{"id":70016,"date":"2026-02-01T12:41:05","date_gmt":"2026-02-01T04:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/70016.html"},"modified":"2026-02-01T12:41:05","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T04:41:05","slug":"python-future-%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e6%89%bf%e8%af%ba%e5%88%b0%e7%8e%b0%e5%ae%9e%e7%9a%84%e5%bc%82%e6%ad%a5%e4%b9%8b%e6%97%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/70016.html","title":{"rendered":"Python Future \u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4ece\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e4b\u65c5"},"content":{"rendered":"

Python Future \u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66：\u4ece\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e4b\u65c5<\/h2>\n

\u5f00\u7bc7：\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e"\u627f\u8bfa"\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u6545\u4e8b<\/h3>\n

2019 \u5e74\u6df1\u79cb，\u6211\u5728\u91cd\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8c03\u7528 50 \u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9 API，\u7b49\u5f85\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd4\u56de\u540e\u518d\u505a\u805a\u5408\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u7b80\u5355\u7c97\u66b4：<\/p>\n

results =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span>
\nfor<\/span> api in<\/span> api_list:<\/span>
\n result =<\/span> call_api(<\/span>api)<\/span> # \u6bcf\u6b21\u7b49\u5f85 2-5 \u79d2<\/span>
\n results.<\/span>append(<\/span>result)<\/span>
\n# \u603b\u8017\u65f6：50 * 3\u79d2 \u2248 150\u79d2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u5929\u4e0b\u5348，\u6211\u76ef\u7740\u76d1\u63a7\u9762\u677f\u4e0a\u7f13\u6162\u722c\u5347\u7684\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6761，\u7a81\u7136\u60f3\u8d77\u9910\u5385\u70b9\u9910\u7684\u573a\u666f：\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ad9\u5728\u540e\u53a8\u95e8\u53e3\u7b49\u53a8\u5e08\u7092\u5b8c\u4e00\u9053\u83dc\u518d\u70b9\u4e0b\u4e00\u9053，\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u70b9\u5b8c\u6240\u6709\u83dc，\u62ff\u7740\u4e00\u5f20"\u627f\u8bfa\u5355"（\u8ba2\u5355\u53f7）\u53bb\u5ea7\u4f4d\u7b49\u5f85\u3002\u5f53\u83dc\u505a\u597d\u4e86，\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u4f1a\u53eb\u53f7\u901a\u77e5\u4f60\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f Future \u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66：\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a"\u627f\u8bfa\u5bf9\u8c61"\u4ee3\u8868\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4eca\u5929，\u6211\u60f3\u5e26\u4f60\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3 Python \u4e2d\u4e24\u79cd Future \u7684\u5f02\u540c，\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd"\u627f\u8bfa\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b"\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0：\u7406\u89e3 Future \u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/h3>\n

\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Future？<\/h4>\n

Future \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61，\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81：<\/p>\n

  • \u5ef6\u8fdf\u8ba1\u7b97：\u7acb\u5373\u8fd4\u56de，\u4e0d\u963b\u585e\u5f53\u524d\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/li>\n
  • \u72b6\u6001\u8ffd\u8e2a：pending（\u7b49\u5f85）\u2192 running（\u6267\u884c）\u2192 done（\u5b8c\u6210）<\/li>\n
  • \u7ed3\u679c\u83b7\u53d6：\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3\u83b7\u53d6\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u5f02\u5e38<\/li>\n

    # \u9910\u5385\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u8868\u8fbe<\/span>
    \nclass<\/span> OrderTicket<\/span>:<\/span> # \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f Future<\/span>
    \n def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> dish_name)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n self.<\/span>dish_name =<\/span> dish_name
    \n self.<\/span>status =<\/span> "pending"<\/span> # \u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001<\/span>
    \n self.<\/span>result =<\/span> None<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> is_ready<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>status ==<\/span> "done"<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> get_dish<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n if<\/span> not<\/span> self.<\/span>is_ready(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n raise<\/span> Exception(<\/span>"\u83dc\u8fd8\u6ca1\u505a\u597d，\u8bf7\u7a0d\u7b49！"<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> self.<\/span>result<\/p>\n

    Python \u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd Future<\/h4>\n

    Python \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e24\u5957 Future \u5b9e\u73b0：<\/p>\n

  • concurrent.futures.Future：\u7528\u4e8e\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6c60\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6c60<\/li>\n
  • asyncio.Future：\u7528\u4e8e\u534f\u7a0b\u548c\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O<\/li>\n

    \u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521d\u8877\u4e0d\u540c，\u4f46\u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0：concurrent.futures.Future\u2014\u2014\u7ebf\u7a0b\/\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u627f\u8bfa<\/h3>\n

