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u6b67\u4e49\u3002nullptr \u7684\u5f15\u5165\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;nullptr vs NULL \u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u6536 int&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u6536 int*<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;func(int) called, x &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;func(int*) called with nullptr&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;func(int*) called, *p &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 func(int)&#xff0c;0 \u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6574\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token constant\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u26a0\ufe0f \u53ef\u80fd\u8c03\u7528 func(int) \u6216\u4ea7\u751f\u6b67\u4e49&#xff0c;\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e NULL \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u2705 \u660e\u786e\u8c03\u7528 func(int*)&#xff0c;\u4f20\u5165\u7a7a\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u5e38\u4f20\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;p is nullptr&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ nullptr \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7279\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ int n &#061; nullptr;  \/\/ \u274c \u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;nullptr \u4e0d\u80fd\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;int n &#061; (int)nullptr;  \/\/ \u4e0d\u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ ptr \u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a nullptr_t<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;sizeof(nullptr_t) &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>nullptr_t<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u5e38\u7b49\u4e8e\u6307\u9488\u5927\u5c0f<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6d88\u9664\u91cd\u8f7d\u6b67\u4e49&#xff1a;NULL \u5728 C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a 0&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528 func(NULL) \u65f6\u4f1a\u5339\u914d\u5230 func(int)&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u671f\u7684 func(int*)\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 nullptr \u5219\u660e\u786e\u5339\u914d\u6307\u9488\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168&#xff1a;nullptr \u53ea\u80fd\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u6307\u9488\u6216\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6574\u6570&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e86 0 \u7684\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7edf\u4e00\u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488&#xff1a;\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5e94\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528 nullptr \u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528 NULL \u6216 0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;sizeof(nullptr_t) \u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5e73\u53f0\u6307\u9488\u5927\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u8bf4\u660e nullptr \u5e95\u5c42\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0e\u6307\u9488\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u7a7a\u95f4\u547d\u540d<br \/>\n1.1 namespace\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<br \/>\n\u5728C\/C\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u540e\u2faf\u8981\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u2f24\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u7684&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u5c06\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u2f64\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u591a\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f7f\u2f64\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u2f6c\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u8fdb\u2f8f\u672c\u5730\u5316&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u540d\u5b57\u6c61\u67d3&#xff0c;namespace \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5c31\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n1.2 namespace\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<br \/>\n\u5b9a\u4e49\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u2f64\u5230 namespace 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