\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u7406\u89e3\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5e26\u4f60\u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6，\u5f7b\u5e95\u638c\u63e1Linux\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u7a0b\u5e8f：\u9759\u6001\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6
\n\/\/ \u793a\u4f8b：\u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u7684a.out
\n$ gcc hello.c -o hello # \u751f\u6210\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u8fdb\u7a0b：\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n$ .\/hello & # \u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n$ .\/hello & # \u518d\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b（\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b）<\/p>\n
\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b：<\/p>\n
\u7a0b\u5e8f：\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u786c\u76d8\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5408（\u9759\u6001）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b：\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a8\u6001\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b（\u52a8\u6001）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7406\u89e3：<\/p>\n
\u7a0b\u5e8f = \u4e50\u8c31（\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7b26\u53f7）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b = \u6f14\u594f\u8fc7\u7a0b（\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u6267\u884c）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
# 1. top – \u52a8\u6001\u76d1\u63a7（\u7c7b\u4f3cWindows\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u5668）
\ntop
\n# \u6392\u5e8f：\u6309P（CPU）\u3001M（\u5185\u5b58）\u3001T（\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4）
\n# \u9000\u51fa：q<\/p>\n
# 2. htop – \u589e\u5f3a\u7248top（\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5）
\nsudo apt install htop
\nhtop<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b（\u6807\u51c6\u683c\u5f0f）
\nps -ef<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f（BSD\u683c\u5f0f）
\nps aux<\/p>\n
# \u5e38\u7528\u7ec4\u5408：\u67e5\u627e\u7279\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nps -ef | grep nginx # \u67e5\u627enginx\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nps aux | grep "python" # \u67e5\u627ePython\u76f8\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6811\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784
\npstree
\npstree -p # \u663e\u793aPID<\/p>\n
# 1. \u6740\u6b7b\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nkill 1234 # \u6b63\u5e38\u7ec8\u6b62PID\u4e3a1234\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nkill -9 1234 # \u5f3a\u5236\u6740\u6b7b（SIGKILL）
\nkillall firefox # \u6740\u6b7b\u6240\u6709firefox\u8fdb\u7a0b
\npkill -f "pattern" # \u6839\u636e\u6a21\u5f0f\u6740\u6b7b\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
# 2. \u540e\u53f0\u4efb\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406
\n.\/server & # \u540e\u53f0\u8fd0\u884c
\njobs # \u67e5\u770b\u540e\u53f0\u4efb\u52a1
\nfg %1 # \u5c06\u4efb\u52a11\u653e\u5230\u524d\u53f0
\nbg %1 # \u5c06\u6682\u505c\u7684\u4efb\u52a11\u653e\u5230\u540e\u53f0\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n
# 3. \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7
\nnice -n 10 .\/task.sh # \u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8fd0\u884c（nice\u503c-20\u523019，\u8d8a\u5927\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8d8a\u4f4e）
\nrenice 5 -p 1234 # \u4fee\u6539\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740
\nint *p = malloc(sizeof(int)); \/\/ \u8fd4\u56de\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5b9e\u9645\u7269\u7406\u5730\u5740\u7531MMU（\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5355\u5143）\u7ba1\u7406
\n\/\/ CPU \u2192 MMU \u2192 \u7269\u7406RAM<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740？<\/p>\n
\u5185\u5b58\u4fdd\u62a4：\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u9694\u79bb，\u9632\u6b62\u76f8\u4e92\u5e72\u6270<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5185\u5b58\u6269\u5c55：\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5b58\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u7b80\u5316\u7f16\u7a0b：\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u90fd\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u76844GB\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
0xFFFFFFFF
\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \u2190 \u5185\u6838\u7a7a\u95f4（1GB，\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee）
\n\u2502 \u5185\u6838 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \u2190 0xC0000000
\n\u2502 \u6808\u533a \u2502 \u2190 \u5411\u4e0b\u589e\u957f，\u5b58\u50a8\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf
\n\u2502 \u2193 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 … \u2502 \u2190 \u672a\u6620\u5c04\u533a\u57df
