{"id":82272,"date":"2026-07-25T07:43:16","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T23:43:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/82272.html"},"modified":"2026-07-25T07:43:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T23:43:16","slug":"go-c-python-java-%e5%9b%9b%e8%af%ad%e8%a8%80%e5%af%b9%e7%85%a7%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e6%80%bb%e8%a7%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/82272.html","title":{"rendered":"Go \/ C \/ Python \/ Java \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u7167\u5b66\u4e60\u603b\u89c8"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u76ee\u5f55<\/span><\/p>\n

0 \u4ecb\u7ecd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.1 \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java（\u4f20\u7edf）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java 25+ Compact Source（\u5b9a\u7a3f）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

01 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5165\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.2 \u5165\u53e3\u51fd\u6570\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.3 \u7f16\u8bd1\u4e0e\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.4 \u8bed\u53e5\u4e0e\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.5 \u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.6 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

02 \u53d8\u91cf\u5e38\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.1 \u58f0\u660e vs \u5b9a\u4e49 vs \u8d4b\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.2 \u53ef\u53d8\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.3 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.4 \u96f6\u503c \/ \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.5 \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.6 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

03 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.1 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.2 \u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.3 \u6d6e\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.4 \u5e03\u5c14<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.5 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.6 \u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u603b\u89c8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.7 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.8 \u7a7a\u503c\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

04 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.1 \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.2 \u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.3 \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.4 \u8d4b\u503c\u4e0e\u590d\u5408\u8d4b\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.5 \u5730\u5740\u3001\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.6 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7（\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7248）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.7 \u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\/\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

05 \u63a7\u5236\u6d41<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.1 \u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.2 switch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.3 \u5faa\u73af<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.4 \u8df3\u8f6c\u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.5 \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d（2026 \u6c34\u5e73）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.6 \u5f02\u5e38\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u6d41（\u4ea4\u53c9）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5.7 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

06 \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.1 \u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.2 \u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u8bed\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.3 \u591a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c \/ \u53ef\u9009\u8fd4\u56de<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.4 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570 \/ \u91cd\u8f7d \/ \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.5 \u95ed\u5305\u4e0e\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.6 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u63a5\u6536\u8005<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.7 \u9012\u5f52\u3001\u5185\u8054\u3001\u5c3e\u8c03\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

07 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.1 \u5185\u90e8\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.2 \u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.3 \u5e38\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.4 \u8f6c\u4e49\u4e0e Unicode<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.5 C \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7279\u522b\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.6 Go \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e rune<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7.7 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

08 \u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.1 \u6570\u7ec4 \/ \u5b9a\u957f\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.2 \u52a8\u6001\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.3 \u6620\u5c04（\u952e\u503c\u5bf9）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.4 \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53 \/ \u8bb0\u5f55<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.5 \u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u6269\u5c55<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.6 \u8fed\u4ee3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.7 \u5185\u5b58\u5e03\u5c40（C\/Go \u91cd\u70b9）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

09 \u6307\u9488\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.1 \u6709\u65e0\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.2 \u6307\u9488\u57fa\u7840（C \/ Go）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.3 \u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u4e0e\u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.4 \u6808 vs \u5806<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.5 \u5783\u573e\u56de\u6536<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.6 \u5e38\u89c1\u5185\u5b58\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.7 \u5f15\u7528\u8bed\u4e49\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.8 unsafe \/ \u5e95\u5c42\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.1 \u6807\u51c6\u6d41\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.2 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.3 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u8f93\u5165<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.4 \u6587\u4ef6 I\/O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Python \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Go \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.5 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 I\/O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.6 \u7f13\u51b2 I\/O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.7 \u5e8f\u5217\u5316（JSON \u7b49）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11 \u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.1 \u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.2 C：\u8fd4\u56de\u7801\u4e0e errno<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.3 Go：error \u63a5\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.4 Python：\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.5 Java：\u53d7\u68c0\u4e0e\u975e\u53d7\u68c0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.6 \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u5bf9\u7167\u8868<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.7 \u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.8 \u9009\u578b\u76f4\u89c9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

11.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12 \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.1 \u8303\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.2 \u7c7b \/ \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.3 \u7ee7\u627f vs \u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Go \u5d4c\u5165（\u7ec4\u5408）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Python \u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.4 \u63a5\u53e3 \/ \u62bd\u8c61<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.5 \u591a\u6001<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.6 \u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.7 \u7279\u6b8a OOP \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.8 Java record \u4e0e Python dataclass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

12.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13 \u6cdb\u578b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.1 \u652f\u6301\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.2 C：\u5b8f\u4e0e _Generic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.3 Go \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.4 Python \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.5 Java \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.6 \u7ea6\u675f \/ \u8fb9\u754c\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.7 \u534f\u53d8\u4e0e\u9006\u53d8（\u8fdb\u9636）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

13.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14 \u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.1 \u603b\u89c8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.2 C：POSIX \u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.3 Go：goroutine \u4e0e channel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.4 Python：GIL\u3001asyncio\u3001\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

threading（I\/O \u5bc6\u96c6）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

asyncio（\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u5e76\u53d1）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Python 3.14 \u81ea\u7531\u7ebf\u7a0b（\u53ef\u9009\u6784\u5efa）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.5 Java：\u5e73\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e0e\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f20\u7edf\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b（Java 21+，\u751f\u4ea7\u53ef\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java 25 \u5b9a\u7a3f：Scoped Values<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java 26 \u9884\u89c8：Structured Concurrency<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.6 \u540c\u6b65\u539f\u8bed\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.7 \u5e76\u53d1\u9009\u578b\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15 \u6a21\u5757\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.1 \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.2 C：\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u94fe\u63a5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.3 Go：module<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.4 Python：\u5305\u4e0e pyproject<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.5 Java：\u5305\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6784\u5efa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f20\u7edf\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java 9+ \u6a21\u5757（module-info.java）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Java 25：Module Import Declarations（\u5b9a\u7a3f）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.6 \u7248\u672c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5e03<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.7 \u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

15.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u901f\u89c8\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.1 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.2 \u6309\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I\/O \u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u968f\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u52a0\u5bc6\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e76\u53d1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.3 C23 \u65b0\u589e\u5e93\u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.4 Python 3.14 \u503c\u5f97\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.5 Java 25\/26 \u503c\u5f97\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.6 Go 1.26\/1.27 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u52a8\u6001<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.7 \u63a8\u8350\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84（\u4ea4\u53c9\u5f3a\u5316）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 1：\u5171\u6027\u57fa\u7840（2\u20133 \u5468）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 2：\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784（3\u20134 \u5468）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 3：\u62bd\u8c61\u4e0e\u5de5\u7a0b（4\u20136 \u5468）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 4：\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u529b（\u6309\u5174\u8da3）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 5：2026 \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8865\u8bfe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

16.8 \u5de5\u5177\u94fe\u901f\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

0 \u4ecb\u7ecd<\/span><\/h2>\n
  • \u7248\u672c\u57fa\u7ebf（2026 \u5e74\u4e2d）<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u5b66\u4e60\u57fa\u7ebf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    1.26<\/span>（<\/span>2026-02<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    1.27<\/span>（\u9884\u8ba1<\/span> 2026-08<\/span>）\u5f15\u5165\u6cdb\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5，\u672c\u6587\u4ee5<\/span> 1.26 <\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4e3b，\u5e76\u6807\u6ce8<\/span> 1.27 <\/span>\u524d\u77bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    C23<\/span>（<\/span>ISO\/IEC 9899:2024<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    GCC 15+ <\/span>\u9ed8\u8ba4<\/span> gnu23<\/span>；\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3<\/span> C2y <\/span>\u4ecd\u5728\u8349\u6848\u9636\u6bb5，\u4ec5\u4f5c\u5907\u6ce8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    3.14.x<\/span>（<\/span>3.14.6<\/span>，<\/span>2026-06<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u542b<\/span> t-string<\/span>\u3001\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6ce8\u89e3\u6c42\u503c\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b98\u65b9\u652f\u6301\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    25 LTS + 26 <\/span>\u7279\u6027\u4e86\u89e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u751f\u4ea7\u4f18\u5148\u5b66<\/span> 25 LTS<\/span>；<\/span>26<\/span>（<\/span>2026-03<\/span>）\u4e3a\u975e<\/span> LTS<\/span>，\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u6ce8\u9884\u89c8\u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u5404\u8bed\u8a00\u8bed\u6cd5\u66f4\u65b0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Go 1.26<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • new(expr)：\u53ef\u5bf9\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5206\u914d\u5e76\u521d\u59cb\u5316，\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u9488（\u5982 p := new(42) \u2192 *int）<\/li>\n
    • \u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u81ea\u5f15\u7528（\u66f4\u5f3a\u7ea6\u675f\u8868\u8fbe）<\/li>\n
    • Green Tea GC \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f00\u542f；go fix \u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u91cd\u5199<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Go 1.27（\u524d\u77bb）<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u6cdb\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5（method \u53ef\u58f0\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570）<\/li>\n
      • encoding\/json\/v2 \u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u5927\u6539<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C23<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u5173\u952e\u5b57：bool \/ true \/ false\u3001nullptr\u3001constexpr\u3001typeof \/ typeof_unqual\u3001alignas \/ alignof\u3001thread_local\u3001static_assert<\/li>\n
        • \u5b57\u9762\u91cf：\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 0b\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u5206\u9694\u7b26 1'000'000\u3001\u7a7a\u521d\u59cb\u5316 ={}<\/li>\n
        • \u9884\u5904\u7406：#embed\u3001#elifdef \/ #elifndef\u3001#warning<\/li>\n
        • \u7c7b\u578b：_BitInt(N)\u3001\u53ef\u9009\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u6d6e\u70b9 _Decimal*<\/li>\n
        • \u5c5e\u6027：[[nodiscard]]\u3001[[deprecated]]\u3001[[fallthrough]] \u7b49<\/li>\n
        • \u65b0\u5934\u6587\u4ef6：<stdbit.h>\u3001<stdckdint.h><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Python 3.14<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • t-string（PEP 750）：t"…" \u2192 Template，\u7528\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406<\/li>\n
          • \u6ce8\u89e3\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6c42\u503c（PEP 649\/749）<\/li>\n
          • except \/ except* \u53ef\u7701\u7565\u62ec\u53f7（PEP 758）<\/li>\n
          • \u7981\u6b62\u4ece finally \u4e2d return\/break\/continue \u8df3\u51fa（PEP 765）<\/li>\n
          • Free-threaded Python \u5b98\u65b9\u652f\u6301（PEP 779，\u53ef\u9009\u6784\u5efa）<\/li>\n
          • compression.zstd\u3001\u591a\u89e3\u91ca\u5668 stdlib \u652f\u6301<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Java 25 LTS（\u5b9a\u7a3f\u91cd\u70b9）<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Compact Source Files + Instance Main Methods（\u7b80\u5316\u5165\u95e8）<\/li>\n
            • Module Import Declarations（import module …）<\/li>\n
            • Flexible Constructor Bodies<\/li>\n
            • Scoped Values（\u5b9a\u7a3f）<\/li>\n
            • \u865a\u7ebf\u7a0b（Java 21 \u5df2\u5b9a\u7a3f，25 \u7ee7\u7eed\u5f3a\u5316\u751f\u6001）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Java 26（\u4e86\u89e3）<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u539f\u8bed\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u5165 pattern \/ instanceof \/ switch（\u7b2c 4 \u6b21\u9884\u89c8）<\/li>\n
              • Structured Concurrency（\u7b2c 6 \u6b21\u9884\u89c8）<\/li>\n
              • HTTP\/3 for HttpClient<\/li>\n
              • Lazy Constants（\u7b2c 2 \u6b21\u9884\u89c8）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \n

                \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5178\u578b\u573a\u666f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u8d34\u8fd1\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                OS<\/span>\u3001\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u3001\u9a71\u52a8\u3001\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5e93\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5e26<\/span> GC <\/span>\u7684\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u504f\u540e\u7aef\u5e76\u53d1\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u4e91\u539f\u751f\u3001\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u3001<\/span>CLI<\/span>\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee3\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u529b\u4f18\u5148\u7684\u901a\u7528\u811a\u672c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5e94\u7528\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6570\u636e<\/span>\/AI<\/span>\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u3001<\/span>Web<\/span>\u3001\u80f6\u6c34\u4ee3\u7801<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5f3a\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u3001<\/span>JVM <\/span>\u751f\u6001\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u540e\u7aef\u670d\u52a1\u3001<\/span>Android<\/span>（<\/span>Kotlin <\/span>\u4e3a\u4e3b）\u3001\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              • \u6587\u6863\u5730\u56fe（\u6309\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7d22\u5f15）<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \n

