{"id":77200,"date":"2026-02-24T06:58:20","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T22:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/77200.html"},"modified":"2026-02-24T06:58:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T22:58:20","slug":"%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8%e6%a8%a1%e5%bc%8f-vs-python-%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8%ef%bc%9a%e5%90%8c%e5%90%8d%e8%83%8c%e5%90%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%e8%a7%a3%e6%9e%90%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%9e%e6%88%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/77200.html","title":{"rendered":"\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f vs Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff1a\u540c\u540d\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f vs Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u540c\u540d\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u878d\u5408<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57&#xff0c;\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728 Python \u793e\u533a\u91cc&#xff0c;\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u627f\u8f7d\u7740\u4e24\u5c42\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49&#xff0c;\u5374\u5e38\u5e38\u8ba9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u81ea\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff08;Decorator Pattern&#xff09;&#xff0c;GoF 23 \u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00&#xff0c;\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6dfb\u52a0\u804c\u8d23\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u81ea Python \u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8eab&#xff1a;&#064;decorator \u8bed\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u589e\u5f3a\u7248\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6&#xff0c;\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f18\u96c5\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57&#xff0c;\u672c\u8d28\u5374\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u7528 &#064;login_required \u4fdd\u62a4\u8fc7 Django \u89c6\u56fe&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f02\u540c&#xff1f;\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c&#xff0c;\u53c8\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u53d1&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 Python \u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b&#xff0c;\u5e26\u4f60\u5f7b\u5e95\u5398\u6e05\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u300d\u7684\u672c\u8d28&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u878d\u5408\u4f7f\u7528&#xff0c;\u5199<\/p>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u52a8\u6001\u7a7f\u300c\u5916\u8863\u300d<\/h3>\n<h4>2.1 \u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3<\/h4>\n<p>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u6765\u81ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u6709\u7c7b\u3001\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u529f\u80fd&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u6700\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u65b9\u6848&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7ee7\u627f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7c7b\u7206\u70b8\u2014\u2014\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a Coffee \u7c7b&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u52a0\u725b\u5976\u3001\u52a0\u7cd6\u3001\u52a0\u5976\u6ce1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u5408&#xff0c;\u7528\u7ee7\u627f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f MilkCoffee\u3001SugarCoffee\u3001MilkSugarCoffee\u3001FoamMilkSugarCoffee\u2026\u2026\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u589e\u957f&#xff0c;\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u89e3\u6cd5\u662f&#xff1a;\u8ba9\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u4e0e\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3&#xff0c;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u6301\u6709\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u518d\u53e0\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.2 \u7ed3\u6784\u89d2\u8272<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Component&#xff08;\u62bd\u8c61\u7ec4\u4ef6&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u8c61\u63a5\u53e3&#xff0c;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u548c\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6b64\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ConcreteComponent&#xff08;\u5177\u4f53\u7ec4\u4ef6&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Decorator&#xff08;\u62bd\u8c61\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u6301\u6709 Component \u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ConcreteDecorator&#xff08;\u5177\u4f53\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u524d\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>2.3 \u7ecf\u5178\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;\u5496\u5561\u8ba1\u4ef7\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> abc <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> abstractmethod<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u62bd\u8c61\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Beverage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;abstractmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;abstractmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u2192 \u00a5<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5177\u4f53\u7ec4\u4ef6&#xff08;\u539f\u59cb\u5496\u5561&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Espresso<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u6d53\u7f29\u5496\u5561&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">12.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">AmericanCoffee<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u7f8e\u5f0f\u5496\u5561&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u62bd\u8c61\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CondimentDecorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> beverage  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6301\u6709\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5177\u4f53\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u52a0\u725b\u5976<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Milk<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>CondimentDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#043; \u725b\u5976&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5177\u4f53\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u52a0\u7cd6\u6d46<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Syrup<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>CondimentDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#043; \u7cd6\u6d46&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5177\u4f53\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u52a0\u5976\u6ce1<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Foam<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>CondimentDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#043; \u5976\u6ce1&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5177\u4f53\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u5927\u676f\u52a0\u4ef7<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LargeSize<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>CondimentDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;&#xff08;\u5927\u676f&#xff09;&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.3<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061; \u7075\u6d3b\u7ec4\u5408&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u4fee\u6539\u4efb\u4f55\u5df2\u6709\u4ee3\u7801 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;<\/span><br \/>\norder1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Milk<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Syrup<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Espresso<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>order1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6d53\u7f29\u5496\u5561 &#043; \u7cd6\u6d46 &#043; \u725b\u5976 \u2192 \u00a517.00<\/span><\/p>\n<p>order2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> LargeSize<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Foam<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Milk<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>AmericanCoffee<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>order2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7f8e\u5f0f\u5496\u5561 &#043; \u725b\u5976 &#043; \u5976\u6ce1&#xff08;\u5927\u676f&#xff09; \u2192 \u00a522.10<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u6b21\u88c5\u9970<\/span><br \/>\norder3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Milk<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Milk<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Espresso<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u53cc\u4efd\u725b\u5976<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>order3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6d53\u7f29\u5496\u5561 &#043; \u725b\u5976 &#043; \u725b\u5976 \u2192 \u00a518.00<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u603b\u7ed3&#xff1a; \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u975e\u7ee7\u627f\u53e0\u52a0\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1b;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u4e0e\u88ab\u88c5\u9970\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u5b8c\u5168\u900f\u660e&#xff1b;\u88c5\u9970\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u5d4c\u5957\u3001\u4efb\u610f\u7ec4\u5408&#xff0c;\u5177\u6709\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e09\u3001Python \u7684 &#064;decorator&#xff1a;\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u7a7f\u300c\u9a6c\u7532\u300d<\/h3>\n<h4>3.1 \u6838\u5fc3\u672c\u8d28<\/h4>\n<p>Python \u7684 &#064;decorator \u662f\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;decorator<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><br \/>\nfunc <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> decorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#064;decorator \u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5728\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u6e90\u7801\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u589e\u5f3a\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904&#xff0c;\u4f46\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.2 \u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u5b8c\u6574&#xff1a;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5199\u6cd5\u4e00&#xff1a;\u6700\u7b80\u88c5\u9970\u5668<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> time<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> functools<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">timer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u5143\u4fe1\u606f&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        start <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>perf_counter<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        elapsed <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>perf_counter<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> start<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;[\u8ba1\u65f6] <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u8017\u65f6 <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>elapsed<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.4f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">s&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> result<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;timer<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">compute_sum<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">range<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>compute_sum<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1_000_000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># [\u8ba1\u65f6] compute_sum \u8017\u65f6 0.0231s<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5199\u6cd5\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff08;\u4e09\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">retry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>max_attempts<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> delay<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> exceptions<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Exception<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u5931\u8d25\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u8bd5\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">decorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            last_exc <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> attempt <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> max_attempts <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">except<\/span> exceptions <span class=\"token keyword\">as<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                    last_exc <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> e<br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;[\u91cd\u8bd5] <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__name__<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u7b2c<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>attempt<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">\u6b21\u5931\u8d25: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>e<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> attempt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> max_attempts<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                        time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>sleep<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>delay<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> last_exc<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> decorator<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;retry<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>max_attempts<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> delay<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> exceptions<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ConnectionError<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> TimeoutError<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fetch_data<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>url<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6a21\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42&#xff0c;\u6709\u6982\u7387\u5931\u8d25<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> random<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> random<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>random<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ConnectionError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u8fde\u63a5 <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>url<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u5931\u8d25&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;data&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;success&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5199\u6cd5\u4e09&#xff1a;\u57fa\u4e8e\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff08;\u63a8\u8350\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u573a\u666f&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">RateLimit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u9650\u6d41\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u9650\u5236\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u9891\u7387&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> calls_per_second<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>min_interval <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> calls_per_second<br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>last_called <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__call__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            now <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>monotonic<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            wait <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>min_interval <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>now <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>last_called<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> wait <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>sleep<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>wait<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>last_called <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>monotonic<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;RateLimit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>calls_per_second<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6bcf\u79d2\u6700\u591a\u8c03\u75282\u6b21<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">call_external_api<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>endpoint<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;[API] \u8c03\u7528\u63a5\u53e3: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>endpoint<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8fde\u7eed\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u9650\u901f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    call_external_api<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\/api\/resource\/<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5199\u6cd5\u56db&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528 __wrap__ \u534f\u8bae\u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Memoize<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u7f13\u5b58\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5316\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>update_wrapper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>func <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> func<br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__call__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> args <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cache_info<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u7f13\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">len<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u6570\u7ec4\u5408&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;Memoize<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fibonacci<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> n<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">50<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6781\u5feb&#xff0c;\u65e0\u91cd\u590d\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cache_info<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7f13\u5b58\u547d\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1: 