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 \u5806\u533a \u2502 \u2190 \u5411\u4e0a\u589e\u957f，\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d
\n\u2502 \u2191 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 .bss\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2190 \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5168\u5c40\/\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf（\u81ea\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a0）
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 .data\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2190 \u5df2\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5168\u5c40\/\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 .rodata\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2190 \u53ea\u8bfb\u6570\u636e（\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5e38\u91cf）
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 .text\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2190 \u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5（\u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4）
\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \u2190 0x00000000<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5b58\u50a8\u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4
\nvoid func() {
\n printf("Hello"); \/\/ \u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u4ee3\u7801\u5728.text\u6bb5
\n}<\/p>\n
\/\/ .rodata：\u53ea\u8bfb\u6570\u636e\u6bb5
\nchar *str = "Hello"; \/\/ \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"Hello"\u5728.rodata<\/p>\n
\/\/ .data：\u5df2\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5168\u5c40\/\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf
\nint global_init = 100; \/\/ \u5728.data\u6bb5
\nstatic int static_init = 200; \/\/ \u5728.data\u6bb5<\/p>\n
\/\/ .bss：\u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5168\u5c40\/\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf
\nint global_uninit; \/\/ \u5728.bss\u6bb5，\u81ea\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a0
\nstatic int static_uninit; \/\/ \u5728.bss\u6bb5，\u81ea\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a0<\/p>\n
void func() {
\n int local_var = 10; \/\/ \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u6808\u533a
\n char buffer[100]; \/\/ \u6570\u7ec4\u5728\u6808\u533a
\n} \/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u675f，\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e<\/p>\n
\u6808\u533a\u7279\u70b9：<\/p>\n
\u5927\u5c0f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ea68MB（\u53ef\u7528ulimit -s\u67e5\u770b）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5411\u4e0b\u589e\u957f（\u9ad8\u5730\u5740 \u2192 \u4f4e\u5730\u5740）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406（\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8d1f\u8d23\u5206\u914d\u91ca\u653e）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5b58\u50a8：\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\/\/ \u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d
\nint *p = (int*)malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); \/\/ \u5728\u5806\u533a\u5206\u914d
\nfree(p); \/\/ \u5fc5\u987b\u624b\u52a8\u91ca\u653e<\/p>\n
\u5806\u533a\u7279\u70b9：<\/p>\n
\u5411\u4e0a\u589e\u957f（\u4f4e\u5730\u5740 \u2192 \u9ad8\u5730\u5740）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406（\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u8d1f\u8d23\u5206\u914d\u91ca\u653e）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5927\u5c0f\u53d7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5269\u4f59\u5185\u5b58\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5206\u914d\u8f83\u6162（\u9700\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
#include <unistd.h>
\n#include <stdio.h><\/p>\n
int main() {
\n pid_t pid = fork(); \/\/ \u5173\u952e\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n
if (pid < 0) {
\n \/\/ \u9519\u8bef：fork\u5931\u8d25
\n perror("fork failed");
\n return -1;
\n } else if (pid == 0) {
\n \/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b：fork\u8fd4\u56de0
\n printf("\u6211\u662f\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b，PID=%d，\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0bPID=%d\\\\n",
\n getpid(), getppid());
\n } else {
\n \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b：fork\u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bPID
\n printf("\u6211\u662f\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b，PID=%d，\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bPID=%d\\\\n",
\n getpid(), pid);
\n }<\/p>\n
return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
fork\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b：<\/p>\n
\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884cfork()
\n \u2193