    \u57fa\u7840\u7528\u6cd5：\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6c60\u4e2d\u7684 Future<\/h4>\n

    from<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor,<\/span> as_completed
    \nimport<\/span> requests
    \nimport<\/span> time<\/p>\n

    def<\/span> fetch_url<\/span>(<\/span>url)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """\u6a21\u62df\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42"""<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf7\u6c42：<\/span>{<\/span>url}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n response =<\/span> requests.<\/span>get(<\/span>url,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5b8c\u6210\u8bf7\u6c42：<\/span>{<\/span>url}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> {<\/span>
    \n 'url'<\/span>:<\/span> url,<\/span>
    \n 'status'<\/span>:<\/span> response.<\/span>status_code,<\/span>
    \n 'length'<\/span>:<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>response.<\/span>text)<\/span>
    \n }<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u4f20\u7edf\u540c\u6b65\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>
    \ndef<\/span> sync_fetch<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n results =<\/span> [<\/span>fetch_url(<\/span>url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls]<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u540c\u6b65\u8017\u65f6：<\/span>{<\/span>time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> results<\/p>\n

    # Future \u5e76\u53d1\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>
    \ndef<\/span> future_fetch<\/span>(<\/span>urls,<\/span> max_workers=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n results =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

    with<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>max_workers=<\/span>max_workers)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
    \n # \u63d0\u4ea4\u4efb\u52a1，\u7acb\u5373\u8fd4\u56de Future \u5bf9\u8c61<\/span>
    \n future_to_url =<\/span> {<\/span>
    \n executor.<\/span>submit(<\/span>fetch_url,<\/span> url)<\/span>:<\/span> url
    \n for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls
    \n }<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u6309\u5b8c\u6210\u987a\u5e8f\u5904\u7406\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>
    \n for<\/span> future in<\/span> as_completed(<\/span>future_to_url)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n url =<\/span> future_to_url[<\/span>future]<\/span>
    \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n result =<\/span> future.<\/span>result(<\/span>timeout=<\/span>15<\/span>)<\/span> # \u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>
    \n results.<\/span>append(<\/span>result)<\/span>
    \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u2717 <\/span>{<\/span>url}<\/span><\/span> \u5931\u8d25: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n results.<\/span>append(<\/span>{<\/span>'url'<\/span>:<\/span> url,<\/span> 'error'<\/span>:<\/span> str<\/span>(<\/span>e)<\/span>}<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    print<\/span>(<\/span>f"Future \u5e76\u53d1\u8017\u65f6：<\/span>{<\/span>time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> results<\/p>\n

    # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span>
    \nif<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n test_urls =<\/span> [<\/span>
    \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/2"<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/3"<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/1"<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/2"<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/1"<\/span>
    \n ]<\/span><\/p>\n

    # sync_fetch(test_urls) # \u7ea6 9 \u79d2<\/span>
    \n future_fetch(<\/span>test_urls,<\/span> max_workers=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7ea6 3 \u79d2<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7d22：Future \u7684\u72b6\u6001\u673a<\/h4>\n

    from<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor
    \nimport<\/span> time<\/p>\n

    def<\/span> long_task<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """\u8017\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1"""<\/span>
    \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>n)<\/span>
    \n return<\/span> f"\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210，\u8017\u65f6 <\/span>{<\/span>n}<\/span><\/span> \u79d2"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u6f14\u793a Future \u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/span>
    \nwith<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
    \n future =<\/span> executor.<\/span>submit(<\/span>long_task,<\/span> 3<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u72b6\u6001 1：pending<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u4efb\u52a1\u5df2\u63d0\u4ea4"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>running(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # False \u6216 True<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # False<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u5c1d\u8bd5\u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c（\u4f1a\u963b\u585e）<\/span>
    \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u7b49\u5f85 1 \u79d2\u540e…"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # \u4ecd\u662f False<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u72b6\u6001 2：done<\/span>
    \n result =<\/span> future.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span> # \u963b\u585e\u76f4\u5230\u5b8c\u6210<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u7ed3\u679c：<\/span>{<\/span>result}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u591a\u6b21\u8c03\u7528 result() \u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u590d\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u518d\u6b21\u83b7\u53d6：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5b9e\u6218\u6280\u5de7：\u56de\u8c03\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n