                \u7ae0\u8282\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u8986\u76d6\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                01<\/span>\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5165\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001<\/span>main<\/span>\u3001\u5305<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fd0\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                02<\/span>\u53d8\u91cf\u5e38\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u58f0\u660e\u3001\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3001\u96f6\u503c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                03<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6807\u91cf\u3001\u590d\u5408\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                04<\/span>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u7b97\u672f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u903b\u8f91<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                05<\/span>\u63a7\u5236\u6d41<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                if\/switch\/<\/span>\u5faa\u73af<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                06<\/span>\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u591a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3001\u95ed\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                07<\/span>\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u7f16\u7801\u3001\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u3001\u5e38\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                08<\/span>\u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6570\u7ec4<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5207\u7247<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5217\u8868<\/span>\/Map\/<\/span>\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                09<\/span>\u6307\u9488\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6307\u9488\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u3001<\/span>GC<\/span>\u3001\u6240\u6709\u6743\u76f4\u89c9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                10<\/span>\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span> IO<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                11<\/span>\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                error <\/span>\u503c<\/span> vs <\/span>\u5f02\u5e38<\/span> vs errno<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                12<\/span>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                class\/interface\/struct+<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                13<\/span>\u6cdb\u578b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6cdb\u578b\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7ea6\u675f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                14<\/span>\u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u534f\u7a0b<\/span>\/CSP\/<\/span>\u865a\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                15<\/span>\u6a21\u5757\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u53ef\u89c1\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                16<\/span>\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u901f\u89c8\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5e38\u7528\u5e93\u5bf9\u7167<\/span> + <\/span>\u5efa\u8bae\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              • \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span><\/li>\n
              • \u7c7b\u578b：C \u88f8\u5185\u5b58 \u2192 Go \u9759\u6001+\u63a8\u5bfc \u2192 Java \u9759\u6001+\u88c5\u7bb1 \u2192 Python \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n
              • \u9519\u8bef：C \u8fd4\u56de\u7801\/errno \u2192 Go error \u503c \u2192 Java \u53d7\u68c0\/\u975e\u53d7\u68c0\u5f02\u5e38 \u2192 Python \u5f02\u5e38<\/li>\n
              • \u5e76\u53d1：C \u81ea\u5df1\u7ba1\u7ebf\u7a0b \u2192 Go goroutine+channel \u2192 Java \u7ebf\u7a0b\/\u865a\u7ebf\u7a0b \u2192 Python GIL\/\u81ea\u7531\u7ebf\u7a0b\/async<\/li>\n
              • \u5185\u5b58：C \u624b\u52a8 \u2192 Go\/Java GC \u2192 Python \u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570+GC<\/li>\n
              • OOP：C \u65e0（\u53ef\u7528 struct+\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u62df）\u2192 Go \u7ec4\u5408+\u63a5\u53e3 \u2192 Java \u7ecf\u5178 OOP \u2192 Python \u4e07\u7269\u7686\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n

                1.1 \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \n

                \u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u7f00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                .c + .h<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                .go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                .py<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                .java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                \u7f16\u8bd1\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6bcf\u4e2a<\/span> .c <\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u7f16\u8bd1，\u94fe\u63a5\u5408\u5e76<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u4ee5<\/span> package <\/span>\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u4ee5<\/span> \u6a21\u5757<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6587\u4ef6<\/span> \u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d，\u89e3\u91ca\u6267\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u4ee5<\/span> class <\/span>\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d，\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e3a<\/span> .class\/JAR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                \u5934\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u58f0\u660e\u5206\u79bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                .h <\/span>\u58f0\u660e<\/span> + .c <\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u5934\u6587\u4ef6，\u540c\u5305\u5185\u53ef\u89c1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u5934\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u5934\u6587\u4ef6，\u9760<\/span> import<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0（\u9760\u524d\u7f00<\/span>\/<\/span>\u9759\u6001）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                package <\/span>\u540d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u6a21\u5757<\/span> __name__<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                package <\/span>\u58f0\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                C<\/span><\/h4>\n

                \/\/ main.c
                \n#include <stdio.h>
                \nint main(void) { puts("hello"); return 0; }<\/p>\n

                Go<\/span><\/h4>\n

                package main
                \nimport "fmt"
                \nfunc main() { fmt.Println("hello") } <\/p>\n

                Python<\/span><\/h4>\n

                def main():
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print("hello")
                \nif __name__ == "__main__":
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 main() <\/p>\n

                Java（\u4f20\u7edf）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                public class App {
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public static void main(String[] args) {
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 System.out.println("hello");
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }
                \n} <\/p>\n

                Java 25+ Compact Source（\u5b9a\u7a3f）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                \/\/ \u65e0 class \u5305\u88f9，\u5b9e\u4f8b main
                \nvoid main() {
                \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IO.println("hello");
                \n} <\/p>\n

                01 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5165\u53e3<\/span><\/h2>\n

                1.2 \u5165\u53e3\u51fd\u6570\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \n

                \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u5165\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                main<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                int<\/span>（<\/span>0 <\/span>\u6210\u529f）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                argc, argv <\/span>\u6216<\/span> void<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                main<\/span>（\u5fc5\u987b\u5728<\/span> package main<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u65e0\u5f3a\u5236\u5165\u53e3；\u60ef\u4f8b<\/span> if __name__ == "__main__"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                sys.argv <\/span>\u53ef\u9009<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                public static void main(String[] args)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                void<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                String[] args<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                \n

                Java 25<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u8fd8\u53ef\u7528\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/span> void main()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                void<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                		\n

                \u53ef\u7b80\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                \u5dee\u5f02\u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u53ea\u6709 C \u548c Java（\u4f20\u7edf） \u628a main \u7b7e\u540d\u5199\u8fdb\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Go \u7684 main \u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u53c2\u6570，\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u7528 os.Args\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Python \u811a\u672c\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u9876\u5c42\u6267\u884c，\u5165\u53e3\u662f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u800c\u975e\u8bed\u6cd5\u5f3a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  1.3 \u7f16\u8bd1\u4e0e\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                  C:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u6e90\u7801 \u2192 \u9884\u5904\u7406 \u2192 \u7f16\u8bd1(.o) \u2192 \u94fe\u63a5 \u2192 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6
                  \n Go:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u6e90\u7801 \u2192 \u7f16\u8bd1（\u9759\u6001\u94fe\u63a5）\u2192 \u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6
                  \n Python:\u6e90\u7801 \u2192 \u5b57\u8282\u7801(.pyc) \u2192 \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u6267\u884c
                  \n Java:\u00a0 \u6e90\u7801 \u2192 \u5b57\u8282\u7801(.class) \u2192 JVM \u89e3\u91ca\/JIT <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5178\u578b\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4ea7\u7269<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  gcc -std=c23 main.c -o app<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u539f\u751f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  go build \/ go run<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u539f\u751f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  python3 script.py<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236（\u53ef\u7528<\/span> PyInstaller <\/span>\u6253\u5305）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  javac App.java && java App<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  JVM <\/span>\u5b57\u8282\u7801<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  1.4 \u8bed\u53e5\u4e0e\u5757<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u8bed\u53e5\u7ed3\u675f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  ; <\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span> ;<\/span>（\u53ef\u9009）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6362\u884c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5192\u53f7\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  ; <\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u4ee3\u7801\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  { }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  { }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7f29\u8fdb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  { }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5355\u884c\u591a\u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u652f\u6301<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u652f\u6301<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7528<\/span> ;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u652f\u6301<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Python \u72ec\u7279\u70b9：\u7528\u7f29\u8fdb（\u901a\u5e38 4 \u7a7a\u683c）\u8868\u8fbe\u5757，\u8fd9\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206，\u4e0d\u662f\u98ce\u683c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  1.5 \u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5355\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  #<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u591a\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/* *\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/* *\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  """ """ <\/span>\u6216<\/span> ''' '''<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/* *\/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6587\u6863\u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6a21\u5757<\/span>\/<\/span>\u51fd\u6570<\/span> docstring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/** *\/ Javadoc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  1.6 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                • Go \u7684 package main \u2260 Java \u7684 package com.foo：\u524d\u8005\u51b3\u5b9a\u53ef\u6267\u884c，\u540e\u8005\u662f\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n
                • C \u7684 main \u8fd4\u56de int \u7ed9\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf；Go main \u8fd4\u56de nothing，\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa\u7801\u7528 os.Exit\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Java 25 \u7d27\u51d1\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6 \u964d\u4f4e\u5165\u95e8\u95e8\u69db，\u4f46\u4f01\u4e1a\u9879\u76ee\u4ecd\u4ee5\u4f20\u7edf class \u7ed3\u6784\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Python \u7684 name \u5728\u5bfc\u5165\u65f6\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\u540d，\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884c\u4e3a "main"\u3002<\/li>\n

                  02 \u53d8\u91cf\u5e38\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/span><\/h2>\n

                  2.1 \u58f0\u660e vs \u5b9a\u4e49 vs \u8d4b\u503c<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u58f0\u660e\u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u58f0\u660e？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int x; \/ int x = 1;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u662f（<\/span>C23 <\/span>\u652f\u6301<\/span> auto <\/span>\u63a8\u65ad）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u503c（\u5371\u9669）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  var x int \/ x := 1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u662f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5305\u7ea7<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c40\u90e8\u6709\u96f6\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  x = 1<\/span>（\u8d4b\u503c\u5373\u7ed1\u5b9a）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5426<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u672a\u8d4b\u503c\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528<\/span> \u2192 NameError<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int x; \/ int x = 1;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u662f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u8d4b\u503c\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  \u793a\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h4>\n

                  \/\/ C23
                  \nauto count = 42;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad
                  \nconstexpr int MAX = 100;\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf\u5bf9\u8c61
                  \nvar a int\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ 0
                  \nb := 3.14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u77ed\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e，\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad
                  \nconst Pi = 3.14\u00a0 \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf
                  \nx = 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # \u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a，\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u968f\u65f6\u53d8
                  \nx = "hello"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 # \u5408\u6cd5
                  \nMAX: int = 100\u00a0\u00a0 # \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3 + \u8d4b\u503c（\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5，\u975e\u5f3a\u5236）
                  \nfinal int MAX = 100;
                  \nvar list = List.of(1, 2);\u00a0 \/\/ \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad（Java 10+） <\/p>\n

                  2.2 \u53ef\u53d8\u6027<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5e38\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  const \/ constexpr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  const<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u771f\u6b63\u5e38\u91cf\u5173\u952e\u5b57；\u60ef\u4f8b<\/span> MAX = 1 <\/span>\u5927\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u53ea\u8bfb\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  const int *p<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span> const <\/span>\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  final <\/span>\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6df1\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9760\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9760\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  tuple<\/span>\u3001<\/span>frozenset<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  record <\/span>\u5b57\u6bb5\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53ef\u8bbe<\/span> final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Go \u6ce8\u610f：const \u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u53ef\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u5e38\u91cf\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f；\u6ca1\u6709 const \u4fee\u9970\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Python \u6ce8\u610f：tuple \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5143\u7d20（\u82e5\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u53ef\u6539）\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  2.3 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5757\u7ea7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span> { } <\/span>\u5185<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span>（\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u8d4b\u503c\u4ea7\u751f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u51fd\u6570\u7ea7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6587\u4ef6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5305\u7ea7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  static\/<\/span>\u5168\u5c40<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5305\u7ea7<\/span> var<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6a21\u5757\u5168\u5c40<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7c7b\u5b57\u6bb5<\/span> \/ <\/span>\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u95ed\u5305\u6355\u83b7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u95ed\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6355\u83b7\u5916\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  nonlocal\/global<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u533f\u540d\u7c7b<\/span>\/lambda <\/span>\u6355\u83b7<\/span> effectively final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Python \u7684 LEGB \u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/h4>\n

