{"id":83608,"date":"2026-07-26T02:37:52","date_gmt":"2026-07-25T18:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/83608.html"},"modified":"2026-07-26T02:37:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T18:37:52","slug":"python%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e8%af%ad%e6%b3%95%e6%95%99%e7%a8%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/83608.html","title":{"rendered":"Python\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u6559\u7a0b"},"content":{"rendered":"

🐍 Python \u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u7bc7\u5c31\u591f\u4e86<\/h2>\n

\u9002\u7528\u7248\u672c: Python 3.8+ \u76ee\u6807\u8bfb\u8005: \u521d\u5b66\u8005\u53ca\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u60f3\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u4e60\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005 \u6700\u540e\u66f4\u65b0: 2026-07-21<\/p>\n

\n

\u76ee\u5f55<\/h3>\n
  • Python \u7b80\u4ecb<\/li>\n
  • \u73af\u5883\u642d\u5efa\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/li>\n
  • \u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n
  • \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/li>\n
  • \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8be6\u89e3<\/li>\n
  • \u5217\u8868（List）<\/li>\n
  • \u5143\u7ec4（Tuple）<\/li>\n
  • \u5b57\u5178（Dictionary）<\/li>\n
  • \u96c6\u5408（Set）<\/li>\n
  • \u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad<\/li>\n
  • \u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5<\/li>\n
  • \u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n
  • Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/li>\n
  • \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/li>\n
  • \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/li>\n
  • \u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/li>\n
  • \u6a21\u5757\u4e0e\u5305<\/li>\n
  • \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n
  • \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/li>\n
  • \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b<\/li>\n
  • \u5e38\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n
  • \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3<\/li>\n
  • \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u5305\u7ba1\u7406<\/li>\n
  • \u7f16\u7801\u89c4\u8303（PEP 8）<\/li>\n
  • \u7efc\u5408\u7ec3\u4e60<\/li>\n
    \n

    1. Python \u7b80\u4ecb<\/h3>\n

    1.1 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Python？<\/h4>\n

    Python \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u578b\u3001\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00，\u7531 Guido van Rossum \u4e8e 1991 \u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u3002\u5b83\u4ee5\u7b80\u6d01\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

    1.2 Python \u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\u7279\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u7b80\u6d01\u6613\u8bfb<\/td>\n\u4f7f\u7528\u7f29\u8fdb\u8868\u793a\u4ee3\u7801\u5757，\u8bed\u6cd5\u63a5\u8fd1\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u89e3\u91ca\u578b\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>\n\u65e0\u9700\u7f16\u8bd1，\u9010\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u6267\u884c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n\u53d8\u91cf\u65e0\u9700\u58f0\u660e\u7c7b\u578b，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u65ad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u8de8\u5e73\u53f0<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301 Windows\u3001macOS\u3001Linux \u7b49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5e93<\/td>\n\u62e5\u6709\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u751f\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u591a\u8303\u5f0f<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    1.3 Python \u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df<\/h4>\n
      \n
    • Web \u5f00\u53d1: Django\u3001Flask\u3001FastAPI<\/li>\n
    • \u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd: NumPy\u3001Pandas\u3001PyTorch\u3001TensorFlow<\/li>\n
    • \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8fd0\u7ef4: Ansible\u3001SaltStack<\/li>\n
    • \u7f51\u7edc\u722c\u866b: Scrapy\u3001BeautifulSoup\u3001Selenium<\/li>\n
    • \u684c\u9762\u5e94\u7528: PyQt\u3001Tkinter<\/li>\n
    • \u6e38\u620f\u5f00\u53d1: Pygame<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n

      2. \u73af\u5883\u642d\u5efa\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/h3>\n

      2.1 \u5b89\u88c5 Python<\/h4>\n

      \u4ece python.org \u4e0b\u8f7d\u5b89\u88c5\u5305\u3002\u5b89\u88c5\u65f6\u52a1\u5fc5\u52fe\u9009 \u201cAdd Python to PATH\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b89\u88c5：<\/p>\n

      python –version<\/span>
      \n# \u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b: Python 3.11.5<\/span><\/p>\n

      2.2 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f：Hello, World!<\/h4>\n

      💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u521b\u5efa\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u7a0b\u5e8f，\u7528 print() \u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u5b57：<\/p>\n

      # hello.py<\/span>
      \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello, World!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

      🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8fd0\u884c\u540e\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u5c06\u663e\u793a Hello, World! \u2014\u2014\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd0\u884c：<\/p>\n

      python hello.py
      \n# \u8f93\u51fa: Hello, World!<\/span><\/p>\n

      2.3 \u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u5668（REPL）<\/h4>\n

      \u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u8f93\u5165 python \u5373\u53ef\u8fdb\u5165\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

      💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u8f93\u5165 python \u8fdb\u5165\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f，\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u884c\u8f93\u5165\u4ee3\u7801\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u770b\u5230\u7ed3\u679c，\u9002\u5408\u5feb\u901f\u6d4b\u8bd5：<\/p>\n

      >><\/span>><\/span> 1<\/span> +<\/span> 2<\/span>
      \n3<\/span>
      \n>><\/span>><\/span> print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u4f60\u597d，\u4e16\u754c！"<\/span>)<\/span>
      \n\u4f60\u597d，\u4e16\u754c！
      \n>><\/span>><\/span> exit(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u9000\u51fa\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/p>\n

      🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：REPL \u662f\u5b66\u4e60 Python \u7684\u5229\u5668\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u8bed\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002\u8f93\u5165 exit() \u5373\u53ef\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

      2.4 IDE \u63a8\u8350<\/h4>\n\nIDE\u7279\u70b9<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      VS Code<\/td>\n\u514d\u8d39\u3001\u8f7b\u91cf\u3001\u63d2\u4ef6\u4e30\u5bcc（\u63a8\u8350）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      PyCharm<\/td>\n\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684 Python IDE，\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Jupyter Notebook<\/td>\n\u9002\u5408\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      IDLE<\/td>\nPython \u81ea\u5e26，\u5165\u95e8\u591f\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \n

      3. \u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n

      3.1 \u53d8\u91cf\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219<\/h4>\n

      💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u7531\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u7ec4\u6210，\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f00\u5934，\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002\u6765\u770b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50：<\/p>\n

      # \u2705 \u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d<\/span>
      \nname =<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>
      \nage =<\/span> 25<\/span>
      \nfirst_name =<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>
      \n_name =<\/span> "hidden"<\/span>
      \nuser123 =<\/span> "valid"<\/span><\/p>\n

      # \u274c \u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d<\/span>
      \n# 123abc = "error" # \u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f00\u5934<\/span>
      \n# my-name = "error" # \u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26<\/span>
      \n# class = "error" # \u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/span><\/p>\n

      🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e09\u6761\u6838\u5fc3\u89c4\u5219：\u4e0d\u80fd\u6570\u5b57\u5f00\u5934\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3001\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u3002\u6309\u7167 snake_case \u98ce\u683c\u547d\u540d\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u547d\u540d\u89c4\u8303（PEP 8）:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u51fd\u6570：\u5c0f\u5199 + \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf snake_case<\/li>\n
      • \u7c7b\u540d：\u5927\u9a7c\u5cf0 PascalCase<\/li>\n
      • \u5e38\u91cf：\u5168\u5927\u5199 UPPER_CASE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3.2 Python \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u5355\u8bcd（\u5173\u952e\u5b57），\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 keyword \u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5b8c\u6574\u5217\u8868：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> keyword
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>keyword.<\/span>kwlist)<\/span>
        \n# ['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await',<\/span>
        \n# 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except',<\/span>
        \n# 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is',<\/span>
        \n# 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return',<\/span>
        \n# 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u603b\u5171 35 \u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57（Python 3.8+），\u50cf if\u3001for\u3001class\u3001def \u7b49\u90fd\u5728\u5176\u4e2d，\u53d6\u540d\u65f6\u6ce8\u610f\u907f\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n

        3.3 \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u6709\u516d\u5927\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b：\u6574\u6570(int)\u3001\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570(float)\u3001\u590d\u6570(complex)\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u503c(bool)\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32(str)\u548c\u7a7a\u503c(None)\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7528\u6cd5：<\/p>\n

        # — \u6570\u503c\u578b —<\/span>
        \n# int（\u6574\u6570）：\u65e0\u5927\u5c0f\u9650\u5236<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> 10<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> –<\/span>5<\/span>
        \nbig =<\/span> 999999999999999999999999999999<\/span><\/p>\n

        # float（\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570）：\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6，\u7ea6 15-17 \u4f4d\u6709\u6548\u6570\u5b57<\/span>
        \npi =<\/span> 3.14159<\/span>
        \nsci =<\/span> 1.5e-3<\/span> # \u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5 = 0.0015<\/span><\/p>\n

        # complex（\u590d\u6570）<\/span>
        \nc =<\/span> 3<\/span> +<\/span> 4j<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c.<\/span>real)<\/span> # 3.0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c.<\/span>imag)<\/span> # 4.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5e03\u5c14\u578b —<\/span>
        \n# bool：True \u6216 False（\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199）<\/span>
        \nis_active =<\/span> True<\/span>
        \nis_empty =<\/span> False<\/span>
        \n# bool \u662f int \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b：True == 1, False == 0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>True<\/span> +<\/span> True<\/span>)<\/span> # 2<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 —<\/span>
        \n# str：\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u6216\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \nname =<\/span> 'Alice'<\/span>
        \nmessage =<\/span> "Hello"<\/span>
        \nmultiline =<\/span> """\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c
        \n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c
        \n\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — None \u7c7b\u578b —<\/span>
        \n# None：\u8868\u793a"\u6ca1\u6709\u503c"\u6216"\u7a7a"<\/span>
        \nresult =<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：Python \u7684\u6574\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u5c0f\u9650\u5236，\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u662f int \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b（True==1），None \u8868\u793a\u65e0\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u65e5\u5e38\u7f16\u7a0b\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

        3.4 \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u4e0e\u8f6c\u6362<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 type() \u67e5\u770b\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b，isinstance() \u68c0\u67e5\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb，\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528 int()\u3001float()\u3001str() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u95f4\u8f6c\u6362：<\/p>\n

        # type() \u67e5\u770b\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 42<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>type<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>)<\/span> # <class 'int'><\/span><\/p>\n

        # isinstance() \u68c0\u67e5\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>x,<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>x,<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span>,<\/span> float<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True（\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u4e00）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362（\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362）<\/span>
        \nnum_str =<\/span> "123"<\/span>
        \nnum =<\/span> int<\/span>(<\/span>num_str)<\/span> # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 -> \u6574\u6570: 123<\/span>
        \nf =<\/span> float<\/span>(<\/span>"3.14"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 -> \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570: 3.14<\/span>
        \ns =<\/span> str<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6574\u6570 -> \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32: "100"<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> bool<\/span>(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span> # -> True （\u975e0\u4e3aTrue，0\/\u7a7a\/None\u4e3aFalse）<\/span>
        \nlst =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 -> \u5217\u8868: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：isinstance() \u6bd4 type() \u66f4\u7075\u6d3b（\u652f\u6301\u5b50\u7c7b\u5224\u65ad），\u663e\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u65f6\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f\u6b63\u786e，\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa ValueError\u3002<\/p>\n

        3.5 \u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00，\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u523b\u6307\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c，\u65e0\u9700\u63d0\u524d\u58f0\u660e：<\/p>\n

        # Python \u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00，\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 10<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>type<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>)<\/span> # <class 'int'><\/span><\/p>\n

        x =<\/span> "hello"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>type<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>)<\/span> # <class 'str'><\/span><\/p>\n

        x =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>type<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>)<\/span> # <class 'list'><\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7b80\u6d01，\u4f46\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3（\u7b2c22\u7ae0）\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

        3.6 \u53ef\u53d8\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u53d8（list\/dict\/set）\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8（int\/str\/tuple）\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u533a\u522b，\u662f\u638c\u63e1 Python \u5185\u5b58\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5173\u952e：<\/p>\n

        # \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b：int, float, complex, str, tuple, frozenset, bool<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> "hello"<\/span>
        \n# a[0] = "H" # \u274c TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b：list, dict, set, bytearray<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nb[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 10<\/span> # \u2705 \u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>b)<\/span> # [10, 2, 3]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u65e0\u6cd5\u539f\u5730\u4fee\u6539，\u4efb\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61；\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8d4b\u503c\u3001\u4f20\u53c2\u548c\u62f7\u8d1d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        4. \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h3>\n

        4.1 \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u652f\u6301\u52a0\u51cf\u4e58\u9664\u3001\u6574\u9664\u3001\u53d6\u4f59\u3001\u5e42\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97，\u4ee5\u53ca abs()\u3001round()\u3001divmod() \u7b49\u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u5b66\u51fd\u6570：<\/p>\n

        a,<\/span> b =<\/span> 10<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>a +<\/span> b)<\/span> # 13 \u52a0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a –<\/span> b)<\/span> # 7 \u51cf<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a *<\/span> b)<\/span> # 30 \u4e58<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a \/<\/span> b)<\/span> # 3.3333333333333335 \u9664（\u603b\u662f\u8fd4\u56defloat）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a \/\/<\/span> b)<\/span> # 3 \u6574\u9664（\u5411\u4e0b\u53d6\u6574）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a %<\/span> b)<\/span> # 1 \u53d6\u4f59<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a **<\/span> b)<\/span> # 1000 \u5e42\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>abs<\/span>(<\/span>–<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5 \u7edd\u5bf9\u503c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>round<\/span>(<\/span>3.14159<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3.14 \u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>pow<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 8 \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e 2**3<\/span><\/p>\n

        # divmod：\u540c\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u5546\u548c\u4f59\u6570<\/span>
        \nquotient,<\/span> remainder =<\/span> divmod<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>quotient,<\/span> remainder)<\/span> # 3 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6ce8\u610f \/ \u603b\u662f\u8fd4\u56de float，\/\/ \u662f\u5411\u4e0b\u53d6\u6574\u3002divmod() \u540c\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u5546\u548c\u4f59\u6570，\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.2 \u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4e2a\u503c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5173\u7cfb，\u8fd4\u56de\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u3002Python \u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u94fe\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c is \/ == \u4e24\u79cd\u76f8\u7b49\u6027\u68c0\u67e5：<\/p>\n

        a,<\/span> b =<\/span> 10<\/span>,<\/span> 20<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>a ==<\/span> b)<\/span> # False \u7b49\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a !=<\/span> b)<\/span> # True \u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a ><\/span> b)<\/span> # False \u5927\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a <<\/span> b)<\/span> # True \u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a >=<\/span> b)<\/span> # False \u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a <=<\/span> b)<\/span> # True \u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u94fe\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83（Python \u7279\u6709）<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span> <<\/span> x <<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span> # True（\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e 0 < x and x < 10）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # is \u548c == \u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span>
        \n# == \u6bd4\u8f83\u503c\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b49<\/span>
        \n# is \u6bd4\u8f83\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61（\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u76f8\u540c）<\/span>
        \nlist_a =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nlist_b =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list_a ==<\/span> list_b)<\/span> # True \u503c\u76f8\u7b49<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list_a is<\/span> list_b)<\/span> # False \u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6574\u6570（-5 ~ 256）\u548c\u77ed\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32，Python \u4f7f\u7528\u7f13\u5b58<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> 256<\/span>;<\/span> b =<\/span> 256<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a is<\/span> b)<\/span> # True（\u540c\u4e00\u7f13\u5b58\u5bf9\u8c61）<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> 257<\/span>;<\/span> b =<\/span> 257<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a is<\/span> b)<\/span> # \u53ef\u80fd True \u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd False（\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：== \u6bd4\u8f83\u503c，is \u6bd4\u8f83\u8eab\u4efd（\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740）\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6574\u6570（-5~256），Python \u4f7f\u7528\u7f13\u5b58\u673a\u5236，\u6240\u4ee5 is \u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd4\u56de True\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9762\u8bd5\u8003\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.3 \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u4f7f\u7528 and\u3001or\u3001not（\u800c\u4e0d\u662f &&\u3001||\u3001!）\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u652f\u6301\u77ed\u8def\u6c42\u503c，\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u5e03\u5c14\u503c：<\/p>\n

        # and, or, not（\u6ce8\u610f：\u4e0d\u662f &&, ||, !）<\/span>
        \nx,<\/span> y =<\/span> True<\/span>,<\/span> False<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>x and<\/span> y)<\/span> # False \u4e14<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>x or<\/span> y)<\/span> # True \u6216<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>not<\/span> x)<\/span> # False \u975e<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u77ed\u8def\u6c42\u503c<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> get_true<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"get_true \u88ab\u8c03\u7528"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> True<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> get_false<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"get_false \u88ab\u8c03\u7528"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> False<\/span><\/p>\n

        # and：\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a False \u540e\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>get_false(<\/span>)<\/span> and<\/span> get_true(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa get_false \u88ab\u8c03\u7528，\u8fd4\u56de False<\/span><\/p>\n

        # or：\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a True \u540e\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>get_true(<\/span>)<\/span> or<\/span> get_false(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53ea\u8f93\u51fa get_true \u88ab\u8c03\u7528，\u8fd4\u56de True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u975e\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97：\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u503c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span> and<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span> # 0 (0 \u662f "\u5047\u503c"，\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd4\u56de)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span> and<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span> # [] (\u7a7a\u5217\u8868\u662f "\u5047\u503c")<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span> or<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span> # 10 (0 \u662f\u5047\u503c，\u8fd4\u56de 10)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>""<\/span> or<\/span> "default"<\/span>)<\/span> # "default"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span> or<\/span> "world"<\/span>)<\/span> # "hello" (\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u771f\u503c)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>
        \nname =<\/span> ""<\/span> or<\/span> "\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>name)<\/span> # \u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u77ed\u8def\u6c42\u503c\u662f\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u597d\u5e2e\u624b\u3002\u975e\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u503c，\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c（\u5982 name = input_name or \u2018\u533f\u540d\u2019）\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.4 \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u76f4\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u4f4d，\u5305\u62ec\u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e(&)\u3001\u6216(|)\u3001\u5f02\u6216(^)\u3001\u53d6\u53cd(~)\u3001\u5de6\u79fb(<<)\u3001\u53f3\u79fb(>>)：<\/p>\n

        a,<\/span> b =<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span> # \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236: 0101, 0011<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>a &<\/span> b)<\/span> # 1 (0101 & 0011 = 0001) \u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a |<\/span> b)<\/span> # 7 (0101 | 0011 = 0111) \u6309\u4f4d\u6216<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a ^<\/span> b)<\/span> # 6 (0101 ^ 0011 = 0110) \u6309\u4f4d\u5f02\u6216<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>~<\/span>a)<\/span> # -6 \u6309\u4f4d\u53d6\u53cd<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a <<<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span> # 10 (0101 << 1 = 1010) \u5de6\u79fb<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a >><\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span> # 2 (0101 >> 1 = 0010) \u53f3\u79fb<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u6743\u9650\u6807\u5fd7\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u5f88\u6709\u7528，\u4f46\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u8f83\u5dee，\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5efa\u8bae\u52a0\u6ce8\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u610f\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.5 \u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u8d4b\u503c =，Python \u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u590d\u5408\u8d4b\u503c（+=\u3001-= \u7b49）\u548c Python 3.8 \u65b0\u589e\u7684\u6d77\u8c61\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 :=：<\/p>\n

        x =<\/span> 10<\/span>
        \nx +=<\/span> 5<\/span> # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e x = x + 5 \u2192 15<\/span>
        \nx -=<\/span> 3<\/span> # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e x = x – 3 \u2192 12<\/span>
        \nx *=<\/span> 2<\/span> # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e x = x * 2 \u2192 24<\/span>
        \nx \/=<\/span> 4<\/span> # \u2192 6.0<\/span>
        \nx \/\/=<\/span> 2<\/span> # \u2192 3.0<\/span>
        \nx **=<\/span> 2<\/span> # \u2192 9.0<\/span>
        \nx %=<\/span> 5<\/span> # \u2192 4.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6d77\u8c61\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26（Python 3.8+）：\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c<\/span>
        \n# \u8bed\u6cd5: (\u53d8\u91cf\u540d := \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f)<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> (<\/span>n :=<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> ><\/span> 3<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a <\/span>{<\/span>n}<\/span><\/span>，\u5927\u4e8e3"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a 5，\u5927\u4e8e3<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7ecf\u5178\u7528\u6cd5：\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span>
        \n# \u4f20\u7edf\u5199\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> re
        \nwhile<\/span> True<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n line =<\/span> input<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> not<\/span> line:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span>
        \n# \u6d77\u8c61\u5199\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n# while line := input():<\/span>
        \n# # \u5904\u7406 line<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6d77\u8c61\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 := \u80fd\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5185\u90e8\u5b8c\u6210\u8d4b\u503c，\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e if \u548c while \u4e2d\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u8ba1\u7b97，\u5982 while (line := file.readline())\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.6 \u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：in \u548c not in \u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217（\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\u7b49）\u4e2d：<\/p>\n

        # in \u548c not in：\u68c0\u67e5\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d<\/span>
        \nfruits =<\/span> [<\/span>"apple"<\/span>,<\/span> "banana"<\/span>,<\/span> "orange"<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>"apple"<\/span> in<\/span> fruits)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"grape"<\/span> not<\/span> in<\/span> fruits)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"e"<\/span> in<\/span> "hello"<\/span>)<\/span> # True（\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e5f\u662f\u5e8f\u5217）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u68c0\u67e5\u952e<\/span>
        \nuser =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"name"<\/span> in<\/span> user)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span> in<\/span> user)<\/span> # False（\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u662f\u952e，\u4e0d\u662f\u503c）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span> in<\/span> user.<\/span>values(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b57\u5178，in \u9ed8\u8ba4\u68c0\u67e5\u952e\u800c\u975e\u503c；\u68c0\u67e5\u503c\u9700\u8981\u7528 .values()\u3002in \u5bf9\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u662f O(1) \u7684，\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

        4.7 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7（\u4ece\u9ad8\u5230\u4f4e）<\/h4>\n

        # ** \u5e42\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span>
        \n# +x, -x, ~x \u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span>
        \n# *, \/, \/\/, % \u4e58\u9664\u53d6\u4f59<\/span>
        \n# +, – \u52a0\u51cf<\/span>
        \n# <<, >> \u4f4d\u79fb<\/span>
        \n# & \u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e<\/span>
        \n# ^ \u6309\u4f4d\u5f02\u6216<\/span>
        \n# | \u6309\u4f4d\u6216<\/span>
        \n# ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, is, is not, in, not in \u6bd4\u8f83<\/span>
        \n# not \u903b\u8f91\u975e<\/span>
        \n# and \u903b\u8f91\u4e0e<\/span>
        \n# or \u903b\u8f91\u6216<\/span>
        \n# := \u6d77\u8c61\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u65f6\u5c31\u52a0\u62ec\u53f7！<\/span>
        \nresult =<\/span> (<\/span>2<\/span> +<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span> *<\/span> 4<\/span> # 20<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n

        5. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8be6\u89e3<\/h3>\n

        5.1 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u521b\u5efa<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u56db\u79cd\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f：\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u4e09\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u3001\u4e09\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7，\u4ee5\u53ca\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32（r-string）\u6765\u5ffd\u7565\u8f6c\u4e49：<\/p>\n

