{"id":82514,"date":"2026-07-25T10:09:32","date_gmt":"2026-07-25T02:09:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/82514.html"},"modified":"2026-07-25T10:09:32","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T02:09:32","slug":"%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8%e5%bc%82%e5%b8%b8%e6%80%8e%e4%b9%88%e8%a7%a3%e5%86%b3%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%80%e7%af%87%e5%91%8a%e8%af%89%e4%bd%a0%e8%a7%a3%e5%86%b3%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/82514.html","title":{"rendered":"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5f02\u5e38\u600e\u4e48\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5e38\u89c1\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5f02\u5e38\u6307\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u56e0\u8f6f\u786c\u4ef6\u6545\u969c\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u653b\u51fb\u7b49\u539f\u56e0&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7c7b\u578b\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>500 Internal Server Error&#xff1a;\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5185\u90e8\u9519\u8bef&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u4ee3\u7801\u7f3a\u9677\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u8db3\u5f15\u53d1<\/li>\n<li>502 Bad Gateway&#xff1a;\u7f51\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4ece\u4e0a\u6e38\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230\u65e0\u6548\u54cd\u5e94<\/li>\n<li>503 Service Unavailable&#xff1a;\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6682\u65f6\u8fc7\u8f7d\u6216\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e2d<\/li>\n<li>504 Gateway Timeout&#xff1a;\u7f51\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u672a\u53ca\u65f6\u6536\u5230\u4e0a\u6e38\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u54cd\u5e94<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u786c\u4ef6\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u68c0\u67e5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u786c\u4ef6\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u6392\u67e5\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7SSH\u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u540e\u6267\u884cdmesg\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u6838\u65e5\u5fd7&#xff0c;\u786c\u4ef6\u9519\u8bef\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8I\/O\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u6545\u969c\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4f7f\u7528smartctl -a \/dev\/sda\u68c0\u6d4b\u786c\u76d8\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u5173\u6ce8Reallocated_Sector_Ct\u548cPending_Sector\u7b49\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u5b58\u68c0\u6d4b\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528memtester\u5de5\u5177\u8fd0\u884c24\u5c0f\u65f6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002CPU\u8fc7\u70ed\u95ee\u9898\u901a\u8fc7lm-sensors\u5305\u76d1\u6d4b\u6e29\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u6267\u884csensors\u547d\u4ee4\u663e\u793a\u5b9e\u65f6\u6e29\u5ea6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u6545\u969c\u901a\u8fc7ethtool\u68c0\u67e5\u94fe\u8def\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u4e22\u5305\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n<p>\u8d44\u6e90\u8017\u5c3d\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f7f\u7528top\u6216htop\u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u770bCPU\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u60c5\u51b5&#xff0c;free -m\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u8be6\u60c5\u3002df -h\u68c0\u67e5\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;iostat -x 1\u76d1\u63a7\u78c1\u76d8I\/O\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u7f6evmstat 1\u6301\u7eed\u8f93\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8si\/so&#xff08;\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u6d3b\u52a8&#xff09;\u3001us\/sy&#xff08;CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b&#xff09;\u7b49\u6307\u6807\u3002\u914d\u7f6e\/proc\/sys\/vm\/panic_on_oom\u53c2\u6570\u63a7\u5236\u5185\u5b58\u8017\u5c3d\u65f6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a&#xff0c;\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a1\u7acb\u5373\u89e6\u53d1\u5185\u6838panic\u907f\u514d\u7cfb\u7edf\u50f5\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u65e5\u5fd7\u6df1\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f4d\u4e8e\/var\/log\/\u76ee\u5f55&#xff0c;\u5176\u4e2dmessages\u548csyslog\u5305\u542b\u6838\u5fc3\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\u4f7f\u7528journalctl -xe\u67e5\u770bsystemd\u65e5\u5fd7&#xff0c;\u6dfb\u52a0-p err\u7b5b\u9009\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u3002Web\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u65e5\u5fd7\u5982Nginx\u7684error_log\u8bb0\u5f55HTTP\u9519\u8bef\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u94fe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>grep -i &#034;error\\\\|fail\\\\|critical&#034; \/var\/log\/*\u5feb\u901f\u7b5b\u9009\u5173\u952e\u9519\u8bef<\/li>\n<li>awk &#039;$9 ~ \/500|502|503\/ {print $7,$9}&#039; access.log\u7edf\u8ba1\u7279\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7801\u8bf7\u6c42<\/li>\n<li>goaccess\u5de5\u5177\u751f\u6210\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u8bbf\u95ee\u62a5\u544a<\/li>\n<li>ELK Stack\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e5\u5fd7\u96c6\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u5206\u6790<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u6280\u5de7<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528systemctl status servicename\u68c0\u67e5\u670d\u52a1\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;journalctl -u servicename\u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002\u5173\u952e\u547d\u4ee4\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>systemctl restart servicename  # \u91cd\u542f\u670d\u52a1<br \/>\nsystemctl daemon-reload        # \u91cd\u8f7d\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6<br \/>\nsystemctl mask servicename     # \u7981\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u81ea\u542f<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff0c;strace -p pid\u9644\u52a0\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;gdb -p