\n\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n \u2193
\n\u590d\u5236\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684：\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u3001\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\u3001\u5806\u3001\u6808\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u8868
\n \u2193
\n\u7236\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ecefork()\u8fd4\u56de\u5904\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c
\n \u2193
\n\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b：fork()\u8fd4\u56de\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bPID（>0）
\n\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b：fork()\u8fd4\u56de0<\/p>\n
#include <unistd.h><\/p>\n
\/\/ \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0bID
\npid_t my_pid = getpid();
\nprintf("\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0bID：%d\\\\n", my_pid);<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u83b7\u53d6\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0bID
\npid_t parent_pid = getppid();
\nprintf("\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0bID：%d\\\\n", parent_pid);<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528：\u521b\u5efa\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nif (fork() > 0) {
\n exit(0); \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa
\n}
\n\/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c（\u6210\u4e3a\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b）
\nsetsid(); \/\/ \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u67e5\u770b
\nps aux | grep process_name
\n\/\/ STAT\u5217\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001：
\n\/\/ R: \u8fd0\u884c\/\u5c31\u7eea
\n\/\/ S: \u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720
\n\/\/ D: \u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720
\n\/\/ T: \u505c\u6b62
\n\/\/ Z: \u50f5\u5c38
\n\/\/ X: \u6b7b\u4ea1<\/p>\n
# \u793a\u4f8b：CPU\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nwhile true; do echo "running"; done &
\nps aux | grep "while"
\n# STAT\u663e\u793a：R<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ade\u4e89CPU
\n\/\/ \u5904\u4e8e\u5c31\u7eea\u961f\u5217，\u7b49\u5f85\u8c03\u5ea6<\/p>\n
# \u793a\u4f8b：\u7b49\u5f85\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165
\nread -p "\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165：" input &
\nps aux | grep "read"
\n# STAT\u663e\u793a：S<\/p>\n
# \u901a\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u78c1\u76d8I\/O
\n# \u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e2d\u65ad<\/p>\n
# \u53d1\u9001SIGSTOP\u4fe1\u53f7
\nkill -STOP 1234
\n# \u6062\u590d\u8fd0\u884c
\nkill -CONT 1234<\/p>\n
#include <stdlib.h>
\n#include <unistd.h><\/p>\n
int main() {
\n pid_t pid = fork();<\/p>\n
if (pid == 0) {
\n \/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7acb\u5373\u9000\u51fa，\u6210\u4e3a\u50f5\u5c38
\n exit(0);
\n } else {
\n \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u56de\u6536\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n sleep(30); \/\/ \u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4，\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u50f5\u5c38\u72b6\u6001
\n \/\/ \u5e94\u8be5\u8c03\u7528wait()\u56de\u6536\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n }
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ed3\u675f，\u8d44\u6e90\u5df2\u56de\u6536
\n\/\/ \u901a\u5e38\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u6b64\u72b6\u6001<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa
\n \u2193
\n \u5c31\u7eea\u6001(R) \u2190\u2500\u2500\u2510
\n \u2502 \u2502
\n \u2193 (\u8c03\u5ea6) \u2502
\n \u8fd0\u884c\u6001(R) \u2502
\n \u2502 \u2502
\n \u251c\u2500\u2192 \u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7b49\u5f85(S) \u2500\u2500\u2518
\n \u2502 \u2502
\n \u251c\u2500\u2192 \u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7b49\u5f85(D)
\n \u2502 \u2502
\n \u251c\u2500\u2192 \u505c\u6b62(T) \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510
\n \u2502 \u2502 \u2502
\n \u2193 (\u7ed3\u675f) \u2502 \u2502
\n \u50f5\u5c38(Z) \u2502 \u2502
\n \u2502 \u2502 \u2502
\n \u2193 (\u56de\u6536) \u2502 \u2502
\n \u6b7b\u4ea1(X) \u2502 \u2502
\n \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u7c7b\u6bd4：\u8d85\u5e02\u6392\u961f
\n\/\/ \u4f18\u70b9：\u7b80\u5355\u516c\u5e73
\n\/\/ \u7f3a\u70b9：\u77ed\u4f5c\u4e1a\u53ef\u80fd\u7b49\u5f85\u957f\u4f5c\u4e1a（\u62a4\u822a\u6548\u5e94）<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u603b\u662f\u8c03\u5ea6\u9884\u8ba1\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u77ed\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n\/\/ \u4f18\u70b9：\u5e73\u5747\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u5c0f
\n\/\/ \u7f3a\u70b9：\u957f\u4f5c\u4e1a\u53ef\u80fd\u997f\u6b7b<\/p>\n