                  Local \u2192 Enclosing \u2192 Global \u2192 Built-in<\/span><\/p>\n

                  x = 1
                  \ndef f():
                  \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 global x\u00a0\u00a0 # \u4fee\u6539\u6a21\u5757\u7ea7 x
                  \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 x = 2 <\/p>\n

                  Go \u7684\u77ed\u58f0\u660e\u9677\u9631<\/span><\/h4>\n

                  if x := compute(); x > 0 { }\u00a0 \/\/ x \u4ec5 if \u5757\u5185 <\/p>\n

                  2.4 \u96f6\u503c \/ \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span>（\u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5c40\u90e8）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go <\/span>\u96f6\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java <\/span>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6574\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5783\u573e\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6d6e\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5783\u573e\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5e03\u5c14<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5783\u573e\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  FALSE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  FALSE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  FALSE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6307\u9488<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5783\u573e\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  nil<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  None<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  null<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5783\u573e\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  ""<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  null<\/span>（\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f15\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  \u5173\u952e\u5dee\u5f02：\u53ea\u6709 Go \u548c Java（\u5b57\u6bb5） \u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u96f6\u503c；C \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf \u4e0d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u662f\u7ecf\u5178 bug \u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  2.5 \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u793a\u4f8b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  auto<\/span>（\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9a\u4e49）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  auto x = 1;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  typeof \/ typeof_unqual<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  typeof(x) y = 0;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  :=<\/span>\u3001\u6cdb\u578b\u63a8\u65ad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  n := 1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u52a8\u6001，\u65e0\u9700\u58f0\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  x = [1,2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  var<\/span>（\u5c40\u90e8，<\/span>Java 10+<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  var m = Map.of()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  2.6 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                • Go := \u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185（\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u4fbf\u6765\u5199）；\u5305\u7ea7\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 var\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Java final \u53ea\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u53d8，\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u53ef\u53d8（\u9664\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b）\u3002<\/li>\n
                • C const \u4e0e C++ const \u4e0d\u540c，C \u7684 const \u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Python \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3（3.14 \u5ef6\u8fdf\u6c42\u503c）\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\u5de5\u5177，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6 largely \u53ef\u9009\u3002<\/li>\n

                  03 \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/h2>\n

                  3.1 \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5206\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u68c0\u67e5\u65f6\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9759\u6001\u3001\u5f31<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u8d34\u8fd1\u673a\u5668，\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u591a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9759\u6001\u3001\u5f3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7b80\u6d01，\u65e0\u9690\u5f0f\u6570\u503c\u7a84\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u52a8\u6001\u3001\u5f3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4e00\u5207\u7686\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9759\u6001\u3001\u5f3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u539f\u59cb\u7c7b\u578b<\/span> + <\/span>\u5305\u88c5\u7c7b\u53cc\u8f68<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.2 \u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5e38\u89c1\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4efb\u610f\u7cbe\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  char, short, int, long, long long + stdint.h <\/span>\u5b9a\u5bbd\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0（<\/span>C23 _BitInt(N) <\/span>\u53ef\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5bbd）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int, int8<\/span>（<\/span>8bit<\/span>\u4f4d\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f<\/span>1byte)\u2026int64, uint, uintptr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5355\u4e00<\/span> int<\/span>（\u4efb\u610f\u7cbe\u5ea6）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span> \u5185\u7f6e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  byte, short, int, long<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  BigInteger<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  #include <stdint.h>
                  \nint32_t a = 1;
                  \n_BitInt(128) big;\u00a0 \/\/ C23
                  \nvar n int = 42\u00a0 \/\/ int \u5927\u5c0f\u968f\u5e73\u53f0（32\u621664\u4f4d）
                  \nint x = 1;
                  \nlong y = 1L; <\/p>\n

                  3.3 \u6d6e\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5907\u6ce8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  float, double, long double<\/span>；<\/span>C23 <\/span>\u53ef\u9009<\/span> _Decimal32\/64\/128<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  IEEE 754<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  float32, float64<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span> float <\/span>\u522b\u540d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  float<\/span>（\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u8fd8\u6709<\/span> decimal.Decimal <\/span>\u6a21\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  float, double<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  BigDecimal <\/span>\u7cbe\u786e\u5341\u8fdb\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.4 \u5e03\u5c14<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4e0e\u6574\u6570\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  bool<\/span>（\u5173\u952e\u5b57）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u6574\u6570\u9690\u5f0f\u6df7\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span>（\u65e7）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  _Bool \/ <stdbool.h><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709<\/span> 0\/1 <\/span>\u4e60\u60ef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  bool<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u72ec\u7acb\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  bool <\/span>\u662f<\/span> int <\/span>\u5b50\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  True == 1 <\/span>\u4e3a\u771f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  boolean<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.5 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  char, wchar_t, char8_t(C23), char16_t, char32_t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  char* \/ <\/span>\u6570\u7ec4，\u4e0d\u4ee5<\/span> \\\\0 <\/span>\u7ed3\u5c3e\u4f1a\u51fa\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  byte<\/span>（<\/span>uint8 <\/span>\u522b\u540d）<\/span>, rune<\/span>（<\/span>int32<\/span>，\u7801\u70b9）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  string <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span> UTF-8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u72ec\u7acb<\/span> char<\/span>；<\/span>str <\/span>\u662f<\/span> Unicode <\/span>\u7801\u70b9\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  str <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  char<\/span>（<\/span>UTF-16 <\/span>\u4ee3\u7801\u5355\u5143）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  String <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.6 \u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u603b\u89c8<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u56fa\u5b9a\u6570\u7ec4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int a[10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  [10]int<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  list <\/span>\u53ef\u6a21\u62df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int[]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u52a8\u6001\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u624b\u52a8<\/span> malloc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  slice []int<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  list<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  ArrayList <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5173\u8054\u6620\u5c04<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u5185\u7f6e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  map[K]V<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  dict<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  HashMap <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0；\u7528<\/span> class\/dataclass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  class \/ record<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u679a\u4e3e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  enum(C23 <\/span>\u589e\u5f3a<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  const + iota \/ <\/span>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Enum <\/span>\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  enum<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u8054\u5408\u4f53<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  union<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int *p<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  *int<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u89c1\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u6307\u9488（\u53ea\u6709\u5f15\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.7 \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5927\u91cf（\u6574\u6570\u63d0\u5347\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u8f6c\u6362）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  (int)x <\/span>\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6781\u5c11（\u5982<\/span> untyped constant<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int(x), strconv<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u4e0d\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8f6c\u6362<\/span>\u201d<\/span>，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u591a\u6001<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  int(), str() <\/span>\u7b49\u6784\u9020<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5c0f\u8303\u56f4\u62d3\u5bbd（<\/span>widening<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u5f3a\u5236<\/span> (int)x<\/span>，\u88c5\u7bb1\u62c6\u7bb1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  \u8bb0\u5fc6：C \u6700\u201c\u677e\u201d，Go\/Java \u6700\u201c\u4e25\u201d，Python \u4e0d\u9760\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8f6c\u6362\u800c\u9760\u5bf9\u8c61\u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  3.8 \u7a7a\u503c\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7a7a\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  NULL \/ C23 nullptr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C23 nullptr_t <\/span>\u66f4\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  nil<\/span>（\u6307\u9488\u3001<\/span>slice<\/span>\u3001<\/span>map<\/span>\u3001<\/span>chan<\/span>\u3001<\/span>func<\/span>\u3001<\/span>interface<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6709<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  None<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6709<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  null<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u6709；<\/span>Optional <\/span>\u53ef\u8868\u8fbe<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u503c<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  3.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                • Go int \u5bbd\u5ea6\u5e73\u53f0\u76f8\u5173；\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u534f\u8bae\u7528 int32\/int64\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Java int vs Integer：\u6cdb\u578b\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u5305\u88c5\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n
                • C \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 = \u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4 + \\\\0，\u957f\u5ea6\u7528 strlen，\u4e0d\u662f sizeof\u3002<\/li>\n
                • Python is vs ==：is \u6bd4\u8eab\u4efd，== \u6bd4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n
                • C23 nullptr \u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u6574\u6570 0 \u6df7\u7528\u505a\u6cdb\u578b\u5b8f\u3002<\/li>\n

                  04 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/h2>\n

                  4.1 \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  + – * \/<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u622a\u65ad\u5411\u96f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u622a\u65ad\u5411\u96f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \/\/ <\/span>\u6574\u9664，<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u771f\u9664<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u622a\u65ad\u5411\u96f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  % <\/span>\u53d6\u6a21<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span>（\u4e0e\u9664\u6cd5\u4e00\u81f4）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u81ea\u589e\u81ea\u51cf<\/span> ++ —<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span>（\u65e0）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  7 \/ 2\u00a0\u00a0 # 3.5
                  \n7 \/\/ 2\u00a0 # 3
                  \n7 \/ 2\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ 3（\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5）<\/p>\n

                  4.2 \u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  == !=<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span>（<\/span>slice\/map <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bd4）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  < > <= >=<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  && ||<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span> \u77ed\u8def<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  and or <\/span>\u77ed\u8def<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  !<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  not<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u4e09\u5143<\/span> ?:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span> \u7528<\/span> if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  x if c else y<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Go \u7279\u6b8a：== \u53ef\u7528\u4e8e struct（\u5b57\u6bb5\u90fd\u53ef\u6bd4\u65f6）\u3001array；\u4e0d\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f83 slice\u3001map\u3001func\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  4.3 \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  & | ^ ~<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span>（\u6574\u6570\u65e0\u9650\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9700\u6ce8\u610f）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  << >><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  &^ <\/span>\u4f4d\u6e05\u9664<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span> Go <\/span>\u7279\u6709<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  C23 \u63d0\u4f9b <stdbit.h>：stdc_count_ones\u3001stdc_leading_zeros \u7b49\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u4f4d\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  4.4 \u8d4b\u503c\u4e0e\u590d\u5408\u8d4b\u503c<\/span><\/h3>\n

                  \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5747\u652f\u6301 +=, -=, *=, \/=, %=, \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u590d\u5408\u8d4b\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Go \u72ec\u6709：:= \u58f0\u660e\u5e76\u8d4b\u503c（\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26）\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                  4.5 \u5730\u5740\u3001\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  \u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u53d6\u5730\u5740<\/span> &<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u89e3\u5f15\u7528<\/span> *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6210\u5458<\/span> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u6307\u9488\u6210\u5458<\/span> -><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u7528<\/span> .<\/span>（\u81ea\u52a8\u89e3\u5f15\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  \u5b89\u5168\u5bfc\u822a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  \u65e0\u5185\u7f6e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  ?.<\/span>（\u53ef\u9009\u94fe\u65e0，\u4f46<\/span> Optional<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  4.6 \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7（\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7248）<\/span><\/h3>\n

                  \u5171\u540c\u89c4\u5f8b：\u4e00\u5143 > \u4e58\u9664 > \u52a0\u51cf > \u79fb\u4f4d > \u6bd4\u8f83 > \u76f8\u7b49 > \u4f4d\u4e0e > \u4f4d\u5f02\u6216 > \u4f4d\u6216 > \u903b\u8f91\u4e0e > \u903b\u8f91\u6216 > \u8d4b\u503c<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \u5dee\u5f02：<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Python \u903b\u8f91\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u5355\u8bcd，\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u66f4\u6e05\u6670<\/li>\n
                  • Go \u65e0 ++ \u53c2\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f（i++ \u662f\u8bed\u53e5）<\/li>\n
                  • C \u9017\u53f7\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 , \u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    4.7 \u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\/\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    sizeof<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    unsafe.Sizeof<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    sys.getsizeof<\/span>（\u5bf9\u8c61\u5927\u5c0f）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u7c7b\u578b\u67e5\u8be2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    _Generic(C11)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    reflect<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    type(), isinstance<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    instanceof<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u7c7b\u578b<\/span> switch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch x.(type)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    pattern matching<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    4.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                  • Python \/ vs \/\/ \u662f\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u6700\u5e38\u9519\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Go \u65e0\u4e09\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26，\u60ef\u7528\u77ed if \u6216 helper \u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Java \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 + \u4f1a\u62fc\u63a5，\u4f46 == \u6bd4\u8f83\u5f15\u7528；\u5185\u5bb9\u7528 equals\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • C \u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u79fb\u4f4d \u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9a\u4e49\/\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u9700\u67e5\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6587\u6863\u3002<\/li>\n

