{"id":75087,"date":"2026-02-11T11:25:25","date_gmt":"2026-02-11T03:25:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/75087.html"},"modified":"2026-02-11T11:25:25","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T03:25:25","slug":"python-%e5%8d%8f%e8%ae%ae%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b%e8%bf%9b%e5%8c%96%e8%ae%ba%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e9%b8%ad%e5%ad%90%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b%e5%88%b0-protocol-%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e5%8f%98%e9%9d%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/75087.html","title":{"rendered":"Python \u534f\u8bae\u7f16\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u4ece\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230 Protocol \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u663e\u5f62"},"content":{"rendered":"

Python \u534f\u8bae\u7f16\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba：\u4ece\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230 Protocol \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u663e\u5f62<\/h2>\n

1. \u5f15\u8a00：\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6e34\u671b<\/h3>\n

\u5728 Python \u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u671f，\u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u5949\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b（Duck Typing）\u3002\u8fd9\u662f Python \u52a8\u6001\u7279\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b，\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u5b83\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f：\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u201c\u5173\u95ed\u201d\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

def<\/span> close_resource<\/span>(<\/span>resource)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n resource.<\/span>close(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 Python \u4e2d，resource \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u5957\u63a5\u5b57，\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b，\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a close() \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u8ba9 Python \u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a76\u6781\u7684\u201c\u80f6\u6c34\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f，\u9634\u5f71\u603b\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5149\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4f60\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6269\u5145\u5230 20 \u4eba，\u4ee3\u7801\u5e93\u81a8\u80c0\u5230 10 \u4e07\u884c\u65f6，close_resource \u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709 close() \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u5199\u65f6\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0，\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728 IDE \u4e2d\u98d8\u7ea2，\u5b83\u53ea\u4f1a\u9759\u9759\u5730\u6f5c\u4f0f，\u76f4\u5230\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd0\u884c\u5230\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u2014\u2014BAM！ AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'close'\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898，Python \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a（Type Hints）\u3002\u6700\u521d，\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u7ee7\u627f（ABC）\u6765\u89e3\u51b3，\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u201c\u540d\u4e49\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u201d，\u5b83\u592a\u91cd\u3001\u592a\u50f5\u786c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76f4\u5230 PEP 544 \u7684\u51fa\u73b0，Python \u7ec8\u4e8e\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u70b9：Protocol（\u534f\u8bae）\u3002\u5b83\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u7559\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027，\u540c\u65f6\u4eab\u53d7\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b（Structural Subtyping）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929，\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u8fd9\u5957\u73b0\u4ee3 Python \u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u9632\u5f39\u8863\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

2. \u4f20\u7edf\u56f0\u5883：\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b vs \u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u7c7b (ABC)<\/h3>\n

\u5728 Protocol \u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d，\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n

2.1 \u7eaf\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b（\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3）<\/h4>\n

class<\/span> Duck<\/span>:<\/span>
\n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Quack!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

class<\/span> Person<\/span>:<\/span>
\n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n print<\/span>(<\/span>"I'm imitating a duck!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

def<\/span> make_it_quack<\/span>(<\/span>duck_candidate)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n duck_candidate.<\/span>quack(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

# \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c，\u4f46\u5f88\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168<\/span>
\nmake_it_quack(<\/span>Duck(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
\nmake_it_quack(<\/span>Person(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
\nmake_it_quack(<\/span>"String"<\/span>)<\/span> # \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5d29\u6e83！AttributeError<\/span><\/p>\n

\u75db\u70b9：IDE \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053 duck_candidate \u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48，\u9759\u6001\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177（\u5982 Mypy）\u4e5f\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

2.2 \u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u7c7b ABC（\u540d\u4e49\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b）<\/h4>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b89\u5168，\u8001\u6d3e\u7684 Python \u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 abc \u6a21\u5757：<\/p>\n

from<\/span> abc import<\/span> ABC,<\/span> abstractmethod<\/p>\n

class<\/span> Quackable<\/span>(<\/span>ABC)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n @abstractmethod<\/span>
\n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

class<\/span> Duck<\/span>(<\/span>Quackable)<\/span>:<\/span> # \u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u7ee7\u627f！<\/span>
\n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Quack!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

def<\/span> make_it_quack<\/span>(<\/span>duck:<\/span> Quackable)<\/span>:<\/span>
\n duck.<\/span>quack(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u75db\u70b9：<\/p>\n

  • \u5f3a\u8026\u5408：\u5b50\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u7ee7\u627f Quackable\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u96be\u9898：\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u7684\u7c7b，\u5b83\u660e\u660e\u6709 quack \u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u7ee7\u627f\u4f60\u7684 Quackable \u7c7b，\u4f60\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u5c31\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6e90\u7801\u6765\u7ee7\u627f\u4f60\u7684 ABC\u3002<\/li>\n
    \n