        # \u56db\u79cd\u5f15\u53f7\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>
        \ns1 =<\/span> '\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32'<\/span>
        \ns2 =<\/span> "\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"<\/span>
        \ns3 =<\/span> '''\u4e09\u5355\u5f15\u53f7
        \n\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u884c'''<\/span>
        \ns4 =<\/span> """\u4e09\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7
        \n\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u884c"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5f15\u53f7\u5d4c\u5957<\/span>
        \ns5 =<\/span> "It's a book"<\/span> # \u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u5185\u5305\u542b\u5355\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \ns6 =<\/span> 'He said "Hello"'<\/span> # \u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5185\u5305\u542b\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \ns7 =<\/span> 'It\\\\'s a book'<\/span> # \u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32（raw string）：\u4e0d\u5904\u7406\u8f6c\u4e49<\/span>
        \npath =<\/span> r"C:\\\\Users\\\\name\\\\new_folder"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>path)<\/span> # C:\\\\Users\\\\name\\\\new_folder（\\\\n \u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6362\u884c）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u65e5\u5e38\u7528\u5355\/\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u5373\u53ef；\u591a\u884c\u6587\u672c\u7528\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7；\u5904\u7406 Windows \u8def\u5f84\u6216\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u65f6，\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 r\u2019\u2026\u2019 \u80fd\u7701\u53bb\u5927\u91cf\u8f6c\u4e49\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n

        5.2 \u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u53cd\u659c\u6760 \\\\ \u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u5165\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26，\u5982\u6362\u884c \\\\n\u3001\u5236\u8868\u7b26 \\\\t\u3001\u5f15\u53f7 " \u7b49：<\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello\\\\nWorld"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6362\u884c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello\\\\tWorld"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5236\u8868\u7b26<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello\\\\rWorld"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u56de\u8f66<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"He said \\\\"Hi\\\\""<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53cc\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>'It\\\\'s a book'<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5355\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Path: C:\\\\\\\\data"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53cd\u659c\u6760<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Line1\\\\\\\\\\\\nLine2"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7eed\u884c（\u884c\u672b\u7684\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u8868\u793a\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u7ee7\u7eed）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u8ba9\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u4efb\u610f\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u672c\u8eab\u65f6\u7528 \\\\，\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 r\u2019\u2026'\u3002<\/p>\n

        5.3 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u5207\u7247<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u652f\u6301\u7d22\u5f15（\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26）\u548c\u5207\u7247（\u5b50\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32）\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a [start:stop:step]，start \u5305\u542b\u3001stop \u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u3001step \u4e3a\u6b65\u957f：<\/p>\n

        text =<\/span> "Python\u7f16\u7a0b"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7d22\u5f15（\u4ece0\u5f00\u59cb）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # P<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>–<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7a0b （\u8d1f\u6570\u7d22\u5f15\u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u5f00\u59cb，-1 \u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>6<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7f16<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5207\u7247 [start:stop:step]<\/span>
        \n# start: \u8d77\u59cb\u7d22\u5f15（\u5305\u542b），\u9ed8\u8ba40<\/span>
        \n# stop: \u7ed3\u675f\u7d22\u5f15（\u4e0d\u5305\u542b），\u9ed8\u8ba4\u672b\u5c3e<\/span>
        \n# step: \u6b65\u957f，\u9ed8\u8ba41<\/span>
        \ntext =<\/span> "0123456789"<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>0<\/span>:<\/span>5<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 01234 \u7d22\u5f150\u52304<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>2<\/span>:<\/span>7<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 23456<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>:<\/span>5<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 01234 \u7701\u7565start，\u4ece0\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>5<\/span>:<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 56789 \u7701\u7565stop，\u5230\u672b\u5c3e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>:<\/span>:<\/span>2<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 02468 \u6b65\u957f\u4e3a2<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>:<\/span>:<\/span>–<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 9876543210 \u53cd\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>text[<\/span>–<\/span>3<\/span>:<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 789 \u6700\u540e3\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5207\u7247\u662f Python \u6700\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u7279\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[::-1] \u53cd\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001[-3:] \u53d6\u6700\u540e\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u2014\u2014\u7b80\u6d01\u800c\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u5207\u7247\u64cd\u4f5c\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n

        5.4 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u8f6c\u6362\u3001\u7a7a\u767d\u5904\u7406\u3001\u67e5\u627e\u66ff\u6362\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u5206\u5272\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u793a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n

        s =<\/span> " Hello, Python World! "<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u8f6c\u6362 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>upper(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " HELLO, PYTHON WORLD! " \u5168\u5927\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>lower(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " hello, python world! " \u5168\u5c0f\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>title(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " Hello, Python World! " \u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>capitalize(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " hello, python world! " \u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>swapcase(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " hELLO, pYTHON wORLD! " \u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7ffb\u8f6c<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u7a7a\u767d\u5904\u7406 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>strip(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # "Hello, Python World!" \u53bb\u4e24\u7aef\u7a7a\u767d<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>lstrip(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # "Hello, Python World! " \u53bb\u5de6\u7aef\u7a7a\u767d<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>rstrip(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " Hello, Python World!" \u53bb\u53f3\u7aef\u7a7a\u767d<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u66ff\u6362 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>find(<\/span>"Python"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 9 \u627e\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u7d22\u5f15，\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd4\u56de -1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>index(<\/span>"Python"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 9 \u627e\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u7d22\u5f15，\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u629b\u51fa ValueError<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>rfind(<\/span>"o"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 16 \u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u67e5\u627e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>count(<\/span>"o"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3 \u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>replace(<\/span>"World"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u5927\u5bb6"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " Hello, Python \u5927\u5bb6! "<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>replace(<\/span>"o"<\/span>,<\/span> "O"<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # " HellO, Python World! " \u53ea\u66ff\u63621\u6b21<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5224\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>startswith(<\/span>" He"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u524d\u7f00\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s.<\/span>endswith(<\/span>"! "<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u540e\u7f00\u7ed3\u675f<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"abc123"<\/span>.<\/span>isalnum(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u53ea\u542b\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u6570\u5b57<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"abc"<\/span>.<\/span>isalpha(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u53ea\u542b\u5b57\u6bcd<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"123"<\/span>.<\/span>isdigit(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u53ea\u542b\u6570\u5b57<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"abc"<\/span>.<\/span>islower(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u5168\u5c0f\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"ABC"<\/span>.<\/span>isupper(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u5168\u5927\u5199<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>" "<\/span>.<\/span>isspace(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u5168\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Title"<\/span>.<\/span>istitle(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u662f\u5426\u662f\u6807\u9898\u683c\u5f0f<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5206\u5272\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5 —<\/span>
        \ncsv =<\/span> "apple,banana,orange"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>csv.<\/span>split(<\/span>","<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>csv.<\/span>split(<\/span>","<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['apple', 'banana,orange'] \u53ea\u5206\u52721\u6b21<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"a b c"<\/span>.<\/span>split(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['a', 'b', 'c'] \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6309\u7a7a\u767d\u5206\u5272\u4e14\u4f1a\u5408\u5e76\u591a\u4e2a\u7a7a\u767d<\/span><\/p>\n

        # rsplit：\u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u5272<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"a,b,c"<\/span>.<\/span>rsplit(<\/span>","<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['a,b', 'c']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # splitlines：\u6309\u884c\u5206\u5272<\/span>
        \nmultiline =<\/span> "line1\\\\nline2\\\\nline3"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>multiline.<\/span>splitlines(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['line1', 'line2', 'line3']<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>multiline.<\/span>splitlines(<\/span>keepends=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['line1\\\\n', 'line2\\\\n', 'line3']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # join：\u7528\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span>
        \nwords =<\/span> [<\/span>"Python"<\/span>,<\/span> "is"<\/span>,<\/span> "awesome"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>" "<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>words)<\/span>)<\/span> # Python is awesome<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"-"<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>words)<\/span>)<\/span> # Python-is-awesome<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>", "<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>[<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # a, b, c<\/span><\/p>\n

        # partition：\u5206\u5272\u6210\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 (\u524d, \u5206\u9694\u7b26, \u540e)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hello world"<\/span>.<\/span>partition(<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ('hello', ' ', 'world')<\/span>
        \n# rpartition：\u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hello world hello"<\/span>.<\/span>rpartition(<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ('hello world', ' ', 'hello')<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u586b\u5145\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9f50 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"42"<\/span>.<\/span>zfill(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 00042 \u75280\u586b\u5145\u5de6\u4fa7<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hi"<\/span>.<\/span>ljust(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> "-"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # hi——– \u5de6\u5bf9\u9f50<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hi"<\/span>.<\/span>rjust(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> "-"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ——–hi \u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"hi"<\/span>.<\/span>center(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> "-"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # —-hi—- \u5c45\u4e2d\u5bf9\u9f50<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32（\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8），\u800c\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u7279\u522b\u63a8\u8350\u8bb0\u4f4f split()\u3001join()\u3001strip() \u548c replace()\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u65e5\u5e38\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

        5.5 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u56db\u79cd\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002f-string（Python 3.6+）\u662f\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684，\u652f\u6301\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5d4c\u5165\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u7b26\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        name =<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>
        \nage =<\/span> 25<\/span>
        \npi =<\/span> 3.1415926<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u65b9\u6cd51：f-string（Python 3.6+，\u63a8\u8350！）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u6211\u53eb<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>，\u4eca\u5e74<\/span>{<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span>\u5c81"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u03c0 \u2248 <\/span>{<\/span>pi:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # \u03c0 \u2248 3.14<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name:<\/span>>10<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # ' Alice' \u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50，\u5bbd\u5ea610<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name:<\/span>*^10<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # '**Alice***' \u5c45\u4e2d，* \u586b\u5145<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>1000000<\/span>:<\/span>,<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # 1,000,000 \u5343\u5206\u4f4d<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>0.25<\/span>:<\/span>.1%<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # 25.0% \u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>255<\/span>:<\/span>#x<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # 0xff \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>age=<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # age=25 (\u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u65b9\u6cd52：str.format()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6211\u53eb{}，\u4eca\u5e74{}\u5c81"<\/span>.<\/span>format<\/span>(<\/span>name,<\/span> age)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6211\u53eb{0}，\u4eca\u5e74{1}\u5c81，{0}\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>.<\/span>format<\/span>(<\/span>name,<\/span> age)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6309\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6211\u53eb{name}，\u4eca\u5e74{age}\u5c81"<\/span>.<\/span>format<\/span>(<\/span>name=<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> age=<\/span>30<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6309\u540d\u79f0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u65b9\u6cd53：% \u683c\u5f0f\u5316（\u65e7\u5f0f，\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6211\u53eb%s，\u4eca\u5e74%d\u5c81"<\/span> %<\/span> (<\/span>name,<\/span> age)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"\u03c0 \u2248 %.2f"<\/span> %<\/span> pi)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u65b9\u6cd54：format() \u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>format<\/span>(<\/span>pi,<\/span> ".2f"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3.14<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：f-string \u4e0d\u4ec5\u6700\u7b80\u6d01，\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6548\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002{age=} \u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u80fd\u6253\u5370\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u548c\u503c，\u5728\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/p>\n

        5.6 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6027<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32：<\/p>\n

        s =<\/span> "Hello"<\/span>
        \n# s[0] = "h" # \u274c TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5：\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/span>
        \ns =<\/span> "h"<\/span> +<\/span> s[<\/span>1<\/span>:<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>s)<\/span> # "hello"<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3 Python \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6a21\u578b：\u6bcf\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b9e\u9645\u90fd\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61，\u9891\u7e41\u62fc\u63a5\u65f6\u63a8\u8350\u7528 join() \u800c\u975e + \u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        6. \u5217\u8868（List）<\/h3>\n

        \u5217\u8868\u662f Python \u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b，\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u91cd\u590d，\u7528 [] \u8868\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.1 \u521b\u5efa\u5217\u8868<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5217\u8868\u7528 [] \u6216 list() \u521b\u5efa，\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5143\u7d20，\u652f\u6301\u4e58\u6cd5\u91cd\u590d\u548c\u5d4c\u5957\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u4e58\u6cd5\u7684\u9677\u9631：<\/p>\n

        # \u591a\u79cd\u521b\u5efa\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>
        \nempty =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nmixed =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> "hello"<\/span>,<\/span> 3.14<\/span>,<\/span> True<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span> # \u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nnested =<\/span> [<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span> # \u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa<\/span>
        \nchars =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span> # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']<\/span>
        \nrange_list =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5217\u8868\u4e58\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nzeros =<\/span> [<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> *<\/span> 5<\/span> # [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u26a0\ufe0f \u9677\u9631：\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u4e58\u6cd5<\/span>
        \ngrid =<\/span> [<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> *<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span> *<\/span> 3<\/span> # \u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f3×3\u77e9\u9635<\/span>
        \ngrid[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>grid)<\/span> # [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] \u2190 \u4e09\u884c\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u5217\u8868！<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5<\/span>
        \ngrid =<\/span> [<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> *<\/span> 3<\/span> for<\/span> _ in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
        \ngrid[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>grid)<\/span> # [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u4e58\u6cd5 [[0]*3]*3 \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u5b50\u5217\u8868\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u9677\u9631！\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f [[0]*3 for _ in range(3)]\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.2 \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0e\u5207\u7247<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u5207\u7247\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5411\u4e0b\u6807\u4ece0\u5f00\u59cb，\u8d1f\u5411\u4e0b\u6807\u4ece-1\u5f00\u59cb：<\/p>\n

        fruits =<\/span> [<\/span>"\u82f9\u679c"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u9999\u8549"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u6a59\u5b50"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u8461\u8404"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u897f\u74dc"<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u82f9\u679c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits[<\/span>–<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u897f\u74dc<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5207\u7247（\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e00\u6837）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits[<\/span>1<\/span>:<\/span>3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # ['\u9999\u8549', '\u6a59\u5b50']<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits[<\/span>:<\/span>:<\/span>2<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # ['\u82f9\u679c', '\u6a59\u5b50', '\u897f\u74dc']<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits[<\/span>:<\/span>:<\/span>–<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # ['\u897f\u74dc', '\u8461\u8404', '\u6a59\u5b50', '\u9999\u8549', '\u82f9\u679c'] \u53cd\u8f6c<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5217\u8868\u5207\u7247\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5217\u8868，\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u539f\u5217\u8868\u3002fruits[::-1] \u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u53cd\u8f6c\u5217\u8868，\u800c\u4e14\u5207\u7247\u8bed\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.3 \u4fee\u6539\u5217\u8868<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u5355\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u7528\u5207\u7247\u6279\u91cf\u66ff\u6362\u3001\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u6216\u6e05\u7a7a\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868：<\/p>\n

        fruits =<\/span> [<\/span>"\u82f9\u679c"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u9999\u8549"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u6a59\u5b50"<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4fee\u6539\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nfruits[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> "\u8349\u8393"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits)<\/span> # ['\u82f9\u679c', '\u8349\u8393', '\u6a59\u5b50']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528\u5207\u7247\u6279\u91cf\u4fee\u6539<\/span>
        \nfruits[<\/span>1<\/span>:<\/span>3<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>"\u8292\u679c"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u8461\u8404"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits)<\/span> # ['\u82f9\u679c', '\u8292\u679c', '\u8461\u8404']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \ndel<\/span> fruits[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits)<\/span> # ['\u8292\u679c', '\u8461\u8404']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6e05\u7a7a\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nfruits.<\/span>clear(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fruits)<\/span> # []<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5207\u7247\u8d4b\u503c fruits[1:3] = [\u2026] \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u66ff\u6362\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20，\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u5fc5\u76f8\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5217\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.4 \u5217\u8868\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5217\u8868\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u4e8e\u6dfb\u52a0（append\/extend\/insert）\u3001\u5220\u9664（remove\/pop）\u3001\u67e5\u627e（index\/count）\u548c\u6392\u5e8f（sort）：<\/p>\n

        # — \u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20 —<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        nums.<\/span>append(<\/span>4<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4] \u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nnums.<\/span>extend(<\/span>[<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>,<\/span> 7<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] \u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nnums.<\/span>insert(<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span> # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165<\/span><\/p>\n

        # append vs extend<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>
        \na.<\/span>append(<\/span>[<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a)<\/span> # [1, 2, [3, 4]] \u2190 \u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nb.<\/span>extend(<\/span>[<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>b)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4] \u2190 \u5143\u7d20\u9010\u4e2a\u52a0\u5165<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20 —<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        nums.<\/span>remove(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 3, 2, 4] \u5220\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u503c（\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5219 ValueError）<\/span>
        \npopped =<\/span> nums.<\/span>pop(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5f39\u51fa\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 \u2192 4; nums = [1, 3, 2]<\/span>
        \npopped =<\/span> nums.<\/span>pop(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5f39\u51fa\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u7d22\u5f151\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u2192 3; nums = [1, 2]<\/span>
        \n# del nums[0] # \u5220\u9664\u7d22\u5f150\u7684\u5143\u7d20<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u67e5\u627e\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1 —<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>nums.<\/span>index(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 1 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7d22\u5f15（\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5219 ValueError）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>nums.<\/span>index(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3 \u4ece\u7d22\u5f152\u5f00\u59cb\u67e5\u627e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>nums.<\/span>count(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3 \u7edf\u8ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u6b21\u6570<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>nums)<\/span>)<\/span> # 6 \u5217\u8868\u957f\u5ea6<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u6392\u5e8f —<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 9<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        nums.<\/span>sort(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u539f\u5730\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f \u2192 [1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9]<\/span>
        \nnums.<\/span>sort(<\/span>reverse=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span> # \u539f\u5730\u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f \u2192 [9, 5, 4, 3, 1, 1]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # sorted()：\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5217\u8868，\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u539f\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \noriginal =<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nsorted_list =<\/span> sorted<\/span>(<\/span>original)<\/span> # [1, 1, 3, 4, 5]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>original)<\/span> # [3, 1, 4, 1, 5] \u4e0d\u53d8<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6392\u5e8f：\u6309\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6<\/span>
        \nwords =<\/span> [<\/span>"apple"<\/span>,<\/span> "kiwi"<\/span>,<\/span> "banana"<\/span>,<\/span> "pear"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nwords.<\/span>sort(<\/span>key=<\/span>len<\/span>)<\/span> # ['kiwi', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana']<\/span>
        \nwords.<\/span>sort(<\/span>key=<\/span>lambda<\/span> w:<\/span> w[<\/span>–<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6309\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u6392\u5e8f<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5 —<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nnums.<\/span>reverse(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u539f\u5730\u53cd\u8f6c \u2192 [3, 2, 1]<\/span>
        \n# \u6216\u7528\u5207\u7247：reversed_list = nums[::-1]<\/span><\/p>\n

        nums_copy =<\/span> nums.<\/span>copy(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d<\/span>
        \n# \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e nums_copy = nums[:] \u6216 list(nums)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6ce8\u610f append \u548c extend \u7684\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b：append \u628a\u53c2\u6570\u6574\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u52a0\u5165，extend \u5219\u9010\u4e2a\u52a0\u5165\u3002sort() \u539f\u5730\u6392\u5e8f，sorted() \u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.5 \u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d vs \u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u2014\u2014\u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d\u53ea\u590d\u5236\u5916\u5c42\u5f15\u7528，\u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d\u624d\u4f1a\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u6240\u6709\u5c42\u7ea7：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> copy<\/p>\n

        original =<\/span> [<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d：\u53ea\u590d\u5236\u5916\u5c42<\/span>
        \nshallow =<\/span> original.<\/span>copy(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6216 original[:] \u6216 list(original)<\/span>
        \nshallow[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 99<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>original)<\/span> # [[99, 2], [3, 4]] \u2190 \u53d7\u5f71\u54cd！<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d：\u9012\u5f52\u590d\u5236\u6240\u6709\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>
        \ndeep =<\/span> copy.<\/span>deepcopy(<\/span>original)<\/span>
        \ndeep[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 100<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>original)<\/span> # [[99, 2], [3, 4]] \u2190 \u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5d4c\u5957\u7ed3\u6784，\u4f7f\u7528 copy.deepcopy() \u624d\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u590d\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d\u6027\u80fd\u5f00\u9500\u8f83\u5927，\u53ea\u5728\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

        6.6 enumerate \u4e0e zip<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：enumerate() \u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u5143\u7d20\u503c，zip() \u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u6253\u5305\u6210\u4e00\u5bf9\u5bf9\u5143\u7ec4，\u662f\u904d\u5386\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570：<\/p>\n

        fruits =<\/span> [<\/span>"\u82f9\u679c"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u9999\u8549"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u6a59\u5b50"<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # enumerate: \u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u503c<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i,<\/span> fruit in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>fruits)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>fruit}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# 0: \u82f9\u679c<\/span>
        \n# 1: \u9999\u8549<\/span>
        \n# 2: \u6a59\u5b50<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> i,<\/span> fruit in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>fruits,<\/span> start=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>fruit}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# 1: \u82f9\u679c<\/span>
        \n# 2: \u9999\u8549<\/span>
        \n# 3: \u6a59\u5b50<\/span><\/p>\n

        # zip: \u540c\u65f6\u904d\u5386\u591a\u4e2a\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nnames =<\/span> [<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> "Charlie"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nages =<\/span> [<\/span>25<\/span>,<\/span> 30<\/span>,<\/span> 35<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> name,<\/span> age in<\/span> zip<\/span>(<\/span>names,<\/span> ages)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u4eca\u5e74 <\/span>{<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span> \u5c81"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # zip \u4f1a\u5728\u6700\u77ed\u7684\u5217\u8868\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u505c\u6b62<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> [<\/span>'a'<\/span>,<\/span> 'b'<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>zip<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u9700\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u5339\u914d\u957f\u5ea6？\u7528 zip_longest<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> itertools import<\/span> zip_longest
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>zip_longest(<\/span>a,<\/span> b,<\/span> fillvalue=<\/span>None<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, None)]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：enumerate(seq, start=1) \u8ba9\u5e8f\u53f7\u4ece1\u5f00\u59cb，zip() \u6309\u6700\u77ed\u5217\u8868\u622a\u65ad，\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u5339\u914d\u65f6\u7528 zip_longest()\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        7. \u5143\u7ec4（Tuple）<\/h3>\n

        \u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5e8f\u5217\u7c7b\u578b，\u7528 () \u8868\u793a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u521b\u5efa，\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n

        7.1 \u521b\u5efa\u5143\u7ec4<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5143\u7ec4\u7528 () \u6216 tuple() \u521b\u5efa\u3002\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f：\u5355\u5143\u7d20\u5143\u7ec4\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5143\u7d20\u540e\u52a0\u9017\u53f7，\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u666e\u901a\u62ec\u53f7\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        t1 =<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nt2 =<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span> # \u9017\u53f7\u521b\u5efa，\u62ec\u53f7\u53ef\u7701\u7565（\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u7701\u7565）<\/span>
        \nt3 =<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span>)<\/span> # \u26a0\ufe0f \u5355\u5143\u7d20\u5143\u7ec4\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u9017\u53f7！<\/span>
        \nt4 =<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5143\u7ec4，\u662f\u6574\u65701！<\/span>
        \nt5 =<\/span> (<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4<\/span>
        \nt6 =<\/span> tuple<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u5e8f\u5217\u521b\u5efa<\/span>
        \nt7 =<\/span> tuple<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span> # ('h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：(1,) \u662f\u5143\u7ec4，(1) \u53ea\u662f\u6574\u6570 1\u2014\u2014\u9017\u53f7\u624d\u662f\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6807\u8bc6，\u62ec\u53f7\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n

        7.2 \u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6027<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5143\u7ec4\u521b\u5efa\u540e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u6539\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d4b\u503c\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u5220\u9664\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7ec4\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61（\u5982\u5217\u8868），\u8be5\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8：<\/p>\n

        t =<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# t[0] = 10 # \u274c TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment<\/span>
        \n# t.append(4) # \u274c AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u3010\u6ce8\u610f\u3011\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7ec4\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61，\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539！<\/span>
        \nt =<\/span> (<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nt[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>.<\/span>append(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>t)<\/span> # ([1, 2, 3], 3) \u5143\u7ec4\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u53d8，\u4f46\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5217\u8868\u53d8\u4e86<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8，\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