    def<\/span> process_result<\/span>(<\/span>future)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """Future \u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570"""<\/span>
    \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n result =<\/span> future.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u2713 \u56de\u8c03\u5904\u7406：<\/span>{<\/span>result[<\/span>'url'<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> – <\/span>{<\/span>result[<\/span>'status'<\/span>]<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
    \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
    \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u2717 \u56de\u8c03\u5931\u8d25：<\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> fetch_with_callback<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n """\u4f7f\u7528\u56de\u8c03\u5904\u7406\u7ed3\u679c"""<\/span>
    \n with<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>max_workers=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
    \n for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls:<\/span>
    \n future =<\/span> executor.<\/span>submit(<\/span>fetch_url,<\/span> url)<\/span>
    \n # \u6ce8\u518c\u56de\u8c03：\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528<\/span>
    \n future.<\/span>add_done_callback(<\/span>process_result)<\/span><\/p>\n

    print<\/span>(<\/span>"\u6240\u6709\u4efb\u52a1\u5df2\u63d0\u4ea4，\u4e3b\u7ebf\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5…"<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span> # \u6a21\u62df\u4e3b\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/p>\n

    concurrent.futures.Future \u7684\u7279\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n

    \u4f18\u52bf：<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u7b80\u5355\u6613\u7528，\u9002\u5408\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6c60\/\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6c60\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
    • \u5929\u7136\u652f\u6301\u591a\u6838\u5e76\u884c（ProcessPoolExecutor）<\/li>\n
    • \u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u540c\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u597d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u5c40\u9650：<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u57fa\u4e8e\u7ebf\u7a0b\/\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u9500\u8f83\u5927<\/li>\n
      • \u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u8d85\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u573a\u666f（\u5982 10000+ \u8fde\u63a5）<\/li>\n
      • \u963b\u585e\u5f0f\u7684 result() \u8c03\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u6027\u80fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0：asyncio.Future\u2014\u2014\u534f\u7a0b\u7684\u627f\u8bfa<\/h3>\n

        \u57fa\u7840\u7528\u6cd5：\u5f02\u6b65\u4e16\u754c\u7684 Future<\/h4>\n

        import<\/span> asyncio
        \nimport<\/span> aiohttp
        \nimport<\/span> time<\/p>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> async_fetch_url<\/span>(<\/span>session,<\/span> url)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5f02\u6b65\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42"""<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf7\u6c42：<\/span>{<\/span>url}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n async<\/span> with<\/span> session.<\/span>get(<\/span>url,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> response:<\/span>
        \n text =<\/span> await<\/span> response.<\/span>text(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5b8c\u6210\u8bf7\u6c42：<\/span>{<\/span>url}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> {<\/span>
        \n 'url'<\/span>:<\/span> url,<\/span>
        \n 'status'<\/span>:<\/span> response.<\/span>status,<\/span>
        \n 'length'<\/span>:<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>text)<\/span>
        \n }<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> asyncio_future_fetch<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u4f7f\u7528 asyncio.Future \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f"""<\/span>
        \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n results =<\/span> [<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
        \n # \u521b\u5efa\u4efb\u52a1（\u662f Future \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b）<\/span>
        \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n asyncio.<\/span>create_task(<\/span>async_fetch_url(<\/span>session,<\/span> url)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls
        \n ]<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b49\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> task in<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>as_completed(<\/span>tasks)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> task
        \n results.<\/span>append(<\/span>result)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u2717 \u4efb\u52a1\u5931\u8d25: <\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>f"asyncio \u8017\u65f6：<\/span>{<\/span>time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> results<\/p>\n

        # \u8fd0\u884c\u5f02\u7801<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n test_urls =<\/span> [<\/span>
        \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/2"<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/3"<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n "https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/1"<\/span>
        \n ]<\/span> *<\/span> 10<\/span> # 30 \u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42<\/span><\/p>\n

        asyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>asyncio_future_fetch(<\/span>test_urls)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u7ea6 3 \u79d2（\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1）<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7d22：\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa asyncio.Future<\/h4>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> manual_future_demo<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u624b\u52a8\u64cd\u4f5c asyncio.Future"""<\/span>
        \n loop =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>get_event_loop(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u7684 Future<\/span>
        \n future =<\/span> loop.<\/span>create_future(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> set_result_later<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """2 \u79d2\u540e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7ed3\u679c"""<\/span>
        \n await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n future.<\/span>set_result(<\/span>"\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210！"<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u542f\u52a8\u540e\u53f0\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>
        \n asyncio.<\/span>create_task(<\/span>set_result_later(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        print<\/span>(<\/span>"Future \u5df2\u521b\u5efa，\u7b49\u5f85\u7ed3\u679c…"<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # False<\/span><\/p>\n