    3. Protocol \u767b\u573a：\u9759\u6001\u7684\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n

    Python 3.8 (PEP 544) \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 typing.Protocol\u3002\u8fd9\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5：\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684，\u65e0\u9700\u663e\u5f0f\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u91cd\u6784\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50：<\/p>\n

    from<\/span> typing import<\/span> Protocol<\/p>\n

    # \u5b9a\u4e49\u534f\u8bae（\u63a5\u53e3\u89c4\u8303）<\/span>
    \nclass<\/span> Quackable<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b：\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f Quackable<\/span>
    \nclass<\/span> Duck<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Quack!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Person<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> quack<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Imitating duck…"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Car<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> honk<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Beep!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49：\u4f7f\u7528 Protocol \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3<\/span>
    \ndef<\/span> make_it_quack<\/span>(<\/span>item:<\/span> Quackable)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n item.<\/span>quack(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # — \u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\u9636\u6bb5 (Mypy\/Pylance) —<\/span><\/p>\n

    make_it_quack(<\/span>Duck(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705 \u901a\u8fc7：Duck \u6709 quack \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
    \nmake_it_quack(<\/span>Person(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705 \u901a\u8fc7：Person \u6709 quack \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>
    \n# make_it_quack(Car()) # \u274c \u62a5\u9519：Car \u6ca1\u6709 quack \u65b9\u6cd5！<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48？
    \nMypy \u6216\u4f60\u7684 IDE（VS Code\/PyCharm）\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5 Car \u7c7b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5b83\u53d1\u73b0 Car \u7f3a\u5c11 quack \u65b9\u6cd5，\u56e0\u6b64\u5224\u5b9a\u5b83\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408 Quackable \u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684：\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5b89\u5168（IDE \u7ea2\u8272\u6ce2\u6d6a\u7ebf），\u5374\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u81ea\u7531（\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u7c7b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb）\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

    4. \u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790：Protocol \u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u5de7<\/h3>\n

    \u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u540e，\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ea\u6709\u8d44\u6df1\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n

    4.1 @runtime_checkable：\u8de8\u8d8a\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6<\/h4>\n

    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，Protocol \u53ea\u5728\u9759\u6001\u5206\u6790\u9636\u6bb5\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528 isinstance(Duck(), Quackable)，Python \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u9519\u8bef，\u56e0\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u7684 Protocol \u7c7b\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u68c0\u67e5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u903b\u8f91\u5224\u65ad，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668：<\/p>\n

    from<\/span> typing import<\/span> Protocol,<\/span> runtime_checkable<\/p>\n

    @runtime_checkable<\/span>
    \nclass<\/span> SupportsClose<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> close<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> FileLike<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> close<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

    f =<\/span> FileLike(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 isinstance \u4e86<\/span>
    \nif<\/span> isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>f,<\/span> SupportsClose)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"This object is closable!"<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n f.<\/span>close(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \nelse<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Warning: Object cannot be closed."<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6ce8\u610f：isinstance \u5bf9 Protocol \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u8017\u65f6\u7684，\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u904d\u5386\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 MRO \u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u8bf7\u614e\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

    4.2 \u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n

    \u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 OOP \u4e2d，\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u9677\u5165\u201c\u7ee7\u627f\u5730\u72f1\u201d\u3002Protocol \u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u63a5\u53e3\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u5143（\u63a5\u53e3\u9694\u79bb\u539f\u5219）\u3002<\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Readable<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> read<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> bytes<\/span>:<\/span> .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Writable<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> write<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data:<\/span> bytes<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span> .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u529f\u80fd<\/span>
    \ndef<\/span> process_data<\/span>(<\/span>source:<\/span> Readable)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n data =<\/span> source.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u5199<\/span>
    \ndef<\/span> backup<\/span>(<\/span>source:<\/span> Readable,<\/span> dest:<\/span> Writable)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n dest.<\/span>write(<\/span>source.<\/span>read(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u79cd\u7c92\u5ea6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6bd4\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684 FileObject \u57fa\u7c7b\u8981\u7075\u6d3b\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

    4.3 \u6cdb\u578b\u534f\u8bae (Generic Protocol)<\/h4>\n

    Protocol \u5b8c\u7f8e\u652f\u6301\u6cdb\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u901a\u7528\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u6216\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

    from<\/span> typing import<\/span> Protocol,<\/span> TypeVar,<\/span> List<\/p>\n