                    05 \u63a7\u5236\u6d41<\/span><\/h2>\n

                    5.1 \u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f if<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    if (cond)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    if cond<\/span>（\u65e0\u62ec\u53f7）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    if cond:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    if (cond)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    else if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    elif<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    else if<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u6761\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u6807\u91cf<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    bool <\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u771f\u503c\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    boolean <\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Python \u771f\u503c\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/h4>\n

                    \u7a7a\u5bb9\u5668\u30010\u3001None\u3001False \u4e3a\u5047；\u5176\u4f59\u591a\u4e3a\u771f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                    Go \u7684 if \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/h4>\n

                    if err := do(); err != nil {
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return err
                    \n} <\/p>\n

                    5.2 switch<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch(expr)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch <\/span>\u53ef\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u65e0\u6807\u7b7e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    3.10+ match<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch + 3.14+ <\/span>\u589e\u5f3a<\/span> pattern<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    fallthrough<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8d2f\u7a7f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u8d2f\u7a7f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u8d2f\u7a7f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u591a\u503c\u5339\u914d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9700<\/span> case 1: case 2:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9017\u53f7<\/span> case 1, 2:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    case 1 | 2:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u591a<\/span> case <\/span>\u6807\u7b7e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u7c7b\u578b<\/span> switch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch x.(type)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    pattern switch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    switch n {
                    \ncase 1, 2:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fmt.Println("small")
                    \ndefault:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fmt.Println("other")
                    \n}
                    \nmatch command:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 case "quit" | "exit":
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 break
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 case int(n) if n > 0:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(n)
                    \n\/\/ Java 21+ switch \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f
                    \nString result = switch (day) {
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 case MONDAY, FRIDAY -> "work";
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 case SATURDAY, SUNDAY -> "rest";
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 default -> "unknown";
                    \n};<\/p>\n

                    5.3 \u5faa\u73af<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u5faa\u73af<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while(cond)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    for cond {}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while cond:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while(cond)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    do-while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    do {} while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    do {} while<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    for <\/span>\u4e09\u6bb5\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    for-each<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    for k, v := range<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    for x in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    enhanced for<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while(1)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    for {}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while True<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    while(true)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    for i := 0; i < n; i++ { }
                    \nfor _, v := range slice { }
                    \nfor i, v in enumerate(items):
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 … <\/p>\n

                    5.4 \u8df3\u8f6c\u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    break<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    continue<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    goto<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span>（\u5c11\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    return<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5e26\u6807\u7b7e<\/span> break<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    break Outer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    5.5 \u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d（2026 \u6c34\u5e73）<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u652f\u6301\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u793a\u4f8b\u573a\u666f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u7528<\/span> switch + <\/span>\u624b\u52a8\u62c6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0\u5b8c\u6574<\/span> PM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    switch + type assertion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python 3.10+<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    match\/case<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5b88\u536b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java 21+<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    record pattern<\/span>\u3001<\/span>switch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    instanceof + destructure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    \/\/ Java 25 \u9884\u89c8：\u539f\u8bed\u4e5f\u53ef pattern
                    \nif (obj instanceof int i) {
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 System.out.println(i);
                    \n} <\/p>\n

                    5.6 \u5f02\u5e38\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u6d41（\u4ea4\u53c9）<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u505a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5426（<\/span>goto\/setjmp <\/span>\u6781\u5c11）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5426（\u663e\u5f0f<\/span> error<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5076\u5c14（<\/span>EAFP <\/span>\u98ce\u683c）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u63a8\u8350，\u4f46\u53d7\u68c0\u5f02\u5e38\u5f71\u54cd\u6d41\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Python EAFP：Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission <\/span><\/p>\n

                    try:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return data[key]
                    \nexcept KeyError:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return default <\/p>\n

                    5.7 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                  • C switch \u7f3a break \u4f1a\u8d2f\u7a7f；Go\/Java \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u8d2f\u7a7f\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Go \u53ea\u6709 for，\u6ca1\u6709 while \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Python for \u662f\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668iterator\u534f\u8bae，\u4e0d\u662f C \u98ce\u683c\u7d22\u5f15\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Java switch \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u8981\u8986\u76d6\u6240\u6709 case \u6216\u7528 default\u3002<\/li>\n

                    06 \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/h2>\n

                    6.1 \u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u8bed\u6cd5\u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u5728\u524d；\u65e7\u5f0f<\/span> K&R <\/span>\u5df2\u5728<\/span> C23 <\/span>\u79fb\u9664<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    func name(args) ret {}<\/span>；\u53ef\u591a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    def name(args) -> ret:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5728<\/span> class <\/span>\u5185；<\/span>ReturnType name(args)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
                    \nfunc divide(a, b int) (q int, err error) {
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if b == 0 { return 0, errors.New("div by zero") }
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return a \/ b, nil
                    \n}
                    \ndef greet(name: str, *, loud: bool = False) -> str:
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s = f"hello {name}"
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return s.upper() if loud else s
                    \npublic static int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } <\/p>\n

                    6.2 \u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u8bed\u4e49<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f20\u9012<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u503c\u4f20\u9012<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u6307\u9488；\u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u9012\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u503c\u4f20\u9012<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    slice\/map\/channel <\/span>\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u5934；<\/span>struct <\/span>\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e38\u4f20\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5bf9\u8c61\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5f62\u53c2\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61，\u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u5916\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u503c\u4f20\u9012（\u5f15\u7528\u503c）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411，\u4f46\u80fd\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    \u7edf\u4e00\u8bb0\u5fc6：\u53ea\u6709 C \u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u6309\u503c\u590d\u5236\u6574\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d；\u5176\u4f59\u8bed\u8a00\u201c\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u201d\u5e38\u6307\u4f20\u9012\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u526f\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                    6.3 \u591a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c \/ \u53ef\u9009\u8fd4\u56de<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u53ea\u80fd\u5355\u8fd4\u56de；\u591a\u7ed3\u679c\u7528\u6307\u9488\u53c2\u6570<\/span>\/out <\/span>\u6216<\/span> struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u539f\u751f\u591a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span> (T, error)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    return a, b \u2192 <\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u662f<\/span> tuple<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5355\u8fd4\u56de；\u53ef\u7528<\/span> record\/Pair <\/span>\u6216\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    6.4 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570 \/ \u91cd\u8f7d \/ \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span>（\u91cd\u8f7d\u4ee3\u66ff）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span>（<\/span>_Generic <\/span>\u6a21\u62df）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    … <\/span>\u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    …T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    *args<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    String… args<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    **kwargs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    func sum(nums …int) int { … }
                    \nvoid log(String fmt, Object… args) { … }<\/p>\n

                    6.5 \u95ed\u5305\u4e0e\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u95ed\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u7b49\u516c\u6c11<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0（\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    lambda <\/span>\u6355\u83b7<\/span> effectively final<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span>（<\/span>Java 8+<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    func counter() func() int {
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n := 0
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return func() int { n++; return n }
                    \n}
                    \ndef counter():
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n = 0
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def inc():
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nonlocal n
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n += 1
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return n
                    \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return inc <\/p>\n

                    6.6 \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u63a5\u6536\u8005<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u63a5\u6536\u8005<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0；<\/span>struct + <\/span>\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6a21\u62df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    func (r T) M()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u503c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6307\u9488\u63a5\u6536\u8005<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    def method(self, …)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    self <\/span>\u663e\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5728<\/span> class <\/span>\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9690\u5f0f<\/span> this<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Go \u6307\u9488\u63a5\u6536\u8005：\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u63a5\u6536\u8005\u6216\u907f\u514d\u590d\u5236\u5927 struct \u65f6\u7528 *T\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                    6.7 \u9012\u5f52\u3001\u5185\u8054\u3001\u5c3e\u8c03\u7528<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u9012\u5f52<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5c3e\u8c03\u7528\u4f18\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span>（\u6ce8\u610f\u6df1\u5ea6\u9650\u5236）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    JVM <\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4f18\u5316\u4e3a\u5faa\u73af<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    6.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                  • Python \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61 def f(a=[]) \u9677\u9631\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Go \u6ca1\u6709\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d，\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u6216\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • C \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488 \u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u96be\u8bfb：int (*cmp)(const void*, const void*)\u3002<\/li>\n
                  • Java \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5 vs \u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5 \u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u5199\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n

                    07 \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/h2>\n

                    7.1 \u5185\u90e8\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7f16\u7801<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u53ef\u53d8\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5b57\u8282\u5e8f\u5217<\/span> + \\\\0 <\/span>\u7ec8\u6b62；\u5bbd\u5b57\u7b26\u53e6\u8bf4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u53ef\u6539（\u5371\u9669）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    UTF-8 <\/span>\u5b57\u8282\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Unicode <\/span>\u7801\u70b9（\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f18\u5316）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    UTF-16 char <\/span>\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    7.2 \u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u53cc\u5f15\u53f7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    "hi"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    "hi"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    "hi"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    "hi"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    'a'<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5b57\u7b26\u7528<\/span> rune <\/span>\u5b57\u9762\u91cf<\/span> 'a'<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0\u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    'a'<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u539f\u59cb<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    `raw`<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    r"…"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    text block """…"""<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u591a\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u62fc\u63a5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u53cd\u5f15\u53f7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    """<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    text block<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    printf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    fmt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    f-string f"{x}"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    String.format<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u6a21\u677f\u4e32（<\/span>2026<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    t-string t"{x}"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Python 3.14 t-string<\/span><\/h4>\n

                    from string.templatelib import Template
                    \nname = "world"
                    \ntpl: Template = t"Hello, {name}!"
                    \n# \u53ef\u904d\u5386 tpl.strings \/ tpl.interpolations \u505a\u5b89\u5168\u5904\u7406 <\/p>\n

                    7.3 \u5e38\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u957f\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strlen<\/span>（<\/span>O(n)<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    len(s) <\/span>\u5b57\u8282\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    len(s) <\/span>\u5b57\u7b26\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    s.length() UTF-16 <\/span>\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u62fc\u63a5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strcat\/snprintf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    + \/ strings.Builder<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    + \/ join<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    + \/ StringBuilder<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5207\u7247<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strncmp <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    s[i:j]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    s[i:j]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    substring<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u67e5\u627e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strstr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strings.Contains<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    in \/ find<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    contains \/ indexOf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u5206\u5272<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strtok<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    strings.Split<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    split<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    split<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    \u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    sprintf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    fmt.Sprintf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    f-string<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    formatted<\/span>（<\/span>Java 21+<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    7.4 \u8f6c\u4e49\u4e0e Unicode<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u5e38\u89c1\u8f6c\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Unicode<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\n \\\\t \\\\\\\\ \\\\"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\uXXXX<\/span>（<\/span>C11\/u8<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u540c<\/span> C + ` <\/span>\u5185\u4e0d\u8f6c\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\u \\\\U<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\n \\\\t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\u \\\\U \\\\N{name}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\n \\\\t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \\\\uXXXX<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    7.5 C \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7279\u522b\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/h3>\n

                    char s[] = "hi";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u6570\u7ec4
                    \nchar *p = "hi";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u91cf，\u5e38\u4e0d\u53ef\u5199
                    \n\/\/ C23
                    \nconst char *q = u8"\u4f60\u597d"; <\/p>\n

                    \u7ecf\u5178\u5751<\/span><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • char * \u4e0e char[] \u4e0d\u540c<\/li>\n
                    • sizeof(s) vs strlen(s)<\/li>\n
                    • \u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u6ea2\u51fa \u2192 \u7528 snprintf\u3001\u8fb9\u754c\u68c0\u67e5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      7.6 Go \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e rune<\/span><\/h3>\n

                      s := "\u4f60\u597d"
                      \nfor i, r := range s { \/\/ r \u662f rune，i \u662f\u5b57\u8282\u504f\u79fb
                      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 _ = i; _ = r
                      \n} <\/p>\n

                      len(s) \u662f\u5b57\u8282\u6570，\u4e0d\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u6570；\u8ba1\u6570\u7528 utf8.RuneCountInString\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      7.7 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                    • Java String \u62fc\u63a5\u5927\u91cf\u7528 + \u6027\u80fd\u5dee，\u7528 StringBuilder\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Go \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8，\u4fee\u6539\u7528 []byte \u6216 strings.Builder\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Python f-string \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u91cc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u53cd\u659c\u6760（\u8bed\u6cd5\u9650\u5236）\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • C \u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u7f6e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7c7b\u578b，\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u5168\u662f\u88f8\u6307\u9488\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n