        # \u7b49\u5f85 Future \u5b8c\u6210<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> future
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u7ed3\u679c：<\/span>{<\/span>result}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>future.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span> # True<\/span><\/p>\n

        asyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>manual_future_demo(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u5b9e\u6218\u6848\u4f8b：\u5e26\u8d85\u65f6\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u722c\u866b<\/h4>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> fetch_with_timeout<\/span>(<\/span>session,<\/span> url,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5e26\u8d85\u65f6\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u8bf7\u6c42"""<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n # asyncio.wait_for \u4e5f\u8fd4\u56de Future<\/span>
        \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>wait_for(<\/span>
        \n async_fetch_url(<\/span>session,<\/span> url)<\/span>,<\/span>
        \n timeout=<\/span>timeout
        \n )<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> result
        \n except<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>TimeoutError:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> {<\/span>'url'<\/span>:<\/span> url,<\/span> 'error'<\/span>:<\/span> 'timeout'<\/span>}<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> robust_async_crawler<\/span>(<\/span>urls,<\/span> concurrency=<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n """\u5065\u58ee\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u722c\u866b：\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236 + \u8d85\u65f6 + \u91cd\u8bd5"""<\/span>
        \n semaphore =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>Semaphore(<\/span>concurrency)<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> def<\/span> fetch_with_limit<\/span>(<\/span>session,<\/span> url)<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n async<\/span> with<\/span> semaphore:<\/span> # \u9650\u5236\u5e76\u53d1\u6570<\/span>
        \n for<\/span> attempt in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span> # \u91cd\u8bd5 3 \u6b21<\/span>
        \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> await<\/span> fetch_with_timeout(<\/span>session,<\/span> url,<\/span> timeout)<\/span>
        \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
        \n if<\/span> attempt ==<\/span> 2<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n return<\/span> {<\/span>'url'<\/span>:<\/span> url,<\/span> 'error'<\/span>:<\/span> str<\/span>(<\/span>e)<\/span>}<\/span>
        \n await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>2<\/span> **<\/span> attempt)<\/span> # \u6307\u6570\u9000\u907f<\/span><\/p>\n

        async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
        \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>fetch_with_limit(<\/span>session,<\/span> url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls]<\/span>
        \n results =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks,<\/span> return_exceptions=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        return<\/span> results<\/p>\n

        # \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span>
        \nif<\/span> __name__ ==<\/span> "__main__"<\/span>:<\/span>
        \n urls =<\/span> [<\/span>f"https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/<\/span>{<\/span>i%<\/span>5<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span> for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>50<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
        \n results =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>robust_async_crawler(<\/span>urls,<\/span> concurrency=<\/span>20<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
        \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u6210\u529f：<\/span>{<\/span>sum<\/span>(<\/span>1<\/span> for<\/span> r in<\/span> results if<\/span> 'error'<\/span> not<\/span> in<\/span> r)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\/50"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

        asyncio.Future \u7684\u7279\u70b9\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n

        \u4f18\u52bf：<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1，\u8d44\u6e90\u5360\u7528\u6781\u4f4e<\/li>\n
        • \u9002\u5408 I\/O \u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u4efb\u52a1（\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u6587\u4ef6）<\/li>\n
        • \u4e0e async\/await \u8bed\u6cd5\u65e0\u7f1d\u96c6\u6210<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u5c40\u9650：<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u9700\u8981\u751f\u6001\u652f\u6301（\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 aiohttp \u7b49\u5f02\u6b65\u5e93）<\/li>\n
          • \u5b66\u4e60\u66f2\u7ebf\u9661\u5ced，\u8c03\u8bd5\u590d\u6742<\/li>\n
          • CPU \u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u4efb\u52a1\u65e0\u4f18\u52bf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0：\u4e24\u79cd Future \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5f02\u540c<\/h3>\n

            \u76f8\u540c\u70b9：\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u54f2\u5b66<\/h4>\n

            # \u5171\u540c\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span>
            \nclass<\/span> GenericFuture<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n def<\/span> done<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> bool<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210"""<\/span>
            \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

            def<\/span> result<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>None<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c（\u53ef\u80fd\u963b\u585e）"""<\/span>
            \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

            def<\/span> exception<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> timeout=<\/span>None<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u83b7\u53d6\u5f02\u5e38"""<\/span>
            \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

            def<\/span> add_done_callback<\/span>(<\/span>self,<\/span> fn)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b8c\u6210\u56de\u8c03"""<\/span>
            \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