# Linux\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0：nice\u503c
\nnice -n -20 .\/critical_task # \u6700\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7
\nnice -n 19 .\/low_task # \u6700\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/p>\n
\/\/ Linux\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565
\n\/\/ \u65f6\u95f4\u7247：5-800ms（\u6839\u636e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8f7d\u8c03\u6574）<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u73b0\u8c61：\u5b8f\u89c2\u5e76\u884c，\u5fae\u89c2\u4e32\u884c
\nwhile (true) {
\n \/\/ \u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7247
\n \/\/ \u7136\u540e\u5207\u6362\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n}<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u770b\u65f6\u95f4\u7247：<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u770b\u8c03\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570
\ncat \/proc\/sys\/kernel\/sched_rr_timeslice_ms<\/p>\n
\u961f\u52171（\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7，\u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u77ed） \u2190 \u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n \u2193（\u7528\u5b8c\u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u672a\u7ed3\u675f）
\n\u961f\u52172（\u4e2d\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7，\u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u4e2d\u7b49）
\n \u2193（\u7528\u5b8c\u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u672a\u7ed3\u675f）
\n\u961f\u52173（\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7，\u65f6\u95f4\u7247\u957f）<\/p>\n
# \u591a\u6838CPU\u4e0a\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6
\n# \u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5747\u8861\u5206\u914d\u5230\u5404\u4e2aCPU\u6838\u5fc3
\ntaskset -c 0,1 .\/program # \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230CPU0\u548c1<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565
\nchrt -p 1234<\/p>\n
# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565
\nchrt -f -p 99 1234 # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aFIFO，\u4f18\u5148\u7ea799
\nchrt -r -p 50 1234 # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aRR，\u4f18\u5148\u7ea750<\/p>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b1\u89c6\u89d2 \u8fdb\u7a0b2\u89c6\u89d2
\n0xFFFFFFFF 0xFFFFFFFF
\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510
\n\u2502 \u5185\u6838 \u2502 \u2502 \u5185\u6838 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 \u6808 \u2502 \u2502 \u6808 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 \u5806 \u2502 \u2502 \u5806 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 \u6570\u636e\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2502 \u6570\u636e\u6bb5 \u2502
\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
\n\u2502 \u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5 \u2502 \u2502 \u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5 \u2502
\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518
\n \u2193 \u2193
\n MMU（\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5355\u5143）
\n \u2193 \u2193
\n \u7269\u7406RAM\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df<\/p>\n
#include <stdio.h>
\n#include <unistd.h>
\n#include <stdlib.h><\/p>\n
int global_var = 100; \/\/ \u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n
int main() {
\n int local_var = 200; \/\/ \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf
\n int *heap_var = malloc(sizeof(int));
\n *heap_var = 300;<\/p>\n
pid_t pid = fork();<\/p>\n
if (pid == 0) {
\n \/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fee\u6539\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf
\n global_var = 101;
\n local_var = 201;
\n *heap_var = 301;<\/p>\n
printf("\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b：global=%d, local=%d, heap=%d\\\\n",
\n global_var, local_var, *heap_var);
\n exit(0);
\n } else {
\n \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7b49\u5f85\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f
\n wait(NULL);
\n printf("\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b：global=%d, local=%d, heap=%d\\\\n",
\n global_var, local_var, *heap_var);
\n }<\/p>\n
free(heap_var);
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c：<\/p>\n
\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b：global=101, local=201, heap=301
\n\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b：global=100, local=200, heap=300<\/p>\n
\u7ed3\u8bba：\u7236\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4，\u4fee\u6539\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <stdio.h>
\n#include <stdlib.h>
\n#include <unistd.h>
\n#include <sys\/wait.h><\/p>\n
int main() {
\n for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
\n pid_t pid = fork();<\/p>\n
if (pid == 0) {
\n \/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n printf("\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b%d\u5f00\u59cb，PID=%d\\\\n", i, getpid());