        7.3 \u5143\u7ec4\u89e3\u5305<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5e8f\u5217\u89e3\u5305\u662f Python \u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7279\u8272，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5c06\u5143\u7ec4（\u6216\u5217\u8868）\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u3002* \u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u96c6\u591a\u4f59\u5143\u7d20：<\/p>\n

        # \u5e8f\u5217\u89e3\u5305（unpacking）<\/span>
        \npoint =<\/span> (<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nx,<\/span> y =<\/span> point
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>x,<\/span> y)<\/span> # 3 4<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u503c（\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5143\u7ec4\u6253\u5305\u518d\u89e3\u5305）<\/span>
        \na,<\/span> b =<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4ea4\u6362\u53d8\u91cf（Python \u7279\u6709\u5199\u6cd5）<\/span>
        \na,<\/span> b =<\/span> b,<\/span> a<\/p>\n

        # \u661f\u53f7\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f：\u6536\u96c6\u591a\u4f59\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nfirst,<\/span> *<\/span>middle,<\/span> last =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>first)<\/span> # 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>middle)<\/span> # [2, 3, 4]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>last)<\/span> # 5<\/span><\/p>\n

        head,<\/span> *<\/span>tail =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>head)<\/span> # 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>tail)<\/span> # [2, 3]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u503c（_ \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26）<\/span>
        \n_,<\/span> _,<\/span> z =<\/span> (<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>z)<\/span> # 3<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u89e3\u5305\u8ba9\u4ea4\u6362\u53d8\u91cf a, b = b, a \u53d8\u5f97\u5f02\u5e38\u7b80\u6d01，*middle \u6536\u96c6\u4e2d\u95f4\u5143\u7d20\u3001_ \u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u503c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f Pythonic \u7684\u7f16\u7801\u98ce\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n

        7.4 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u5143\u7ec4？<\/h4>\n
      • \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u610f\u5916\u4fee\u6539<\/li>\n
      • \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e（\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u80fd）<\/li>\n
      • \u6027\u80fd\u7565\u4f18\u4e8e\u5217\u8868<\/li>\n
      • \u8bed\u4e49\u8868\u8fbe：\u6697\u793a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e0d\u5e94\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6570\u636e（\u5982\u5750\u6807\u3001RGB\u503c）<\/li>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5143\u7ec4\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u5217\u8868\u300d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u952e\u3001\u5229\u7528 namedtuple \u521b\u5efa\u8f7b\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7c7b：<\/p>\n

        # \u5143\u7ec4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e<\/span>
        \nscores =<\/span> {<\/span>(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "Math"<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> 95<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "English"<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> 88<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>scores[<\/span>(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "Math"<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 95<\/span><\/p>\n

        # namedtuple：\u5e26\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5143\u7ec4<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> collections import<\/span> namedtuple<\/p>\n

        Point =<\/span> namedtuple(<\/span>"Point"<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>"x"<\/span>,<\/span> "y"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \np =<\/span> Point(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p.<\/span>x,<\/span> p.<\/span>y)<\/span> # 3 4<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> p[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 3 4（\u4ecd\u652f\u6301\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbf\u95ee）<\/span>
        \n# p.x = 5 # \u274c \u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539（\u548c\u666e\u901a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e00\u6837）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6570\u636e（\u5982\u5750\u6807\u3001RGB\u503c\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bb0\u5f55）\u65f6，\u5143\u7ec4\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u3002namedtuple \u5219\u662f\u8f7b\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u7684\u7edd\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        8. \u5b57\u5178（Dictionary）<\/h3>\n

        \u5b57\u5178\u662f\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u7684\u96c6\u5408，\u952e\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8（\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u5143\u7ec4），{key: value} \u8868\u793a\u3002Python 3.7+ \u5b57\u5178\u4fdd\u6301\u63d2\u5165\u987a\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n

        8.1 \u521b\u5efa\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u5178\u662f Python \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784，\u7528 {} \u6216 dict() \u521b\u5efa，\u6709\u516d\u79cd\u521b\u5efa\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 get() \u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7d22\u5f15：<\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nd1 =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> "city"<\/span>:<\/span> "\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nd2 =<\/span> dict<\/span>(<\/span>name=<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> age=<\/span>30<\/span>)<\/span> # \u952e\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65f6\u53ef\u7528<\/span>
        \nd3 =<\/span> dict<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>(<\/span>"name"<\/span>,<\/span> "Charlie"<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>"age"<\/span>,<\/span> 35<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4ece\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u5e8f\u5217\u521b\u5efa<\/span>
        \nd4 =<\/span> dict<\/span>(<\/span>zip<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}<\/span>
        \nd5 =<\/span> dict<\/span>.<\/span>fromkeys(<\/span>[<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span> # {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}<\/span>
        \nd6 =<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5b57\u5178<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8bbf\u95ee\u503c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>d1[<\/span>"name"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice<\/span>
        \n# print(d1["gender"]) # \u274c KeyError（\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # get()：\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c（\u63a8\u8350！）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>d1.<\/span>get(<\/span>"name"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>d1.<\/span>get(<\/span>"gender"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u672a\u77e5"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u672a\u77e5（\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728，\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # setdefault()：\u5982\u679c\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728，\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de<\/span>
        \nd1.<\/span>setdefault(<\/span>"score"<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a 0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>d1)<\/span> # {…, 'score': 0}<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：get(key, default) \u5728\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u800c\u4e0d\u629b\u5f02\u5e38；setdefault() \u5219\u5728\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u2014\u2014\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u80fd\u907f\u514d KeyError\u3002<\/p>\n

        8.2 \u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u5178<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u5178\u652f\u6301\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u548c\u5408\u5e76\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002Python 3.9+ \u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86 | \u548c |= \u5b57\u5178\u5408\u5e76\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26：<\/p>\n

        user =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6dfb\u52a0\/\u4fee\u6539<\/span>
        \nuser[<\/span>"city"<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> "\u4e0a\u6d77"<\/span> # \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u952e<\/span>
        \nuser[<\/span>"age"<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> 26<\/span> # \u4fee\u6539\u5df2\u6709\u952e<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>user)<\/span> # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 26, 'city': '\u4e0a\u6d77'}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # update()：\u6279\u91cf\u66f4\u65b0<\/span>
        \nuser.<\/span>update(<\/span>{<\/span>"age"<\/span>:<\/span> 27<\/span>,<\/span> "email"<\/span>:<\/span> "alice@example.com"<\/span>}<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>user)<\/span> # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 27, 'city': '\u4e0a\u6d77', 'email': 'alice@example.com'}<\/span>
        \n# \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 update(key=value, …)<\/span>
        \nuser.<\/span>update(<\/span>phone=<\/span>"123456"<\/span>,<\/span> country=<\/span>"\u4e2d\u56fd"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5220\u9664<\/span>
        \ndel<\/span> user[<\/span>"phone"<\/span>]<\/span> # \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u952e（\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219 KeyError）<\/span>
        \npopped =<\/span> user.<\/span>pop(<\/span>"email"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5f39\u51fa\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u503c（\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219 KeyError）<\/span>
        \npopped =<\/span> user.<\/span>pop(<\/span>"email"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span>
        \nlast =<\/span> user.<\/span>popitem(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5f39\u51fa\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u952e\u503c\u5bf9（Python 3.7+ LIFO）<\/span>
        \nuser.<\/span>clear(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6e05\u7a7a<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u5178\u5408\u5e76（Python 3.9+）<\/span>
        \nd1 =<\/span> {<\/span>"a"<\/span>:<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>:<\/span> 2<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nd2 =<\/span> {<\/span>"b"<\/span>:<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>:<\/span> 4<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nmerged =<\/span> d1 |<\/span> d2 # {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4} \u540e\u8005\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u8005<\/span>
        \nd1 |<\/span>=<\/span> d2 # \u539f\u5730\u5408\u5e76<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：pop(key, default) \u6bd4 del \u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002d1 | d2 \u5408\u5e76\u5b57\u5178\u65f6，\u76f8\u540c\u952e\u7684\u503c\u4f1a\u88ab d2 \u8986\u76d6，\u975e\u5e38\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n

        8.3 \u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u5178\u652f\u6301\u904d\u5386\u952e(.keys())\u3001\u503c(.values())\u548c\u952e\u503c\u5bf9(.items())\u3002\u904d\u5386\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u5178\u5927\u5c0f：<\/p>\n

        user =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> "city"<\/span>:<\/span> "\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u952e<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> key in<\/span> user:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>key)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> key in<\/span> user.<\/span>keys(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>key)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u503c<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> value in<\/span> user.<\/span>values(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>value)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u952e\u503c\u5bf9<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> key,<\/span> value in<\/span> user.<\/span>items(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>key}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>value}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b89\u5168\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u4fee\u6539：\u5148\u6536\u96c6\u518d\u4fee\u6539<\/span>
        \n# \u274c \u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u904d\u5386\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u5178\u5927\u5c0f<\/span>
        \n# for key in user:<\/span>
        \n# del user[key] # RuntimeError!<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 \u5148\u6536\u96c6\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u952e<\/span>
        \nto_delete =<\/span> [<\/span>key for<\/span> key in<\/span> user if<\/span> key.<\/span>startswith(<\/span>"a"<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> key in<\/span> to_delete:<\/span>
        \n del<\/span> user[<\/span>key]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1 RuntimeError\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5148\u6536\u96c6\u8981\u5220\u9664\u7684\u952e，\u5faa\u73af\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u518d\u6279\u91cf\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n

        8.4 \u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u7528 {key: value for \u2026} \u8bed\u6cd5\u5feb\u901f\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u53d8\u6362\u5b57\u5178，\u652f\u6301\u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4：<\/p>\n

        # {key_expr: value_expr for item in iterable}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5e73\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nsquares =<\/span> {<\/span>x:<\/span> x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squares)<\/span> # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4ea4\u6362\u952e\u503c<\/span>
        \noriginal =<\/span> {<\/span>"a"<\/span>:<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>:<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>:<\/span> 3<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nswapped =<\/span> {<\/span>v:<\/span> k for<\/span> k,<\/span> v in<\/span> original.<\/span>items(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>swapped)<\/span> # {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>
        \neven_squares =<\/span> {<\/span>x:<\/span> x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span> if<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>even_squares)<\/span> # {0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 8: 64}<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01，\u662f Pythonic \u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u521b\u5efa\u6620\u5c04\u8868\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u952e\u503c\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

        8.5 defaultdict \u4e0e Counter<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：collections \u6a21\u5757\u7684 defaultdict \u548c Counter \u662f\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u5f3a\u529b\u6269\u5c55，\u80fd\u6781\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u5206\u7ec4\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7c7b\u4ee3\u7801：<\/p>\n

        # — defaultdict: \u5e26\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u5b57\u5178 —<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> collections import<\/span> defaultdict<\/p>\n

        # \u6309\u7c7b\u578b\u7edf\u8ba1（\u65e0\u9700\u68c0\u67e5\u952e\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728）<\/span>
        \nwords =<\/span> [<\/span>"apple"<\/span>,<\/span> "banana"<\/span>,<\/span> "apple"<\/span>,<\/span> "orange"<\/span>,<\/span> "banana"<\/span>,<\/span> "apple"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nword_count =<\/span> defaultdict(<\/span>int<\/span>)<\/span> # int() \u8fd4\u56de 0<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> word in<\/span> words:<\/span>
        \n word_count[<\/span>word]<\/span> +=<\/span> 1<\/span> # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a 0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>word_count)<\/span> # defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'apple': 3, 'banana': 2, 'orange': 1})<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5206\u7ec4<\/span>
        \ngroups =<\/span> defaultdict(<\/span>list<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> word in<\/span> words:<\/span>
        \n groups[<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>word)<\/span>]<\/span>.<\/span>append(<\/span>word)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>groups)<\/span> # defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {5: ['apple', 'apple'], 6: ['banana', 'orange', 'banana']})<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — Counter: \u8ba1\u6570\u5668 —<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> collections import<\/span> Counter<\/p>\n

        cnt =<\/span> Counter(<\/span>words)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>cnt)<\/span> # Counter({'apple': 3, 'banana': 2, 'orange': 1})<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>cnt.<\/span>most_common(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2)] \u524d2\u4e2a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>cnt[<\/span>"grape"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 0 (\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u952e\u8fd4\u56de 0)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：defaultdict \u7701\u53bb\u4e86\u68c0\u67e5\u952e\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6837\u677f\u4ee3\u7801；Counter \u8ba9\u9891\u7387\u7edf\u8ba1\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u65e5\u5e38\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u9891\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        9. \u96c6\u5408（Set）<\/h3>\n

        \u96c6\u5408\u662f\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u96c6\u5408，\u7528 {} \u8868\u793a\u3002\u5143\u7d20\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n

        9.1 \u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u96c6\u5408\u7528 {} \u6216 set() \u521b\u5efa，\u5143\u7d20\u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd\u4e14\u65e0\u5e8f\u3002\u6ce8\u610f：set() \u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408，{} \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u662f\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178：<\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408<\/span>
        \ns1 =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>}<\/span>
        \ns2 =<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # {1, 2, 3, 4} \u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd<\/span>
        \ns3 =<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span> # {'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'} l\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21<\/span>
        \ns4 =<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7a7a\u96c6\u5408（\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528 {}，\u90a3\u662f\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/span>
        \nsquares =<\/span> {<\/span>x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span> # {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u96c6\u5408\u652f\u6301\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f，\u548c\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8，\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5b57\u5178\u3002<\/p>\n

        9.2 \u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u96c6\u5408\u652f\u6301\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u3001\u5e76\u3001\u5dee\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u8fd0\u7b97，\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b50\u96c6\/\u8d85\u96c6\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26（| & – ^）\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6548\u679c\u76f8\u540c：<\/p>\n

        a =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> {<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u6570\u5b66\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97 —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a |<\/span> b)<\/span> # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \u5e76\u96c6（a.union(b)）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a &<\/span> b)<\/span> # {3, 4} \u4ea4\u96c6（a.intersection(b)）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a –<\/span> b)<\/span> # {1, 2} \u5dee\u96c6（a.difference(b)）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>b –<\/span> a)<\/span> # {5, 6}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a ^<\/span> b)<\/span> # {1, 2, 5, 6} \u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6（a.symmetric_difference(b)）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u96c6\u5408\u5173\u7cfb —<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a <=<\/span> b)<\/span> # False a \u662f b \u7684\u5b50\u96c6？(a.issubset(b))<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a >=<\/span> b)<\/span> # False a \u662f b \u7684\u8d85\u96c6？(a.issuperset(b))<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>a.<\/span>isdisjoint(<\/span>{<\/span>7<\/span>,<\/span> 8<\/span>}<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True \u6ca1\u6709\u4ea4\u96c6？<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u4fee\u6539\u65b9\u6cd5 —<\/span>
        \ns =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>}<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>add(<\/span>4<\/span>)<\/span> # {1, 2, 3, 4} \u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>update(<\/span>[<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \u6279\u91cf\u6dfb\u52a0<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>remove(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5220\u9664（\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219 KeyError）<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>discard(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5220\u9664（\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u62a5\u9519！\u63a8\u8350）<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>pop(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u968f\u673a\u5f39\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20（\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u5219 KeyError）<\/span>
        \ns.<\/span>clear(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6e05\u7a7a<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u539f\u5730\u8fd0\u7b97（\u4ee5 _update \u7ed3\u5c3e）<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>}<\/span>
        \na.<\/span>intersection_update(<\/span>{<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>}<\/span>)<\/span> # a \u53d8\u4e3a {2, 3}<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u539f\u5730\u8fd0\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5（\u5982 intersection_update()）\u4ee5 _update \u7ed3\u5c3e，\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u96c6\u5408\u3002discard() \u6bd4 remove() \u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u2014\u2014\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

        9.3 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u573a\u666f：\u53bb\u91cd\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5（O(1)）\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97（\u627e\u4ea4\u96c6\/\u5dee\u96c6）\u3002frozenset \u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7248\u672c，\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u952e：<\/p>\n

        # 1. \u53bb\u91cd<\/span>
        \nnumbers =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nunique =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>set<\/span>(<\/span>numbers)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4]（\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4fdd\u6301\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u53bb\u91cd（Python 3.7+）<\/span>
        \nunique_ordered =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>dict<\/span>.<\/span>fromkeys(<\/span>numbers)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 2. \u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5（O(1) \u6bd4\u5217\u8868\u7684 O(n) \u5feb）<\/span>
        \nlarge_set =<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>1000000<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>500000<\/span> in<\/span> large_set)<\/span> # \u975e\u5e38\u5feb<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 3. \u627e\u5171\u540c\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nlist1 =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nlist2 =<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>
        \ncommon =<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>list1)<\/span> &<\/span> set<\/span>(<\/span>list2)<\/span> # {3, 4}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 4. Frozen Set（\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408，\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e）<\/span>
        \nfs =<\/span> frozenset<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# fs.add(4) # \u274c AttributeError<\/span>
        \nd =<\/span> {<\/span>fs:<\/span> "frozen"<\/span>}<\/span> # \u2705 \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u952e<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u65f6，\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd（\u4ece O(n) \u964d\u5230 O(1)）\u3002\u4fdd\u6301\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u53bb\u91cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 dict.fromkeys() \u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        10. \u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad<\/h3>\n

        10.1 if \/ elif \/ else<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6d41\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002Python \u4f7f\u7528 if-elif-else \u7ed3\u6784，\u6ce8\u610f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5192\u53f7：<\/p>\n

        score =<\/span> 85<\/span><\/p>\n

        if<\/span> score >=<\/span> 90<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n grade =<\/span> "A"<\/span>
        \nelif<\/span> score >=<\/span> 80<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n grade =<\/span> "B"<\/span>
        \nelif<\/span> score >=<\/span> 70<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n grade =<\/span> "C"<\/span>
        \nelif<\/span> score >=<\/span> 60<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n grade =<\/span> "D"<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n grade =<\/span> "F"<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u6210\u7ee9\u7b49\u7ea7: <\/span>{<\/span>grade}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # \u6210\u7ee9\u7b49\u7ea7: B<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b80\u5199（\u9002\u5408\u7b80\u5355\u60c5\u51b5）<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 10<\/span>
        \nstatus =<\/span> "\u6b63\u6570"<\/span> if<\/span> x ><\/span> 0<\/span> else<\/span> "\u975e\u6b63\u6570"<\/span>
        \n# \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e:<\/span>
        \n# if x > 0:<\/span>
        \n# status = "\u6b63\u6570"<\/span>
        \n# else:<\/span>
        \n# status = "\u975e\u6b63\u6570"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u4e09\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span>
        \ny =<\/span> 5<\/span>
        \nresult =<\/span> "\u5927"<\/span> if<\/span> y ><\/span> 10<\/span> else<\/span> (<\/span>"\u5c0f"<\/span> if<\/span> y ><\/span> 0<\/span> else<\/span> "\u96f6\u6216\u8d1f"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span> # \u5c0f<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4e09\u5143\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f a if condition else b \u9002\u5408\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u8d4b\u503c\u3002Python 3.10 \u4e4b\u524d\u7528 elif \u94fe\u66ff\u4ee3 switch-case\u3002<\/p>\n

        10.2 \u771f\u503c\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/h4>\n

        Python \u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e0b\u503c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a False（\u5047\u503c），\u5176\u4f59\u4e3a True：<\/p>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e0b\u503c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5047：False\u3001None\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u96f6\u503c\u3001\u7a7a\u5e8f\u5217\u548c\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u6240\u6709\u503c\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u3002\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u7684\u771f\u503c\u7531 bool() \u6216 len() \u51b3\u5b9a：<\/p>\n

        # \u5047\u503c\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nfalsy =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n False<\/span>,<\/span> # \u5e03\u5c14\u5047<\/span>
        \n None<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u503c<\/span>
        \n 0<\/span>,<\/span> # \u6574\u6570\u96f6<\/span>
        \n 0.0<\/span>,<\/span> # \u6d6e\u70b9\u96f6<\/span>
        \n 0j<\/span>,<\/span> # \u590d\u6570\u96f6<\/span>
        \n ""<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/span>
        \n [<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \n (<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4<\/span>
        \n {<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \n set<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u96c6\u5408<\/span>
        \n range<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> # \u7a7a\u8303\u56f4<\/span>
        \n]<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> value in<\/span> falsy:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>value!r<\/span>:<\/span>10<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> -> <\/span>{<\/span>bool<\/span>(<\/span>value)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u771f\u503c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/span>
        \nname =<\/span> ""<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> name:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u4f60\u597d，<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u7a7a"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8f93\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u7684\u771f\u503c：\u5b9e\u73b0 __bool__() \u6216 __len__() \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> MyCollection<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> items)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>items =<\/span> items<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __len__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>self.<\/span>items)<\/span><\/p>\n

        c =<\/span> MyCollection(<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>bool<\/span>(<\/span>c)<\/span>)<\/span> # False<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5229\u7528\u771f\u503c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u51fa\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u4ee3\u7801：if name: \u4ee3\u66ff if name != \u2018\u2019，if items: \u4ee3\u66ff if len(items) > 0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f Pythonic \u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

        10.3 match \/ case（Python 3.10+）<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python 3.10 \u5f15\u5165\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d match-case \u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 if-elif \u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u2014\u2014\u652f\u6301\u591a\u503c\u5339\u914d\u3001\u5e8f\u5217\u89e3\u6784\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u5339\u914d\u548c\u5b88\u536b\u6761\u4ef6：<\/p>\n

        # \u7c7b\u4f3c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684 switch<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> describe<\/span>(<\/span>status_code)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n match<\/span> status_code:<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> 200<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u6210\u529f"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> 301<\/span> |<\/span> 302<\/span>:<\/span> # \u591a\u4e2a\u503c<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> 404<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u672a\u627e\u5230"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> 500<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> _<\/span>:<\/span> # \u9ed8\u8ba4（\u901a\u914d\u7b26）<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u672a\u77e5\u72b6\u6001"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7ed3\u6784\u5339\u914d（\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7528\u6cd5）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> process_point<\/span>(<\/span>point)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n match<\/span> point:<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> (<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u539f\u70b9"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> (<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> y)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Y \u8f74, y=<\/span>{<\/span>y}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n case<\/span> (<\/span>x,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"X \u8f74, x=<\/span>{<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n case<\/span> (<\/span>x,<\/span> y)<\/span> if<\/span> x ==<\/span> y:<\/span> # \u5e26\u5b88\u536b\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\/\u4e09\u8c61\u9650\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u4e0a"<\/span><\/span>
        \n case<\/span> (<\/span>x,<\/span> y)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u5750\u6807 (<\/span>{<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>{<\/span>y}<\/span><\/span>)"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>process_point(<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u539f\u70b9<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>process_point(<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Y \u8f74, y=5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>process_point(<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\/\u4e09\u8c61\u9650\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u4e0a<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>process_point(<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5750\u6807 (2, 5)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5339\u914d\u5217\u8868\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> analyze_list<\/span>(<\/span>lst)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n match<\/span> lst:<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u7a7a\u5217\u8868"<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> [<\/span>first,<\/span> *<\/span>rest]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u9996\u5143\u7d20: <\/span>{<\/span>first}<\/span><\/span>, \u5269\u4f59: <\/span>{<\/span>rest}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>analyze_list(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u9996\u5143\u7d20: 1, \u5269\u4f59: [2, 3]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5339\u914d\u5b57\u5178\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> analyze_dict<\/span>(<\/span>d)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n match<\/span> d:<\/span>
        \n case<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> name,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> age}<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u59d3\u540d: <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>, \u5e74\u9f84: <\/span>{<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n case<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> name}<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u59d3\u540d: <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>, \u5e74\u9f84\u672a\u77e5"<\/span><\/span>
        \n case<\/span> _<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u672a\u77e5\u683c\u5f0f"<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：match-case \u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684 switch \u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d，\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5339\u914d\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u7ed1\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5408\u89e3\u6790\u590d\u6742\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u72b6\u6001\u673a\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        11. \u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5<\/h3>\n

