{"id":66698,"date":"2026-01-27T11:25:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T03:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/66698.html"},"modified":"2026-01-27T11:25:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T03:25:07","slug":"liunx%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9c%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%95%85%e9%9a%9c%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/66698.html","title":{"rendered":"Liunx\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6545\u969c\u5904\u7406"},"content":{"rendered":"

Liunx\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f15\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/h2>\n

inux \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4ece\u5f00\u673a\u5230\u8fdb\u5165\u767b\u5f55\u754c\u9762\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6d41\u7a0b，\u4e0d\u540c\u542f\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f（BIOS\/MBR \u4e0e UEFI\/GPT） \u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02，\u4f46\u6838\u5fc3\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e00\u81f4<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u00a0 \u00a0\u6838\u5fc3\u524d\u63d0：BIOS\/MBR \u4e0e UEFI\/GPT \u4e24\u79cd\u542f\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7279\u6027<\/td>\nBIOS\/MBR \u6a21\u5f0f（\u4f20\u7edf）<\/td>\nUEFI\/GPT \u6a21\u5f0f（\u73b0\u4ee3）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u56fa\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n\u57fa\u672c\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf（BIOS）<\/td>\n\u7edf\u4e00\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u56fa\u4ef6\u63a5\u53e3（UEFI）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/td>\n\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55（MBR）<\/td>\n\u5168\u5c40\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u5206\u533a\u8868（GPT）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u652f\u6301\u6700\u5927\u78c1\u76d8\u5bb9\u91cf<\/td>\n2.2TB<\/td>\n\u65e0\u9650\u5236（\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8<\/td>\n\u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301（\u9632\u6b62\u6076\u610f\u8f6f\u4ef6）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u4e8c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Linux \u6807\u51c6\u5f15\u5bfc\u6d41\u7a0b（\u4ee5 BIOS\/MBR \u4e3a\u4f8b）<\/h3>\n

\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a 5 \u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u9636\u6bb5，\u73af\u73af\u76f8\u6263：<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u5f00\u673a\u81ea\u68c0（POST，Power-On Self-Test）<\/h4>\n

\u89e6\u53d1\u65f6\u673a：\u6309\u4e0b\u7535\u6e90\u952e\u540e，\u4e3b\u677f\u56fa\u4ef6（BIOS\/UEFI）\u9996\u5148\u542f\u52a8\u3002
\n\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528：\u786c\u4ef6\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u68c0\u6d4b，\u5305\u62ec CPU\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u786c\u76d8\u3001\u663e\u5361\u3001\u952e\u76d8\u7b49\u3002
\n\u7ed3\u679c\u5904\u7406：\u68c0\u6d4b\u901a\u8fc7：\u56fa\u4ef6\u8bfb\u53d6 \u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f（BIOS \u4e2d\u53ef\u8bbe\u7f6e，\u5982\u4f18\u5148\u786c\u76d8 \/ U \u76d8）\u3002
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u68c0\u6d4b\u5931\u8d25：\u53d1\u51fa\u8702\u9e23\u8b66\u62a5（\u4e0d\u540c\u5382\u5546\u8702\u9e23\u7801\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c，\u5982\u5185\u5b58\u6545\u969c\u5e38\u4e3a 1 \u957f 2 \u77ed）\u3002<\/p>\n

2. \u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\u52a0\u8f7d（MBR Boot Loader）<\/h4>\n

MBR \u4f4d\u7f6e：\u786c\u76d8\u7684 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6247\u533a（512 \u5b57\u8282），\u5305\u542b
\n\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f（\u524d 446 \u5b57\u8282）：\u5982 GRUB Legacy\u3001LILO\u3002
\n\u5206\u533a\u8868（64 \u5b57\u8282）：\u8bb0\u5f55 4 \u4e2a\u4e3b\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002
\n\u9b54\u6570（2 \u5b57\u8282）：0x55AA，\u6807\u8bc6 MBR \u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c：\u56fa\u4ef6\u6839\u636e\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f\u627e\u5230\u786c\u76d8，\u8bfb\u53d6 MBR \u4e2d\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5230\u5185\u5b58，\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n

3. \u542f\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u5668（Boot Loader，\u6838\u5fc3：GRUB 2）<\/h4>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3 Linux \u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u7528 GRUB 2（GRand Unified Bootloader 2），\u66ff\u4ee3\u8001\u65e7\u7684 GRUB Legacy \u548c LILO\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd：\u663e\u793a\u542f\u52a8\u83dc\u5355：\u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u7684 Linux \u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\u3001Windows \u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002
\n\u52a0\u8f7d\u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5185\u5b58\u76d8：\u7528\u6237\u9009\u62e9\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e，GRUB \u8bfb\u53d6 \/boot \u5206\u533a\u4e2d\u7684 \u5185\u6838\u6587\u4ef6（vmlinuz-xxx）\u548c \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5185\u5b58\u76d8（initrd.img-xxx）\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u3002
\ninitrd.img：\u4e34\u65f6\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf，\u5305\u542b\u542f\u52a8\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u9a71\u52a8（\u5982\u786c\u76d8\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u9a71\u52a8），\u89e3\u51b3\u5185\u6838\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u6839\u5206\u533a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n\u4f20\u9012\u53c2\u6570\u7ed9\u5185\u6838：\u5982 ro root=\/dev\/sda1（\u6307\u5b9a\u6839\u5206\u533a\u4e3a \/dev\/sda1，\u53ea\u8bfb\u6302\u8f7d）\u3002<\/p>\n

GRUB 2 \u5173\u952e\u6587\u4ef6：
\n\/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg：GRUB \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6（\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210，\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u624b\u52a8\u4fee\u6539）\u3002
\n\/etc\/default\/grub：\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6（\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u9700\u6267\u884c update-grub \u751f\u6548）\u3002<\/p>\n