    T =<\/span> TypeVar(<\/span>"T"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Repository<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol[<\/span>T]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> get<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> id<\/span>:<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> T:<\/span> .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> save<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> item:<\/span> T)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span> .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> User<\/span>:<\/span> .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> UserRepository<\/span>:<\/span> # \u9690\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 Repository[User]<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> get<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> id<\/span>:<\/span> int<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> User:<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> User(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> save<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> item:<\/span> User)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Saved user"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> sync_data<\/span>(<\/span>repo:<\/span> Repository[<\/span>User]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n u =<\/span> repo.<\/span>get(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n repo.<\/span>save(<\/span>u)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    5. \u5b9e\u6218\u6848\u4f8b：\u6784\u5efa\u63d2\u4ef6\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h3>\n

    \u4e3a\u4e86\u5c55\u793a Protocol \u7684\u5b9e\u6218\u5a01\u529b，\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u5bfc\u51fa\u5230 PDF\u3001HTML \u548c\u63a7\u5236\u53f0，\u4e14\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u591a\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u6b65\u9aa4 1：\u5b9a\u4e49\u534f\u8bae<\/h4>\n

    \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u5bfc\u51fa\u5668\u662f\u8c01\u5199\u7684，\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u5b83\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd render \u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

    from<\/span> typing import<\/span> Protocol,<\/span> List,<\/span> Dict,<\/span> Any<\/p>\n

    class<\/span> Renderer<\/span>(<\/span>Protocol)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """\u6e32\u67d3\u5668\u534f\u8bae：\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 render \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7c7b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6e32\u67d3\u5668"""<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> render<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data:<\/span> List[<\/span>Dict[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> Any]<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u6e32\u67d3\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"""<\/span>
    \n .<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6b65\u9aa4 2：\u5b9e\u73b0\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b（\u65e0\u9700\u7ee7\u627f）<\/h4>\n

    import<\/span> json<\/p>\n

    class<\/span> JSONRenderer<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> render<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data:<\/span> List[<\/span>Dict[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> Any]<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> json.<\/span>dumps(<\/span>data,<\/span> indent=<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> HTMLRenderer<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> render<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data:<\/span> List[<\/span>Dict[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> Any]<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n rows =<\/span> ""<\/span>.<\/span>join(<\/span>[<\/span>f"<li><\/span>{<\/span>item[<\/span>'name'<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span><\/li>"<\/span><\/span> for<\/span> item in<\/span> data]<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> f"<ul><\/span>{<\/span>rows}<\/span><\/span><\/ul>"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    class<\/span> SilentRenderer<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n # \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6545\u610f\u5199\u9519\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d，\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> render_data<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> str<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> ""<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6b65\u9aa4 3：\u7f16\u5199\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91<\/h4>\n

    class<\/span> ReportGenerator<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> renderer:<\/span> Renderer)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n # \u4f9d\u8d56\u6ce8\u5165：\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u63a5\u53e3(Protocol)，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>
    \n self.<\/span>renderer =<\/span> renderer<\/p>\n

    def<\/span> generate<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> data:<\/span> List[<\/span>Dict[<\/span>str<\/span>,<\/span> Any]<\/span>]<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Generating report…"<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n result =<\/span> self.<\/span>renderer.<\/span>render(<\/span>data)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>"Output:"<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # — \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4ee3\u7801 —<\/span><\/p>\n

    sample_data =<\/span> [<\/span>{<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Python"<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Protocol"<\/span>}<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>"name"<\/span>:<\/span> "Antigravity"<\/span>}<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 1. \u4f7f\u7528 JSON \u6e32\u67d3\u5668<\/span>
    \nservice_json =<\/span> ReportGenerator(<\/span>JSONRenderer(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705 \u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>
    \nservice_json.<\/span>generate(<\/span>sample_data)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 2. \u4f7f\u7528 HTML \u6e32\u67d3\u5668<\/span>
    \nservice_html =<\/span> ReportGenerator(<\/span>HTMLRenderer(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u2705 \u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>
    \nservice_html.<\/span>generate(<\/span>sample_data)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 3. \u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6e32\u67d3\u5668<\/span>
    \n# \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728 IDE \u4e2d\u53d6\u6d88\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u884c，\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u7ea2\u8272\u6ce2\u6d6a\u7ebf<\/span>
    \n# service_bad = ReportGenerator(SilentRenderer()) <\/span>
    \n# \u274c Error: Argument 1 to "ReportGenerator" has incompatible type "SilentRenderer"; <\/span>
    \n# expected "Renderer"<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6848\u4f8b\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n