        11.1 for \u5faa\u73af<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：for \u5faa\u73af\u662f Python \u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u65b9\u5f0f，\u53ef\u4ee5\u904d\u5386\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u3001range \u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61：<\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nfruits =<\/span> [<\/span>"\u82f9\u679c"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u9999\u8549"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u6a59\u5b50"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> fruit in<\/span> fruits:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>fruit)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nuser =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> key,<\/span> value in<\/span> user.<\/span>items(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>key}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>value}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u8303\u56f4<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 7<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> # 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (start, stop)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span>,<\/span> 10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 (start, stop, step)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> –<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> # 10, 9, 8, …, 1 \u5012\u5e8f<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528 enumerate \u83b7\u53d6\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i,<\/span> fruit in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>fruits,<\/span> start=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>{<\/span>fruit}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：range(start, stop, step) \u751f\u6210\u6574\u6570\u5e8f\u5217，enumerate() \u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u503c\u3002Python \u7684 for \u5faa\u73af\u7b80\u6d01\u800c\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n

        11.2 while \u5faa\u73af<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：while \u5faa\u73af\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u4e3a\u771f\u65f6\u53cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u3002\u9002\u5408\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5faa\u73af\u6b21\u6570\u7684\u573a\u666f，\u6216\u8005\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af+break \u7684\u6a21\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c while \u5faa\u73af<\/span>
        \ncount =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \nwhile<\/span> count <<\/span> 5<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>count)<\/span>
        \n count +=<\/span> 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u5fd7\u7684 while \u5faa\u73af<\/span>
        \nrunning =<\/span> True<\/span>
        \nattempts =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \nwhile<\/span> running:<\/span>
        \n attempts +=<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \n # … \u5904\u7406\u903b\u8f91 …<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> attempts >=<\/span> 3<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n running =<\/span> False<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af + break<\/span>
        \nwhile<\/span> True<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n user_input =<\/span> input<\/span>(<\/span>"\u8f93\u5165 'quit' \u9000\u51fa: "<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> user_input ==<\/span> "quit"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u4e86: <\/span>{<\/span>user_input}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6ce8\u610f\u9632\u6b62\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u2014\u2014\u786e\u4fdd\u5faa\u73af\u6761\u4ef6\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u53d8\u4e3a False，\u6216\u8005\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u5185\u4f7f\u7528 break \u9000\u51fa\u3002while True + break \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

        11.3 \u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：break \u7acb\u5373\u9000\u51fa\u5faa\u73af，continue \u8df3\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u8fed\u4ee3，pass \u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\u53ea\u4f5c\u5360\u4f4d\u3002for\u2026else \u5728\u5faa\u73af\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f（\u975e break \u9000\u51fa）\u65f6\u6267\u884c：<\/p>\n

        # break：\u7acb\u5373\u9000\u51fa\u6574\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> i ==<\/span> 5<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 0 1 2 3 4<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6362\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n

        # continue：\u8df3\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u8fed\u4ee3，\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> i %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n continue<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 1 3 5 7 9<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # pass：\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26，\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> i ==<\/span> 2<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span> # \u4ee5\u540e\u518d\u6765\u5904\u7406<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 0 1 2 3 4<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # for … else：\u5faa\u73af\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u6267\u884c else<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u5faa\u73af\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4f1a\u6267\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> i ==<\/span> 3<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2190 break \u540e\u4e0d\u6267\u884c else<\/span><\/p>\n

        # while … else \u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528<\/span>
        \nn =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \nwhile<\/span> n <<\/span> 5<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n n +=<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"while \u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6267\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：for\u2026else \u662f Python \u7279\u6709\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5，\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5408\u641c\u7d22-\u672a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f：\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u5c31 break，else \u5757\u5904\u7406\u672a\u627e\u5230\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

        11.4 \u5faa\u73af\u6280\u5de7<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5229\u7528 zip() \u540c\u65f6\u904d\u5386\u591a\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u3001reversed() \u53cd\u5411\u904d\u5386\u3001sorted() \u6309\u6392\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\u8ba9\u4f60\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u4f18\u96c5：<\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217（zip）<\/span>
        \nnames =<\/span> [<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> "Charlie"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nscores =<\/span> [<\/span>95<\/span>,<\/span> 87<\/span>,<\/span> 92<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> name,<\/span> score in<\/span> zip<\/span>(<\/span>names,<\/span> scores)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>score}<\/span><\/span>\u5206"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u53cd\u5411\u904d\u5386<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> reversed<\/span>(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 4 3 2 1 0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6392\u5e8f\u904d\u5386<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> n in<\/span> sorted<\/span>(<\/span>nums)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>n,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 1 1 3 4 5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> n in<\/span> sorted<\/span>(<\/span>nums,<\/span> reverse=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>n,<\/span> end=<\/span>" "<\/span>)<\/span> # 5 4 3 1 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570，\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u64cd\u4f5c，\u5199\u51fa\u66f4 Pythonic \u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        12. \u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n

        12.1 \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 def \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570，return \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32（docstring）\u7528\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7\u4e66\u5199，\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7 doc \u6216 help() \u67e5\u770b：<\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> greet<\/span>(<\/span>name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5411\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6253\u62db\u547c（\u51fd\u6570\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32）"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u4f60\u597d，<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>！"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>greet(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4f60\u597d，Alice！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>greet.<\/span>__doc__)<\/span> # \u5411\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u6253\u62db\u547c（\u51fd\u6570\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32）<\/span>
        \nhelp<\/span>(<\/span>greet)<\/span> # \u8fd4\u56de\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> add<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> a +<\/span> b<\/p>\n

        # \u65e0\u8fd4\u56de\u503c：\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fd4\u56de None<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> log_message<\/span>(<\/span>msg)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"[LOG] <\/span>{<\/span>msg}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n # \u9690\u5f0f return None<\/span><\/p>\n

        result =<\/span> log_message(<\/span>"test"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span> # None<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：Python \u51fd\u6570\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u5f0f return，\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fd4\u56de None\u3002\u517b\u6210\u5199 docstring \u7684\u597d\u4e60\u60ef，\u5b83\u80fd\u88ab IDE \u548c help() \u8bc6\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n

        12.2 \u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u51fd\u6570\u652f\u6301\u56db\u79cd\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b：\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3001*args（\u53ef\u53d8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570）\u3001**kwargs（\u53ef\u53d8\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570）\u3002\u53c2\u6570\u987a\u5e8f\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u683c\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u987a\u5e8f：<\/p>\n

        # — \u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> power<\/span>(<\/span>base,<\/span> exp)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> base **<\/span> exp<\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>power(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 8（\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>power(<\/span>exp=<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> base=<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 8（\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> greet<\/span>(<\/span>name,<\/span> greeting=<\/span>"\u4f60\u597d"<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>greeting}<\/span><\/span>，<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>！"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>greet(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4f60\u597d，Alice！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>greet(<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u65e9\u4e0a\u597d"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u65e9\u4e0a\u597d，Bob！<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u26a0\ufe0f \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u9677\u9631：\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c！<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> bad_append<\/span>(<\/span>item,<\/span> lst=<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n lst.<\/span>append(<\/span>item)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> lst<\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>bad_append(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>bad_append(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2] \u2190 \u7d2f\u79ef\u4e86！\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5217\u8868\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u7684，\u6bcf\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u5171\u4eab<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> good_append<\/span>(<\/span>item,<\/span> lst=<\/span>None<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> lst is<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n lst =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>
        \n lst.<\/span>append(<\/span>item)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> lst<\/p>\n

        # — \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570 *args（\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570） —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> my_sum<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>args)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570"""<\/span>
        \n total =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> num in<\/span> args:<\/span>
        \n total +=<\/span> num
        \n return<\/span> total<\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>my_sum(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>my_sum(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>my_sum(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570 **kwargs（\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570） —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> print_info<\/span>(<\/span>**<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570"""<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> key,<\/span> value in<\/span> kwargs.<\/span>items(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>key}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>value}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print_info(<\/span>name=<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> age=<\/span>25<\/span>,<\/span> city=<\/span>"\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# name: Alice<\/span>
        \n# age: 25<\/span>
        \n# city: \u5317\u4eac<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u7ec4\u5408 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> all_params<\/span>(<\/span>pos1,<\/span> pos2,<\/span> *<\/span>args,<\/span> default=<\/span>"\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c"<\/span>,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """
        \n \u53c2\u6570\u987a\u5e8f（\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88）：
        \n 1. \u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570（\u5fc5\u586b）
        \n 2. *args（\u53ef\u53d8\u4f4d\u7f6e）
        \n 3. \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570（\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570）
        \n 4. **kwargs（\u53ef\u53d8\u5173\u952e\u5b57）
        \n """<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"pos1: <\/span>{<\/span>pos1}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"pos2: <\/span>{<\/span>pos2}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"args: <\/span>{<\/span>args}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"default: <\/span>{<\/span>default}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"kwargs: <\/span>{<\/span>kwargs}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        all_params(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> default=<\/span>"\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49"<\/span>,<\/span> name=<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> age=<\/span>25<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9677\u9631\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570（\u5982 def f(lst=[])）\u2014\u2014\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u53ea\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u6b21，\u591a\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u4f1a\u5171\u4eab！\u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u7528 None \u4f5c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c，\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u518d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

        12.3 \u4ec5\u9650\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 * \u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5236\u540e\u9762\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f20\u9012，\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002\/ \u5219\u76f8\u53cd，\u5f3a\u5236\u524d\u9762\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u53ea\u80fd\u6309\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f20\u9012：<\/p>\n

        # * \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f20\u9012<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> config<\/span>(<\/span>host,<\/span> *<\/span>,<\/span> port=<\/span>8080<\/span>,<\/span> debug=<\/span>False<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"host=<\/span>{<\/span>host}<\/span><\/span>, port=<\/span>{<\/span>port}<\/span><\/span>, debug=<\/span>{<\/span>debug}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        config(<\/span>"localhost"<\/span>)<\/span> # host=localhost, port=8080, debug=False<\/span>
        \nconfig(<\/span>"localhost"<\/span>,<\/span> port=<\/span>3000<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705<\/span>
        \nconfig(<\/span>"localhost"<\/span>,<\/span> debug=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705<\/span>
        \n# config("localhost", 3000) # \u274c TypeError: \u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u592a\u591a\u4e86<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4ec5\u9650\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570（Python 3.8+）\/ \u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u53ea\u80fd\u6309\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f20\u9012<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> func<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b,<\/span> \/<\/span>,<\/span> c,<\/span> d)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """
        \n a, b: \u4ec5\u9650\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570（\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f20\u9012）
        \n c, d: \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6216\u5173\u952e\u5b57
        \n """<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"a=<\/span>{<\/span>a}<\/span><\/span>, b=<\/span>{<\/span>b}<\/span><\/span>, c=<\/span>{<\/span>c}<\/span><\/span>, d=<\/span>{<\/span>d}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        func(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705<\/span>
        \nfunc(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> c=<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> d=<\/span>4<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705<\/span>
        \n# func(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4) # \u274c TypeError: a \u548c b \u4ec5\u9650\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4ec5\u9650\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u8ba9 API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u2014\u2014\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u5199\u51fa\u53c2\u6570\u540d，\u51cf\u5c11\u53c2\u6570\u987a\u5e8f\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

        12.4 \u53c2\u6570\u89e3\u5305<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：* \u5c06\u5217\u8868\/\u5143\u7ec4\u89e3\u5305\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570，** \u5c06\u5b57\u5178\u89e3\u5305\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u5305\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528：<\/p>\n

        # \u5217\u8868\/\u5143\u7ec4\u89e3\u5305\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> add<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b,<\/span> c)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> a +<\/span> b +<\/span> c<\/p>\n

        nums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>add(<\/span>*<\/span>nums)<\/span>)<\/span> # 6 \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e add(1, 2, 3)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>add(<\/span>*<\/span>(<\/span>4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u5178\u89e3\u5305\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> greet<\/span>(<\/span>name,<\/span> age)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u4eca\u5e74 <\/span>{<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span> \u5c81"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        info =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>greet(<\/span>**<\/span>info)<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice \u4eca\u5e74 25 \u5c81<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> full_func<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b,<\/span> c,<\/span> d,<\/span> e)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> a +<\/span> b +<\/span> c +<\/span> d +<\/span> e<\/p>\n

        nums1 =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nnums2 =<\/span> {<\/span>"d"<\/span>:<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> "e"<\/span>:<\/span> 5<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>full_func(<\/span>*<\/span>nums1,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> **<\/span>nums2)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u53c2\u6570\u89e3\u5305\u8ba9\u4f60\u80fd\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u6784\u5efa\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528，\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u901a\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u8f6c\u53d1\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

        12.5 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e0e global \/ nonlocal<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u53d8\u91cf\u9075\u5faa LEGB \u67e5\u627e\u89c4\u5219（Local -> Enclosing -> Global -> Built-in）\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 global \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4fee\u6539\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf，nonlocal \u4fee\u6539\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u91cf：<\/p>\n

        # — LEGB \u89c4\u5219（\u53d8\u91cf\u67e5\u627e\u987a\u5e8f）—<\/span>
        \n# L: Local \u2014 \u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8<\/span>
        \n# E: Enclosing \u2014 \u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8<\/span>
        \n# G: Global \u2014 \u6a21\u5757\u7ea7\u522b<\/span>
        \n# B: Built-in \u2014 \u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span><\/p>\n

        x =<\/span> "global"<\/span> # \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> outer<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n x =<\/span> "enclosing"<\/span> # \u95ed\u5305\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> inner<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n x =<\/span> "local"<\/span> # \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"inner: <\/span>{<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # local<\/span><\/p>\n

        inner(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"outer: <\/span>{<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # enclosing<\/span><\/p>\n

        outer(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f"global: <\/span>{<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # global<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — global \u5173\u952e\u5b57：\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4fee\u6539\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf —<\/span>
        \ncount =<\/span> 0<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> increment<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n global<\/span> count
        \n count +=<\/span> 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        increment(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>count)<\/span> # 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — nonlocal \u5173\u952e\u5b57：\u4fee\u6539\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u91cf —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> make_counter<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n count =<\/span> 0<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> counter<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n nonlocal<\/span> count # \u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u5c42\u7684 count<\/span>
        \n count +=<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> count<\/p>\n

        return<\/span> counter<\/p>\n

        c =<\/span> make_counter(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 2<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u6ee5\u7528 global\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002nonlocal \u5728\u95ed\u5305\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u7528，\u80fd\u8ba9\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u4fee\u6539\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

        12.6 \u95ed\u5305<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u95ed\u5305\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5e76\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u7684\u5916\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf，\u5373\u4f7f\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fd4\u56de：<\/p>\n

        # \u95ed\u5305：\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e86\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u7684\u73af\u5883<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> make_multiplier<\/span>(<\/span>factor)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> multiplier<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> x *<\/span> factor # factor \u88ab"\u8bb0\u4f4f"\u4e86<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> multiplier<\/p>\n

        double =<\/span> make_multiplier(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ntriple =<\/span> make_multiplier(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>double(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 10<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>triple(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u67e5\u770b\u95ed\u5305\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>double.<\/span>__closure__[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>.<\/span>cell_contents)<\/span> # 2<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u95ed\u5305\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u56de\u8c03\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002closure \u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u95ed\u5305\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf，\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        13. Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/h3>\n

        Lambda \u662f\u521b\u5efa\u5c0f\u578b\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5，\u53ea\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5355\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u95ed\u5305\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5e76\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u7684\u5916\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf，\u5373\u4f7f\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fd4\u56de：<\/p>\n

        # \u8bed\u6cd5: lambda \u53c2\u6570: \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nadd =<\/span> lambda<\/span> a,<\/span> b:<\/span> a +<\/span> b
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>add(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 8<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> add<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> a +<\/span> b<\/p>\n

        # — \u5e38\u89c1\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f —<\/span>
        \n# 1. sort() \u7684 key \u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \nstudents =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "score"<\/span>:<\/span> 85<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> "score"<\/span>:<\/span> 92<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Charlie"<\/span>,<\/span> "score"<\/span>:<\/span> 78<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n]<\/span>
        \nstudents.<\/span>sort(<\/span>key=<\/span>lambda<\/span> s:<\/span> s[<\/span>"score"<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> reverse=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>students)<\/span>
        \n# [{'name': 'Bob', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Alice', 'score': 85}, {'name': 'Charlie', 'score': 78}]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 2. filter()：\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5e8f\u5217<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>,<\/span> 7<\/span>,<\/span> 8<\/span>,<\/span> 9<\/span>,<\/span> 10<\/span>]<\/span>
        \neven =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>even)<\/span> # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 3. map()：\u6620\u5c04\u5e8f\u5217<\/span>
        \nsquared =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>map<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x **<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squared)<\/span> # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 4. reduce()：\u7d2f\u79ef（\u9700\u8981\u5bfc\u5165）<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> functools import<\/span> reduce<\/span>
        \ntotal =<\/span> reduce<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> acc,<\/span> x:<\/span> acc +<\/span> x,<\/span> nums)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>total)<\/span> # 55<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — Lambda vs \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f —<\/span>
        \n# \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u66f4 Pythonic：<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528 filter + lambda<\/span>
        \neven1 =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f（\u63a8\u8350！）<\/span>
        \neven2 =<\/span> [<\/span>x for<\/span> x in<\/span> nums if<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528 map + lambda<\/span>
        \nsquared1 =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>map<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x **<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7528\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f（\u63a8\u8350！）<\/span>
        \nsquared2 =<\/span> [<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> nums]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u95ed\u5305\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u56de\u8c03\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002closure \u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u95ed\u5305\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf，\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        14. \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/h3>\n

        14.1 \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u662f Python \u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7279\u6027，\u7528 [expression for item in iterable if condition] \u8bed\u6cd5\u5728\u4e00\u884c\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u6620\u5c04\u548c\u8fc7\u6ee4：<\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5: [expression for item in iterable if condition]<\/span><\/p>\n

        nums =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c<\/span>
        \nsquares =<\/span> [<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> nums]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squares)<\/span> # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5e26\u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>
        \neven_squares =<\/span> [<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> nums if<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>even_squares)<\/span> # [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # if-else \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f（\u6ce8\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e）<\/span>
        \nparity =<\/span> [<\/span>"even"<\/span> if<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span> else<\/span> "odd"<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> nums]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>parity)<\/span> # ['even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5d4c\u5957\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/span>
        \n# \u5c55\u5e73\u4e8c\u7ef4\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nmatrix =<\/span> [<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>7<\/span>,<\/span> 8<\/span>,<\/span> 9<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nflattened =<\/span> [<\/span>num for<\/span> row in<\/span> matrix for<\/span> num in<\/span> row]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>flattened)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e<\/span>
        \nflattened =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> row in<\/span> matrix:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> num in<\/span> row:<\/span>
        \n flattened.<\/span>append(<\/span>num)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u79ef<\/span>
        \npairs =<\/span> [<\/span>(<\/span>x,<\/span> y)<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> y in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>pairs)<\/span>
        \n# [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)]<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 for+append \u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u9ad8\u6548（\u5e95\u5c42\u662f C \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684）\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5d4c\u5957\u2014\u2014\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u5c42\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4f1a\u727a\u7272\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

        14.2 \u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837，\u53ea\u662f\u7528 () \u66ff\u4ee3 []\u3002\u5b83\u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c，\u9002\u5408\u5904\u7406\u6d77\u91cf\u6570\u636e：<\/p>\n

        # \u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837，\u53ea\u662f\u7528 () \u800c\u4e0d\u662f []<\/span>
        \n# \u4f18\u52bf：\u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c，\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58（\u9002\u5408\u6d77\u91cf\u6570\u636e）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f：\u7acb\u5373\u751f\u6210\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5230\u5185\u5b58<\/span>
        \nsquares_list =<\/span> [<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>1000000<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span> # \u5360\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u5185\u5b58<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f：\u6309\u9700\u751f\u6210，\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5360\u5185\u5b58<\/span>
        \nsquares_gen =<\/span> (<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>1000000<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8fed\u4ee3\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> squares_gen:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> i ><\/span> 50<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span> # \u53ea\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/p>\n

        # sum\/max\/min \u7b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u53d7\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span>
        \ntotal =<\/span> sum<\/span>(<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>1000000<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u5199\u4e00\u5c42\u62ec\u53f7<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>total)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5f88\u5927（\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7）\u65f6，\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5360\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 sum()\u3001max() \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u65f6，\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u989d\u5916\u7684\u62ec\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n

        14.3 \u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f {key: value for \u2026} \u5feb\u901f\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u53d8\u6362\u5b57\u5178，\u662f\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u521b\u5efa\u6620\u5c04\u8868\u7684\u7edd\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        # {key_expr: value_expr for item in iterable if condition}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c<\/span>
        \nsquares =<\/span> {<\/span>x:<\/span> x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squares)<\/span> # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>
        \neven_squares =<\/span> {<\/span>x:<\/span> x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span> if<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>even_squares)<\/span> # {0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 8: 64}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nkeys =<\/span> [<\/span>"name"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>,<\/span> "city"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nvalues =<\/span> [<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> "\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \ninfo =<\/span> {<\/span>k:<\/span> v for<\/span> k,<\/span> v in<\/span> zip<\/span>(<\/span>keys,<\/span> values)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>info)<\/span> # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': '\u5317\u4eac'}<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u7ed3\u5408 zip() \u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u53d8\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u3002\u652f\u6301\u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4，\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n

        14.4 \u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f {expr for \u2026} \u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd，\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5305\u88f9\u7684\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        # {expression for item in iterable if condition}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c<\/span>
        \nsquares_set =<\/span> {<\/span>x**<\/span>2<\/span> for<\/span> x in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>–<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squares_set)<\/span> # {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25} \u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53bb\u91cd\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u987a\u5e8f（\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f）<\/span>
        \ntext =<\/span> "abracadabra"<\/span>
        \nunique_chars =<\/span> ""<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>dict<\/span>.<\/span>fromkeys(<\/span>text)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>unique_chars)<\/span> # "abrcd"<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u91cd\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u505a\u53d8\u6362\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528，\u6bd4\u5148\u5efa\u5217\u8868\u518d\u8f6c\u96c6\u5408\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        15. \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/h3>\n

        15.1 \u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61 vs \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61（Iterable）\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u8fdb for \u5faa\u73af，\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668（Iterator）\u5219\u662f\u8bb0\u4f4f\u904d\u5386\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u61d2\u52a0\u8f7d\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7528 iter() \u4ece\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\u83b7\u53d6\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668，next() \u9010\u4e2a\u53d6\u503c：<\/p>\n

        # \u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61 (Iterable)：\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 __iter__() \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n# \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668 (Iterator)：\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 __iter__() \u548c __next__() \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5224\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> collections.<\/span>abc import<\/span> Iterable,<\/span> Iterator<\/p>\n

        lst =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>lst,<\/span> Iterable)<\/span>)<\/span> # True （\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>lst,<\/span> Iterator)<\/span>)<\/span> # False （\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u662f\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668）<\/span><\/p>\n

        it =<\/span> iter<\/span>(<\/span>lst)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>it,<\/span> Iterator)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # iter() \u548c next()<\/span>
        \nit =<\/span> iter<\/span>(<\/span>lst)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>it)<\/span>)<\/span> # 1<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>it)<\/span>)<\/span> # 2<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>it)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3<\/span>
        \n# print(next(it)) # StopIteration \u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u53ea\u80fd\u524d\u8fdb\u4e0d\u80fd\u540e\u9000，\u904d\u5386\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u518d\u8c03\u7528 next() \u4f1a\u629b\u51fa StopIteration\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8ba9\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u975e\u5e38\u8282\u7701\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n