51 \u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u6570\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u56db\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;\u4e24\u4e2a\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u300d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5dee\u5f02<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668Python &#064;decorator<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff08;\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u51fd\u6570\/\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ec4\u5408&#xff08;\u6301\u6709\u5f15\u7528&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\/\u95ed\u5305<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u63a5\u53e3\u8981\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u5f3a\u5236\u63a5\u53e3\u8981\u6c42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u673a<\/td>\n<td>\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u7ec4\u5408<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6&#xff08;\u88c5\u9970\u65f6&#xff09;\u9759\u6001\u5305\u88c5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5d4c\u5957\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u624b\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u5d4c\u5957 A(B(C(obj)))<\/td>\n<td>&#064;A &#064;B &#064;C \u591a\u5c42\u53e0\u52a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u72b6\u6001\u7ba1\u7406<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u7ef4\u62a4\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7\u95ed\u5305\u6216\u7c7b\u7ef4\u62a4\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td>\u590d\u6742\u5bf9\u8c61\u884c\u4e3a\u6269\u5c55<\/td>\n<td>\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9&#xff08;\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u9274\u6743&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#x1f4a1; \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u5206&#xff1a; \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u662f\u300c\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7a7f\u5916\u8863&#xff0c;\u5916\u8863\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u957f\u540c\u4e00\u5f20\u8138\u300d&#xff1b;Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u662f\u300c\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u5957\u9a6c\u7532&#xff0c;\u9a6c\u7532\u80fd\u505a\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e94\u3001\u878d\u5408\u4e4b\u9053&#xff1a;\u5728 Python \u4e2d\u7528 &#064;decorator \u5b9e\u73b0\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e24\u8005\u6700\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u4e8e\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002Python \u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u66f4 Pythonic \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.1 \u7528\u51fd\u6570\u95ed\u5305\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u88c5\u9970<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u4e0d\u7528\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f&#xff0c;\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0 IO \u5c42\u7684\u900f\u660e\u589e\u5f3a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add_logging<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>beverage_factory<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u7ed9\u996e\u6599\u5de5\u5382\u6dfb\u52a0\u65e5\u5fd7\u80fd\u529b&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>beverage_factory<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        obj <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> beverage_factory<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        original_cost <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">logged_cost<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> original_cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;[\u65e5\u5fd7] <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u8ba1\u4ef7: \u00a5<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> result<\/p>\n<p>        obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> logged_cost<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> obj<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;add_logging<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">make_latte<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> Milk<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Foam<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Espresso<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>latte <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> make_latte<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\nlatte<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cost<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># [\u65e5\u5fd7] \u6d53\u7f29\u5496\u5561 &#043; \u5976\u6ce1 &#043; \u725b\u5976 \u8ba1\u4ef7: \u00a519.00<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>5.2 \u5b8c\u6574\u878d\u5408\u6848\u4f8b&#xff1a;HTTP \u8bf7\u6c42\u5904\u7406\u7ba1\u9053<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e24\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u878d\u5408\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u573a\u666f\u2014\u2014HTTP \u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> abc <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> abstractmethod<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> dataclasses <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> dataclass<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> field<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> Optional<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> time<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> hashlib<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;dataclass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Request<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    method<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><br \/>\n    path<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><br \/>\n    headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> field<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>default_factory<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    body<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;&#039;<\/span><br \/>\n    user<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Optional<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;dataclass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Response<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    status<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><br \/>\n    body<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><br \/>\n    headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> field<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>default_factory<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    duration_ms<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061; \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u90e8\u5206&#xff1a;Handler \u63a5\u53e3 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">RequestHandler<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;abstractmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">handle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HandlerDecorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>RequestHandler<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ABC<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> RequestHandler<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_handler <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> handler<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8ba4\u8bc1\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6&#xff08;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">AuthMiddleware<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>HandlerDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    VALID_TOKENS <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;token_admin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;admin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;token_user&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;user&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">handle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        token <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Authorization&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Bearer &#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        user <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>VALID_TOKENS<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>token<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> user<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>status<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">401<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> body<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;{&#034;error&#034;: &#034;Unauthorized&#034;}&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>user <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> user<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>handle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u9650\u6d41\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6&#xff08;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ThrottleMiddleware<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>HandlerDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> RequestHandler<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> rps<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_rps <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> rps<br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_requests<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">handle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        now <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>monotonic<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_requests <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>t <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> t <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_requests <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> now <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> t <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_requests<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_rps<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>status<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">429<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> body<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;{&#034;error&#034;: &#034;Too Many Requests&#034;}&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_requests<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>handle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8ba1\u65f6\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6&#xff08;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TimingMiddleware<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>HandlerDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">handle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        start <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>perf_counter<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        response <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>handle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>duration_ms <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>perf_counter<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> start<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> response<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061; Python &#064;decorator \u90e8\u5206&#xff1a;\u589e\u5f3a Handler \u65b9\u6cd5 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">cache_response<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ttl_seconds<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">60<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u7f13\u5b58\u54cd\u5e94\u7ed3\u679c\u7684 Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    _cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">decorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>method <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;GET&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            cache_key <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> hashlib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>md5<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>path<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>user<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>encode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>hexdigest<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> cache_key <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> _cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                cached_at<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> resp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> _cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>cache_key<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>monotonic<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> cached_at <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> ttl_seconds<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                    resp<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;X-Cache&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;HIT&#039;<\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> resp<\/p>\n<p>            response <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            _cache<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>cache_key<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>monotonic<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> response<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;X-Cache&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;MISS&#039;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> response<br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> decorator<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">log_request<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u8bf7\u6c42\u65e5\u5fd7 Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        response <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;[<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>status<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">] <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>method<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>path<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;user&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>user<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>duration_ms<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.1f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">ms &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n              <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;cache&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>headers<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;X-Cache&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;N\/A&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> response<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u6838\u5fc3\u4e1a\u52a1\u5904\u7406\u5668&#xff08;\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">UserHandler<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>RequestHandler<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;log_request<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;cache_response<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ttl_seconds<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">handle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6a21\u62df\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>path <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/api\/users&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n                status<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">200<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n                body<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#039;{{&#034;users&#034;: [&#034;alice&#034;, &#034;bob&#034;], &#034;requested_by&#034;: &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>user<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;}}&#039;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> Response<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>status<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">404<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> body<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;{&#034;error&#034;: &#034;Not Found&#034;}&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061; \u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u53e0\u52a0 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;&#061;<\/span><br \/>\nhandler <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> TimingMiddleware<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    AuthMiddleware<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        ThrottleMiddleware<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            UserHandler<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n            rps<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u6a21\u62df\u8bf7\u6c42<\/span><br \/>\nrequests <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><br \/>\n    Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;GET&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/api\/users&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> headers<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Authorization&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;Bearer token_admin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;GET&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/api\/users&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> headers<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Authorization&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;Bearer token_admin&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u547d\u4e2d\u7f13\u5b58<\/span><br \/>\n    Request<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;GET&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/api\/users&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> headers<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Authorization&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;Bearer invalid&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\"># 401<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> req <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> requests<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    