            def<\/span> cancel<\/span>(<\/span>self)<\/span> –<\/span>><\/span> bool<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53d6\u6d88\u4efb\u52a1"""<\/span>
            \n pass<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u5173\u952e\u5dee\u5f02\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8868<\/h4>\n\n\u7279\u6027concurrent.futures.Futureasyncio.Future<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u578b<\/td>\n\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\/\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td>\n\u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b\u534f\u7a0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u963b\u585e\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\nresult() \u963b\u585e\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/td>\nawait \u8ba9\u51fa\u63a7\u5236\u6743<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u5e76\u53d1\u4e0a\u9650<\/td>\n\u53d7\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6570\u9650\u5236（\u901a\u5e38 < 1000）<\/td>\n\u8f7b\u677e\u652f\u6301 10000+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\nCPU \u5bc6\u96c6 + I\/O \u5bc6\u96c6<\/td>\nI\/O \u5bc6\u96c6\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u9500<\/td>\n\u9ad8（\u6bcf\u7ebf\u7a0b MB）<\/td>\n\u4f4e（\u6bcf\u534f\u7a0b ~1KB）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u751f\u6001\u4f9d\u8d56<\/td>\n\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u5373\u53ef<\/td>\n\u9700\u8981\u5f02\u6b65\u5e93\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u8c03\u8bd5\u96be\u5ea6<\/td>\n\u8f83\u7b80\u5355<\/td>\n\u590d\u6742（\u9700\u7406\u89e3\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5faa\u73af）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \u5b9e\u6218\u5bf9\u6bd4：\u76f8\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u4e0d\u73b0<\/h4>\n

            import<\/span> time
            \nfrom<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor
            \nimport<\/span> asyncio
            \nimport<\/span> aiohttp<\/p>\n

            # \u6a21\u62df\u4efb\u52a1：\u8bf7\u6c42 100 \u4e2a URL<\/span>
            \ntest_urls =<\/span> [<\/span>f"https:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/1?id=<\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span> for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u65b9\u6848 1：concurrent.futures<\/span>
            \ndef<\/span> test_concurrent_futures<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n with<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>max_workers=<\/span>20<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
            \n futures =<\/span> [<\/span>executor.<\/span>submit(<\/span>requests.<\/span>get,<\/span> url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> test_urls]<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> [<\/span>f.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> f in<\/span> futures]<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"ThreadPoolExecutor: <\/span>{<\/span>time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u65b9\u6848 2：asyncio<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> test_asyncio<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n start =<\/span> time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>session.<\/span>get(<\/span>url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> test_urls]<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks)<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"asyncio: <\/span>{<\/span>time.<\/span>time(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> start:<\/span>.2f<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u7ed3\u679c：<\/span>
            \n# ThreadPoolExecutor: ~6-8 \u79d2（\u53d7\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5207\u6362\u5f00\u9500\u5f71\u54cd）<\/span>
            \n# asyncio: ~4-5 \u79d2（\u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1）<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0：\u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u2014\u2014\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n

            \u573a\u666f 1：\u5728 asyncio \u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u963b\u585e\u4ee3\u7801<\/h4>\n

            import<\/span> asyncio
            \nfrom<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor<\/p>\n

            def<\/span> blocking_io_task<\/span>(<\/span>n)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u963b\u585e\u5f0f I\/O（\u5982\u8bfb\u53d6\u5927\u6587\u4ef6）"""<\/span>
            \n time.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>n)<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> f"\u963b\u585e\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210：<\/span>{<\/span>n}<\/span><\/span>\u79d2"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            async<\/span> def<\/span> async_main<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u5728\u5f02\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u963b\u585e\u51fd\u6570"""<\/span>
            \n loop =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>get_event_loop(<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u4f7f\u884c\u5668<\/span>
            \n with<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> pool:<\/span>
            \n # \u5c06\u963b\u585e\u51fd\u6570\u8f6c\u4e3a asyncio.Future<\/span>
            \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> loop.<\/span>run_in_executor(<\/span>
            \n pool,<\/span>
            \n blocking_io_task,<\/span>
            \n 3<\/span>
            \n )<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span><\/p>\n

            asyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>async_main(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u573a\u666f 2：\u5728\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 asyncio<\/h4>\n

            from<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor
            \nimport<\/span> asyncio<\/p>\n

            async<\/span> def<\/span> async_worker<\/span>(<\/span>worker_id)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u5f02\u6b65\u5de5\u4f5c\u51fd\u6570"""<\/span>
            \n await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> f"Worker <\/span>{<\/span>worker_id}<\/span><\/span> \u5b8c\u6210"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            def<\/span> run_async_in_thread<\/span>(<\/span>worker_id)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u5728\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u5f02\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801"""<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>async_worker(<\/span>worker_id)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u4e3b\u7ebf\u7a0b\u542f\u52a8\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b，\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>
            \nwith<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>max_workers=<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
            \n futures =<\/span> [<\/span>
            \n executor.<\/span>submit(<\/span>run_async_in_thread,<\/span> i)<\/span>
            \n for<\/span> i in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n ]<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> [<\/span>f.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> f in<\/span> futures]<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>results)<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u573a\u666f 3：\u6df7\u5408\u5e76\u53d1\u67b6\u6784<\/h4>\n

            async<\/span> def<\/span> hybrid_crawler<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u6df7\u5408\u67b6\u6784：asyncio \u722c\u53d6 + \u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u7406"""<\/span>
            \n from<\/span> concurrent.<\/span>futures import<\/span> ProcessPoolExecutor<\/p>\n