        15.2 \u751f\u6210\u5668\u51fd\u6570（yield）<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 yield \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u751f\u6210\u5668\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u6b21 yield \u6682\u505c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u503c，\u4e0b\u6b21\u8c03\u7528 next() \u65f6\u4ece\u6682\u505c\u5904\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002yield from \u53ef\u4ee5\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u5b50\u751f\u6210\u5668：<\/p>\n

        # yield：\u6682\u505c\u51fd\u6570，\u8fd4\u56de\u503c，\u4e0b\u6b21\u4ece\u6682\u505c\u5904\u7ee7\u7eed<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> countdown<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5f00\u59cb\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: <\/span>{<\/span>n}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n while<\/span> n ><\/span> 0<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> n
        \n n -=<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u7ed3\u675f！"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        for<\/span> num in<\/span> countdown(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: <\/span>{<\/span>num}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# \u5f00\u59cb\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: 3<\/span>
        \n# \u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: 3<\/span>
        \n# \u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: 2<\/span>
        \n# \u5012\u8ba1\u65f6: 1<\/span>
        \n# \u7ed3\u675f！<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u65e0\u9650\u5e8f\u5217\u751f\u6210\u5668 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> fibonacci<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u751f\u6210\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217"""<\/span>
        \n a,<\/span> b =<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \n while<\/span> True<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> a
        \n a,<\/span> b =<\/span> b,<\/span> a +<\/span> b<\/p>\n

        fib =<\/span> fibonacci(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>fib)<\/span> for<\/span> _ in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — yield from: \u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u5b50\u751f\u6210\u5668 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> flat_list<\/span>(<\/span>nested)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5e73\u4efb\u610f\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u5217\u8868"""<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> item in<\/span> nested:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>item,<\/span> list<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> from<\/span> flat_list(<\/span>item)<\/span> # Python 3.3+<\/span>
        \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> item<\/p>\n

        nested =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>4<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>flat_list(<\/span>nested)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u7ba1\u9053\u751f\u6210\u5668 —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> read_lines<\/span>(<\/span>filename)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u9010\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6"""<\/span>
        \n with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>filename,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> line in<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> line.<\/span>strip(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> filter_comments<\/span>(<\/span>lines)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6ce8\u91ca\u884c"""<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> line in<\/span> lines:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> not<\/span> line.<\/span>startswith(<\/span>"#"<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> line<\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u7528<\/span>
        \n# valid_lines = filter_comments(read_lines("config.txt"))<\/span>
        \n# for line in valid_lines:<\/span>
        \n# print(line)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u751f\u6210\u5668\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6d41\u5f0f\u5904\u7406\u3001\u60f0\u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002yield from \u5728\u9700\u8981\u9012\u5f52\u5904\u7406\u5d4c\u5957\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528，\u6bd4\u5982\u5c55\u5e73\u4efb\u610f\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

        15.3 send() \u4e0e\u53cc\u5411\u901a\u4fe1<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 yield \u5411\u5916\u4ea7\u51fa\u503c，\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 send() \u63a5\u6536\u5916\u90e8\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u503c，\u5b9e\u73b0\u53cc\u5411\u901a\u4fe1（\u534f\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840）：<\/p>\n

        # \u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u51fa\u503c，\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 send() \u63a5\u6536\u503c<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> running_average<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd0\u884c\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u7684\u534f\u7a0b"""<\/span>
        \n total =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \n count =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \n average =<\/span> None<\/span>
        \n while<\/span> True<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # yield \u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 send() \u4f20\u5165\u7684\u503c<\/span>
        \n x =<\/span> yield<\/span> average
        \n if<\/span> x is<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n break<\/span>
        \n total +=<\/span> x
        \n count +=<\/span> 1<\/span>
        \n average =<\/span> total \/<\/span> count<\/p>\n

        avg =<\/span> running_average(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nnext<\/span>(<\/span>avg)<\/span> # \u542f\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u5668（\u63a8\u8fdb\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a yield）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>avg.<\/span>send(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 10.0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>avg.<\/span>send(<\/span>20<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15.0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>avg.<\/span>send(<\/span>30<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 20.0<\/span>
        \navg.<\/span>close(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5173\u95ed\u751f\u6210\u5668<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：send() \u8ba9\u751f\u6210\u5668\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u534f\u7a0b\u3002\u9996\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 next() \u6216 send(None) \u542f\u52a8\u3002\u7528\u5b8c\u540e\u8c03\u7528 close() \u5173\u95ed\u751f\u6210\u5668\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        16. \u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h3>\n

        \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u589e\u5f3a\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

        16.1 \u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u7b49\u516c\u6c11<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5728 Python \u4e2d，\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u57fa\u7840：<\/p>\n

        # Python \u4e2d\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61，\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d4b\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> greet<\/span>(<\/span>name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Hello, <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>
        \nsay_hello =<\/span> greet
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>say_hello(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Hello, Alice<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> call_twice<\/span>(<\/span>func,<\/span> arg)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> func(<\/span>arg)<\/span>,<\/span> func(<\/span>arg)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>call_twice(<\/span>greet,<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ('Hello, Bob', 'Hello, Bob')<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c（\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\/\u95ed\u5305）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> make_greeting<\/span>(<\/span>prefix)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> greeting<\/span>(<\/span>name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>prefix}<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n return<\/span> greeting<\/p>\n

        hello =<\/span> make_greeting(<\/span>"Hello"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>hello(<\/span>"Charlie"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Hello, Charlie<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u7b49\u516c\u6c11，Python \u624d\u80fd\u4f18\u96c5\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3001\u56de\u8c03\u3001\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

        16.2 \u57fa\u672c\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53d7\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5305\u88c5\u5668\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 @decorator \u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6，@functools.wraps \u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5143\u4fe1\u606f：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> functools
        \nimport<\/span> time<\/p>\n

        # — \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f —<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> timer<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8bb0\u5f55\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668"""<\/span>
        \n @functools.<\/span>wraps<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span> # \u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5143\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> wrapper<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>perf_counter(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> func(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>
        \n elapsed =<\/span> time.<\/span>perf_counter(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>func.<\/span>__name__}<\/span><\/span> \u6267\u884c\u8017\u65f6: <\/span>{<\/span>elapsed:<\/span>.4f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> \u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> result
        \n return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668（\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6）<\/span>
        \n@timer<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> slow_function<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u4e00\u4e2a\u8017\u65f6\u7684\u51fd\u6570"""<\/span>
        \n total =<\/span> sum<\/span>(<\/span>i **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> total<\/p>\n

        # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e: slow_function = timer(slow_function)<\/span>
        \nslow_function(<\/span>1000000<\/span>)<\/span> # slow_function \u6267\u884c\u8017\u65f6: 0.1234 \u79d2<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>slow_function.<\/span>__name__)<\/span> # slow_function（\u88ab @wraps \u4fdd\u7559\u4e86）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>slow_function.<\/span>__doc__)<\/span> # \u4e00\u4e2a\u8017\u65f6\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4e0d\u5e26 @wraps \u7684\u8bdd __name__ \u4f1a\u53d8\u6210 "wrapper"<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：@functools.wraps(func) \u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83，\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u51fd\u6570\u7684 name \u548c doc \u4f1a\u53d8\u6210 wrapper \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u4e5f\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u5fd8\u8bb0\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n

        16.3 \u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5de5\u5382\u2014\u2014\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u53c2\u6570，\u8fd4\u56de\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668：<\/p>\n

        # \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5de5\u5382：\u8fd4\u56de\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> retry<\/span>(<\/span>max_attempts=<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> delay=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u91cd\u8bd5\u88c5\u9970\u5668：\u51fd\u6570\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u8bd5"""<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> decorator<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n @functools.<\/span>wraps<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> wrapper<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> attempt in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> max_attempts +<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> func(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> attempt ==<\/span> max_attempts:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> # \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ecd\u7136\u5931\u8d25\u5219\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"[\u91cd\u8bd5 <\/span>{<\/span>attempt}<\/span><\/span>\/<\/span>{<\/span>max_attempts}<\/span><\/span>] <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>delay)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> None<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> wrapper
        \n return<\/span> decorator<\/p>\n

        @retry<\/span>(<\/span>max_attempts=<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> delay=<\/span>0.5<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> unstable_network_call<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n import<\/span> random
        \n if<\/span> random.<\/span>random(<\/span>)<\/span> <<\/span> 0.7<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> ConnectionError(<\/span>"\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u6210\u529f"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5c1d\u8bd5\u8c03\u7528<\/span>
        \n# result = unstable_network_call()<\/span>
        \n# print(result)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5de5\u5382\u6bd4\u57fa\u672c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u591a\u4e00\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9，\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e09\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/p>\n

        16.4 \u5e38\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u5185\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668：@staticmethod（\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5）\u3001@classmethod（\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5）\u548c @property（\u5c5e\u6027\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236）\u3002@property \u8ba9\u4f60\u80fd\u7528\u5c5e\u6027\u8bed\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5，\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u9a8c\u8bc1\u903b\u8f91：<\/p>\n

        # — @staticmethod: \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5 —<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> MyClass<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n @staticmethod<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> helper<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee self \u6216 cls"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "I'm a static method"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — @classmethod: \u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5 —<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Person<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n species =<\/span> "Homo sapiens"<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>name =<\/span> name<\/p>\n

        @classmethod<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> from_birth_year<\/span>(<\/span>cls,<\/span> name,<\/span> birth_year)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5de5\u5382\u65b9\u6cd5"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> cls(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> (<\/span>{<\/span>2026<\/span> –<\/span> birth_year}<\/span><\/span>\u5c81)"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        @classmethod<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> get_species<\/span>(<\/span>cls)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> cls.<\/span>species<\/p>\n

        # — @property: \u5c5e\u6027\u88c5\u9970\u5668 —<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Circle<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> radius)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>_radius =<\/span> radius<\/p>\n

        @property<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> radius<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """getter"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>_radius<\/p>\n

        @radius.<\/span>setter<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> radius<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> value)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """setter: \u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u9a8c\u8bc1"""<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> value <<\/span> 0<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> ValueError(<\/span>"\u534a\u5f84\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6570"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>_radius =<\/span> value<\/p>\n

        @radius.<\/span>deleter<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> radius<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """deleter"""<\/span>
        \n del<\/span> self.<\/span>_radius<\/p>\n

        @property<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> area<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u53ea\u8bfb\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c5e\u6027"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> 3.14159<\/span> *<\/span> self.<\/span>_radius **<\/span> 2<\/span><\/p>\n

        c =<\/span> Circle(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c.<\/span>radius)<\/span> # 5（\u8c03\u7528 getter，\u4e0d\u9700\u8981 c.radius()）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>c.<\/span>area)<\/span> # 78.53975<\/span>
        \nc.<\/span>radius =<\/span> 10<\/span> # \u8c03\u7528 setter（\u5e26\u9a8c\u8bc1）<\/span>
        \n# c.radius = -1 # \u629b\u51fa ValueError<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：@property \u662f Python \u5b9e\u73b0 getter\/setter \u7684\u4f18\u96c5\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5916\u90e8\u4ee3\u7801\u7528 obj.attr \u8bbf\u95ee，\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u5e94\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002@classmethod \u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u5de5\u5382\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        17. \u6a21\u5757\u4e0e\u5305<\/h3>\n

        17.1 \u6a21\u5757\u5bfc\u5165<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7 import \u5bfc\u5165\u5916\u90e8\u4ee3\u7801，\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u5bfc\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\u5bfc\u5165：<\/p>\n

        # — \u5bfc\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f —<\/span>
        \n# 1. \u5bfc\u5165\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> math
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>math.<\/span>sqrt(<\/span>16<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 4.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 2. \u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u5e76\u8d77\u522b\u540d<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> numpy as<\/span> np
        \n# arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 3. \u4ece\u6a21\u5757\u5bfc\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u51fd\u6570\/\u7c7b<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> math import<\/span> sqrt,<\/span> pi
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sqrt(<\/span>25<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5.0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>pi)<\/span> # 3.141592…<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 4. \u4ece\u6a21\u5757\u5bfc\u5165\u5168\u90e8（\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350，\u4f1a\u6c61\u67d3\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4）<\/span>
        \n# from math import *<\/span><\/p>\n

        # 5. \u6761\u4ef6\u5bfc\u5165<\/span>
        \ntry<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n import<\/span> ujson as<\/span> json # \u5982\u679c\u88c5\u4e86\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u7248\u672c<\/span>
        \nexcept<\/span> ImportError:<\/span>
        \n import<\/span> json # \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u6a21\u5757\u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> sys
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sys.<\/span>path)<\/span> # \u6a21\u5757\u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u5217\u8868<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u67e5\u770b\u6a21\u5757\u5185\u5bb9 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> math
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>dir<\/span>(<\/span>math)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5217\u51fa\u6a21\u5757\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>math.<\/span>__doc__)<\/span> # \u6a21\u5757\u6587\u6863<\/span>
        \n# help(math) # \u5728 REPL \u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u5e2e\u52a9<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u63a8\u8350\u7528 import module \u6216 from module import specific_item，\u907f\u514d from module import *（\u4f1a\u6c61\u67d3\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4）\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\u5bfc\u5165\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u81ea\u52a8\u9002\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n

        17.2 \u5305\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5305\u662f\u5305\u542b init.py \u7684\u76ee\u5f55，\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u3002init.py \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49 all \u63a7\u5236\u5bfc\u51fa\u3001\u5bfc\u5165\u5b50\u6a21\u5757\u65b9\u4fbf\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528：<\/p>\n

        # \u5305\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b __init__.py \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5178\u578b\u5305\u7ed3\u6784:<\/span>
        \n# my_package\/<\/span>
        \n# \u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py # \u5305\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \n# \u251c\u2500\u2500 core.py # \u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u5757<\/span>
        \n# \u251c\u2500\u2500 utils\/<\/span>
        \n# \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py<\/span>
        \n# \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 helpers.py<\/span>
        \n# \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 validators.py<\/span>
        \n# \u2514\u2500\u2500 tests\/<\/span>
        \n# \u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py<\/span>
        \n# \u2514\u2500\u2500 test_core.py<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — __init__.py \u793a\u4f8b —<\/span>
        \n"""
        \nmy_package \u5305\u521d\u59cb\u5316
        \n"""<\/span>
        \n# \u63a7\u5236 from my_package import * \u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>
        \n__all__ =<\/span> [<\/span>"core_func"<\/span>,<\/span> "utils"<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u53ef\u5728\u6b64\u5904\u5bfc\u5165\u5b50\u6a21\u5757，\u65b9\u4fbf\u7528\u6237<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> .<\/span>core import<\/span> core_func
        \nfrom<\/span> .<\/span> import<\/span> utils<\/p>\n

        # \u5305\u7684\u7248\u672c<\/span>
        \n__version__ =<\/span> "1.0.0"<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5373\u4f7f init.py \u4e3a\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5173\u7cfb，\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u5305（Python 3.3+ \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5305\u9664\u5916）\u3002<\/p>\n

        17.3 \u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5728\u5305\u5185\u90e8，\u4f7f\u7528 .（\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55）\u548c \u2026（\u4e0a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55）\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165\u3002\u7edd\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165\u4ece\u9879\u76ee\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u5f00\u59cb：<\/p>\n

        # — \u5728\u5305\u5185\u90e8，\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165 —<\/span>
        \n# \u6587\u4ef6: my_package\/utils\/helpers.py<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165: . \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55，.. \u8868\u793a\u4e0a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# from . import validators # \u540c\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# from ..core import core_func # \u4e0a\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 core \u6a21\u5757<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7edd\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165: \u4ece\u9876\u5c42\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>
        \n# from my_package.core import core_func<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5305\u5185\u90e8\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165（\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\u76ee\u540d），\u5bf9\u5916\u516c\u5f00\u7684 API \u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n

        17.4 \u5e38\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u6a21\u5757<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u6781\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc，\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a5\u53e3\u3001\u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u3001JSON \u5904\u7406\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u548c\u8fed\u4ee3\u5de5\u5177\u7b49：<\/p>\n

        # — os: \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a5\u53e3 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> os
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>name)<\/span> # 'nt' (Windows) \u6216 'posix' (Linux\/Mac)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>getcwd(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# os.listdir(".") # \u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>
        \n# os.mkdir("new_dir") # \u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# os.remove("file.txt") # \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>join(<\/span>"dir"<\/span>,<\/span> "subdir"<\/span>,<\/span> "file.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u8def\u5f84\u62fc\u63a5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>exists(<\/span>"some_file.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>dirname(<\/span>"\/path\/to\/file.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \/path\/to<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>basename(<\/span>"\/path\/to\/file.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # file.txt<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — sys: \u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> sys
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sys.<\/span>version)<\/span> # Python \u7248\u672c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sys.<\/span>argv)<\/span> # \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \n# sys.exit(0) # \u9000\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — random: \u968f\u673a\u6570 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> random
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>random.<\/span>random(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [0.0, 1.0) \u7684\u968f\u673a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>random.<\/span>randint(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 10] \u7684\u968f\u673a\u6574\u6570<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>random.<\/span>choice(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u968f\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>random.<\/span>sample(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u968f\u673a\u9009\u62e95\u4e2a\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20<\/span>
        \nrandom.<\/span>shuffle(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u539f\u5730\u6253\u4e71\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \nrandom.<\/span>seed(<\/span>42<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u968f\u673a\u79cd\u5b50（\u53ef\u590d\u73b0）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — datetime: \u65e5\u671f\u65f6\u95f4 —<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> datetime import<\/span> datetime,<\/span> timedelta,<\/span> date<\/p>\n

        now =<\/span> datetime.<\/span>now(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>now)<\/span> # 2026-07-21 14:30:00.123456<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>now.<\/span>strftime(<\/span>"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 2026-07-21 14:30:00<\/span>
        \nparsed =<\/span> datetime.<\/span>strptime(<\/span>"2026-07-21"<\/span>,<\/span> "%Y-%m-%d"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>parsed)<\/span> # 2026-07-21 00:00:00<\/span><\/p>\n

        tomorrow =<\/span> now +<\/span> timedelta(<\/span>days=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nlast_week =<\/span> now –<\/span> timedelta(<\/span>weeks=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>tomorrow)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>last_week)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — json: JSON \u5904\u7406 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> json<\/p>\n

        data =<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> "skills"<\/span>:<\/span> [<\/span>"Python"<\/span>,<\/span> "JavaScript"<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span>
        \njson_str =<\/span> json.<\/span>dumps(<\/span>data,<\/span> indent=<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> ensure_ascii=<\/span>False<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>json_str)<\/span>
        \nparsed =<\/span> json.<\/span>loads(<\/span>json_str)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>parsed[<\/span>"name"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — re: \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> re<\/p>\n

        text =<\/span> "\u8054\u7cfb\u65b9\u5f0f: alice@example.com, bob_123@gmail.com"<\/span>
        \nemails =<\/span> re.<\/span>findall(<\/span>r'[\\\\w.+-]+@[\\\\w-]+\\\\.[\\\\w.-]+'<\/span>,<\/span> text)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>emails)<\/span> # ['alice@example.com', 'bob_123@gmail.com']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — collections: \u66f4\u591a\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u578b —<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> collections import<\/span> Counter,<\/span> defaultdict,<\/span> OrderedDict,<\/span> deque
        \n# Counter \/ defaultdict \u5df2\u5728\u524d\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/span><\/p>\n

        # deque: \u53cc\u7aef\u961f\u5217（\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u4e24\u7aef\u64cd\u4f5c）<\/span>
        \ndq =<\/span> deque(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ndq.<\/span>append(<\/span>4<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53f3\u8fb9\u6dfb\u52a0 \u2192 deque([1, 2, 3, 4])<\/span>
        \ndq.<\/span>appendleft(<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5de6\u8fb9\u6dfb\u52a0 \u2192 deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])<\/span>
        \ndq.<\/span>pop(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u53f3\u8fb9\u5f39\u51fa \u2192 4<\/span>
        \ndq.<\/span>popleft(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5de6\u8fb9\u5f39\u51fa \u2192 0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — itertools: \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5de5\u5177 —<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> itertools<\/p>\n

        # \u65e0\u9650\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>islice(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>count(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [10, 12, 14, 16, 18]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>islice(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>cycle(<\/span>"ABC"<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C']<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7ec4\u5408\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>product(<\/span>"AB"<\/span>,<\/span> "12"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [('A', '1'), ('A', '2'), ('B', '1'), ('B', '2')]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>permutations(<\/span>"ABC"<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6392\u5217: 6\u79cd<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>combinations(<\/span>"ABC"<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7ec4\u5408: 3\u79cd<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>combinations_with_replacement(<\/span>"ABC"<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6709\u653e\u56de\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8fc7\u6ee4\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>compress(<\/span>"ABCD"<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # ['A', 'C']<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>dropwhile(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x <<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [3, 4, 1, 2]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>itertools.<\/span>takewhile(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x <<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 2]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5206\u7ec4<\/span>
        \ndata =<\/span> [<\/span>(<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>"b"<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>"b"<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> key,<\/span> group in<\/span> itertools.<\/span>groupby(<\/span>data,<\/span> lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>key,<\/span> "->"<\/span>,<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>group)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# a -> [('a', 1), ('a', 2)]<\/span>
        \n# b -> [('b', 3), ('b', 4)]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — functools: \u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570 —<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> functools import<\/span> reduce<\/span>,<\/span> partial,<\/span> lru_cache<\/p>\n

        # partial: \u56fa\u5b9a\u90e8\u5206\u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> power<\/span>(<\/span>base,<\/span> exp)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> base **<\/span> exp<\/p>\n

        square =<\/span> partial(<\/span>power,<\/span> exp=<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span> # \u56fa\u5b9a exp=2<\/span>
        \ncube =<\/span> partial(<\/span>power,<\/span> exp=<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span> # \u56fa\u5b9a exp=3<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>square(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 25<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>cube(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 125<\/span><\/p>\n

        # lru_cache: \u7f13\u5b58\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u679c（\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5316）<\/span>
        \n@lru_cache<\/span>(<\/span>maxsize=<\/span>128<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> fibonacci<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8ba1\u7b97\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570（\u5e26\u7f13\u5b58）"""<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> n <<\/span> 2<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> n
        \n return<\/span> fibonacci(<\/span>n –<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span> +<\/span> fibonacci(<\/span>n –<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>fibonacci(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 354224848179261915075（\u77ac\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>fibonacci.<\/span>cache_info(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # CacheInfo(hits=98, misses=101, maxsize=128, currsize=101)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u662f Python \u7684\u4e00\u5927\u4f18\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u5e26\u7535\u6c60\u3002itertools \u548c collections \u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u6548\u7387\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u5229\u5668，pathlib \u662f\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9009\u62e9，\u5efa\u8bae\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        18. \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h3>\n

