{"id":84011,"date":"2026-07-26T07:33:10","date_gmt":"2026-07-25T23:33:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/84011.html"},"modified":"2026-07-26T07:33:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T23:33:10","slug":"%e3%80%90linux%e3%80%91-%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e6%8c%87%e4%bb%a4%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%8a%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/84011.html","title":{"rendered":"\u3010Linux\u3011 \u57fa\u7840\u6307\u4ee4\uff08\u4e0a\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0 \u4e00\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

1.1 \u547d\u4ee4\u6807\u51c6\u683c\u5f0f<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u547d\u4ee4 [\u9009\u9879] [\u64cd\u4f5c\u53c2\u6570]<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u547d\u4ee4：\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u5fc5\u586b<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u9009\u9879：-\u77ed\u53c2\u6570\u3001–\u957f\u53c2\u6570，\u62d3\u5c55\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u53c2\u6570：\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8c61（\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u8def\u5f84） \u793a\u4f8b：ls -l \/home ls = \u547d\u4ee4，-l = \u9009\u9879，\/home = \u64cd\u4f5c\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    1.2 \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84 & \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/h3>\n
  • \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84<\/span>：\u4ece\u6839\/\u5f00\u59cb\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f84，\u4efb\u610f\u76ee\u5f55\u751f\u6548 \u4f8b：\/root\u3001\/home\/user<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84<\/span>：\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e0d\u5e26\/ \u4f8b：test\u3001..\/dir<\/span><\/li>\n

    1.3 \u7279\u6b8a\u8def\u5f84\u7b26\u53f7<\/span><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • \/\u00a0：\u6839\u76ee\u5f55，Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u9876\u5c42\u5165\u53e3<\/span><\/li>\n
    • .\u00a0：\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/li>\n
    • ..\u00a0：\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/li>\n
    • ~\u00a0：\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55（root=\/root，\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237 =\/home\/ \u7528\u6237\u540d）<\/span><\/li>\n
    • $\u00a0：\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u793a\u7b26<\/span><\/li>\n
    • #\u00a0：root \u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u63d0\u793a\u7b26<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n

      \u4e8c\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

      2.1 pwd \u6253\u5370\u5f53\u524d\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u4f5c\u7528：\u67e5\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55，\u9632\u6b62\u8ff7\u8def \u8bed\u6cd5：pwd \u793a\u4f8b：<\/span><\/p>\n

      [root@localhost ~]# pwd
      \n\/root<\/p>\n

      2.2 cd \u5207\u6362\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u8bed\u6cd5：cd \u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84 \u5e38\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c：<\/span><\/p>\n

      cd \/home # \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u8fdb\u5165home
      \ncd .. # \u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7
      \ncd ..\/.. # \u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u4e24\u7ea7
      \ncd ~ \/ cd # \u56de\u5230\u7528\u6237\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55
      \ncd test # \u8fdb\u5165\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0btest\u6587\u4ef6\u5939
      \ncd – # \u5207\u6362\u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

      \u6ce8\u610f：\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u5e26\u7a7a\u683c\u9700\u52a0\u5f15\u53f7 cd "my dir"<\/span><\/p>\n

      2.3 ls \u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u8bed\u6cd5：ls [\u9009\u9879] [\u8def\u5f84] \u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570：<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • -l：\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u8868（\u6743\u9650\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6240\u6709\u8005）<\/span><\/li>\n
      • -a：\u663e\u793a\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6（. \u5f00\u5934\u6587\u4ef6）<\/span><\/li>\n
      • -h：\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u5c55\u793a\u5927\u5c0f KB\/MB\/GB<\/span><\/li>\n
      • -t：\u6309\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6392\u5e8f，\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u524d \u5e38\u7528\u7ec4\u5408：<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        ls -alh # \u5b8c\u6574\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6
        \nls -l \/usr\/local # \u67e5\u770b\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55
        \nls -lth # \u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u5012\u5e8f\u5c55\u793a<\/p>\n