                      08 \u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/h2>\n

                      8.1 \u6570\u7ec4 \/ \u5b9a\u957f\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u957f\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8d8a\u754c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      int a[10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      [10]int<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7c7b\u578b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7f16\u8bd1<\/span>\/<\/span>\u8fd0\u884c<\/span> panic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0\u771f\u6570\u7ec4；<\/span>array.array <\/span>\u5c11\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      IndexError<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      int[] a = new int[10]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      ArrayIndexOutOfBounds<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      8.2 \u52a8\u6001\u5e8f\u5217<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6838\u5fc3\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6269\u5bb9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u624b\u52a8<\/span> malloc + realloc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u8d1f\u8d23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      slice []T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u81ea\u52a8，\u5171\u4eab\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u7ec4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      list<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      ArrayList<T><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      s := make([]int, 0, 10)\u00a0 \/\/ len=0, cap=10
                      \ns = append(s, 1)
                      \nlst = [1, 2, 3]
                      \nlst.append(4)
                      \nvar list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
                      \nlist.add(1); <\/p>\n

                      Go slice \u4e09\u8981\u7d20<\/span><\/h4>\n

                      pointer + len + cap \u2014\u2014 \u7406\u89e3 slice \u662f\u5b66 Go \u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      8.3 \u6620\u5c04（\u952e\u503c\u5bf9）<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6709\u5e8f？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7f3a\u5931\u952e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0；\u7528\u54c8\u5e0c\u5e93\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      map[K]V<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u904d\u5386\u987a\u5e8f\u968f\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u96f6\u503c<\/span> + ok<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      dict<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      3.7+ <\/span>\u63d2\u5165\u6709\u5e8f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      KeyError \/ get<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      HashMap \/ LinkedHashMap<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Hash <\/span>\u65e0\u5e8f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      null \/ getOrDefault<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      v, ok := m["key"]
                      \nif !ok { \/* \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 *\/ }
                      \nv = d.get("key", default) <\/p>\n

                      8.4 \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53 \/ \u8bb0\u5f55<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7279\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      struct Point { int x, y; };<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5185\u5b58\u5e03\u5c40\u53ef\u63a7，\u53ef\u5bf9\u9f50<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      type Point struct { X, Y int }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5bfc\u51fa\u5b57\u6bb5\u9760\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      @dataclass \/ class<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u52a8\u6001\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      class \/ record<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      record <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u8f7d\u4f53<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      record Point(int x, int y) {}
                      \nfrom dataclasses import dataclass<\/p>\n

                      @dataclass
                      \nclass Point:
                      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 x: int
                      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 y: int <\/p>\n

                      8.5 \u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u6269\u5c55<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u96c6\u5408<\/span> Set<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      map[T]struct{} <\/span>\u60ef\u7528\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      set<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      HashSet<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u961f\u5217<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u624b\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      container\/list <\/span>\u6216<\/span> channel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      deque<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Queue<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u6808<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u624b\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      slice <\/span>\u6a21\u62df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      list <\/span>\u6a21\u62df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Deque<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u5143\u7ec4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      tuple<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0（<\/span>record <\/span>\u66ff\u4ee3）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      8.6 \u8fed\u4ee3<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u60ef\u7528\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      for (i=0; i<n; i++) <\/span>\u6216\u6307\u9488\u904d\u5386<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      for i, v := range<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      for x in iterable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      enhanced for <\/span>\u6216<\/span> Iterator \/ Stream<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      8.7 \u5185\u5b58\u5e03\u5c40（C\/Go \u91cd\u70b9）<\/span><\/h3>\n

                      C struct \u586b\u5145（padding） \u5f71\u54cd ABI\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u3001\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      struct S { char a; int b; };\u00a0 \/\/ \u53ef\u80fd\u6709 3 \u5b57\u8282 padding <\/p>\n

                      Go \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u9f50，\u53ef\u7528 unsafe \u5206\u6790\u4f46\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Python\/Java \u5bf9\u8c61\u5e03\u5c40\u5bf9\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      8.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                    • Go array vs slice：[3]int \u4e0e []int \u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Go map \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316nil，\u4e0d\u80fd\u5199\u5165；\u8981\u5148 make\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Python list \u662f\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u7ec4，a = b \u5171\u4eab\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Java Arrays.asList \u8fd4\u56de\u5b9a\u957f\u5217\u8868，\u4e0d\u80fd add\u3002<\/li>\n

                      09 \u6307\u9488\u5f15\u7528\u5185\u5b58<\/span><\/h2>\n

                      9.1 \u6709\u65e0\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7528\u6237\u5c42\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7a7a\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> \u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      NULL \/ nullptr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> \u6709\u9650\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      nil<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u274c<\/span> \u4e00\u5207\u662f\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      None<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u274c<\/span> \u53ea\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      null<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      9.2 \u6307\u9488\u57fa\u7840（C \/ Go）<\/span><\/h3>\n

                      int x = 10;
                      \nint *p = &x;
                      \n*p = 20;
                      \nx := 10
                      \np := &x
                      \n*p = 20 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u53d6\u5740<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      &<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      &<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u89e3\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u6307\u9488\u7b97\u672f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> p++<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u274c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> func <\/span>\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      9.3 \u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u4e0e\u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5206\u914d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      malloc \/ calloc \/ realloc \/ aligned_alloc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      free<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u540c\u4e0a<\/span> + strdup <\/span>\u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u51fd\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      free<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      new(T) \/ make \/ <\/span>\u53d6\u5740<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      new<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      Go 1.26：new(expr)<\/span><\/h4>\n

                      p := new(42)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ *int，\u503c\u4e3a 42
                      \nage := new(18)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ \u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u9009 JSON \u5b57\u6bb5\u7b49 <\/p>\n

                      \u65e7\u5199\u6cd5：v := 42; p := &v<\/span><\/p>\n

                      9.4 \u6808 vs \u5806<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8c01\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458（\u5c40\u90e8\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u6808，<\/span>malloc <\/span>\u5728\u5806）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u9003\u9038\u5206\u6790<\/span> \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python\/Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/span> + JIT<\/span>，\u5bf9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u900f\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      9.5 \u5783\u573e\u56de\u6536<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u804c\u8d23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u624b\u52a8<\/span> free<\/span>，\u9632\u6cc4\u6f0f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u60ac\u5782<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5e76\u53d1<\/span> GC<\/span>（<\/span>1.26 Green Tea <\/span>\u9ed8\u8ba4）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6ce8\u610f<\/span> goroutine <\/span>\u6cc4\u6f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570<\/span> + <\/span>\u5faa\u73af<\/span> GC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6ce8\u610f\u5168\u5c40\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5206\u4ee3<\/span> GC<\/span>（<\/span>G1\/ZGC\/Shenandoah<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6ce8\u610f\u9759\u6001\u96c6\u5408\u6301\u6709\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      9.6 \u5e38\u89c1\u5185\u5b58\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> \u9ad8\u53d1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8f83\u5c11<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8f83\u5c11<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8f83\u5c11<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u60ac\u5782\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u907f\u514d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u907f\u514d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GC <\/span>\u907f\u514d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u53cc\u91cd\u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u6ea2\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8fb9\u754c\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8fb9\u754c\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u8fb9\u754c\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      \u6570\u636e\u7ade\u4e89<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span> race detector<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      GIL\/<\/span>\u9501<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u2705<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      C23 memset_explicit：\u5b89\u5168\u64e6\u9664\u654f\u611f\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                      9.7 \u5f15\u7528\u8bed\u4e49\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span><\/h3>\n

                      Java<\/span><\/p>\n

                      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                      \nfoo(sb);\u00a0 \/\/ \u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5bb9 <\/p>\n

                      Python<\/span><\/p>\n

                      def foo(lst):
                      \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lst.append(1)\u00a0 # \u4fee\u6539\u5916\u90e8\u53ef\u89c1 <\/p>\n

                      Go \u2014 \u4f20 slice \u53ef\u6539\u5e95\u5c42\u5143\u7d20：<\/span><\/p>\n

                      func add1(s []int) { s[0]++ }\u00a0 \/\/ \u5916\u90e8 slice \u5143\u7d20\u4f1a\u53d8 <\/p>\n

                      9.8 unsafe \/ \u5e95\u5c42\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u5168\u662f<\/span> unsafe<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      unsafe <\/span>\u5305<\/span> + unsafe.Pointer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      ctypes \/ C <\/span>\u6269\u5c55<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      Foreign Function & Memory API<\/span>（\u66ff\u4ee3<\/span> JNI <\/span>\u65b9\u5411）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      9.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                    • Go new vs make：new \u5206\u914d\u96f6\u503c；make \u7528\u4e8e slice\/map\/chan\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • C free \u540e\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Java == \u6bd4\u8f83\u5f15\u7528，\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n
                    • Python is \u6bd4\u8f83\u8eab\u4efd，\u5c0f\u6574\u6570\u7f13\u5b58\u5bfc\u81f4 is \u6709\u65f6\u201c\u78b0\u5de7\u201d\u4e3a\u771f\u3002<\/li>\n

                      10 \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/h2>\n

                      10.1 \u6807\u51c6\u6d41\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stdin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stdout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stderr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stdin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stdout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      stderr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      os.Stdin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      os.Stdout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      os.Stderr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      sys.stdin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      sys.stdout<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      sys.stderr<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      System.in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      System.out<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      System.err<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      10.2 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \n

                      \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u6700\u7b80\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      puts("hi")<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      printf("%d\\\\n", n)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      fmt.Println("hi")<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      fmt.Printf("%d\\\\n", n)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      print("hi")<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      print(f"{n}") \/ format<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                      \n

                      Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      System.out.println("hi")<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                      		\n

                      System.out.printf("%d%n", n)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      \u6362\u884c\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/h4>\n
                        \n
                      • C printf \u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u6362\u884c<\/li>\n
                      • Go Println \u81ea\u52a8\u6362\u884c<\/li>\n
                      • Python print \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6362\u884c，end= \u53ef\u6539<\/li>\n
                      • Java println \u81ea\u52a8\u6362\u884c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        10.3 \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u8f93\u5165<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u8bfb\u4e00\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u8bfb\u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fgets(buf, size, stdin)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        scanf("%d", &n)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        bufio.NewReader \/ fmt.Scanln<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fmt.Scanf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        input()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u624b\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362<\/span> int(input())<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Scanner.nextLine()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Scanner.nextInt()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        \/\/ C：scanf \u6709\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u6ea2\u51fa\u98ce\u9669，\u4f18\u5148 fgets + sscanf
                        \nchar line[128];
                        \nif (fgets(line, sizeof line, stdin))
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sscanf(line, "%d", &n);
                        \nreader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
                        \nline, _ := reader.ReadString('\\\\n')
                        \nline = input().strip()
                        \nn = int(line)
                        \nvar sc = new Scanner(System.in);
                        \nint n = sc.nextInt(); <\/p>\n

                        10.4 \u6587\u4ef6 I\/O<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u6253\u5f00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u8bfb\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5199\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5173\u95ed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fopen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fgets\/fread<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fprintf\/fwrite<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fclose<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        os.Open<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        io.ReadAll<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        os.WriteFile<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        defer f.Close()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        open()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        read()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        write()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        with <\/span>\u81ea\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Files \/ FileReader<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        readString<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        writeString<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        try-with-resources<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Python \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/h4>\n

                        with open("data.txt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 content = f.read() <\/p>\n

                        Go \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/h4>\n

                        data, err := os.ReadFile("data.txt") <\/p>\n

                        Java \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/h4>\n

                        String s = Files.readString(Path.of("data.txt")); <\/p>\n

                        10.5 \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 I\/O<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fread\/fwrite + memcpy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C23<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        #embed "file.bin" <\/span>\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5d4c\u5165<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        encoding\/binary <\/span>\u5927\u7aef\u5c0f\u7aef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        struct.pack \/ unpack<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        DataInputStream \/ ByteBuffer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        \/\/ C23 \u5d4c\u5165\u8d44\u6e90
                        \nconst unsigned char icon[] = {
                        \n#embed "icon.png"
                        \n}; <\/p>\n