        18.1 \u57fa\u672c\u8bfb\u5199<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 open() \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6，\u914d\u5408 with \u8bed\u53e5\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u8bfb\u53d6\u65b9\u5f0f（\u5168\u90e8\u3001\u5206\u5757\u3001\u5355\u884c\u3001\u6240\u6709\u884c\u3001\u9010\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3）\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        # — \u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6 —<\/span>
        \n# \u6a21\u5f0f: 'w' (\u5199), 'a' (\u8ffd\u52a0), 'x' (\u6392\u4ed6\u521b\u5efa)<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "w"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n f.<\/span>write(<\/span>"Hello, World!\\\\n"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n f.<\/span>write(<\/span>"\u8fd9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u3002\\\\n"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n f.<\/span>writelines(<\/span>[<\/span>"\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\\\\n"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u7b2c\u56db\u884c\\\\n"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6 —<\/span>
        \n# \u6a21\u5f0f: 'r' (\u8bfb，\u9ed8\u8ba4)<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n # \u65b9\u5f0f1: \u8bfb\u53d6\u5168\u90e8<\/span>
        \n content =<\/span> f.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>content)<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n # \u65b9\u5f0f2: \u8bfb\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u6570<\/span>
        \n chunk =<\/span> f.<\/span>read(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>chunk)<\/span> # Hello, Wor<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n # \u65b9\u5f0f3: \u8bfb\u53d6\u5355\u884c<\/span>
        \n line =<\/span> f.<\/span>readline(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>line)<\/span> # Hello, World!<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n # \u65b9\u5f0f4: \u8bfb\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u884c\u5230\u5217\u8868<\/span>
        \n lines =<\/span> f.<\/span>readlines(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>lines)<\/span> # ['Hello, World!\\\\n', '\u8fd9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u3002\\\\n', …]<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n # \u65b9\u5f0f5: \u9010\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3（\u63a8\u8350，\u5185\u5b58\u53cb\u597d）<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> line in<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>line.<\/span>strip(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u6587\u4ef6\u6a21\u5f0f —<\/span>
        \n# 'r' – \u53ea\u8bfb（\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728）<\/span>
        \n# 'w' – \u53ea\u5199（\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u6e05\u7a7a，\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u521b\u5efa）<\/span>
        \n# 'a' – \u8ffd\u52a0（\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u5728\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0）<\/span>
        \n# 'x' – \u6392\u4ed6\u521b\u5efa（\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u5931\u8d25）<\/span>
        \n# 'r+' – \u8bfb\u5199<\/span>
        \n# 'b' – \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f（\u5982 'rb', 'wb'）<\/span>
        \n# 't' – \u6587\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f（\u9ed8\u8ba4，\u5982 'rt', 'wt'）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u9010\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3（for line in f）\u662f\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528 encoding=\u2018utf-8\u2019 \u907f\u514d\u7f16\u7801\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

        18.2 \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668（with \u8bed\u53e5）<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：with \u8bed\u53e5\u786e\u4fdd\u8d44\u6e90（\u5982\u6587\u4ef6）\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e，\u5373\u4f7f\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6cc4\u6f0f\u3002\u5b83\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e try\/finally \u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6：<\/p>\n

        # with \u8bed\u53e5\u786e\u4fdd\u6587\u4ef6\u6b63\u786e\u5173\u95ed，\u5373\u4f7f\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \n# \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e:<\/span>
        \n# f = open("file.txt")<\/span>
        \n# try:<\/span>
        \n# data = f.read()<\/span>
        \n# finally:<\/span>
        \n# f.close()<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n data =<\/span> f.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# \u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed（\u79bb\u5f00 with \u5757\u65f6）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u540c\u65f6\u64cd\u4f5c\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"source.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> src,<\/span> \\\\
        \n open<\/span>(<\/span>"dest.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "w"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> dst:<\/span>
        \n dst.<\/span>write(<\/span>src.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u83b7\u53d6-\u4f7f\u7528-\u91ca\u653e\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8d44\u6e90（\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u9501\u3001\u8fde\u63a5）\u90fd\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528 with \u8bed\u53e5，\u8fd9\u662f Python \u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n

        18.3 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：os \u548c shutil \u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u589e\u5220\u6539\u67e5\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002Python 3.4+ \u7684 pathlib.Path \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> os
        \nimport<\/span> shutil<\/p>\n

        # — \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c —<\/span>
        \n# \u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>exists(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True\/False<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>isfile(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u662f\u6587\u4ef6？<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>isdir(<\/span>"some_dir"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u662f\u76ee\u5f55？<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u83b7\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>getsize(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f（\u5b57\u8282）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>getmtime(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u6233<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u91cd\u547d\u540d\/\u79fb\u52a8<\/span>
        \nos.<\/span>rename(<\/span>"old_name.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "new_name.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# shutil.move("source.txt", "destination\/")<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \n# shutil.copy("source.txt", "destination\/")<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \nos.<\/span>remove(<\/span>"example.txt"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u76ee\u5f55\u64cd\u4f5c —<\/span>
        \n# \u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \nos.<\/span>mkdir(<\/span>"single_dir"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u521b\u5efa\u5355\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55（\u7236\u76ee\u5f55\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728）<\/span>
        \nos.<\/span>makedirs(<\/span>"parent\/child\/grandchild"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u9012\u5f52\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u5c42\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u5f55\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>
        \nentries =<\/span> os.<\/span>listdir(<\/span>"."<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> entry in<\/span> entries:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>entry)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u9012\u5f52\u904d\u5386<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> root,<\/span> dirs,<\/span> files in<\/span> os.<\/span>walk(<\/span>"."<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> file<\/span> in<\/span> files:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>os.<\/span>path.<\/span>join(<\/span>root,<\/span> file<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5220\u9664\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# os.rmdir("empty_dir") # \u53ea\u80fd\u5220\u9664\u7a7a\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# shutil.rmtree("dir_path") # \u9012\u5f52\u5220\u9664\u6574\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6811<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — pathlib（Python 3.4+，\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c，\u63a8\u8350！）—<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> pathlib import<\/span> Path<\/p>\n

        p =<\/span> Path(<\/span>"data"<\/span>)<\/span> \/<\/span> "subdir"<\/span> \/<\/span> "file.txt"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p)<\/span> # data\\\\subdir\\\\file.txt (Windows)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p.<\/span>name)<\/span> # file.txt<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p.<\/span>stem)<\/span> # file<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p.<\/span>suffix)<\/span> # .txt<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p.<\/span>parent)<\/span> # data\\\\subdir<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \nPath(<\/span>"my_folder"<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>mkdir(<\/span>exist_ok=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nPath(<\/span>"nested\/deep\/folder"<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>mkdir(<\/span>parents=<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> exist_ok=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8bfb\u5199（Python 3.5+）<\/span>
        \n# text = Path("file.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8")<\/span>
        \n# Path("output.txt").write_text("Hello", encoding="utf-8")<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u904d\u5386\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
        \n# for file in Path(".").glob("*.py"):<\/span>
        \n# print(file)<\/span>
        \n# for file in Path(".").rglob("*.py"): # \u9012\u5f52<\/span>
        \n# print(file)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：pathlib \u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 os.path \u66f4\u76f4\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u7528 \/ \u62fc\u63a5\u8def\u5f84\u3001.read_text() \u4e00\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u65b0\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 pathlib \u66ff\u4ee3\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8def\u5f84\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

        18.4 CSV \u4e0e JSON \u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u5185\u7f6e\u7684 csv \u548c json \u6a21\u5757\u8ba9\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u53d8\u5f97\u7b80\u5355\u3002csv.DictReader \u7528\u5217\u540d\u8bbf\u95ee\u6570\u636e，json.dump\/load \u5904\u7406 JSON：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> csv
        \nimport<\/span> json<\/p>\n

        # — CSV \u8bfb\u53d6 —<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"data.csv"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>,<\/span> newline=<\/span>""<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n reader =<\/span> csv.<\/span>reader(<\/span>f)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> row in<\/span> reader:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>row)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # CSV \u5199\u5165<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"output.csv"<\/span>,<\/span> "w"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>,<\/span> newline=<\/span>""<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n writer =<\/span> csv.<\/span>writer(<\/span>f)<\/span>
        \n writer.<\/span>writerow(<\/span>[<\/span>"\u59d3\u540d"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u5e74\u9f84"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u57ce\u5e02"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6807\u9898\u884c<\/span>
        \n writer.<\/span>writerows(<\/span>[<\/span> # \u591a\u884c\u6570\u636e<\/span>
        \n [<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> "\u5317\u4eac"<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n [<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> 30<\/span>,<\/span> "\u4e0a\u6d77"<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n ]<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # DictReader \/ DictWriter（\u4f7f\u7528\u5217\u540d）<\/span>
        \n# with open("data.csv", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:<\/span>
        \n# reader = csv.DictReader(f)<\/span>
        \n# for row in reader:<\/span>
        \n# print(row["\u59d3\u540d"])<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — JSON \u8bfb\u5199 —<\/span>
        \ndata =<\/span> {<\/span>"users"<\/span>:<\/span> [<\/span>{<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 25<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> "age"<\/span>:<\/span> 30<\/span>}<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5199\u5165<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"data.json"<\/span>,<\/span> "w"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n json.<\/span>dump(<\/span>data,<\/span> f,<\/span> indent=<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> ensure_ascii=<\/span>False<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8bfb\u53d6<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"data.json"<\/span>,<\/span> "r"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n loaded =<\/span> json.<\/span>load(<\/span>f)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>loaded[<\/span>"users"<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>[<\/span>"name"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5904\u7406 CSV \u65f6\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 DictReader\/DictWriter，\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u6613\u8bfb\u3002JSON \u7684 ensure_ascii=False \u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u663e\u793a\u4e2d\u6587，indent \u53c2\u6570\u8ba9\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        19. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n

        19.1 try \/ except \/ else \/ finally<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784：try \u5757\u653e\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u4ee3\u7801，except \u6355\u83b7\u7279\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38，else \u5728\u65e0\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c，finally \u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u6267\u884c：<\/p>\n

        # — \u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784 —<\/span>
        \ntry<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n num =<\/span> int<\/span>(<\/span>input<\/span>(<\/span>"\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570: "<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> 100<\/span> \/<\/span> num
        \nexcept<\/span> ValueError as<\/span> e:<\/span> # \u6355\u83b7\u7279\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u683c\u5f0f\u9519\u8bef: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nexcept<\/span> ZeroDivisionError:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u4e0d\u80fd\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6！"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nexcept<\/span> (<\/span>TypeError,<\/span> OverflowError)<\/span> as<\/span> e:<\/span> # \u6355\u83b7\u591a\u79cd\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u6ea2\u51fa\u9519\u8bef: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nexcept<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span> # \u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38（\u57fa\u7c7b）<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u672a\u77e5\u9519\u8bef: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nelse<\/span>:<\/span> # \u65e0\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u6267\u884c<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u7ed3\u679c\u662f: <\/span>{<\/span>result}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \nfinally<\/span>:<\/span> # \u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u6267\u884c<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6e05\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\u2026"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b —<\/span>
        \n# ValueError \u503c\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
        \n# TypeError \u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
        \n# KeyError \u5b57\u5178\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>
        \n# IndexError \u7d22\u5f15\u8d8a\u754c<\/span>
        \n# AttributeError \u5bf9\u8c61\u6ca1\u6709\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>
        \n# NameError \u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>
        \n# FileNotFoundError \u6587\u4ef6\u672a\u627e\u5230<\/span>
        \n# IOError I\/O \u9519\u8bef<\/span>
        \n# ZeroDivisionError \u9664\u4ee5\u96f6<\/span>
        \n# ImportError \u5bfc\u5165\u5931\u8d25<\/span>
        \n# RuntimeError \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
        \n# StopIteration \u8fed\u4ee3\u7ed3\u675f<\/span>
        \n# AssertionError \u65ad\u8a00\u5931\u8d25<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6c38\u8fdc\u6355\u83b7\u6700\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b，\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u88f8\u9732\u7684 except:（\u5b83\u4f1a\u6355\u83b7 SystemExit \u548c KeyboardInterrupt）\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u5341\u591a\u79cd，IDE \u4f1a\u5e2e\u4f60\u8865\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n

        19.2 \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u901a\u8fc7\u7ee7\u627f Exception \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38，\u53ef\u4ee5\u643a\u5e26\u66f4\u591a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002raise \u2026 from \u2026 \u5efa\u7acb\u5f02\u5e38\u94fe，\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f：<\/p>\n

        # \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> ValidationError<\/span>(<\/span>Exception)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6570\u636e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5f02\u5e38"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> field,<\/span> message=<\/span>"\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5931\u8d25"<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>field =<\/span> field
        \n self.<\/span>message =<\/span> message
        \n super<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>__init__(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>field}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>message}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> InsufficientFundsError<\/span>(<\/span>Exception)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u4f59\u989d\u4e0d\u8db3\u5f02\u5e38"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> balance,<\/span> amount)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>balance =<\/span> balance
        \n self.<\/span>amount =<\/span> amount
        \n super<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>__init__(<\/span>
        \n f"\u4f59\u989d\u4e0d\u8db3：\u5f53\u524d\u4f59\u989d <\/span>{<\/span>balance}<\/span><\/span>，\u9700\u8981 <\/span>{<\/span>amount}<\/span><\/span>，"<\/span><\/span>
        \n f"\u5dee\u989d <\/span>{<\/span>amount –<\/span> balance}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> withdraw<\/span>(<\/span>balance,<\/span> amount)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> amount ><\/span> balance:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> InsufficientFundsError(<\/span>balance,<\/span> amount)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> balance –<\/span> amount<\/p>\n

        try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n withdraw(<\/span>100<\/span>,<\/span> 200<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nexcept<\/span> InsufficientFundsError as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>e)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5f02\u5e38\u94fe（raise … from …）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> process_file<\/span>(<\/span>filepath)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>filepath,<\/span> "r"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> FileNotFoundError as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> RuntimeError(<\/span>f"\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6 <\/span>{<\/span>filepath}<\/span><\/span> \u5931\u8d25"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> from<\/span> e<\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u8ba9\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u3001\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002\u5f02\u5e38\u94fe from e \u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5806\u6808，\u662f\u8c03\u8bd5\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n

        19.3 \u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u793e\u533a\u63a8\u5d07 EAFP（\u8bf7\u6c42\u539f\u8c05\u6bd4\u8bf7\u6c42\u8bb8\u53ef\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613）\u98ce\u683c\u2014\u2014\u5148\u5c1d\u8bd5，\u5931\u8d25\u518d\u5904\u7406\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e0d\u662f LBYL（\u4e09\u601d\u800c\u540e\u884c）\u7684\u9884\u68c0\u67e5\u98ce\u683c：<\/p>\n

        # \u274c \u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a：\u6cdb\u6cdb\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
        \n# try:<\/span>
        \n# risky_operation()<\/span>
        \n# except: # \u6355\u83b7\u5305\u62ec SystemExit\u3001KeyboardInterrupt \u7b49<\/span>
        \n# pass # \u9759\u9ed8\u541e\u6389\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n# try:<\/span>
        \n# risky_operation()<\/span>
        \n# except Exception as e: # \u660e\u786e\u6355\u83b7 Exception<\/span>
        \n# logger.error(f"\u64cd\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25: {e}", exc_info=True)<\/span>
        \n# raise # \u91cd\u65b0\u629b\u51fa\u6216\u9002\u5f53\u5904\u7406<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 EAFP: Easier to Ask for Forgiveness than Permission<\/span>
        \n# \u8bf7\u6c42\u539f\u8c05\u6bd4\u8bf7\u6c42\u8bb8\u53ef\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613（Python \u98ce\u683c）<\/span>
        \n# \u5148\u5c1d\u8bd5，\u5931\u8d25\u518d\u5904\u7406<\/span>
        \n# def get_item(lst, index):<\/span>
        \n# try:<\/span>
        \n# return lst[index]<\/span>
        \n# except IndexError:<\/span>
        \n# return None<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u2705 LBYL: Look Before You Leap（\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u98ce\u683c）<\/span>
        \n# def get_item(lst, index):<\/span>
        \n# if 0 <= index < len(lst):<\/span>
        \n# return lst[index]<\/span>
        \n# return None<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：EAFP \u5229\u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u66ff\u4ee3\u6761\u4ef6\u68c0\u67e5，\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01，\u4e14\u5728\u5e76\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u6ce8\u610f：\u53ea\u6355\u83b7\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba9 except \u63a9\u76d6 bug\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        20. \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b<\/h3>\n

        20.1 \u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u4f7f\u7528 class \u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b，init \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b9e\u4f8b，self \u6307\u5411\u5b9e\u4f8b\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u88ab\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5171\u4eab，\u53cc\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u524d\u7f00\u89e6\u53d1\u540d\u79f0\u6539\u5199\u5b9e\u73b0\u79c1\u6709：<\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Person<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u4eba\u7c7b"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027（\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5171\u4eab）<\/span>
        \n species =<\/span> "Homo sapiens"<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b9e\u4f8b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name,<\/span> age)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>name =<\/span> name # \u516c\u6709\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>age =<\/span> age
        \n self.<\/span>_secret =<\/span> None<\/span> # \u7ea6\u5b9a：\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c5e\u6027（\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf）<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>__private =<\/span> 0<\/span> # \u540d\u79f0\u6539\u5199：_Person__private<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> introduce<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"\u6211\u53eb<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>，\u4eca\u5e74<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span>\u5c81\u3002"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a（\u7ed9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u770b\u7684）<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __repr__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Person(name='<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>', age=<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span>)"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a（\u7ed9\u7528\u6237\u770b\u7684，print \u8c03\u7528）<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __str__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> (<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>age}<\/span><\/span>\u5c81)"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/span>
        \nalice =<\/span> Person(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 25<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nbob =<\/span> Person(<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> 30<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>alice.<\/span>introduce(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6211\u53ebAlice，\u4eca\u5e7425\u5c81\u3002<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>alice)<\/span> # Alice (25\u5c81) \u8c03\u7528 __str__<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>repr<\/span>(<\/span>alice)<\/span>)<\/span> # Person(name='Alice', age=25) \u8c03\u7528 __repr__<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>Person.<\/span>species)<\/span> # Homo sapiens<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>alice.<\/span>species)<\/span> # Homo sapiens（\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u540d\u79f0\u6539\u5199<\/span>
        \n# print(alice.__private) # \u274c AttributeError<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>alice.<\/span>_Person__private)<\/span> # 0（\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed5\u8fc7\u4f46\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：Python \u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u53cc\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u524d\u7f00\u53ea\u662f\u540d\u79f0\u6539\u5199\u4e3a _ClassName__attr，\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea6\u5b9a\u800c\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u524d\u7f00 _attr \u8868\u793a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4，\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u7ed9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u770b\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

        20.2 \u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u652f\u6301\u5355\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f7f\u7528 isinstance() \u548c issubclass() \u68c0\u67e5\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb：<\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Animal<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>name =<\/span> name<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> speak<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "…"<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Dog<\/span>(<\/span>Animal)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> speak<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u6c6a\u6c6a！"<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> wag_tail<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u6447\u5c3e\u5df4"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Cat<\/span>(<\/span>Animal)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> speak<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u55b5\u55b5！"<\/span><\/p>\n

        dog =<\/span> Dog(<\/span>"\u65fa\u8d22"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ncat =<\/span> Cat(<\/span>"\u54aa\u54aa"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>dog.<\/span>name,<\/span> "\u8bf4:"<\/span>,<\/span> dog.<\/span>speak(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u65fa\u8d22 \u8bf4: \u6c6a\u6c6a！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>cat.<\/span>name,<\/span> "\u8bf4:"<\/span>,<\/span> cat.<\/span>speak(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u54aa\u54aa \u8bf4: \u55b5\u55b5！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>dog.<\/span>wag_tail(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u65fa\u8d22 \u6447\u5c3e\u5df4<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u68c0\u67e5\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>dog,<\/span> Dog)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>dog,<\/span> Animal)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>dog,<\/span> Cat)<\/span>)<\/span> # False<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>issubclass<\/span>(<\/span>Dog,<\/span> Animal)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Flyable<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> fly<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u98de\u884c\u4e2d\u2026"<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Swimmable<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> swim<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u6e38\u6cf3\u4e2d\u2026"<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Duck<\/span>(<\/span>Animal,<\/span> Flyable,<\/span> Swimmable)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> speak<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\u560e\u560e！"<\/span><\/p>\n

        duck =<\/span> Duck(<\/span>"\u5510\u8001\u9e2d"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>duck.<\/span>speak(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u560e\u560e！<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>duck.<\/span>fly(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u98de\u884c\u4e2d\u2026<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>duck.<\/span>swim(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6e38\u6cf3\u4e2d\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

        # MRO（\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u987a\u5e8f）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>Duck.<\/span>__mro__)<\/span> # \u67e5\u770b\u65b9\u6cd5\u641c\u7d22\u987a\u5e8f<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u6df7\u5165\u591a\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u65f6\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf（\u5982 Duck \u540c\u65f6\u7ee7\u627f Animal\u3001Flyable\u3001Swimmable），\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002MRO（\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u987a\u5e8f）\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u67e5\u627e\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

        20.3 super() \u4e0e\u7236\u7c7b\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：super() \u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5728 init \u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u5e38\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u9075\u5faa MRO \u987a\u5e8f，\u5728\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u4e5f\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u5de5\u4f5c：<\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Employee<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name,<\/span> salary)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>name =<\/span> name
        \n self.<\/span>salary =<\/span> salary<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> work<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u6b63\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> get_details<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Name: <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>, Salary: <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>salary}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Manager<\/span>(<\/span>Employee)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name,<\/span> salary,<\/span> department)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # \u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684 __init__<\/span>
        \n super<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>__init__(<\/span>name,<\/span> salary)<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>department =<\/span> department<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> work<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # \u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u6269\u5c55<\/span>
        \n base_result =<\/span> super<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>work(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>base_result}<\/span><\/span>，\u7ba1\u7406 <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>department}<\/span><\/span> \u90e8\u95e8"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> get_details<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>super<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>get_details(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>, Dept: <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>department}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        mgr =<\/span> Manager(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 15000<\/span>,<\/span> "\u6280\u672f\u90e8"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>mgr.<\/span>work(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Alice \u6b63\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c，\u7ba1\u7406 \u6280\u672f\u90e8 \u90e8\u95e8<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>mgr.<\/span>get_details(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # Name: Alice, Salary: 15000, Dept: \u6280\u672f\u90e8<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6，\u901a\u5e38\u5e94\u5148\u8c03\u7528 super().method()，\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u903b\u8f91\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6216\u9884\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u88ab\u9057\u6f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

        20.4 \u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5（Magic \/ Dunder Methods）<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5（\u53cc\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u5305\u56f4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5）\u8ba9\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u652f\u6301\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b Vector \u7c7b\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5：<\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Vector<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> x,<\/span> y)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>x =<\/span> x
        \n self.<\/span>y =<\/span> y<\/p>\n