resp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> handler<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>handle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>req<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u54cd\u5e94: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>resp<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>status<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> | <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>resp<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>body<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">50]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u878d\u5408&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957&#xff08;\u8ba4\u8bc1\u2192\u9650\u6d41\u2192\u8ba1\u65f6&#xff09;&#xff0c;Python &#064;decorator \u8d1f\u8d23\u5355\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9&#xff08;\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58&#xff09;\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516d\u3001\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u4f55\u65f6\u7528\u54ea\u4e2a&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<h4>6.1 \u4f7f\u7528\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u6001\u589e\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u4e14\u589e\u5f3a\u884c\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u63a5\u53e3\u65f6&#xff0c;\u9009\u62e9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\u5178\u578b\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;IO \u6d41\u5904\u7406&#xff08;Python \u7684 BufferedReader \u5305\u88c5 FileIO \u6b63\u662f\u6b64\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff09;\u3001UI \u7ec4\u4ef6\u589e\u5f3a\u3001\u6570\u636e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7ba1\u9053\u3001HTTP \u4e2d\u95f4\u4ef6\u94fe\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.2 \u4f7f\u7528 Python &#064;decorator \u7684\u573a\u666f<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u6dfb\u52a0\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u65f6&#xff0c;\u9009\u62e9 Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u3002\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u662f\u6307\u4e0e\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u65e0\u5173\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u5982\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u76d1\u63a7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u6743\u9650\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u6821\u9a8c\u3001\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.3 \u907f\u514d\u7684\u9677\u9631<\/h4>\n<p>\u9677\u9631\u4e00&#xff1a;\u5fd8\u8bb0 &#064;functools.wraps<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u9519\u8bef\u5199\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u5143\u4fe1\u606f\u4e22\u5931<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">bad_decorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u6b63\u786e\u5199\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">good_decorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;functools<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>wraps<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u4fdd\u7559 __name__, __doc__, __annotations__ \u7b49<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">wrapper<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> func<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>args<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">**<\/span>kwargs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> wrapper<\/p>\n<p>\u9677\u9631\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;decorator_a<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u540e\u6267\u884c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;decorator_b<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5148\u6267\u884c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e&#xff1a;func &#061; decorator_a(decorator_b(func))<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># \u8bb0\u5fc6\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u79bb\u51fd\u6570\u8fd1\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5148\u751f\u6548&#xff0c;&#034;\u4ece\u5185\u5230\u5916&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9677\u9631\u4e09&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u4e2d\u672a\u4ee3\u7406\u6240\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5371\u9669&#xff1a;\u53ea\u88c5\u9970\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u63a5\u53e3<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PartialDecorator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>CondimentDecorator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">description<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u88c5\u9970\u540e: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_beverage<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>description<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5fd8\u8bb0\u5b9e\u73b0 cost()&#xff01;\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u4f1a\u629b TypeError<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e03\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e24\u79cd\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u300d\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u88c5\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5dee\u5f02\u5728\u4e8e\u4f5c\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ec4\u5408\u589e\u5f3a\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u4fdd\u6301\u63a5\u53e3\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u884c\u4e3a\u6269\u5c55&#xff1b;Python &#064;decorator \u901a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u589e\u5f3a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u8bed\u6cd5\u7b80\u6d01&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u6a2a\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645 Python \u9879\u76ee\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4e24\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u62cd\u6863&#xff1a;\u7528\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6784\u5efa\u53ef\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21&#xff0c;\u7528 &#064;decorator \u5904\u7406\u901a\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u7ea7\u589e\u5f3a\u3002\u638c\u63e1\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u534f\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u4f60\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c06\u540c\u65f6\u62e5\u6709\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u7ed3\u6784\u548c Python \u7684\u7075\u52a8\u4f18\u96c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f4a1; \u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd&#xff1a; \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u8ba9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7a7f\u4e0a\u300c\u540c\u6b3e\u5916\u8863\u300d\u81ea\u7531\u7ec4\u5408&#xff1b;Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u8ba9\u51fd\u6570\u6234\u4e0a\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u9a6c\u7532\u300d\u6a2a\u5207\u589e\u5f3a\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5408\u7528&#xff0c;\u624d\u662f Pythonic \u67b6\u6784\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u4f60\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u79cd\u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1f;\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u4e24\u8005\u8fb9\u754c\u6a21\u7cca\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u6289\u62e9\u7684\u573a\u666f&#xff1f;\u6b22\u8fce\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u4eab\u4f60\u7684\u601d\u8003&#xff0c;\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u7d22 Python \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e4b\u7f8e\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u300aDesign Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software\u300b- GoF<\/li>\n<li>\u300aHead First \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b- Freeman&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d<\/li>\n<li>\u300a\u6d41\u7545\u7684Python\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248 &#8211; Luciano Ramalho&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u548c\u95ed\u5305\u300d<\/li>\n<li>Python functools \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863&#xff1a;https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/functools.html<\/li>\n<li>PEP 318 \u2014 Decorators for Functions and Methods&#xff1a;https:\/\/peps.python.org\/pep-0318\/<\/li>\n<li>Refactoring Guru \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;https:\/\/refactoring.guru\/design-patterns\/decorator\/python\/example<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f vs Python \u88c5\u9970\u5668&#xff1a;\u540c\u540d\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u878d\u5408 \u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57&#xff0c;\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c<br \/>\n\u5728 Python \u793e\u533a\u91cc&#xff0c;\u300c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u627f\u8f7d\u7740\u4e24\u5c42\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49&#xff0c;\u5374\u5e38\u5e38\u8ba9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u81ea\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff08;Decorator Pattern&#xff09;&#xff0c;GoF 23 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