                        10.6 \u7f13\u51b2 I\/O<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7f13\u51b2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5168\u7f13\u51b2<\/span> stdio<\/span>，<\/span>setvbuf <\/span>\u53ef\u8c03<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        bufio.Reader\/Writer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u6587\u672c<\/span> IO <\/span>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7f13\u51b2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        BufferedReader<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        \u6559\u8bad：C\/Go \u7684 printf \u65e0\u6362\u884c\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u7f13\u51b2\u5ef6\u8fdf\u663e\u793a；\u8c03\u8bd5\u53ef\u52a0 \\\\n \u6216 fflush(stdout)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                        10.7 \u5e8f\u5217\u5316（JSON \u7b49）<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        JSON <\/span>\u5e38\u7528\u5e93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        cJSON, jansson<\/span>（\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        encoding\/json<\/span>（<\/span>1.27 <\/span>\u5c06\u6709<\/span> v2<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        json <\/span>\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Jackson \/ Gson \/ javax.json<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        10.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                      • C scanf("%s") \u6c38\u4e0d\u88f8\u7528，\u65e0\u5bbd\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n
                      • Go \u522b\u7528 fmt.Scan \u8bfb\u5e26\u7a7a\u683c\u8f93\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n
                      • Python \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u8981\u6307\u5b9a encoding="utf-8"（Windows \u5c24\u5176）\u3002<\/li>\n
                      • Java System.out \u662f\u5b57\u8282\u6d41\u5305\u88c5，\u5b57\u7b26\u5e94\u7528 PrintWriter\u3002<\/li>\n
                      • 11\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/li>\n
                      • 11\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/li>\n

                        11 \u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/h2>\n

                        11.1 \u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u4e3b\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7406\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u8fd4\u56de\u7801<\/span> + errno<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u663e\u5f0f\u68c0\u67e5\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        error <\/span>\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u9519\u8bef\u662f\u503c，\u4e0d\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u6d41<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        EAFP<\/span>：\u5148\u505a\u4e8b，\u51fa\u9519\u518d\u6355\u83b7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u53d7\u68c0<\/span> + <\/span>\u975e\u53d7\u68c0\u53cc\u8f68<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        11.2 C：\u8fd4\u56de\u7801\u4e0e errno<\/span><\/h3>\n

                        #include <errno.h>
                        \n#include <string.h><\/p>\n

                        FILE *f = fopen("missing.txt", "r");
                        \nif (!f) {
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fprintf(stderr, "open failed: %s\\\\n", strerror(errno));
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 1;
                        \n} <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7528\u9014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        NULL<\/span>\u3001<\/span>-1<\/span>\u3001<\/span>EOF <\/span>\u8868\u793a\u5931\u8d25<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        errno<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u9519\u8bef\u7801<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        perror \/ strerror<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u6d88\u606f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        \u65e0\u5f02\u5e38，\u4e5f\u65e0\u5f3a\u5236\u68c0\u67e5\u8fd4\u56de\u7801\u2014\u2014C \u6700\u5927\u98ce\u9669\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                        11.3 Go：error \u63a5\u53e3<\/span><\/h3>\n

                        func readConfig(path string) ([]byte, error) {
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if err != nil {
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return nil, fmt.Errorf("read config %s: %w", path, err)
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return data, nil
                        \n} <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        error <\/span>\u662f\u63a5\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Error() string<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u60ef\u7528\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        if err != nil { return … }<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u5305\u88c5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        fmt.Errorf("…: %w", err)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        panic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u7f16\u7a0b\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Go \u6ca1\u6709 try\/catch；panic\/recover \u7c7b\u4f3c defer \u7ea7\u5f02\u5e38，\u4e0d\u7528\u4e8e\u4e1a\u52a1\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                        11.4 Python：\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/h3>\n

                        try:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 with open("missing.txt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 data = f.read()
                        \nexcept FileNotFoundError as e:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print("not found:", e)
                        \nexcept OSError as e:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print("io error:", e)
                        \nelse:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print("ok", len(data))
                        \nfinally:
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print("cleanup") <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        3.14 <\/span>\u66f4\u65b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        except X:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u53ef\u5199<\/span> except X <\/span>\u7701\u7565\u62ec\u53f7（<\/span>PEP 758<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        except*<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        ExceptionGroup <\/span>\u76f8\u5173<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        finally<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7981\u6b62<\/span> return\/break\/continue <\/span>\u8df3\u51fa（<\/span>PEP 765<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        11.5 Java：\u53d7\u68c0\u4e0e\u975e\u53d7\u68c0<\/span><\/h3>\n

                        try {
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Files.readString(Path.of("missing.txt"));
                        \n} catch (IOException e) {
                        \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 throw new RuntimeException(e);
                        \n} <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u53d7\u68c0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Exception<\/span>（\u975e<\/span> Runtime<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5f3a\u5236<\/span> try\/catch <\/span>\u6216<\/span> throws<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u975e\u53d7\u68c0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        RuntimeException<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u5426<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Error<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u6355<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        \u73b0\u4ee3 Java \u8d8b\u52bf：\u65b0 API \u66f4\u5c11\u53d7\u68c0\u5f02\u5e38；\u7528 Optional \/ Result \u98ce\u683c\u5728\u5e93\u5c42\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                        11.6 \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u5bf9\u7167\u8868<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u573a\u666f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        NULL + errno<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        error <\/span>\u5305\u88c5<\/span> os.ErrNotExist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        FileNotFoundError<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        NoSuchFileException<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u9664\u96f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\/ SIGFPE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        panic<\/span>（\u6574\u6570\u9664\u96f6）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        ZeroDivisionError<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        ArithmeticException<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        TypeError<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u9519\u8bef\u7801\u679a\u4e3e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        errors.New \/ <\/span>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7ee7\u627f<\/span> Exception<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u7ee7\u627f<\/span> Exception<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        11.7 \u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        \n

                        \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        RAII \/ <\/span>\u81ea\u52a8\u6e05\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        \u624b\u52a8；<\/span>goto cleanup <\/span>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        defer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        with <\/span>\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                        \n

                        Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                        		\n

                        try-with-resources<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        f, err := os.Open(path)
                        \nif err != nil { return err }
                        \ndefer f.Close() <\/p>\n

                        11.8 \u9009\u578b\u76f4\u89c9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • C：\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u90fd\u68c0\u67e5；\u5931\u8d25\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u6210\u529f\u8def\u5f84\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Go：\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206；\u94fe\u5f0f if err != nil \u662f\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Python：\u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u610f\u5916\u201d；\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u505a\u666e\u901a\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Java：API \u8bbe\u8ba1\u8981\u60f3\u6e05\u695a\u53d7\u68c0\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u5426\u503c\u5f97\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          11.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                        • Go \u4e0d\u8981\u6ee5\u7528 panic \u4ee3\u66ff error\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Python \u6355\u83b7 Exception \u592a\u5bbd，\u5c3d\u91cf\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Java \u541e\u6389\u5f02\u5e38 catch (Exception e) {} \u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u5669\u68a6\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • C errno \u53ea\u5728\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u8bfb，\u6210\u529f\u8c03\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6539 errno\u3002<\/li>\n

                          12 \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/h2>\n

                          12.1 \u8303\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5b98\u65b9\u8303\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u73b0\u5b9e\u5199\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          struct + <\/span>\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6a21\u62df<\/span> OOP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          struct + interface<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u591a\u8303\u5f0f<\/span> OOP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7c7b<\/span> + <\/span>\u9b54\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5355\u7ee7\u627f<\/span> OOP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          class + interface + record<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          12.2 \u7c7b \/ \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6784\u9020<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u624b\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b57\u6bb5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          type T struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5b57\u9762\u91cf<\/span> T{a:1}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          class T:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          __init__<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          class T \/ record T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6784\u9020\u5668<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          class Dog:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def __init__(self, name: str):
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self.name = name
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def bark(self) -> str:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return "woof"
                          \npublic class Dog {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 private final String name;
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public Dog(String name) { this.name = name; }
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public String bark() { return "woof"; }
                          \n} <\/p>\n

                          \n

                          12.3 \u7ee7\u627f vs \u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u63a8\u8350<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ec4\u5408<\/span> struct<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5d4c\u5165<\/span> struct<\/span>（\u533f\u540d\u5b57\u6bb5）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5355\u7ee7\u627f<\/span> + Mixin<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ec4\u5408<\/span> + <\/span>\u534f\u8bae<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5355\u7ee7\u627f<\/span> class<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u63a5\u53e3\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          Go \u5d4c\u5165（\u7ec4\u5408）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                          type Engine struct { Power int }
                          \ntype Car struct {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Engine\u00a0 \/\/ \u533f\u540d\u5b57\u6bb5，\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u5347
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brand string
                          \n} <\/p>\n

                          Python \u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/h4>\n

                          class Animal: …
                          \nclass Dog(Animal): … <\/p>\n

                          Java<\/span><\/h4>\n

                          class Dog extends Animal implements Pet { } <\/p>\n

                          12.4 \u63a5\u53e3 \/ \u62bd\u8c61<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u63a5\u53e3\u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8868<\/span> vtable<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u624b\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          interface <\/span>\u9690\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0\u9700<\/span> implements<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7c7b\u578b<\/span> + Protocol<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u5373\u53ef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          interface <\/span>\u663e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          implements<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          type Reader interface {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
                          \n}
                          \n\/\/ \u4efb\u4f55\u6709 Read \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u6ee1\u8db3 Reader
                          \ninterface Readable {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int read(byte[] buf);
                          \n}
                          \nclass MyReader implements Readable { … } <\/p>\n

                          12.5 \u591a\u6001<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488<\/span> \/ _Generic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          interface <\/span>\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u53d1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u65b9\u6cd5\u67e5\u627e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u865a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8868<\/span> + interface<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          12.6 \u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          public<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          protected<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5305\u53ef\u89c1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ea6\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7ea6\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          static <\/span>\u6587\u4ef6\u5185<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5927\u5199\u5bfc\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5c0f\u5199\u5305\u5185<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5305\u7ea7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0\u5f3a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          _ <\/span>\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          public<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          protected<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5305\u79c1\u6709<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          Go \u89c4\u5219：Foo \u5bfc\u51fa，foo \u4e0d\u5bfc\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u6781\u7b80\u4f46\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          12.7 \u7279\u6b8a OOP \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6a21\u62df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          abc.ABC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          abstract class<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0（\u5305\u7ea7\u51fd\u6570）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          @staticmethod<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          static<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          @classmethod<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          static <\/span>\u5de5\u5382<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u5c5e\u6027<\/span> getter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          @property<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          getter\/setter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          record\/<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          @dataclass<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          record<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u679a\u4e3e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          enum(C23)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          iota <\/span>\u5e38\u91cf\u7ec4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Enum<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          enum<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u6790\u6784<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          __del__<\/span>（\u5c11\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          finalize <\/span>\u5e9f\u5f03<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          12.8 Java record \u4e0e Python dataclass<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          record User(String name, int age) {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public User {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if (age < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }
                          \n}
                          \nfrom dataclasses import dataclass<\/p>\n

                          @dataclass(frozen=True)
                          \nclass User:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 name: str
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 age: int <\/p>\n

                          \u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u9002\u5408\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u8f7d\u4f53，\u66ff\u4ee3\u5197\u957f POJO\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          12.9 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                        • Go \u6ca1\u6709 class，\u522b\u786c\u5957 Java OOP \u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Python \u7684 self \u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f，\u4e0d\u662f\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6\u80fd\u7701\u7565\u7684（\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5）\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • Java \u63a5\u53e3\u53ef\u6709 default\/static \u65b9\u6cd5（Java 8+）\u3002<\/li>\n
                        • C++ \u7684 OOP \u522b\u548c C \u6df7\u6dc6\u2014\u2014C \u6ca1\u6709\u6784\u9020\/\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n