        # \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __repr__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Vector(<\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>x}<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>y}<\/span><\/span>)"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __add__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> other)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> Vector(<\/span>self.<\/span>x +<\/span> other.<\/span>x,<\/span> self.<\/span>y +<\/span> other.<\/span>y)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __sub__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> other)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> Vector(<\/span>self.<\/span>x –<\/span> other.<\/span>x,<\/span> self.<\/span>y –<\/span> other.<\/span>y)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __mul__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> scalar)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6807\u91cf\u4e58\u6cd5"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> Vector(<\/span>self.<\/span>x *<\/span> scalar,<\/span> self.<\/span>y *<\/span> scalar)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __rmul__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> scalar)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u53f3\u4fa7\u4e58\u6cd5（scalar * vector）"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>__mul__(<\/span>scalar)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __neg__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> Vector(<\/span>–<\/span>self.<\/span>x,<\/span> –<\/span>self.<\/span>y)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __abs__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5411\u91cf\u7684\u6a21"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> (<\/span>self.<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> +<\/span> self.<\/span>y **<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span> **<\/span> 0.5<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __eq__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> other)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>x ==<\/span> other.<\/span>x and<\/span> self.<\/span>y ==<\/span> other.<\/span>y<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __lt__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> other)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6309\u6a21\u957f\u6bd4\u8f83"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> abs<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> <<\/span> abs<\/span>(<\/span>other)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __iter__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> iter<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>self.<\/span>x,<\/span> self.<\/span>y]<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u7528 in \u68c0\u67e5<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __contains__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> value)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> value in<\/span> (<\/span>self.<\/span>x,<\/span> self.<\/span>y)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4f7f\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u8c03\u7528<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __call__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8fd4\u56de\u5411\u91cf\u7684\u6a21"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> abs<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5c5e\u6027\u8bbf\u95ee<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __getitem__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> index)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> index ==<\/span> 0<\/span>:<\/span> return<\/span> self.<\/span>x
        \n if<\/span> index ==<\/span> 1<\/span>:<\/span> return<\/span> self.<\/span>y
        \n raise<\/span> IndexError(<\/span>"\u7d22\u5f15\u53ea\u80fd\u662f 0 \u6216 1"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __len__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> 2<\/span> # \u603b\u662f\u8fd4\u56de 2<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __enter__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u8fdb\u5165 Vector \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587: <\/span>{<\/span>self}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> self<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> __exit__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> exc_type,<\/span> exc_val,<\/span> exc_tb)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u9000\u51fa Vector \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587: <\/span>{<\/span>self}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u4f7f\u7528 —<\/span>
        \nv1 =<\/span> Vector(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nv2 =<\/span> Vector(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>v1 +<\/span> v2)<\/span> # Vector(4, 6)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1 –<\/span> v2)<\/span> # Vector(2, 2)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1 *<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span> # Vector(9, 12)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span> *<\/span> v1)<\/span> # Vector(9, 12)（__rmul__）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>–<\/span>v1)<\/span> # Vector(-3, -4)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>abs<\/span>(<\/span>v1)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5.0<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1 ==<\/span> Vector(<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1 <<\/span> Vector(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # False (5.0 > 1.414)<\/span>
        \n# \u8fed\u4ee3<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> coord in<\/span> v1:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>coord)<\/span> # 3 4<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span> in<\/span> v1)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5.0（\u53ef\u8c03\u7528）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>v1[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> v1[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 3 4<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>v1)<\/span>)<\/span> # 2<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668<\/span>
        \nwith<\/span> Vector(<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 12<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> v:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5904\u7406\u4e2d: <\/span>{<\/span>v}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# \u8fdb\u5165 Vector \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587: Vector(5, 12)<\/span>
        \n# \u5904\u7406\u4e2d: Vector(5, 12)<\/span>
        \n# \u9000\u51fa Vector \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587: Vector(5, 12)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f Python \u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u2014\u2014\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec，\u4f60\u7684\u7c7b\u5c31\u80fd\u50cf\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e00\u6837\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002repr（\u7ed9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005）\u548c str（\u7ed9\u7528\u6237）\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u9762\u8bd5\u5e38\u8003\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

        20.5 @dataclass \u6570\u636e\u7c7b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python 3.7+ \u7684 @dataclass \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 init\u3001repr\u3001eq \u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u6837\u677f\u4ee3\u7801：<\/p>\n

        from<\/span> dataclasses import<\/span> dataclass,<\/span> field
        \nfrom<\/span> typing import<\/span> List<\/p>\n

        # Python 3.7+ \u7684 dataclass \u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 __init__\u3001__repr__\u3001__eq__ \u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \n@dataclass<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Point<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n x:<\/span> float<\/span>
        \n y:<\/span> float<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u624b\u5199 __init__ \u548c __repr__！<\/span>
        \n # __eq__ \u4e5f\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> distance_to_origin<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> (<\/span>self.<\/span>x **<\/span> 2<\/span> +<\/span> self.<\/span>y **<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span> **<\/span> 0.5<\/span><\/p>\n

        p1 =<\/span> Point(<\/span>3.0<\/span>,<\/span> 4.0<\/span>)<\/span>
        \np2 =<\/span> Point(<\/span>3.0<\/span>,<\/span> 4.0<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p1)<\/span> # Point(x=3.0, y=4.0)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p1 ==<\/span> p2)<\/span> # True（\u81ea\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>p1.<\/span>distance_to_origin(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u914d\u7f6e<\/span>
        \n@dataclass<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Student<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n name:<\/span> str<\/span>
        \n age:<\/span> int<\/span>
        \n grades:<\/span> List[<\/span>float<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> field(<\/span>default_factory=<\/span>list<\/span>)<\/span> # \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4f7f\u7528 factory<\/span>
        \n active:<\/span> bool<\/span> =<\/span> True<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> average_grade<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> not<\/span> self.<\/span>grades:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> 0.0<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> sum<\/span>(<\/span>self.<\/span>grades)<\/span> \/<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>self.<\/span>grades)<\/span><\/p>\n

        student =<\/span> Student(<\/span>name=<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> age=<\/span>20<\/span>,<\/span> grades=<\/span>[<\/span>85.0<\/span>,<\/span> 92.0<\/span>,<\/span> 78.0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>student)<\/span> # Student(name='Alice', age=20, grades=[85.0, 92.0, 78.0], active=True)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>student.<\/span>average_grade(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 85.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7c7b，@dataclass \u662f\u6781\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\u3002field(default_factory=list) \u6b63\u786e\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u53ef\u53d8\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7684\u95ee\u9898，\u6bd4\u624b\u5199 init \u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        21. \u5e38\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n

        21.1 \u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u5e2e\u52a9\u68c0\u67e5\u7c7b\u578b（type\/isinstance）\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fe1\u606f（id\/dir\/help）：<\/p>\n

        # type() – \u83b7\u53d6\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>type<\/span>(<\/span>42<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # <class 'int'><\/span><\/p>\n

        # isinstance() – \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>42<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # id() – \u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>id<\/span>(<\/span>x)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u67d0\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u5730\u5740<\/span><\/p>\n

        # dir() – \u5217\u51fa\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>dir<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u5217\u8868\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/p>\n

        # help() – \u67e5\u770b\u5e2e\u52a9<\/span>
        \n# help(str) # \u5728 REPL \u4e2d<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：dir() \u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u964c\u751f\u6a21\u5757\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u6781\u5176\u6709\u7528；id() \u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9\u8c61\u6807\u8bc6（\u914d\u5408 is \u4f7f\u7528）\u3002<\/p>\n

        21.2 \u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u5185\u7f6e\u4e86\u5e38\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u51fd\u6570：abs（\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c）\u3001round（\u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165）\u3001max\/min（\u6700\u503c，\u652f\u6301 key \u53c2\u6570）\u3001sum（\u6c42\u548c）\u3001pow（\u5e42\u8fd0\u7b97）\u3001divmod（\u5546\u548c\u4f59\u6570）：<\/p>\n

        # abs() – \u7edd\u5bf9\u503c<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>abs<\/span>(<\/span>–<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5<\/span><\/p>\n

        # round() – \u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>round<\/span>(<\/span>3.14159<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3.14<\/span><\/p>\n

        # max() \/ min()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>max<\/span>(<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>min<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        # max \u7684 key \u53c2\u6570<\/span>
        \nwords =<\/span> [<\/span>"apple"<\/span>,<\/span> "kiwi"<\/span>,<\/span> "banana"<\/span>,<\/span> "pear"<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>max<\/span>(<\/span>words,<\/span> key=<\/span>len<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # banana<\/span><\/p>\n

        # sum()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sum<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 15<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sum<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 16（\u521d\u59cb\u503c 10）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # pow()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>pow<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 8<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 256<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>pow<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> 8<\/span>,<\/span> 1000<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 256（\u53d6\u6a21）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # divmod()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>divmod<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # (3, 1)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：max\/min \u7684 key \u53c2\u6570\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u2014\u2014\u6309\u957f\u5ea6\u627e\u6700\u957f\u5355\u8bcd\u3001\u6309\u4ef7\u683c\u627e\u6700\u8d35\u5546\u54c1，\u4e00\u884c\u641e\u5b9a\u3002sum \u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u503c，\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 0\u3002<\/p>\n

        21.3 \u5e8f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5e8f\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570：len（\u957f\u5ea6）\u3001sorted（\u6392\u5e8f\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5217\u8868）\u3001reversed（\u53cd\u5411）\u3001enumerate（\u679a\u4e3e）\u3001zip（\u6253\u5305）\u3001filter（\u8fc7\u6ee4）\u3001map（\u6620\u5c04）\u3001any\/all（\u903b\u8f91\u5224\u65ad）：<\/p>\n

        # len() – \u957f\u5ea6<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 5<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 3<\/span><\/p>\n

        # sorted() – \u6392\u5e8f（\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5217\u8868）<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sorted<\/span>(<\/span>nums)<\/span>)<\/span> # [1, 1, 3, 4, 5]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>sorted<\/span>(<\/span>nums,<\/span> reverse=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [5, 4, 3, 1, 1]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>nums)<\/span> # [3, 1, 4, 1, 5]（\u539f\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u53d8）<\/span><\/p>\n

        # reversed() – \u53cd\u5411\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i in<\/span> reversed<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>i)<\/span> # 3, 2, 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        # range() – \u8303\u56f4<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # enumerate() – \u679a\u4e3e<\/span>
        \nfor<\/span> i,<\/span> v in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>'a'<\/span>,<\/span> 'b'<\/span>,<\/span> 'c'<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> start=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>v}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # 1: a, 2: b, 3: c<\/span><\/p>\n

        # zip() – \u6253\u5305<\/span>
        \na =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nb =<\/span> [<\/span>'a'<\/span>,<\/span> 'b'<\/span>,<\/span> 'c'<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>zip<\/span>(<\/span>a,<\/span> b)<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # filter() – \u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>
        \nnums =<\/span> [<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>,<\/span> 6<\/span>]<\/span>
        \nevens =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>filter<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x %<\/span> 2<\/span> ==<\/span> 0<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>evens)<\/span> # [2, 4, 6]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # map() – \u6620\u5c04<\/span>
        \nsquared =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>map<\/span>(<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x**<\/span>2<\/span>,<\/span> nums)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>squared)<\/span> # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # any() \/ all()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>any<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>False<\/span>,<\/span> False<\/span>,<\/span> True<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True（\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u771f）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>all<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>True<\/span>,<\/span> True<\/span>,<\/span> False<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # False（\u5fc5\u987b\u5168\u90e8\u4e3a\u771f）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：sorted() \u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u539f\u5e8f\u5217，any() \u548c all() \u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u68c0\u67e5\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u3002filter \u548c map \u8fd4\u56de\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668（\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u8868），\u9700\u8981\u7528 list() \u8f6c\u6362\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u904d\u5386\u3002<\/p>\n

        21.4 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：print() \u7684 sep \u548c end \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5236\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f，file \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u6587\u4ef6：<\/p>\n

        # print() – \u6253\u5370<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello"<\/span>,<\/span> "World"<\/span>,<\/span> sep=<\/span>" | "<\/span>,<\/span> end=<\/span>"!!!\\\\n"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# Hello | World!!!<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \n# with open("log.txt", "w") as f:<\/span>
        \n# print("\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f", file=f)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # input() – \u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165<\/span>
        \n# name = input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u59d3\u540d: ")<\/span>
        \n# print(f"\u4f60\u597d，{name}")<\/span><\/p>\n

        # open() – \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \n# f = open("file.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：print() \u7684\u53ef\u5b9a\u5236\u6027\u8fdc\u8d85\u60f3\u8c61\u2014\u2014sep \u63a7\u5236\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3001end \u63a7\u5236\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5b57\u7b26\u3001file \u53ef\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u8f93\u51fa\u3002input() \u8bfb\u53d6\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165，\u603b\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002<\/p>\n

        21.5 \u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u5176\u4ed6\u9ad8\u9891\u51fd\u6570\u5305\u62ec：hasattr\/getattr\/setattr\/delattr（\u52a8\u6001\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c5e\u6027）\u3001callable（\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u8c03\u7528）\u3001ord\/chr（\u5b57\u7b26\u7f16\u7801\u8f6c\u6362）\u3001bin\/oct\/hex（\u8fdb\u5236\u8f6c\u6362）\u3001eval\/exec（\u52a8\u6001\u6267\u884c）：<\/p>\n

        # — \u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u5173 —<\/span>
        \n# hasattr() \/ getattr() \/ setattr() \/ delattr()<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> Person<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>name =<\/span> name<\/p>\n

        p =<\/span> Person(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>hasattr<\/span>(<\/span>p,<\/span> "name"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>getattr<\/span>(<\/span>p,<\/span> "name"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # "Alice"<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>getattr<\/span>(<\/span>p,<\/span> "age"<\/span>,<\/span> "\u672a\u77e5"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # "\u672a\u77e5"（\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c）<\/span>
        \nsetattr<\/span>(<\/span>p,<\/span> "age"<\/span>,<\/span> 25<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e p.age = 25<\/span>
        \ndelattr<\/span>(<\/span>p,<\/span> "age"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e del p.age<\/span><\/p>\n

        # callable() – \u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u8c03\u7528<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>callable<\/span>(<\/span>print<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>callable<\/span>(<\/span>"hello"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # False<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362 —<\/span>
        \n# repr() \/ ascii()<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>repr<\/span>(<\/span>"Hello\\\\nWorld"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # "Hello\\\\nWorld"（\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u8868\u793a）<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>ascii<\/span>(<\/span>"\u4f60\u597d"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # '\u4f60\u597d'<\/span><\/p>\n

        # ord() \/ chr() – \u5b57\u7b26\u4e0e Unicode \u7801\u70b9<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>ord<\/span>(<\/span>'A'<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 65<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>ord<\/span>(<\/span>'\u4e2d'<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 20013<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>chr<\/span>(<\/span>65<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # 'A'<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>chr<\/span>(<\/span>20013<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # '\u4e2d'<\/span><\/p>\n

        # bin() \/ oct() \/ hex() – \u8fdb\u5236\u8f6c\u6362<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>bin<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # '0b1010'<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>oct<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # '0o12'<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>hex<\/span>(<\/span>255<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # '0xff'<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u8fed\u4ee3\u5de5\u5177 —<\/span>
        \n# iter() \/ next()<\/span>
        \nit =<\/span> iter<\/span>(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>next<\/span>(<\/span>it)<\/span>)<\/span> # 1<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u7f16\u8bd1\/\u6267\u884c —<\/span>
        \n# compile() \/ exec() \/ eval() – \u52a8\u6001\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801（\u6ce8\u610f\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669）<\/span>
        \nresult =<\/span> eval<\/span>(<\/span>"1 + 2 * 3"<\/span>)<\/span> # 7（\u8ba1\u7b97\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f）<\/span>
        \n# exec("print('Hello from exec')") # \u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5757<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u5168\u5c40\/\u5c40\u90e8\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4 —<\/span>
        \n# globals() \/ locals() – \u8fd4\u56de\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 42<\/span>
        \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>globals<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>[<\/span>'x'<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # 42<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：getattr(obj, attr, default) \u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\u3002eval() \u6267\u884c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001exec() \u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5757，\u4f46\u9700\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u2014\u2014\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        22. \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3<\/h3>\n

        Python \u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00，\u4f46\u4ece 3.5+ \u5f00\u59cb\u652f\u6301\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3（Type Hints），\u5e2e\u52a9 IDE \u548c\u5de5\u5177\u505a\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n

        22.1 \u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u4f7f\u7528 \u53d8\u91cf: \u7c7b\u578b \u8bed\u6cd5，\u51fd\u6570\u6ce8\u89e3\u4f7f\u7528 def func(arg: Type) -> ReturnType\u3002\u6ce8\u89e3\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b，\u4f46\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9 IDE \u548c mypy \u505a\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5：<\/p>\n

        # \u53d8\u91cf\u6ce8\u89e3<\/span>
        \nname:<\/span> str<\/span> =<\/span> "Alice"<\/span>
        \nage:<\/span> int<\/span> =<\/span> 25<\/span>
        \nprice:<\/span> float<\/span> =<\/span> 3.99<\/span>
        \nis_active:<\/span> bool<\/span> =<\/span> True<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u51fd\u6570\u6ce8\u89e3<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> greet<\/span>(<\/span>name:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"Hello, <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> divide<\/span>(<\/span>a:<\/span> float<\/span>,<\/span> b:<\/span> float<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> float<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> b ==<\/span> 0<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> ValueError(<\/span>"\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> a \/<\/span> b<\/p>\n

        # \u53c2\u6570\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> repeat<\/span>(<\/span>text:<\/span> str<\/span>,<\/span> times:<\/span> int<\/span> =<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> text *<\/span> times<\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684，\u4f46\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u7ed3\u5408 VS Code \/ PyCharm，\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u8865\u5168\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

        22.2 \u590d\u6742\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 typing \u6a21\u5757（\u6216 Python 3.10+ \u65b0\u8bed\u6cd5）\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ce8\u89e3\u5bb9\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u53ef\u9009\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u8054\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u573a\u666f：<\/p>\n

        from<\/span> typing import<\/span> (<\/span>
        \n List,<\/span> Dict,<\/span> Set,<\/span> Tuple,<\/span> Optional,<\/span> Union,<\/span>
        \n Callable,<\/span> Any,<\/span> Sequence,<\/span> Iterable,<\/span> Literal,<\/span> TypedDict
        \n)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5bb9\u5668\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> process_numbers<\/span>(<\/span>nums:<\/span> List[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> Dict[<\/span>int<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> {<\/span>n:<\/span> n **<\/span> 2<\/span> for<\/span> n in<\/span> nums}<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> matrix_multiply<\/span>(<\/span>a:<\/span> List[<\/span>List[<\/span>float<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> b:<\/span> List[<\/span>List[<\/span>float<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> List[<\/span>List[<\/span>float<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # …<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5143\u7ec4（\u56fa\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6）<\/span>
        \npoint:<\/span> Tuple[<\/span>float<\/span>,<\/span> float<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>3.0<\/span>,<\/span> 4.0<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nrecord:<\/span> Tuple[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>,<\/span> bool<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> (<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 25<\/span>,<\/span> True<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # Optional: \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u67d0\u7c7b\u578b\u6216 None<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> find_user<\/span>(<\/span>user_id:<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> Optional[<\/span>Dict[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> Any]<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # \u53ef\u80fd\u8fd4\u56de None<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # Union: \u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00（Python 3.10+ \u53ef\u7528 X | Y）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> parse_value<\/span>(<\/span>value:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> Union[<\/span>int<\/span>,<\/span> float<\/span>,<\/span> str<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> int<\/span>(<\/span>value)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> ValueError:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> float<\/span>(<\/span>value)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> ValueError:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> value<\/p>\n

        # Python 3.10+ \u65b0\u8bed\u6cd5（\u63a8\u8350）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> parse_value_v2<\/span>(<\/span>value:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> int<\/span> |<\/span> float<\/span> |<\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # Optional \u7684\u65b0\u5199\u6cd5（Python 3.10+）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> maybe_get_name<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span> |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # Callable: \u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> apply<\/span>(<\/span>func:<\/span> Callable[<\/span>[<\/span>int<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> int<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> a:<\/span> int<\/span>,<\/span> b:<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> int<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> func(<\/span>a,<\/span> b)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # Any: \u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b（\u7981\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> flexible<\/span>(<\/span>data:<\/span> Any)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> Any:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> data<\/p>\n

        # Literal: \u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> set_mode<\/span>(<\/span>mode:<\/span> Literal[<\/span>"read"<\/span>,<\/span> "write"<\/span>,<\/span> "append"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        set_mode(<\/span>"read"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705<\/span>
        \n# set_mode("delete") # \u274c \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519<\/span><\/p>\n

        # TypedDict: \u5e26\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b57\u5178<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> User<\/span>(<\/span>TypedDict)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n name:<\/span> str<\/span>
        \n age:<\/span> int<\/span>
        \n email:<\/span> str<\/span> |<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> create_user<\/span>(<\/span>data:<\/span> User)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>data[<\/span>"name"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：Python 3.10+ \u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 int | None \u66ff\u4ee3 Optional[int]，int | str \u66ff\u4ee3 Union[int, str]\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u76f4\u89c2\u3002Literal \u9650\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u503c，\u8ba9\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n

        22.3 \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6cdb\u578b<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528 TypeVar \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf，\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cdb\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u63a8\u65ad\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b：<\/p>\n

        from<\/span> typing import<\/span> TypeVar,<\/span> Generic<\/p>\n

        T =<\/span> TypeVar(<\/span>'T'<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> first<\/span>(<\/span>items:<\/span> List[<\/span>T]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> T |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20，\u4fdd\u6301\u7c7b\u578b"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> items[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> if<\/span> items else<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

        a:<\/span> int<\/span> =<\/span> first(<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de int<\/span>
        \nb:<\/span> str<\/span> =<\/span> first(<\/span>[<\/span>"a"<\/span>,<\/span> "b"<\/span>,<\/span> "c"<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u77e5\u9053\u8fd4\u56de str<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b<\/span>
        \nK =<\/span> TypeVar(<\/span>'K'<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nV =<\/span> TypeVar(<\/span>'V'<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> Stack<\/span>(<\/span>Generic[<\/span>T]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>_items:<\/span> List[<\/span>T]<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> push<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> item:<\/span> T)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>_items.<\/span>append(<\/span>item)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> pop<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> T |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>_items.<\/span>pop(<\/span>)<\/span> if<\/span> self.<\/span>_items else<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

        int_stack =<\/span> Stack[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nint_stack.<\/span>push(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
        \nint_stack.<\/span>push(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n# int_stack.push("hello") # \u274c \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u6cdb\u578b\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u53ef\u590d\u7528\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u7c7b（\u5982 Stack\u3001Queue）\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u4fdd\u6301\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168，\u53c8\u4e0d\u5931\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        23. \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u5305\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n

        23.1 venv \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883<\/h4>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883<\/span>
        \npython -m<\/span> venv myenv<\/p>\n

        # \u6fc0\u6d3b\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883<\/span>
        \n# Windows:<\/span>
        \nmyenv\\\\<\/span>Scripts\\\\<\/span>activate
        \n# macOS\/Linux:<\/span>
        \n# source myenv\/bin\/activate<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u9000\u51fa\u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883<\/span>
        \ndeactivate<\/p>\n

        23.2 pip \u5305\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n

        # \u5b89\u88c5\u5305<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> requests
        \npip install<\/span> pandas<\/span>==<\/span>2.0<\/span>.3 # \u5b89\u88c5\u7279\u5b9a\u7248\u672c<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> "django>=4.0,<5.0"<\/span> # \u7248\u672c\u8303\u56f4<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5347\u7ea7\u5305<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> –upgrade<\/span> requests<\/p>\n

        # \u5378\u8f7d\u5305<\/span>
        \npip uninstall requests<\/p>\n

        # \u5217\u51fa\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u5305<\/span>
        \npip list
        \npip list –outdated<\/span> # \u5217\u51fa\u53ef\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u5305<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u663e\u793a\u5305\u8be6\u60c5<\/span>
        \npip show requests<\/p>\n

        # \u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406<\/span>
        \npip freeze ><\/span> requirements.txt # \u5bfc\u51fa\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> -r<\/span> requirements.txt # \u5b89\u88c5\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u641c\u7d22\u5305<\/span>
        \n# pip search <keyword> # \u5df2\u5728 PyPI \u7f51\u7ad9\u641c\u7d22<\/span><\/p>\n

        23.3 requirements.txt \u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n

        # requirements.txt
        \nrequests>=2.28,<3.0
        \nnumpy==1.24.3
        \npandas>=2.0
        \nflask>=2.3
        \npython-dotenv>=1.0
        \nblack>=23.0 # \u4ee3\u7801\u683c\u5f0f\u5316
        \npylint>=2.17 # \u4ee3\u7801\u68c0\u67e5
        \npytest>=7.4 # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n

        \n

        24. \u7f16\u7801\u89c4\u8303（PEP 8）<\/h3>\n

        24.1 \u7f29\u8fdb\u4e0e\u7a7a\u767d<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：PEP 8 \u89c4\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528 4 \u7a7a\u683c\u7f29\u8fdb\u3001\u6bcf\u884c\u6700\u591a 79 \u5b57\u7b26\u3001\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e24\u4fa7\u52a0\u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7a7a\u4e24\u884c：<\/p>\n