        2.4 mkdir \u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u5939<\/span><\/h3>\n

        \u8bed\u6cd5：mkdir [\u9009\u9879] \u76ee\u5f55\u540d \u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570-p：\u9012\u5f52\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u793a\u4f8b：<\/span><\/p>\n

        mkdir test # \u65b0\u5efa\u5355\u76ee\u5f55
        \nmkdir -p a\/b\/c\/d # \u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957
        \nmkdir dir1 dir2 dir3 # \u540c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

        \u5751：\u4e0d\u52a0-p，\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u62a5\u9519<\/span><\/p>\n

        2.5 rmdir \u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/h3>\n

        \u4ec5\u80fd\u5220\u9664<\/span>\u65e0\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7a7a<\/span>\u6587\u4ef6\u5939<\/span><\/p>\n

        rmdir test<\/p>\n

        \u65e5\u5e38\u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55\u57fa\u672c\u7528 rm，rmdir \u6781\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n

        \u00a0 \u4e09\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u547d\u4ee4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

        3.1 touch \u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6 \/ \u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u95f4<\/span><\/h3>\n

        touch app.log # \u521b\u5efa\u5355\u4e2a\u7a7a\u767d\u6587\u4ef6
        \ntouch 1.txt 2.txt 3.csv # \u6279\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

        3.2 rm \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6 \/ \u6587\u4ef6\u5939（\u9ad8\u5371）<\/span><\/h3>\n

        Linux \u65e0\u56de\u6536\u7ad9，\u5220\u9664\u6c38\u4e45\u4e22\u5931 \u8bed\u6cd5：rm [\u9009\u9879] \u6587\u4ef6\/\u76ee\u5f55 \u53c2\u6570：<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • -f：<\/span>\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664<\/span>，\u4e0d\u5f39\u7a97\u786e\u8ba4<\/span><\/li>\n
        • -r：<\/span>\u9012\u5f52\u5220\u9664<\/span>\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u5185\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          rm test.txt # \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6，\u4f1a\u786e\u8ba4
          \nrm -f test.txt # \u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u6587\u4ef6
          \nrm -rf test\/ # \u9012\u5f52\u5f3a\u5236\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u5939<\/p>\n

          \u26a0\ufe0f \u4e25\u7981\u6267\u884c rm -rf \/，\u4f1a\u6e05\u7a7a\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf，\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u5e9f<\/span><\/p>\n

          3.3 cp \u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6 \/ \u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/h3>\n

          \u8bed\u6cd5：cp \u6e90 \u76ee\u6807 \u53c2\u6570-r：\u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          cp test.txt \/home\/ # \u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55
          \ncp -r test\/ \/root\/ # \u590d\u5236\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5939
          \ncp old.txt new.txt # \u590d\u5236\u5e76\u91cd\u547d\u540d<\/p>\n

          3.4 mv \u79fb\u52a8 \/ \u91cd\u547d\u540d<\/span><\/h3>\n

          \u65e0\u9700\u9012\u5f52\u53c2\u6570，\u652f\u6301\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/p>\n

          mv test.txt \/usr\/ # \u79fb\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6
          \nmv oldname.txt newname.txt # \u6587\u4ef6\u91cd\u547d\u540d
          \nmv dir1 \/home\/ # \u79fb\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6\u5939<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00a0 \u56db\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u67e5\u770b（\u65e5\u5fd7 \/ \u914d\u7f6e\u4e13\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

          4.1 cat \u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u8bfb\u53d6\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/h3>\n

          \u9002\u5408\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6，\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u5237\u5c4f<\/span><\/p>\n

          cat \/etc\/profile<\/p>\n

          4.2 more \u5206\u9875\u67e5\u770b，\u4ec5\u5411\u4e0b\u7ffb<\/span><\/h3>\n

          more app.log<\/p>\n

          \u64cd\u4f5c：\u7a7a\u683c\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875\u3001\u56de\u8f66\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u3001q \u9000\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n