                          13 \u6cdb\u578b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/h2>\n

                          13.1 \u652f\u6301\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5f15\u5165\u7248\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7c7b\u578b\u64e6\u9664？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5b8f<\/span> + _Generic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          C11<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u9884\u5904\u7406<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u9009\u62e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2705<\/span> \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Go 1.18<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u5355\u6001\u5316（<\/span>monomorphization<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570（<\/span>PEP 695<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          3.12+<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u64e6\u9664（\u6ce8\u89e3\u7528）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u2705<\/span> \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          Java 5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6709\u64e6\u9664<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          13.2 C：\u5b8f\u4e0e _Generic<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          #define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))\u00a0 \/\/ \u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u9677\u9631<\/p>\n

                          \/\/ C11 _Generic：\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u53d1
                          \n#define print_val(x) _Generic((x), \\\\
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int: print_int, \\\\
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 double: print_double \\\\
                          \n)(x) <\/p>\n

                          C23 \u6539\u8fdb\u4e86 _Generic；\u4f46 C \u4ecd\u65e0\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u51fd\u6570\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          13.3 Go \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          func Map[T, U any](slice []T, f func(T) U) []U {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 out := make([]U, len(slice))
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for i, v := range slice {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 out[i] = f(v)
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return out
                          \n}<\/p>\n

                          type Stack[T any] struct { items []T }<\/p>\n

                          func (s *Stack[T]) Push(v T) { s.items = append(s.items, v) } <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u8bed\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          [T any]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u7ea6\u675f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          interface <\/span>\u7ea6\u675f\u96c6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u901a\u5e38\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u65ad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          Go 1.26：\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u81ea\u5f15\u7528\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          Go 1.27（\u524d\u77bb）：\u6cdb\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5 func (s *Set[T]) Union[U …](…)<\/span><\/p>\n

                          13.4 Python \u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          # PEP 695 \u98ce\u683c
                          \ndef first[T](items: list[T]) -> T:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return items[0]<\/p>\n

                          class Stack[T]:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def __init__(self) -> None:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self._items: list[T] = []
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def push(self, item: T) -> None:
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self._items.append(item) <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u4ecd\u662f\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b，\u6cdb\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          TypeVar<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u65e7\u5199\u6cd5\u4ecd\u53ef\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u8054\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          `int<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          Python 3.14：\u6ce8\u89e3\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6c42\u503c，\u524d\u5411\u5f15\u7528\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          13.5 Java \u6cdb\u578b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          public static <T> T first(List<T> list) {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return list.get(0);
                          \n}<\/p>\n

                          public class Box<T> {
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 private T value;
                          \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public T get() { return value; }
                          \n} <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \n

                          \u9650\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u539f\u56e0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u4e0d\u80fd\u7528<\/span> int <\/span>\u4f5c\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u64e6\u9664<\/span> + <\/span>\u539f\u59cb\u7c7b\u578b\u5e76\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u4e0d\u80fd<\/span> new T()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u64e6\u9664<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                          \n

                          \u4e0d\u80fd\u521b\u5efa<\/span> T[]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                          		\n

                          \u6570\u7ec4\u534f\u53d8\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          \u539f\u59cb\u7c7b\u578b workaround：List<int> \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 \u2192 List<Integer>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          Java 25+ \u6539\u8fdb\u65b9\u5411<\/span><\/h4>\n
                            \n
                          • \u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684 pattern matching<\/li>\n
                          • Primitive Types in Patterns（\u9884\u89c8）：\u51cf\u5c11\u88c5\u7bb1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            13.6 \u7ea6\u675f \/ \u8fb9\u754c\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            \n

                            \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u7ea6\u675f\u5199\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            interface{ ~int | ~int64 } <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            T: Comparable \/ bound=<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            <T extends Number><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                            public <T extends Comparable<T>> T max(T a, T b) {
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return a.compareTo(b) >= 0 ? a : b;
                            \n} <\/p>\n

                            13.7 \u534f\u53d8\u4e0e\u9006\u53d8（\u8fdb\u9636）<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            \n

                            \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u6570\u7ec4<\/span>\/<\/span>\u96c6\u5408\u534f\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u65e0\u6cdb\u578b\u96c6\u5408<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            slice <\/span>\u4e0d\u53d8；<\/span>interface <\/span>\u6709\u534f\u53d8\u611f\u89c9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u5904\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u6570\u7ec4\u534f\u53d8（<\/span>String[] <\/span>\u662f<\/span> Object[]<\/span>）；\u6cdb\u578b\u4e0d\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                            List<String> list = List.of("a");
                            \n\/\/ List<Object> objs = list;\u00a0 \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef <\/p>\n

                            13.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                          • Java \u6cdb\u578b\u64e6\u9664：\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6 List<String> \u548c List<Integer> \u90fd\u662f List\u3002<\/li>\n
                          • Go \u6cdb\u578b\u4e0d\u662f C++ \u6a21\u677f\u5143\u7f16\u7a0b，\u4fdd\u6301\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/li>\n
                          • C \u5b8f\u6cdb\u578b \u4e0d\u505a\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5，\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u5751\u3002<\/li>\n
                          • Python \u6cdb\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed9 mypy\/pyright，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n

                            14 \u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/h2>\n

                            14.1 \u603b\u89c8<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            \n

                            \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5e76\u884c？<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            pthread \/ <\/span>\u624b\u52a8\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u662f（<\/span>OS <\/span>\u7ebf\u7a0b）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            goroutine + channel<\/span>（<\/span>CSP<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            M:N <\/span>\u8c03\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            threading \/ asyncio \/ multiprocessing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            GIL <\/span>\u9650\u5236<\/span> CPU <\/span>\u5e76\u884c（<\/span>3.14 <\/span>\u53ef\u9009\u81ea\u7531\u7ebf\u7a0b）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            Thread \/ <\/span>\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span> \/ java.util.concurrent<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u771f\u5e76\u884c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                            14.2 C：POSIX \u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                            #include <pthread.h><\/p>\n

                            void *worker(void *arg) {
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ …
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return NULL;
                            \n}<\/p>\n

                            pthread_t t;
                            \npthread_create(&t, NULL, worker, NULL);
                            \npthread_join(t, NULL); <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            \n

                            \u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            \u540c\u6b65<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            mutex, cond, semaphore<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            \u98ce\u9669<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u6570\u636e\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u6b7b\u9501\u3001\u60ac\u5782\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            \u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            ThreadSanitizer, Valgrind<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                            C \u6ca1\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u7ea7\u5e76\u53d1\u539f\u8bed，\u5168\u9760\u5e93\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                            14.3 Go：goroutine \u4e0e channel<\/span><\/h3>\n

                            ch := make(chan int, 10)<\/p>\n

                            go func() {
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ch <- 42
                            \n}()<\/p>\n

                            v := <-ch <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                            \n

                            \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            go f()<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u542f\u52a8<\/span> goroutine<\/span>，\u6781\u8f7b\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            chan T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            CSP <\/span>\u901a\u4fe1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            select<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            sync.Mutex<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58\u65f6\u5907\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                            \n

                            context<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                            		\n

                            \u53d6\u6d88\u4e0e\u8d85\u65f6\u4f20\u64ad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                            \u53e3\u53f7：Don't communicate by sharing memory; share memory by communicating.<\/span><\/p>\n

                            Go 1.26：\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027 goroutine \u6cc4\u6f0f\u68c0\u6d4b\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                            14.4 Python：GIL\u3001asyncio\u3001\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                            threading（I\/O \u5bc6\u96c6）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                            import threading<\/p>\n

                            def work():
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 …<\/p>\n

                            t = threading.Thread(target=work)
                            \nt.start()
                            \nt.join() <\/p>\n

                            CPython GIL：\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6267\u884c Python \u5b57\u8282\u7801 \u2192 CPU \u5bc6\u96c6 \u7528 multiprocessing\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                            asyncio（\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u5e76\u53d1）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                            import asyncio<\/p>\n

                            async def fetch():
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 await asyncio.sleep(1)
                            \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return "ok"<\/p>\n

                            asyncio.run(fetch()) <\/p>\n

                            Python 3.14 \u81ea\u7531\u7ebf\u7a0b（\u53ef\u9009\u6784\u5efa）<\/span><\/h4>\n
                              \n
                            • PEP 779：\u65e0 GIL \u6784\u5efa\u5b98\u65b9\u652f\u6301<\/li>\n
                            • \u9700\u4e13\u95e8\u5b89\u88c5 python3.14t \u7c7b\u6784\u5efa<\/li>\n
                            • \u6269\u5c55\u6a21\u5757\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u4ecd\u5728\u6f14\u8fdb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              14.5 Java：\u5e73\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e0e\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              \u4f20\u7edf\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              Thread t = Thread.ofPlatform().start(() -> {
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 System.out.println("hi");
                              \n});
                              \nt.join(); <\/p>\n

                              \u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b（Java 21+，\u751f\u4ea7\u53ef\u7528）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 executor.submit(() -> System.out.println("vt"));
                              \n} <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u7279\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5e73\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6570\u91cf\u7ea7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6570\u5343<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6570\u767e\u4e07<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u8c03\u5ea6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              OS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              JVM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u9002\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              CPU <\/span>\u5bc6\u96c6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              I\/O <\/span>\u5bc6\u96c6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              Java 25 \u5b9a\u7a3f：Scoped Values<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              \/\/ \u66ff\u4ee3 ThreadLocal，\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u3001\u4f4e\u5f00\u9500
                              \nScopedValue.where(KEY, value).run(() -> { … }); <\/p>\n

                              Java 26 \u9884\u89c8：Structured Concurrency<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              \u628a\u5b50\u4efb\u52a1\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u7236\u4f5c\u7528\u57df，\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u53d6\u6d88\u5144\u5f1f\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              14.6 \u540c\u6b65\u539f\u8bed\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u539f\u8bed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u4e92\u65a5\u9501<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pthread_mutex<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sync.Mutex<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              threading.Lock<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              synchronized \/ ReentrantLock<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pthread_cond<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sync.Cond<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Condition<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Condition<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u4fe1\u53f7\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sem_t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9<\/span>\/chan<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Semaphore<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Semaphore<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u539f\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              _Atomic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sync\/atomic<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6709\u9650<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              AtomicInteger <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              WaitGroup<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u624b\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sync.WaitGroup<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Barrier<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              CountDownLatch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              14.7 \u5e76\u53d1\u9009\u578b\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u573a\u666f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u9996\u9009<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u7cfb\u7edf\u5e95\u5c42\u3001\u6781\u81f4\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u4e91\u539f\u751f\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u811a\u672c\u3001\u6570\u636e\u80f6\u6c34\u3001<\/span>async Web<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u4f01\u4e1a\u540e\u7aef\u3001<\/span>JVM <\/span>\u751f\u6001<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span>（\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5904\u7406<\/span> I\/O<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              14.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                            • Go map \u5e76\u53d1\u5199\u4f1a panic，\u7528 sync.Map \u6216\u52a0\u9501\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • Python \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u591a\u6838 CPU \u5e76\u884c（\u9664\u975e free-threaded \u6216 multiprocessing）\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • Java \u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e0d\u8981 pin \u5230\u5e73\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b（\u5982 synchronized \u5757\u5185\u957f\u65f6\u95f4 I\/O \u9700\u6ce8\u610f）\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • C \u6570\u636e\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a，\u6bd4 panic \u66f4\u5371\u9669\u3002<\/li>\n

                              15 \u6a21\u5757\u5305\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/h2>\n

                              15.1 \u7ec4\u7ec7\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u903b\u8f91\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7269\u7406\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5bfc\u5165\u8bed\u53e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u65e0\u6a21\u5757；\u7f16\u8bd1\u5355\u5143<\/span> .c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              .h + .c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              #include<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              package<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u76ee\u5f55<\/span> = <\/span>\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              import "path"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              module<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              .py <\/span>\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              import \/ from<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              package<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784<\/span> = <\/span>\u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              import<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              15.2 C：\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u94fe\u63a5<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              \/\/ math_utils.h
                              \n#ifndef MATH_UTILS_H
                              \n#define MATH_UTILS_H
                              \nint add(int a, int b);
                              \n#endif<\/p>\n