            # \u9636\u6bb5 1：\u5f02\u6b65\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u722c\u53d6<\/span>
            \n async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>session.<\/span>get(<\/span>url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls]<\/span>
            \n responses =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks)<\/span>
            \n html_contents =<\/span> [<\/span>await<\/span> r.<\/span>text(<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> r in<\/span> responses]<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u9636\u6bb5 2：CPU \u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u5904\u7406（\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b）<\/span>
            \n def<\/span> cpu_intensive_parse<\/span>(<\/span>html)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n # \u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u63d0\u53d6\u3001NLP \u5206\u6790\u7b49<\/span>
            \n import<\/span> re
            \n return<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>re.<\/span>findall(<\/span>r'\\\\w+'<\/span>,<\/span> html)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            loop =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>get_event_loop(<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n with<\/span> ProcessPoolExecutor(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> pool:<\/span>
            \n # \u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6c60\u7684 Future \u8f6c\u4e3a asyncio.Future<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>
            \n loop.<\/span>run_in_executor(<\/span>pool,<\/span> cpu_intensive_parse,<\/span> html)<\/span>
            \n for<\/span> html in<\/span> html_contents
            \n ]<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks)<\/span><\/p>\n

            return<\/span> results<\/p>\n

            \u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0：\u4ece Future \u5230 Promise\u2014\u2014\u7f16\u7a0b\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb<\/h3>\n

            JavaScript \u7684 Promise \u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n

            \/\/ JavaScript Promise<\/span>
            \nfetch<\/span>(<\/span>'https:\/\/api.example.com\/data'<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n .<\/span>then<\/span>(<\/span>response<\/span> =><\/span> response.<\/span>json<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n .<\/span>then<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span> =><\/span> console.<\/span>log<\/span>(<\/span>data)<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n .<\/span>catch<\/span>(<\/span>error<\/span> =><\/span> console.<\/span>error<\/span>(<\/span>error)<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

            # Python asyncio.Future (\u7c7b\u4f3c)<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> python_future<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
            \n response =<\/span> await<\/span> session.<\/span>get(<\/span>'https:\/\/api.example.com\/data'<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n data =<\/span> await<\/span> response.<\/span>json(<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>data)<\/span><\/p>\n

            Future \u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66<\/h4>\n
          • \u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u5206\u79bb：\u4efb\u52a1\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c\u5904\u7406\u89e3\u8026<\/li>\n
          • \u7ec4\u5408\u6027：\u591a\u4e2a Future \u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u590d\u6742\u6d41\u7a0b<\/li>\n
          • \u9519\u8bef\u4f20\u64ad：\u5f02\u5e38\u81ea\u52a8\u6cbf Future \u94fe\u4f20\u64ad<\/li>\n

            # \u7ec4\u5408\u591a\u4e2a Future<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> combined_futures<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n # \u540c\u65f6\u7b49\u5f85\u591a\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>
            \n fetch_data_from_api1(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n fetch_data_from_api2(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n fetch_data_from_api3(<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6210\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de<\/span>
            \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>wait(<\/span>
            \n [<\/span>task1,<\/span> task2,<\/span> task3]<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n return_when=<\/span>asyncio.<\/span>FIRST_COMPLETED
            \n )<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0：\u5b9e\u6218\u51b3\u7b56\u6307\u5357<\/h3>\n

            \u51b3\u7b56\u6811<\/h4>\n

            def<\/span> choose_future_type<\/span>(<\/span>task_characteristics)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """
            \n \u9009\u62e9 Future \u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6811<\/p>\n

            \u53c2\u6570：
            \n task_characteristics = {
            \n 'type': 'io' \u6216 'cpu',
            \n 'concurrency': \u5e76\u53d1\u6570,
            \n 'has_async_lib': \u662f\u5426\u6709\u5f02\u6b65\u5e93\u652f\u6301,
            \n 'complexity': 'simple' \u6216 'complex'
            \n }
            \n """<\/span><\/p>\n

            if<\/span> task_characteristics[<\/span>'type'<\/span>]<\/span> ==<\/span> 'cpu'<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> "concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"<\/span><\/p>\n