        # \u2705 \u4f7f\u7528 4 \u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c\u7f29\u8fdb（\u4e0d\u8981\u7528 Tab）<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> my_function<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> condition:<\/span>
        \n do_something(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u274c \u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u7528 Tab \u548c\u7a7a\u683c<\/span>
        \n# \u274c \u4e0d\u8981\u7528 2 \u4e2a\u6216 8 \u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6bcf\u884c\u6700\u591a 79 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26（\u6587\u6863\/\u6ce8\u91ca 72）<\/span>
        \n# \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4e24\u8fb9\u5404\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u683c<\/span>
        \nx =<\/span> 1<\/span> +<\/span> 2<\/span>
        \ny =<\/span> x *<\/span> 3<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u51fd\u6570\u548c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7a7a\u4e24\u884c<\/span>
        \n# \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7a7a\u4e00\u884c<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u9075\u5faa PEP 8 \u8ba9\u4f60\u548c\u56e2\u961f\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u98ce\u683c\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 black \u5de5\u5177\u81ea\u52a8\u683c\u5f0f\u5316，\u7701\u53bb\u624b\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n

        24.2 \u547d\u540d\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：Python \u793e\u533a\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7ea6\u5b9a：\u51fd\u6570\/\u53d8\u91cf\u7528 snake_case，\u7c7b\u7528 PascalCase，\u5e38\u91cf\u5168\u5927\u5199，\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u524d\u7f00\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf：<\/p>\n

        # \u5305\/\u6a21\u5757: \u7b80\u77ed\u5c0f\u5199，\u53ef\u7528\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
        \n# my_package, utils<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u51fd\u6570\/\u65b9\u6cd5\/\u53d8\u91cf: \u5c0f\u5199 + \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> calculate_average<\/span>(<\/span>numbers)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n total_sum =<\/span> 0<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> total_sum \/<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>numbers)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7c7b: \u5927\u9a7c\u5cf0<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> ShoppingCart<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5f02\u5e38: \u7c7b\u540d + Error<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> ValidationError<\/span>(<\/span>Exception)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u5e38\u91cf: \u5168\u5927\u5199 + \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
        \nMAX_CONNECTIONS =<\/span> 100<\/span>
        \nDEFAULT_TIMEOUT =<\/span> 30<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\/\u65b9\u6cd5: \u524d\u7f00\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
        \nclass<\/span> MyClass<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>_internal_data =<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> _private_method<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u907f\u514d\u540d\u79f0\u6539\u5199: \u540e\u7f00\u5355\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
        \n# class_（class \u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57）<\/span>
        \n# list_（list \u662f\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570）<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u547d\u540d\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u610f\u56fe\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u2014\u2014MAX_SIZE \u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u662f\u5e38\u91cf，_internal \u8868\u793a\u5185\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528，ValidationError \u4e00\u770b\u5c31\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

        24.3 \u5bfc\u5165\u987a\u5e8f<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：import \u8bed\u53e5\u5e94\u6309\u6807\u51c6\u5e93 -> \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93 -> \u672c\u5730\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217，\u6bcf\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7a7a\u4e00\u884c：<\/p>\n

        # 1. \u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> os
        \nimport<\/span> sys<\/p>\n

        # 2. \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93<\/span>
        \nimport<\/span> numpy as<\/span> np
        \nimport<\/span> requests<\/p>\n

        # 3. \u672c\u5730\u6a21\u5757<\/span>
        \nfrom<\/span> .<\/span>utils import<\/span> helper
        \nfrom<\/span> mypackage.<\/span>core import<\/span> core_func<\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：isort \u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u6309\u6b64\u89c4\u5219\u6392\u5e8f import \u8bed\u53e5，\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u3002<\/p>\n

        24.4 \u6ce8\u91ca\u4e0e\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u597d\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7528\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7，\u63a8\u8350 Google \u98ce\u683c\u6216 NumPy \u98ce\u683c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f：<\/p>\n

        # \u5355\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca：\u8bf4\u660e\u4ee3\u7801\u610f\u56fe（\u4e0d\u8bf4\u660e\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48，\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a）<\/span>
        \n# \u590d\u6742\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f: \u5339\u914d Email \u5730\u5740 (RFC 5322)<\/span>
        \nemail_pattern =<\/span> r'…'<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32: \u4e09\u5f15\u53f7<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> fetch_data<\/span>(<\/span>url:<\/span> str<\/span>,<\/span> timeout:<\/span> int<\/span> =<\/span> 10<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> dict<\/span> |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """
        \n \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a URL \u83b7\u53d6 JSON \u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

        Args:
        \n url: API \u5730\u5740
        \n timeout: \u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4（\u79d2）<\/p>\n

        Returns:
        \n \u6210\u529f\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u89e3\u6790\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u5178，\u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de None<\/p>\n

        Raises:
        \n ValueError: URL \u683c\u5f0f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e
        \n requests.RequestException: \u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42\u5931\u8d25
        \n """<\/span>
        \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：Args:\u3001Returns:\u3001Raises: \u662f\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5b57\u6bb5，IDE \u548c\u6587\u6863\u751f\u6210\u5de5\u5177（\u5982 Sphinx）\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u6f02\u4eae\u7684 API \u6587\u6863\u3002<\/p>\n

        24.5 \u4ee3\u7801\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5de5\u5177<\/h4>\n

        # Black: \u81ea\u52a8\u4ee3\u7801\u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> black
        \nblack my_script.py<\/p>\n

        # isort: \u81ea\u52a8\u6392\u5e8f import \u8bed\u53e5<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> isort
        \nisort my_script.py<\/p>\n

        # Flake8 \/ Pylint: \u4ee3\u7801\u8d28\u91cf\u68c0\u67e5<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> flake8 pylint
        \nflake8 my_script.py
        \npylint my_script.py<\/p>\n

        # mypy: \u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/span>
        \npip install<\/span> mypy
        \nmypy my_script.py<\/p>\n

        \n

        25. \u7efc\u5408\u7ec3\u4e60<\/h3>\n

        \u7ec3\u4e60 1：\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u7efc\u5408\u8fd0\u7528\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u3001\u6392\u5e8f\u7b49\u77e5\u8bc6，\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5305\u542b\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u8bb0\u5f55\u6210\u7ee9\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u3001\u6392\u540d\u548c\u751f\u6210\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u529f\u80fd：<\/p>\n

        """
        \n\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf
        \n\u529f\u80fd:
        \n1. \u6dfb\u52a0\u5b66\u751f\u53ca\u5176\u6210\u7ee9
        \n2. \u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u5206
        \n3. \u67e5\u627e\u6700\u9ad8\u5206\u5b66\u751f
        \n4. \u6309\u6210\u7ee9\u6392\u5e8f
        \n"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        class<\/span> StudentGradeManager<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>students:<\/span> dict<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> list<\/span>[<\/span>float<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> add_student<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b66\u751f"""<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> name not<\/span> in<\/span> self.<\/span>students:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>students[<\/span>name]<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5df2\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b66\u751f: <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5b66\u751f <\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u5df2\u5b58\u5728"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> add_grade<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name:<\/span> str<\/span>,<\/span> grade:<\/span> float<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6dfb\u52a0\u6210\u7ee9"""<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> 0<\/span> <=<\/span> grade <=<\/span> 100<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>students.<\/span>setdefault(<\/span>name,<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n self.<\/span>students[<\/span>name]<\/span>.<\/span>append(<\/span>grade)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span> \u7684\u6210\u7ee9 <\/span>{<\/span>grade}<\/span><\/span> \u5df2\u8bb0\u5f55"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> ValueError(<\/span>"\u6210\u7ee9\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 0-100 \u4e4b\u95f4"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> get_average<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> name:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> float<\/span> |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u83b7\u53d6\u5b66\u751f\u5e73\u5747\u5206"""<\/span>
        \n grades =<\/span> self.<\/span>students.<\/span>get(<\/span>name)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> sum<\/span>(<\/span>grades)<\/span> \/<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>grades)<\/span> if<\/span> grades else<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> get_overall_average<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> float<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u83b7\u53d6\u5168\u73ed\u5e73\u5747\u5206"""<\/span>
        \n all_grades =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n grade
        \n for<\/span> grades in<\/span> self.<\/span>students.<\/span>values(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> grade in<\/span> grades
        \n ]<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> sum<\/span>(<\/span>all_grades)<\/span> \/<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>all_grades)<\/span> if<\/span> all_grades else<\/span> 0.0<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> top_student<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> tuple<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> float<\/span>]<\/span> |<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u83b7\u53d6\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b66\u751f"""<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> not<\/span> self.<\/span>students:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> None<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> max<\/span>(<\/span>
        \n (<\/span>(<\/span>name,<\/span> self.<\/span>get_average(<\/span>name)<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> name in<\/span> self.<\/span>students)<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n key=<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>
        \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> rank_students<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> list<\/span>[<\/span>tuple<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> float<\/span>]<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6309\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u4ece\u9ad8\u5230\u4f4e\u6392\u540d"""<\/span>
        \n ranked =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n (<\/span>name,<\/span> self.<\/span>get_average(<\/span>name)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> name in<\/span> self.<\/span>students
        \n ]<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> sorted<\/span>(<\/span>ranked,<\/span> key=<\/span>lambda<\/span> x:<\/span> x[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> reverse=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> report<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u751f\u6210\u6210\u7ee9\u62a5\u544a"""<\/span>
        \n lines =<\/span> [<\/span>"="<\/span> *<\/span> 40<\/span>,<\/span> "\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u62a5\u544a"<\/span>,<\/span> "="<\/span> *<\/span> 40<\/span>]<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> name in<\/span> self.<\/span>students:<\/span>
        \n avg =<\/span> self.<\/span>get_average(<\/span>name)<\/span>
        \n grades =<\/span> self.<\/span>students[<\/span>name]<\/span>
        \n lines.<\/span>append(<\/span>
        \n f"<\/span>{<\/span>name}<\/span><\/span>: \u6210\u7ee9 <\/span>{<\/span>grades}<\/span><\/span>, \u5e73\u5747\u5206 <\/span>{<\/span>avg:<\/span>.1f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>
        \n )<\/span>
        \n lines.<\/span>append(<\/span>"-"<\/span> *<\/span> 40<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n lines.<\/span>append(<\/span>f"\u5168\u73ed\u5e73\u5747\u5206: <\/span>{<\/span>self.<\/span>get_overall_average(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>.1f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n top =<\/span> self.<\/span>top_student(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> top:<\/span>
        \n lines.<\/span>append(<\/span>f"\u6700\u9ad8\u5206\u5b66\u751f: <\/span>{<\/span>top[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> (<\/span>{<\/span>top[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>.1f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>)"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> "\\\\n"<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>lines)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # — \u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b —<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n mgr =<\/span> StudentGradeManager(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6dfb\u52a0\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u6210\u7ee9<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_student(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_student(<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_student(<\/span>"Charlie"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 85<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Alice"<\/span>,<\/span> 92<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> 78<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Bob"<\/span>,<\/span> 83<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Charlie"<\/span>,<\/span> 95<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n mgr.<\/span>add_grade(<\/span>"Charlie"<\/span>,<\/span> 88<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6253\u5370\u62a5\u544a<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>mgr.<\/span>report(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\\\\n\u6392\u540d: <\/span>{<\/span>mgr.<\/span>rank_students(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec3\u4e60\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86 Python \u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u2014\u2014\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u3001\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad\u7b49\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5148\u7406\u89e3\u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u6784，\u518d\u52a8\u624b\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u904d\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7ec3\u4e60 2：\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7ec3\u4e60 \u2014 \u5b9e\u73b0 API \u9650\u6d41<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6218\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7ec3\u4e60\u2014\u2014\u5b9e\u73b0 API \u8c03\u7528\u9891\u7387\u9650\u5236（Rate Limiting）\u3002\u5229\u7528\u95ed\u5305\u4fdd\u5b58\u8c03\u7528\u5386\u53f2，\u5728\u8d85\u9650\u65f6\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38：<\/p>\n

        import<\/span> time
        \nfrom<\/span> functools import<\/span> wraps
        \nfrom<\/span> collections import<\/span> defaultdict<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> rate_limit<\/span>(<\/span>max_calls:<\/span> int<\/span>,<\/span> period:<\/span> float<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """
        \n \u9650\u6d41\u88c5\u9970\u5668：\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u5185\u9650\u5236\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u6b21\u6570<\/p>\n

        Args:
        \n max_calls: \u6700\u5927\u8c03\u7528\u6b21\u6570
        \n period: \u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f（\u79d2）
        \n """<\/span>
        \n calls =<\/span> defaultdict(<\/span>list<\/span>)<\/span> # {\u51fd\u6570\u540d: [\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u5217\u8868]}<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> decorator<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n @wraps<\/span>(<\/span>func)<\/span>
        \n def<\/span> wrapper<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n now =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n func_name =<\/span> func.<\/span>__name__<\/p>\n

        # \u6e05\u7406\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8bb0\u5f55<\/span>
        \n calls[<\/span>func_name]<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n t for<\/span> t in<\/span> calls[<\/span>func_name]<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> now –<\/span> t <<\/span> period
        \n ]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u8d85\u51fa\u9650\u5236<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>calls[<\/span>func_name]<\/span>)<\/span> >=<\/span> max_calls:<\/span>
        \n wait_time =<\/span> period –<\/span> (<\/span>now –<\/span> calls[<\/span>func_name]<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n raise<\/span> RuntimeError(<\/span>
        \n f"API \u9650\u6d41：\u5728 <\/span>{<\/span>period}<\/span><\/span> \u79d2\u5185\u6700\u591a\u8c03\u7528 <\/span>{<\/span>max_calls}<\/span><\/span> \u6b21\u3002"<\/span><\/span>
        \n f"\u8bf7\u7b49\u5f85 <\/span>{<\/span>wait_time:<\/span>.1f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> \u79d2\u3002"<\/span><\/span>
        \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u8bb0\u5f55\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>
        \n calls[<\/span>func_name]<\/span>.<\/span>append(<\/span>now)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> func(<\/span>*<\/span>args,<\/span> **<\/span>kwargs)<\/span><\/p>\n

        return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n

        return<\/span> decorator<\/p>\n

        # — \u4f7f\u7528 —<\/span>
        \n@rate_limit<\/span>(<\/span>max_calls=<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> period=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> api_call<\/span>(<\/span>endpoint:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6a21\u62df API \u8c03\u7528"""<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> f"API \u54cd\u5e94: <\/span>{<\/span>endpoint}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> api_call(<\/span>f"\/users\/<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> RuntimeError as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u9519\u8bef: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>0.5<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9650\u6d41\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9（\u9650\u6d41）\u4ece\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91（API \u8c03\u7528）\u4e2d\u5e72\u51c0\u5730\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50，\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7ec3\u4e60 3：\u751f\u6210\u5668\u7ec3\u4e60 \u2014 \u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u6790<\/h4>\n

        💡 \u4ee3\u7801\u8bf4\u660e：\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u6210\u5668\u548c\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f，\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u6790\u5668\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 yield \u9010\u884c\u4ea7\u51fa\u89e3\u6790\u7ed3\u679c，\u518d\u7528\u7ba1\u9053\u5f0f\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1：<\/p>\n

        """
        \n\u89e3\u6790\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u63d0\u53d6\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u636e
        \n"""<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> parse_log_file<\/span>(<\/span>filepath:<\/span> str<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """
        \n \u9010\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6，\u89e3\u6790\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n

        \u65e5\u5fd7\u683c\u5f0f: [2026-07-21 14:30:00] [INFO] User Alice logged in
        \n """<\/span>
        \n import<\/span> re<\/p>\n

        # \u65e5\u5fd7\u884c\u6b63\u5219<\/span>
        \n pattern =<\/span> re.<\/span>compile<\/span>(<\/span>
        \n r'\\\\[(?P<timestamp>[^\\\\]]+)\\\\]\\\\s+'<\/span>
        \n r'\\\\[(?P<level>[A-Z]+)\\\\]\\\\s+'<\/span>
        \n r'(?P<message>.+)'<\/span>
        \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

        with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>filepath,<\/span> 'r'<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>'utf-8'<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> line_num,<\/span> line in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>f,<\/span> start=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n line =<\/span> line.<\/span>strip(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> not<\/span> line:<\/span>
        \n continue<\/span>
        \n match<\/span> =<\/span> pattern.<\/span>match<\/span>(<\/span>line)<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> match<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> {<\/span>
        \n 'line'<\/span>:<\/span> line_num,<\/span>
        \n 'timestamp'<\/span>:<\/span> match<\/span>.<\/span>group(<\/span>'timestamp'<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n 'level'<\/span>:<\/span> match<\/span>.<\/span>group(<\/span>'level'<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n 'message'<\/span>:<\/span> match<\/span>.<\/span>group(<\/span>'message'<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n }<\/span>
        \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> {<\/span>
        \n 'line'<\/span>:<\/span> line_num,<\/span>
        \n 'raw'<\/span>:<\/span> line,<\/span>
        \n 'error'<\/span>:<\/span> '\u89e3\u6790\u5931\u8d25'<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n }<\/span><\/p>\n

        def<\/span> filter_errors<\/span>(<\/span>records)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa ERROR \u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55"""<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> record in<\/span> records:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> record.<\/span>get(<\/span>'level'<\/span>)<\/span> ==<\/span> 'ERROR'<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n yield<\/span> record<\/p>\n

        def<\/span> count_by_level<\/span>(<\/span>records)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u6309\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ea7\u522b\u7edf\u8ba1"""<\/span>
        \n from<\/span> collections import<\/span> Counter
        \n return<\/span> Counter(<\/span>record.<\/span>get(<\/span>'level'<\/span>,<\/span> 'PARSE_ERROR'<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> record in<\/span> records)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
        \ndef<\/span> create_test_log<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n log_content =<\/span> """[2026-07-21 10:00:00] [INFO] Application started
        \n[2026-07-21 10:00:05] [DEBUG] Loading config file
        \n[2026-07-21 10:00:10] [INFO] Server listening on port 8080
        \n[2026-07-21 10:01:00] [WARNING] Memory usage exceeds 80%
        \n[2026-07-21 10:02:00] [ERROR] Connection timeout: database
        \n[2026-07-21 10:02:30] [ERROR] Failed to send email notification
        \n[2026-07-21 10:03:00] [INFO] Retry successful
        \n[2026-07-21 10:05:00] [INFO] Application shutdown
        \nmalformed line without proper format
        \n"""<\/span>
        \n with<\/span> open<\/span>(<\/span>"test_log.txt"<\/span>,<\/span> "w"<\/span>,<\/span> encoding=<\/span>"utf-8"<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> f:<\/span>
        \n f.<\/span>write(<\/span>log_content)<\/span><\/p>\n

        if<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n create_test_log(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u89e3\u6790\u65e5\u5fd7<\/span>
        \n records =<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>parse_log_file(<\/span>"test_log.txt"<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7edf\u8ba1<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"=== \u65e5\u5fd7\u7edf\u8ba1 ==="<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n counter =<\/span> count_by_level(<\/span>records)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> level,<\/span> count in<\/span> counter.<\/span>items(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f" <\/span>{<\/span>level}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>count}<\/span><\/span> \u6761"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u663e\u793a\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"\\\\n=== \u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7 ==="<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> error in<\/span> filter_errors(<\/span>records)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f" \u884c <\/span>{<\/span>error[<\/span>'line'<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>{<\/span>error[<\/span>'message'<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        🔑 \u8981\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3：\u751f\u6210\u5668\u7ba1\u9053\u6a21\u5f0f（parse -> filter -> analyze）\u5728\u5904\u7406\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u53ea\u88ab\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u6b21，\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u5f0f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5404\u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u73af\u8282，\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5360\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n

        \u9644\u5f55 A：Python \u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u7ea7<\/h3>\n

        BaseException
        \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 SystemExit
        \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 KeyboardInterrupt
        \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 GeneratorExit
        \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Exception
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 StopIteration
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 StopAsyncIteration
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ArithmeticError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FloatingPointError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 OverflowError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ZeroDivisionError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 AssertionError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 AttributeError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 BufferError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 EOFError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ImportError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ModuleNotFoundError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 LookupError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 IndexError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 KeyError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 MemoryError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 NameError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 UnboundLocalError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 OSError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 BlockingIOError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ChildProcessError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ConnectionError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FileExistsError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FileNotFoundError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 InterruptedError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 IsADirectoryError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 NotADirectoryError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 PermissionError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ProcessLookupError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 TimeoutError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ReferenceError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 RuntimeError
        \n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 NotImplementedError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 RecursionError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 SyntaxError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 IndentationError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 TabError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 SystemError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 TypeError
        \n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ValueError
        \n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 UnicodeError
        \n \u2514\u2500\u2500 Warning<\/p>\n

        \u9644\u5f55 B：\u63a8\u8350\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90<\/h3>\n

        \u5728\u7ebf\u8d44\u6e90<\/h4>\n\n\u8d44\u6e90\u8bf4\u660e\u94fe\u63a5<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Python \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863<\/td>\n\u6743\u5a01\u53c2\u8003，\u4e2d\u6587\u7248<\/td>\ndocs.python.org\/zh-cn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b<\/td>\n\u4e2d\u6587\u5165\u95e8\u6559\u7a0b<\/td>\nrunoob.com\/python3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Real Python<\/td>\n\u82f1\u6587\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u6559\u7a0b<\/td>\nrealpython.com<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        LeetCode<\/td>\n\u7f16\u7a0b\u7ec3\u4e60<\/td>\nleetcode.cn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        PyPI<\/td>\nPython \u5305\u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\npypi.org<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u63a8\u8350\u4e66\u7c4d<\/h4>\n
          \n
        • \u300aPython \u7f16\u7a0b：\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b – Eric Matthes（\u5165\u95e8\u9996\u9009）<\/li>\n
        • \u300a\u6d41\u7545\u7684 Python\u300b – Luciano Ramalho（\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3 Python）<\/li>\n
        • \u300aPython Cookbook\u300b – David Beazley（\u5b9e\u6218\u6280\u5de7）<\/li>\n
        • \u300aEffective Python\u300b – Brett Slatkin（\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n

          📝 \u5b66\u4e60\u5efa\u8bae<\/p>\n

        • \u52a8\u624b\u5b9e\u8df5：\u6bcf\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5，\u7acb\u5373\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/li>\n
        • \u9605\u8bfb\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f：Python \u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u5f88\u53cb\u597d，\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb<\/li>\n
        • \u5584\u7528 REPL：\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5c0f\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5de5\u5177<\/li>\n
        • \u9605\u8bfb\u4f18\u79c0\u4ee3\u7801：\u5728 GitHub \u4e0a\u627e\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684 Python \u9879\u76ee\u5b66\u4e60<\/li>\n
        • \u505a\u9879\u76ee\u9a71\u52a8：\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5c0f\u9879\u76ee，\u8fb9\u505a\u8fb9\u5b66<\/li>\n
          \n

          \u672c\u6559\u7a0b\u7531 AI \u8f85\u52a9\u751f\u6210，\u5185\u5bb9\u8986\u76d6 Python 3.8+ \u6838\u5fc3\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u6709\u758f\u6f0f，\u6b22\u8fce\u6307\u6b63！<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          🐍 Python \u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u7bc7\u5c31\u591f\u4e86 \u9002\u7528\u7248\u672c: Python 3.8 \u76ee\u6807\u8bfb\u8005: \u521d\u5b66\u8005\u53ca\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u60f3\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u4e60\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005 \u6700\u540e\u66f4\u65b0: 2026-07-21 \u76ee\u5f55
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