                              \/\/ main.c
                              \n#include "math_utils.h" <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9636\u6bb5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u9884\u5904\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              #include, #ifdef<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u7f16\u8bd1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5404<\/span> .c \u2192 .o<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u94fe\u63a5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              gcc … -o app<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              C23：#embed \u53ef\u628a\u8d44\u6e90\u7f16\u8fdb\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              \u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406：\u65e0\u7edf\u4e00\u6807\u51c6 \u2192 Makefile, CMake, Meson, vcpkg, Conan\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              15.3 Go：module<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              myapp\/
                              \n\u00a0 go.mod
                              \n\u00a0 go.sum
                              \n\u00a0 cmd\/app\/main.go
                              \n\u00a0 internal\/pkg\/…
                              \nmodule example.com\/myapp<\/p>\n

                              go 1.26<\/p>\n

                              require (
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 golang.org\/x\/sync v0.10.0
                              \n) <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              go mod init<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6a21\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              go get pkg@version<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u52a0\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              go mod tidy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6574\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u53ef\u89c1\u6027：internal\/ \u76ee\u5f55\u5916\u4e0d\u53ef\u5bfc\u5165（\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5f3a\u5236）\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              15.4 Python：\u5305\u4e0e pyproject<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              myproject\/
                              \n\u00a0 pyproject.toml
                              \n\u00a0 src\/myapp\/
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 __init__.py
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 main.py
                              \n[project]
                              \nname = "myapp"
                              \nversion = "0.1.0"
                              \ndependencies = ["requests>=2.31"] <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7528\u9014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              pip<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b89\u88c5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              venv<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u865a\u62df\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              uv \/ poetry<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u73b0\u4ee3\u4f9d\u8d56\u9501\u5b9a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              import myapp.utils
                              \nfrom myapp.utils import helper <\/p>\n

                              Python 3.14：<\/span><\/p>\n

                              \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u591a\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u652f\u6301（concurrent.interpreters），\u4e0e\u6253\u5305\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              15.5 Java：\u5305\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6784\u5efa<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              \u4f20\u7edf\u5305<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              src\/com\/example\/app\/Main.java
                              \npackage com.example.app; <\/p>\n

                              Java 9+ \u6a21\u5757（module-info.java）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              module com.example.app {
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 requires java.logging;
                              \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 exports com.example.api;
                              \n} <\/p>\n

                              Java 25：Module Import Declarations（\u5b9a\u7a3f）<\/span><\/h4>\n

                              import module java.base;
                              \n\/\/ \u7b80\u5316\u5165\u95e8，\u51cf\u5c11\u5197\u957f import <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u6784\u5efa\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Maven<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pom.xml<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Gradle<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              build.gradle.kts<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              15.6 \u7248\u672c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5e03<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7248\u672c\u8bed\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6ce8\u518c\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5e93\u5404\u81ea\u7248\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u65e0\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              MVS <\/span>\u6700\u5c0f\u7248\u672c\u9009\u62e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6a21\u5757\u4ee3\u7406<\/span> proxy.golang.org<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              PEP 440<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              PyPI<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Maven <\/span>\u5750\u6807<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Maven Central<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              15.7 \u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u7ea7\u522b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u516c\u5f00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5927\u5199\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u65e0\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              public<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u5185\u90e8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5c0f\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              _ <\/span>\u524d\u7f00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              package-private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u79c1\u6709<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              __ <\/span>\u540d\u4fee\u9970<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              private<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              C \u9760 static \u9650\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u4f5c\u7528\u57df + \u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u66b4\u9732\u58f0\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

                              15.8 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n
                            • Go \u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u4e00\u4e2a package（\u9664 main），\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7b49\u4e8e\u5305\u540d\u4f46\u5efa\u8bae\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • Python \u76f8\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5165 from . import x \u53ea\u5728\u5305\u5185\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • Java \u5305\u540d\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u81f4（\u4f20\u7edf\u5e03\u5c40）\u3002<\/li>\n
                            • C #include "local.h" vs <stdio.h> \u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n

                              16 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u901f\u89c8\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/h2>\n

                              16.1 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u89c4\u6a21<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7279\u70b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6781\u5c0f（<\/span>C23 <\/span>\u7565\u589e）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u504f\u5e95\u5c42；\u5176\u4f59\u9760<\/span> POSIX\/<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4e2d\u7b49\u504f\u5927<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u7535\u6c60\u591f\u7528，\u98ce\u683c\u7edf\u4e00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5927\u800c\u5168<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u5e26\u7535\u6c60<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u8d85\u5927（<\/span>JDK<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7<\/span> API <\/span>\u9f50\u5168<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.2 \u6309\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0e\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9886\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              <string.h>, <ctype.h><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              strings, strconv, unicode\/utf8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              str, re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              java.lang.String<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              printf <\/span>\u5bb6\u65cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              fmt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              f-string, t-string<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              String.formatted<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u5bb9\u5668\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9886\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u52a8\u6001\u6570\u7ec4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u624b\u5199<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              slice + append<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              list<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              ArrayList<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6620\u5c04<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u624b\u5199<\/span>\/uthash<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              map<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              dict<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              HashMap<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u7b97\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              qsort, bsearch<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sorted, heapq<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Collections<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              I\/O \u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9886\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              stdio, fcntl<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              os, io, bufio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pathlib, open<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              java.nio.file<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u7f51\u7edc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Berkeley sockets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              net, net\/http<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              socket, urllib, asyncio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              java.net, HttpClient<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u968f\u673a<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9886\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u65f6\u95f4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              <time.h><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              datetime<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              java.time<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u968f\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              rand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              math\/rand, crypto\/rand<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              random, secrets<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Random, SecureRandom<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u52a0\u5bc6\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u9886\u57df<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u54c8\u5e0c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              OpenSSL <\/span>\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              crypto\/*<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              hashlib<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              MessageDigest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              TLS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              OpenSSL<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              crypto\/tls<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              ssl<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              javax.net.ssl<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u6846\u67b6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Unity, Criterion, Check<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              testing, testify<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pytest, unittest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              JUnit 5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u5e76\u53d1<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5e93<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              pthread<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              sync, context, goroutine <\/span>\u5185\u7f6e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              threading, asyncio, multiprocessing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              java.util.concurrent, <\/span>\u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span> API<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.3 C23 \u65b0\u589e\u5e93\u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u5934\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              <stdbit.h><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4f4d\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u524d\u5bfc\u96f6\u7b49<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              <stdckdint.h><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              checked <\/span>\u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u9632\u6ea2\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              char8_t \/ UTF-8 API<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u56fd\u9645\u5316\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              memset_explicit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b89\u5168\u6e05\u96f6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              strdup \/ strndup<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u590d\u5236\u8fdb\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.4 Python 3.14 \u503c\u5f97\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u6a21\u5757<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              string.templatelib<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              t-string <\/span>\u5904\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              compression.zstd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Zstandard <\/span>\u538b\u7f29<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              concurrent.interpreters<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b50\u89e3\u91ca\u5668<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              asyncio <\/span>\u589e\u5f3a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u66f4\u5f3a<\/span> introspection<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              pdb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u53ef<\/span> attach <\/span>\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.5 Java 25\/26 \u503c\u5f97\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              API<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u72b6\u6001<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u865a\u62df\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span> Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b9a\u7a3f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Scoped Values<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b9a\u7a3f（<\/span>25<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Structured Concurrency<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u9884\u89c8（<\/span>26<\/span>）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              HttpClient HTTP\/3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Vector API<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u5b75\u5316\u5668<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              Foreign Function & Memory<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u66ff\u4ee3<\/span> JNI <\/span>\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u672c\u5730\u63a5\u53e3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.6 Go 1.26\/1.27 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u52a8\u6001<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u5305<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              crypto\/hpke<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              1.26 <\/span>\u65b0\u589e\u6df7\u5408\u516c\u94a5\u52a0\u5bc6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              testing\/cryptotest<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u52a0\u5bc6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8f85\u52a9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              encoding\/json\/v2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              1.27 <\/span>\u5927\u6539\u7248（\u4e0e<\/span> v1 <\/span>\u5e76\u5b58）<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              simd\/archsimd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              1.26 <\/span>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027<\/span> SIMD<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              16.7 \u63a8\u8350\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84（\u4ea4\u53c9\u5f3a\u5316）<\/span><\/h3>\n

                              \u9636\u6bb5 1：\u5171\u6027\u57fa\u7840（2\u20133 \u5468）<\/span><\/h4>\n
                            • \u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u6d41 \u2014\u2014 \u7528\u540c\u4e00\u7b97\u6cd5（\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u3001\u7d20\u6570\u7b5b）\u5199\u56db\u4efd<\/li>\n
                            • \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e I\/O \u2014\u2014 \u505a\u300c\u8bfb N \u4e2a\u6570\u6c42\u5e73\u5747\u300dCLI<\/li>\n
                            • \u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406 \u2014\u2014 \u6545\u610f\u5236\u9020\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u9664\u96f6<\/li>\n

                              \u9636\u6bb5 2：\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784（3\u20134 \u5468）<\/span><\/h4>\n
                            • \u6570\u7ec4\/\u5217\u8868\/\u5207\u7247<\/li>\n
                            • map\/dict\/HashMap<\/li>\n
                            • struct\/class\/record<\/li>\n

                              \u9636\u6bb5 3：\u62bd\u8c61\u4e0e\u5de5\u7a0b（4\u20136 \u5468）<\/span><\/h4>\n
                            • \u63a5\u53e3\u4e0e\u591a\u6001<\/li>\n
                            • \u6cdb\u578b（Go\/Java\/Python \u6ce8\u89e3）<\/li>\n
                            • \u6a21\u5757\u4e0e\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406<\/li>\n
                            • \u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/li>\n

                              \u9636\u6bb5 4：\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u529b（\u6309\u5174\u8da3）<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              \n

                              \u65b9\u5411<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              \u4e3b\u653b\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u540e\u7aef\u670d\u52a1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go \/ Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u6570\u636e<\/span>\/<\/span>\u81ea\u52a8\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                              \n

                              \u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1<\/span> I\/O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                              		\n

                              Go + Java <\/span>\u865a\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/span> + Python asyncio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              \u9636\u6bb5 5：2026 \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8865\u8bfe<\/span><\/h4>\n
                                \n
                              • C23：nullptr, #embed, <stdbit.h><\/li>\n
                              • Go 1.26：new(expr), \u6cdb\u578b\u81ea\u5f15\u7528<\/li>\n
                              • Python 3.14：t-string, \u5ef6\u8fdf\u6ce8\u89e3<\/li>\n
                              • Java 25：compact main, scoped values, record<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                16.8 \u5de5\u5177\u94fe\u901f\u67e5<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                \n

                                \u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                \u683c\u5f0f\u5316<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                \u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                \u5305\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                \n

                                C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                clang-format<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                clang-tidy, cppcheck<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                CMake\/Conan<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                \n

                                Go<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                gofmt\/goimports<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                go vet, staticcheck<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                go modules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                \n

                                Python<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                black, ruff format<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                ruff, mypy, pyright<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                pip\/uv\/poetry<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                \n

                                Java<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                google-java-format<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                SpotBugs, Error Prone<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		\n

                                Maven\/Gradle<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                \u76ee\u5f55
                                \n0 \u4ecb\u7ecd
                                \n1.1 \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7
                                \nC
                                \nGo
                                \nPython
                                \nJava（\u4f20\u7edf）
                                \nJava 25 Compact Source（\u5b9a\u7a3f）
                                \n01 \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5165\u53e3
                                \n1.2 \u5165\u53e3\u51fd\u6570\u89c4\u5219
                                \n1.3 \u7f16\u8bd1\u4e0e\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b
                                \n1.4 \u8bed\u53e5\u4e0e\u5757
                                \n1.5 \u6ce8\u91ca
                                \n1.6 \u6613\u6df7\u70b9
                                \n02 \u53d8\u91cf\u5e38\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
                                \n2.1 \u58f0\u660e vs \u5b9a\u4e49 vs \u8d4b\u503c
                                \n2.2 \u53ef\u53d8\u6027
                                \n2.3 \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u89c4\u5219
                                \n2.4 \u96f6\u503c \/ \u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c
                                \n2.5 \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[55,174,99,81,190],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-82272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-c","tag-java","tag-python","tag-190"],"yoast_head":"\nGo \/ C \/ Python \/ Java \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u7167\u5b66\u4e60\u603b\u89c8 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/82272.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Go \/ C \/ Python \/ Java \u56db\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u7167\u5b66\u4e60\u603b\u89c8 - 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