          4.3 less \u9ad8\u7ea7\u5206\u9875（\u63a8\u8350）<\/span><\/h3>\n

          \u652f\u6301\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ffb\u9875\u3001\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u641c\u7d22<\/span><\/p>\n

          less app.log<\/p>\n

          \u5feb\u6377\u952e：\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7bad\u5934\u7ffb\u884c\u3001PgUp\/PgDn \u7ffb\u9875\u3001\/\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u5411\u4e0b\u641c\u7d22，n \u5207\u6362\u5339\u914d\u9879，q \u9000\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n

          4.4 head \u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5934\u90e8，\u9ed8\u8ba4\u524d 10 \u884c<\/span><\/h3>\n

          head -n 20 app.log # \u67e5\u770b\u524d20\u884c<\/p>\n

          4.5 tail \u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5c3e\u90e8，\u65e5\u5fd7\u76d1\u63a7\u795e\u5668<\/span><\/h3>\n

          \u53c2\u6570：<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • -n：\u6307\u5b9a\u672b\u5c3e\u884c\u6570<\/span><\/li>\n
          • -f：\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u65b0\u589e\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            tail -n 100 app.log # \u67e5\u770b\u6700\u540e100\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7
            \ntail -f app.log # \u5b9e\u65f6\u5237\u65b0\u65e5\u5fd7，\u6392\u67e5\u62a5\u9519\u5fc5\u5907<\/p>\n

            \n

            \u00a0 \u4e94\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u68c0\u7d22\u547d\u4ee4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

            5.1 find \u5168\u76d8\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/h3>\n

            \u8bed\u6cd5：find \u67e5\u627e\u8def\u5f84 -name "\u5339\u914d\u89c4\u5219" \u901a\u914d\u7b26*\u5339\u914d\u4efb\u610f\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/p>\n

            find \/ -name "*.txt" # \u5168\u5c40\u67e5\u627e\u6240\u6709txt\u6587\u4ef6
            \nfind \/home -name "*log*" # home\u76ee\u5f55\u67e5\u627e\u540d\u79f0\u542blog\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

            5.2 grep \u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/span><\/h3>\n

            \u8bed\u6cd5：grep [\u9009\u9879] "\u5173\u952e\u8bcd" \u6587\u4ef6 \u53c2\u6570：<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • -n：\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u53f7<\/span><\/li>\n
            • -i：\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199<\/span><\/li>\n
            • -v：\u53cd\u5411\u8fc7\u6ee4（\u6392\u9664\u542b\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u5185\u5bb9）<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              grep -n "error" app.log # \u67e5\u627e\u65e5\u5fd7\u62a5\u9519，\u5e26\u884c\u53f7
              \ngrep -v "^$" app.log # \u8fc7\u6ee4\u65e5\u5fd7\u7a7a\u884c
              \nps -ef | grep java # \u7ba1\u9053\u642d\u914d，\u67e5\u627ejava\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n

              \n

              \u00a0 \u516d\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u7ba1\u7406\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

              Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\u6743\u9650：\u6240\u6709\u8005\u3001\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237 <\/span><\/p>\n

              \u6743\u9650\u6570\u503c：r=4 \u8bfb，w=2 \u5199，x=1 \u6267\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n

              6.1 chmod \u4fee\u6539\u6743\u9650<\/span><\/h3>\n

              \u5e38\u7528\u6743\u9650\u6807\u51c6：<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • 755：\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u9650，\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u8bfb\u6267\u884c（\u76ee\u5f55\u9ed8\u8ba4）<\/span><\/li>\n
              • 644：\u6240\u6709\u8005\u8bfb\u5199，\u5176\u4ed6\u53ea\u8bfb（\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6\u9ed8\u8ba4）<\/span><\/li>\n
              • 777：\u5168\u90e8\u7528\u6237\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u9650（\u751f\u4ea7\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528）<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                chmod 644 test.txt
                \nchmod -R 755 project\/ # -R\u9012\u5f52\u4fee\u6539\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