\n sleep(i + 1); \/\/ \u6a21\u62df\u5de5\u4f5c
\n printf("\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b%d\u7ed3\u675f\\\\n", i);
\n exit(0); \/\/ \u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u51fa
\n } else if (pid > 0) {
\n \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n printf("\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b%d，PID=%d\\\\n", i, pid);
\n } else {
\n perror("fork failed");
\n exit(1);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u56de\u6536\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\n int status;
\n pid_t child_pid;<\/p>\n
while ((child_pid = wait(&status)) > 0) {
\n if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
\n printf("\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b%d\u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u51fa，\u8fd4\u56de\u503c：%d\\\\n",
\n child_pid, WEXITSTATUS(status));
\n } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
\n printf("\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b%d\u88ab\u4fe1\u53f7%d\u7ec8\u6b62\\\\n",
\n child_pid, WTERMSIG(status));
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n
printf("\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u56de\u6536\\\\n");
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <stdio.h>
\n#include <stdlib.h>
\n#include <unistd.h>
\n#include <sys\/stat.h>
\n#include <sys\/types.h>
\n#include <fcntl.h>
\n#include <signal.h><\/p>\n
void create_daemon() {
\n pid_t pid = fork();<\/p>\n
if (pid < 0) {
\n perror("fork\u5931\u8d25");
\n exit(1);
\n } else if (pid > 0) {
\n \/\/ \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa
\n exit(0);
\n }<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ee7\u7eed<\/p>\n
\/\/ 1. \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u4f1a\u8bdd，\u8131\u79bb\u7ec8\u7aef
\n setsid();<\/p>\n
\/\/ 2. \u6539\u53d8\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u5230\u6839\u76ee\u5f55
\n chdir("\/");<\/p>\n
\/\/ 3. \u91cd\u8bbe\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u63a9\u7801
\n umask(0);<\/p>\n
\/\/ 4. \u5173\u95ed\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26
\n for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
\n close(i);
\n }<\/p>\n
\/\/ 5. \u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u9519\u8bef
\n open("\/dev\/null", O_RDWR); \/\/ stdin
\n dup(0); \/\/ stdout
\n dup(0); \/\/ stderr<\/p>\n
\/\/ 6. \u5ffd\u7565\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fe1\u53f7
\n signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
\n signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e3b\u5faa\u73af
\n while (1) {
\n \/\/ \u6267\u884c\u5b88\u62a4\u4efb\u52a1
\n sleep(10);
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n
int main() {
\n create_daemon();
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
# 1. \u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u63a7
\ntop -p 1234 # \u76d1\u63a7\u7279\u5b9a\u8fdb\u7a0b
\ntop -u username # \u76d1\u63a7\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n
# 2. \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nlsof -p 1234 # \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nlsof -c nginx # \u67e5\u770bnginx\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n
# 3. \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u5c04
\npmap 1234 # \u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u5c04
\ncat \/proc\/1234\/maps # \u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6620\u5c04<\/p>\n
# 4. \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001
\ncat \/proc\/1234\/status # \u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u4fe1\u606f
\ncat \/proc\/1234\/stat # \u8fdb\u7a0b\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n
# 1. \u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u76d1\u63a7
\nvmstat 1 # \u6bcf\u79d2\u663e\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001
\nmpstat 1 # CPU\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5
\niostat 1 # I\/O\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n
# 2. \u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ea7\u76d1\u63a7
\npidstat 1 # \u8fdb\u7a0b\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1
\nstrace -p 1234 # \u8ddf\u8e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n
# 3. \u5185\u5b58\u5206\u6790
\nvalgrind –tool=memcheck .\/program # \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\u68c0\u6d4b<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u9519\u8bef：Resource temporarily unavailable
\n\/\/ \u539f\u56e0：\u8fbe\u5230\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848：
\n\/\/ 1. \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u9650\u5236
\nulimit -u<\/p>\n
\/\/ 2. \u4fee\u6539\u9650\u5236（\u4e34\u65f6）
\nulimit -u 10000<\/p>\n
\/\/ 3. \u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u9650\u5236