            # I\/O \u5bc6\u96c6\u578b<\/span>
            \n if<\/span> task_characteristics[<\/span>'concurrency'<\/span>]<\/span> <<\/span> 100<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n if<\/span> task_characteristics[<\/span>'complexity'<\/span>]<\/span> ==<\/span> 'simple'<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> "concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor（\u7b80\u5355\u591f\u7528）"<\/span>
            \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> "asyncio（\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548）"<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u573a\u666f<\/span>
            \n if<\/span> task_characteristics[<\/span>'has_async_lib'<\/span>]<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> "asyncio.Future（\u5fc5\u9009）"<\/span>
            \n else<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> "\u8003\u8651\u5f15\u5165\u5f02\u6b65\u5e93\u6216\u7528 ThreadPoolExecutor（\u4e0a\u9650\u7ea6 500 \u5e76\u53d1）"<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u793a\u4f8b\u51b3\u7b56<\/span>
            \nprint<\/span>(<\/span>choose_future_type(<\/span>{<\/span>
            \n 'type'<\/span>:<\/span> 'io'<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n 'concurrency'<\/span>:<\/span> 1000<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n 'has_async_lib'<\/span>:<\/span> True<\/span>,<\/span>
            \n 'complexity'<\/span>:<\/span> 'complex'<\/span>
            \n}<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n# \u8f93\u51fa：asyncio.Future（\u5fc5\u9009）<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u5e38\u89c1\u9677\u9631\u4e0e\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848<\/h4>\n

            # \u9677\u9631 1：\u5728 asyncio \u4e2d\u5fd8\u8bb0 await<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> wrong_way<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n future =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>create_task(<\/span>some_async_func(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n # \u9519\u8bef：\u6ca1\u6709 await，\u4efb\u52a1\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5b8c\u6210\u5c31\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e86<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>future.<\/span>result(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span> # \u629b\u51fa InvalidStateError<\/span><\/p>\n

            async<\/span> def<\/span> right_way<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n future =<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>create_task(<\/span>some_async_func(<\/span>)<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n result =<\/span> await<\/span> future # \u6b63\u786e：\u7b49\u5f85\u5b8c\u6210<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>result)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u9677\u9631 2：\u6df7\u7528\u963b\u585e\u548c\u975e\u963b\u585e\u8c03\u7528<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> blocking_mistake<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n # \u9519\u8bef：requests.get \u4f1a\u963b\u585e\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5faa\u73af<\/span>
            \n response =<\/span> requests.<\/span>get(<\/span>'https:\/\/example.com'<\/span>)<\/span> <\/p>\n

            # \u6b63\u786e：\u4f7f\u7528 aiohttp<\/span>
            \n async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
            \n response =<\/span> await<\/span> session.<\/span>get(<\/span>'https:\/\/example.com'<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u9677\u9631 3：\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> handle_errors_properly<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>risky_async_func(<\/span>)<\/span> for<\/span> _ in<\/span> range<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u9519\u8bef：\u4e00\u4e2a\u5931\u8d25\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u90e8\u5931\u8d25<\/span>
            \n # results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u6b63\u786e：\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38<\/span>
            \n results =<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks,<\/span> return_exceptions=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n for<\/span> i,<\/span> result in<\/span> enumerate<\/span>(<\/span>results)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n if<\/span> isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>result,<\/span> Exception)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u4efb\u52a1 <\/span>{<\/span>i}<\/span><\/span> \u5931\u8d25：<\/span>{<\/span>result}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u7ec8\u7ae0：\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u6218\u5efa\u8bae<\/h3>\n

            \u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u5e74\u8e29\u5751，\u6211\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u5f97：<\/p>\n

            1. \u4ece\u9700\u6c42\u51fa\u53d1，\u4e0d\u8981\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/h4>\n

            # \u5c0f\u9879\u76ee（< 50 \u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42）<\/span>
            \ndef<\/span> simple_enough<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> [<\/span>requests.<\/span>get(<\/span>url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls]<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u4e2d\u7b49\u9879\u76ee（50-500 \u4e2a）<\/span>
            \ndef<\/span> use_thread_pool<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n with<\/span> ThreadPoolExecutor(<\/span>max_workers=<\/span>20<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> executor:<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>executor.<\/span>map<\/span>(<\/span>requests.<\/span>get,<\/span> urls)<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u5927\u9879\u76ee（500+ \u4e2a\u6216\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u65f6\u6027）<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> use_asyncio<\/span>(<\/span>urls)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n async<\/span> with<\/span> aiohttp.<\/span>ClientSession(<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session:<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>session.<\/span>get(<\/span>url)<\/span> for<\/span> url in<\/span> urls]<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>gather(<\/span>*<\/span>tasks)<\/span><\/p>\n