pid\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002\u914d\u7f6ecoredumpctl\u6355\u83b7\u6838\u5fc3\u8f6c\u50a8&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7bt full\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u5b8c\u6574\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u8bca\u65ad\u6d41\u7a0b<\/h4>\n<p>\u7f51\u7edc\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u8bf1\u56e0\u3002ss -tulnp\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3&#xff0c;netstat -s\u7edf\u8ba1\u7f51\u7edc\u6808\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f7f\u7528mtr\u66ff\u4ee3traceroute\u8fdb\u884c\u6301\u7eed\u8def\u7531\u8ddf\u8e2a&#xff0c;tcpdump -i eth0 port 80\u6293\u5305\u5206\u6790HTTP\u6d41\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u68c0\u67e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>iptables -L -n -v  # \u67e5\u770b\u89c4\u5219\u5339\u914d\u8ba1\u6570<br \/>\nnft list ruleset   # \u73b0\u4ee3\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219<br \/>\nfirewall-cmd &#8211;list-all  # firewalld\u914d\u7f6e<\/p>\n<p>TCP\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u4f18\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\/etc\/sysctl.conf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time &#061; 300<br \/>\nnet.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog &#061; 8192<br \/>\nnet.core.somaxconn &#061; 65535<\/p>\n<h4>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6545\u969c\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6848<\/h4>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f02\u5e38\u5f80\u5f80\u5f15\u53d1\u8fde\u9501\u53cd\u5e94\u3002MySQL\u72b6\u6001\u68c0\u67e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS;<br \/>\nSHOW PROCESSLIST;<br \/>\nSHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE &#039;Threads_connected&#039;;<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL\u8bca\u65ad\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity;<br \/>\nCHECKPOINT;<br \/>\nVACUUM ANALYZE;<\/p>\n<p>Redis\u5185\u5b58\u95ee\u9898\u5904\u7406&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>INFO memory<br \/>\nMEMORY PURGE<br \/>\nCONFIG SET maxmemory 4gb<\/p>\n<h4>\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u4e0e\u653b\u51fb\u5e94\u5bf9<\/h4>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9DDoS\u653b\u51fb&#xff0c;\u914d\u7f6e\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u9632\u62a4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies&#061;1<br \/>\niptables -A INPUT -p tcp &#8211;syn -m limit &#8211;limit 1\/s -j ACCEPT<\/p>\n<p>Web\u5e94\u7528\u9632\u62a4\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b89\u88c5ModSecurity\u6838\u5fc3\u89c4\u5219\u96c6<\/li>\n<li>\u914d\u7f6eNginx\u9650\u6d41\u6a21\u5757<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone&#061;one:10m rate&#061;10r\/s;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u671f\u66f4\u65b0SSL\u8bc1\u4e66&#xff0c;\u7981\u7528TLS 1.0\/1.1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u76d1\u63a7\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u8bbe<\/h4>\n<p>Prometheus &#043; Grafana\u76d1\u63a7\u65b9\u6848\u914d\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p># prometheus.yml<br \/>\nscrape_configs:<br \/>\n  &#8211; job_name: &#039;node&#039;<br \/>\n    static_configs:<br \/>\n      &#8211; targets: [&#039;localhost:9100&#039;]<\/p>\n<p>\u544a\u8b66\u89c4\u5219\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>groups:<br \/>\n&#8211; name: instance-down<br \/>\n  rules:<br \/>\n  &#8211; alert: InstanceDown<br \/>\n    expr: up &#061;&#061; 0<br \/>\n    for: 5m<\/p>\n<h4>\u707e\u5907\u4e0e\u6062\u590d\u7b56\u7565<\/h4>\n<p>\u5236\u5b9a\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u5907\u4efd\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>rsync -avz &#8211;delete \/data user&#064;backup:\/backups<br \/>\npg_dump -U postgres dbname &gt; backup.sql<br \/>\nmysqldump &#8211;single-transaction -uroot db &gt; dump.sql<\/p>\n<p>\u6062\u590d\u6d41\u7a0b\u8981\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5907\u4efd\u5b8c\u6574\u6027&#xff08;checksum\u6bd4\u5bf9&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5206\u9636\u6bb5\u6062\u590d&#xff08;\u5148\u6838\u5fc3\u6570\u636e\u540e\u975e\u5173\u952e\u6570\u636e&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u6062\u590d\u540e\u9a8c\u8bc1&#xff08;\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u6d4b\u8bd5&#043;\u6027\u80fd\u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5&#xff09;<\/li>\n<h4>\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u8fdb\u9636\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u4f18\u5316\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>vm.swappiness &#061; 10<br \/>\nnet.ipv4.tcp_fastopen &#061; 3<br \/>\nfs.file-max &#061; 2097152<\/p>\n<p>JVM\u5e94\u7528\u8c03\u4f18\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>-XX:&#043;UseG1GC<br \/>\n-XX:MaxGCPauseMillis&#061;200<br \/>\n-XX:ParallelGCThreads&#061;4<\/p>\n<p>Nginx\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7247\u6bb5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>worker_processes auto;<br \/>\nworker_rlimit_nofile 100000;<br \/>\nevents {<br \/>\n    worker_connections 4096;<br \/>\n    multi_accept on;<br \/>\n}<\/p>\n<h4>\u5bb9\u5668\u5316\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>Kubernetes\u96c6\u7fa4\u8bca\u65ad\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>kubectl describe pod &lt;pod-name&gt;<br \/>\nkubectl logs &#8211;previous &lt;pod-name&gt;<br \/>\nkubectl get events &#8211;sort-by&#061;.metadata.creationTimestamp<\/p>\n<p>Docker\u5bb9\u5668\u8c03\u8bd5\u6280\u5de7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>docker stats &#8211;no-stream<br \/>\ndocker exec -it container_name \/bin\/sh<br \/>\ndocker inspect &#8211;format&#061;&#039;{{.State.Health}}&#039; container_name<\/p>\n<h4>\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7279\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>AWS EC2\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6545\u969c\u5904\u7406&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5CloudWatch\u6307\u6807&#xff08;CPUUtilization\u3001DiskReadOps&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u67e5\u770bEC2\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e5\u5fd7&#xff08;AWS 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