                6.2 chown \u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5f52\u5c5e\u7528\u6237 \/ \u7ec4<\/span><\/h3>\n

                chown root:root test.txt
                \nchown -R root:root project\/<\/p>\n

                \n

                \u00a0 \u4e03\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\u67e5\u770b\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

                7.1 ps \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                ps -ef # \u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u5168\u90e8\u8fdb\u7a0b
                \nps -ef | grep mysql # \u8fc7\u6ee4mysql\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n

                7.2 top \u5b9e\u65f6\u8d44\u6e90\u76d1\u63a7<\/span><\/h3>\n

                \u7b49\u540c\u4e8e Windows \u4efb\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u5668，\u67e5\u770b CPU\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528 \u8f93\u5165top\u56de\u8f66，q \u9000\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n

                7.3 kill \u7ec8\u6b62\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                kill 1234 # \u6b63\u5e38\u5173\u95edPID=1234\u8fdb\u7a0b
                \nkill -9 1234 # \u5f3a\u5236\u6740\u6b7b\u5361\u6b7b\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n

                7.4 \u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/h3>\n

                df -h # \u67e5\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6574\u4f53\u78c1\u76d8\u6302\u8f7d\u3001\u603b\u5360\u7528
                \ndu -sh * # \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u5404\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n

                \n

                \u00a0 \u516b\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u547d\u4ee4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

                8.1 ping \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u901a\u6027<\/span><\/h3>\n

                ping www.baidu.com<\/p>\n

                8.2 ip addr \u67e5\u770b\u672c\u673a IP<\/span><\/h3>\n

                \u66ff\u4ee3\u8001\u65e7 ifconfig \u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/p>\n

                ip addr<\/p>\n

                8.3 curl \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u5740 \/ \u63a5\u53e3<\/span><\/h3>\n

                curl https:\/\/www.baidu.com<\/p>\n

                \n

                \u00a0 \u4e5d\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u89e3\u538b\u547d\u4ee4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

                9.1 zip\/unzip<\/span><\/h3>\n

                zip test.zip test.txt # \u538b\u7f29
                \nunzip test.zip # \u89e3\u538b<\/p>\n

                9.2 tar（Linux \u4e3b\u6d41\u6253\u5305\u683c\u5f0f）<\/span><\/h3>\n

                \u53c2\u6570\u542b\u4e49：c \u6253\u5305\u3001x \u89e3\u538b\u3001z gz \u538b\u7f29\u3001v \u6253\u5370\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001f \u6307\u5b9a\u538b\u7f29\u5305<\/span><\/p>\n

                # \u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u4e3atar.gz
                \ntar -zcvf test.tar.gz test\/
                \n# \u89e3\u538btar.gz\u5305
                \ntar -zxvf test.tar.gz<\/p>\n

                \n

                \u00a0 \u5341\u3001\u9ad8\u9891\u5b9e\u7528\u5c0f\u547d\u4ee4\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

                clear # \u6e05\u7a7a\u7ec8\u7aef\u5c4f\u5e55
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                \n

                \u00a0 \u5341\u4e00\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u603b\u7ed3\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n
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              • \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c：rm -rf \u9ad8\u5371\u614e\u7528，cp\/mv\/touch \u65e5\u5e38\u9ad8\u9891<\/span><\/li>\n
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              • \u6743\u9650：755\u3001644 \u4e3a\u7ebf\u4e0a\u6807\u51c6\u6743\u9650<\/span><\/li>\n
              • \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4：top\u3001ps\u3001kill\u3001df\u3001du \u5b9a\u4f4d\u8d44\u6e90\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/li>\n
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