            2. \u76d1\u63a7 Future \u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/h4>\n

            import<\/span> logging<\/p>\n

            logging.<\/span>basicConfig(<\/span>level=<\/span>logging.<\/span>INFO)<\/span><\/p>\n

            async<\/span> def<\/span> monitored_task<\/span>(<\/span>task_name)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n """\u5e26\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1"""<\/span>
            \n logging.<\/span>info(<\/span>f"[<\/span>{<\/span>task_name}<\/span><\/span>] \u5f00\u59cb"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
            \n try<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n await<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>sleep(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span>
            \n logging.<\/span>info(<\/span>f"[<\/span>{<\/span>task_name}<\/span><\/span>] \u5b8c\u6210"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
            \n return<\/span> f"<\/span>{<\/span>task_name}<\/span><\/span> \u6210\u529f"<\/span><\/span>
            \n except<\/span> Exception as<\/span> e:<\/span>
            \n logging.<\/span>error(<\/span>f"[<\/span>{<\/span>task_name}<\/span><\/span>] \u5931\u8d25：<\/span>{<\/span>e}<\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>
            \n raise<\/span><\/p>\n

            3. \u5584\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u8c03\u8bd5<\/h4>\n

            # \u8c03\u8bd5 asyncio<\/span>
            \nimport<\/span> asyncio<\/p>\n

            # \u542f\u7528\u8c03\u8bd5\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>
            \nasyncio.<\/span>run(<\/span>main(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> debug=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            # \u76d1\u63a7\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>
            \nasync<\/span> def<\/span> check_pending_tasks<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:<\/span>
            \n tasks =<\/span> [<\/span>t for<\/span> t in<\/span> asyncio.<\/span>all_tasks(<\/span>)<\/span> if<\/span> not<\/span> t.<\/span>done(<\/span>)<\/span>]<\/span>
            \n print<\/span>(<\/span>f"\u5f53\u524d\u6709 <\/span>{<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>tasks)<\/span>}<\/span><\/span> \u4e2a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1"<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u7ed3\u8bed：Future \u7684\u672a\u6765<\/h3>\n

            Future \u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f16\u7a0b\u5de5\u5177，\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f：\u5c06\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u89e3\u8026\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd"\u627f\u8bfa\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b"\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6f\u4ef6\u67b6\u6784\u4e2d\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728：<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u6d88\u606f\u961f\u5217<\/li>\n
            • \u524d\u7aef\u7684 Promise\/async-await<\/li>\n
            • \u54cd\u5e94\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684 Observable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u4f60\u7684\u9009\u62e9：<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u7b80\u5355\u4efb\u52a1 \u2192 concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor<\/li>\n
              • \u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1 I\/O \u2192 asyncio.Future<\/li>\n
              • CPU \u5bc6\u96c6 \u2192 concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor<\/li>\n
              • \u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf \u2192 \u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\u95f4：<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u4f60\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u53d1\u65b9\u6848？<\/li>\n
                • \u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0e Future \u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5751？<\/li>\n
                • \u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a Python \u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u751f\u6001\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u54ea\u4e9b\u6539\u8fdb？<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u6b22\u8fce\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u4eab\u4f60\u7684\u6545\u4e8b，\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e16\u754c！<\/p>\n

                  \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb：<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • PEP 3148 – concurrent.futures \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6587\u6863<\/li>\n
                  • PEP 3156 – asyncio \u89c4\u8303<\/li>\n
                  • \u300a\u6d41\u7545\u7684 Python\u300b\u7b2c 17-18 \u7ae0：\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3 Future<\/li>\n
                  • Trio \u6846\u67b6：\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u5e93<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u613f\u4f60\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a Future \u90fd\u80fd\u5982\u671f\u5151\u73b0\u627f\u8bfa！🚀<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Python Future \u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66：\u4ece\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e4b\u65c5
                    \n\u5f00\u7bc7：\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\\”\u627f\u8bfa\\”\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u6545\u4e8b
                    \n2019 \u5e74\u6df1\u79cb，\u6211\u5728\u91cd\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8c03\u7528 50 \u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9 API，\u7b49\u5f85\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd4\u56de\u540e\u518d\u505a\u805a\u5408\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u7b80\u5355\u7c97\u66b4：
                    \nresults []
                    \nfor api in api_list:result call_api(api) # \u6bcf\u6b21\u7b49\u5f85 2-5 \u79d2results.app<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,190],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-70016","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-python","tag-190"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Future \u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4ece\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e4b\u65c5 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/70016.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Future \u7f16\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4ece\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4e4b\u65c5 - 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