    \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d：<\/p>\n

  • \u89e3\u8026：ReportGenerator \u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053 JSONRenderer \u7684\u5b58\u5728，\u5b83\u53ea\u8ba4\u8bc6 Renderer \u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u5b89\u5168\u6027：\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61（\u5982 SilentRenderer），\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd8\u6ca1\u8fd0\u884c，VS Code \u5c31\u4f1a\u8b66\u544a\u4f60\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u6269\u5c55\u6027：\u4e0b\u5468\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a XMLRenderer？\u5199\u4e2a\u65b0\u7c7b\u5c31\u884c，\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539 ReportGenerator，\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n
    \n

    6. \u524d\u6cbf\u89c6\u89d2：Python \u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672a\u6765<\/h3>\n

    Protocol \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86 Python \u751f\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8：**\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b（Gradual Typing）**\u7684\u6210\u719f\u3002<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u5e93\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u798f\u97f3：\u4ee5\u524d\u5e93\u4f5c\u8005\u5f88\u96be\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u63a5\u53e3\u201d，\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f3a\u5236\u7528\u6237\u7ee7\u627f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b\u3002\u73b0\u5728，\u50cf Pandas \u6216 Django \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u5e03 Protocol \u5b9a\u4e49，\u7528\u6237\u53ea\u9700\u6ee1\u8db3\u7ed3\u6784\u5373\u53ef，\u65e0\u9700\u5f15\u5165\u5e93\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/li>\n
    • \u6027\u80fd\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5e73\u8861：Python \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u6210 Java\u3002Protocol \u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5f00\u9500（\u9664\u975e\u4f7f\u7528 @runtime_checkable）\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5（IDE \u548c CI\/CD \u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf），\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7684\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u672a\u6765，\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u57fa\u4e8e Protocol \u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u548c\u91cd\u6784\u5de5\u5177\u3002Python \u6b63\u5728\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u50cf TypeScript\u2014\u2014\u62e5\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u548c\u9759\u6001\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n

      \n

      7. \u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u6307\u5357<\/h3>\n

      Protocol \u662f Python \u5bf9\u201c\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u6700\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u5b83\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec：\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u662f\u8c01（\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb），\u800c\u662f\u4f60\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48（\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b7e\u540d）\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6211\u7684\u5efa\u8bae：<\/p>\n

    • \u62e5\u62b1\u63a5\u53e3：\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5757\u8fb9\u754c\u65f6，\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u5b9a\u4e49 Protocol \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b\u6216 ABC\u3002<\/li>\n
    • \u4ece\u5c0f\u5904\u7740\u624b：\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u5199\u6574\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u5e93\u3002\u4e0b\u6b21\u5f53\u4f60\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u6ce8\u89e3\u65f6，\u8bd5\u7740\u4e0d\u5199 def func(f: File)，\u800c\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u6709 write \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684 Protocol\u3002<\/li>\n
    • \u914d\u7f6e IDE：\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u7684 VS Code (Pylance) \u6216 PyCharm \u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u6a21\u5f0f，\u611f\u53d7\u90a3\u79cd\u7ea2\u7ebf\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u5feb\u611f\u3002<\/li>\n

      \u7f16\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5173\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3002Protocol \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u4e14\u4e0d\u5931 Python \u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u73b0\u5728，\u53bb\u6253\u5f00\u4f60\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5668，\u7ed9\u90a3\u53ea\u6e38\u8361\u7684\u9e2d\u5b50，\u7a7f\u4e0a\u4e00\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u9632\u5f39\u8863\u5427！<\/p>\n

      \n

      \u4e92\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4：
      \n\u4f60\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u65f6\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u6700\u5927\u7684\u75db\u70b9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48？\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5b57\u5178，\u8fd8\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5c5e\u6027？\u6b22\u8fce\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u4eab\u4f60\u7684\u201c\u7c7b\u578b\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u6545\u4e8b！<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Python \u534f\u8bae\u7f16\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba：\u4ece\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230 Protocol \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u663e\u5f62
      \n1. \u5f15\u8a00：\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6e34\u671b
      \n\u5728 Python \u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u671f，\u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u5949\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b（Duck Typing）\u3002\u8fd9\u662f Python \u52a8\u6001\u7279\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b，\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u5b83\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
      \n\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u666f：\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u201c\u5173\u95ed\u201d\u8d44\u6e90\u3002
      \ndef close_resourc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,61,78],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-75087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-python","tag-61","tag-78"],"yoast_head":"\nPython \u534f\u8bae\u7f16\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u4ece\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230 Protocol \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u663e\u5f62 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/75087.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python \u534f\u8bae\u7f16\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u4ece\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230 Protocol \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u663e\u5f62 - 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