\ncat \/proc\/sys\/kernel\/pid_max<\/p>\n
\/\/ 4. \u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5360\u7528\u8d44\u6e90
\nps aux | grep "defunct"<\/p>\n
# 1. \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001
\nps aux | grep process_name<\/p>\n
# 2. \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5806\u6808
\npstack 1234<\/p>\n
# 3. \u751f\u6210core dump（\u9700\u63d0\u524d\u8bbe\u7f6e）
\nulimit -c unlimited
\nkill -ABRT 1234<\/p>\n
# 4. \u4f7f\u7528gdb\u5206\u6790core\u6587\u4ef6
\ngdb .\/program core.1234<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u9519\u8bef1：\u5fd8\u8bb0\u68c0\u67e5fork\u8fd4\u56de\u503c
\npid_t pid = fork();
\n\/\/ \u6b63\u786e：\u603b\u662f\u68c0\u67e5\u8fd4\u56de\u503c
\nif (pid < 0) {
\n perror("fork failed");
\n \/\/ \u5904\u7406\u9519\u8bef
\n}<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u9519\u8bef2：\u4ea7\u751f\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nif (fork() == 0) {
\n exit(0);
\n}
\n\/\/ \u6b63\u786e：\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u56de\u6536\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nwait(NULL);<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u9519\u8bef3：fork\u540e\u672a\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26
\nint fd = open("file.txt", O_RDWR);
\nfork();
\n\/\/ \u6b63\u786e：\u7236\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5206\u522b\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u76844GB\u865a\u62df\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
fork\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u590d\u5236\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u67097\u79cd\u72b6\u6001，\u9700\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b97\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9aCPU\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u914d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u603b\u662f\u68c0\u67e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u53ca\u65f6\u56de\u6536\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u907f\u514d\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5408\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u9002\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u76d1\u63a7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\u533a\u522b？<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
fork\u548cexec\u7684\u533a\u522b？<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b？\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d？<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u5305\u542b\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206？<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Linux\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b97\u6cd5？<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u8df5\u5de9\u56fa：<\/p>\n
\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u76d1\u63a7\u5de5\u5177<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5206\u6790\u73b0\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f18\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6\u7b56\u7565<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8bb0\u4f4f：\u7406\u89e3\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65，\u4e5f\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e92\u52a8\u95ee\u9898：<\/p>\n
\u4f60\u5728\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898？<\/p>\n
\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6280\u5de7？<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u4eab\u4f60\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c，\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u6b65！<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Linux\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357：\u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5230PCB\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\u7406\u89e3\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5e26\u4f60\u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u5ea6，\u5f7b\u5e95\u638c\u63e1Linux\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e00\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f vs \u8fdb\u7a0b：\u9759\u6001\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u54f2\u5b661.1 \u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u6f84\u6e05\/\/ \u7a0b\u5e8f：\u9759\u6001\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6
\n\/\/ \u793a\u4f8b：\u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u7684a.out
\n$ gcc hello.c -o hello # \u751f\u6210\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\/\/ \u8fdb\u7a0b：\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n$ .\/hello & <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[58,219,190,43,44],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-74842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-linux","tag-219","tag-190","tag-43","tag-44"],"yoast_head":"\n