4.\u5185\u6838\u521d\u59cb\u5316（Kernel Initialization）<\/h4>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c：1. \u5185\u6838\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u5e76\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u5185\u5b58，\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u786c\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8（\u4ece initrd.img \u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u9a71\u52a8）
\n2.\u00a0\u4ee5 \u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f \u6302\u8f7d\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf（root=\/dev\/sda1）\u3002
\n3.\u00a0\u542f\u52a8 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fdb\u7a0b：systemd（PID=1，\u73b0\u4ee3 Linux ）\u6216 init（\u4f20\u7edf SysVinit）\u3002<\/p>\n

5. \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b（Systemd\/Init）：\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1<\/h4>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u6700\u540e\u9636\u6bb5，\u8d1f\u8d23\u542f\u52a8\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u754c\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

systemd \u901a\u8fc7 \u76ee\u6807（target） \u7ba1\u7406\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b，\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b（runlevel）
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u4f20\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b<\/td>\nsystemd \u76ee\u6807<\/td>\n\u4f5c\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\npoweroff.target<\/td>\n\u5173\u673a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nrescue.target<\/td>\n\u5355\u7528\u6237\u6551\u63f4\u6a21\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nmulti-user.target<\/td>\n\u591a\u7528\u6237\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f（\u65e0\u56fe\u5f62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\ngraphical.target<\/td>\n\u591a\u7528\u6237\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u6a21\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nreboot.target<\/td>\n\u91cd\u542f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u6b65\u9aa4：<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0systemd \u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u6807（\/etc\/systemd\/system\/default.target，\u901a\u5e38\u94fe\u63a5\u5230 graphical.target \u6216 multi-user.target）\u3002
\n2.\u6309\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1：\u5982\u6302\u8f7d \/etc\/fstab \u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u533a（\u5c06\u6839\u5206\u533a\u4ece\u53ea\u8bfb\u6539\u4e3a\u8bfb\u5199 rw）\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3001SSH \u670d\u52a1\u3001\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u670d\u52a1（\u5982 GNOME\/KDE）\u3002
\n3.\u542f\u52a8 \u767b\u5f55\u7ba1\u7406\u5668：\u56fe\u5f62\u754c\u9762\u4e0b\u4e3a gdm（GNOME）\/sddm（KDE），\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e0b\u4e3a getty，\u663e\u793a\u767b\u5f55\u63d0\u793a\u7b26<\/p>\n

\u4f20\u7edf init \u6d41\u7a0b（\u4e86\u89e3\u5373\u53ef）<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7 \/etc\/inittab \u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b，\u6267\u884c \/etc\/rc.d\/rc \u811a\u672c，\u542f\u52a8\u5bf9\u5e94\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0b\u7684\u670d\u52a1（\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d \u76ee\u5f55，X \u4e3a\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u00a0 UEFI\/GPT \u5f15\u5bfc\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u70b9<\/h3>\n

\u4e0e BIOS\/MBR \u76f8\u6bd4，UEFI \u5f15\u5bfc\u7701\u7565\u4e86 MBR \u9636\u6bb5，\u6838\u5fc3\u5dee\u5f02\u5728 \u7b2c 2-3 \u9636\u6bb5：
\n1.\u00a0UEFI \u56fa\u4ef6\u76f4\u63a5\u8bfb\u53d6 EFI \u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u533a（ESP）：ESP \u5206\u533a：FAT32 \u683c\u5f0f，\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a \/boot\/efi，\u5b58\u653e UEFI \u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f（\u5982 grubx64.efi）\u3002
\n2.\u00a0\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f4d\u7f6e：ESP \u5206\u533a\u7684 \/EFI\/ubuntu（Ubuntu）\u6216 \/EFI\/centos \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b，\u800c\u975e MBR \u6247\u533a\u3002
\n3.\u00a0\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8：UEFI \u4f1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7b7e\u540d，\u786e\u4fdd\u672a\u88ab\u7be1\u6539（\u9700\u5173\u95ed\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8\u624d\u80fd\u5b89\u88c5\u90e8\u5206 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db \u5e38\u89c1\u5f15\u5bfc\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5<\/h3>\n

1.\u00a0GRUB \u83dc\u5355\u4e22\u5931，\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u5165 grub> \u547d\u4ee4\u884c
\n\u539f\u56e0：grub.cfg \u635f\u574f\u6216 \/boot \u5206\u533a\u6302\u8f7d\u5931\u8d25\u3002
\n\u89e3\u51b3：\u8fdb\u5165\u6551\u63f4\u6a21\u5f0f，\u91cd\u65b0\u751f\u6210 grub.cfg（update-grub）<\/p>\n

2. \u5185\u6838 panic：\u65e0\u6cd5\u6302\u8f7d\u6839\u5206\u533a
\n\u539f\u56e0：root= \u53c2\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u786c\u76d8\u9a71\u52a8\u7f3a\u5931\u3001\u6839\u5206\u533a\u635f\u574f\u3002
\n\u89e3\u51b3：\u68c0\u67e5 grub \u542f\u52a8\u53c2\u6570，\u4fee\u590d\u6839\u5206\u533a（fsck \/dev\/sda1）\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0UEFI \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u542f\u52a8 Linux
\n\u539f\u56e0：\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8\u672a\u5173\u95ed\u3001ESP \u5206\u533a\u672a\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u635f\u574f\u3002
\n\u89e3\u51b3：BIOS \u4e2d\u5173\u95ed\u5b89\u5168\u542f\u52a8，\u91cd\u5efa ESP \u5206\u533a\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u88c5 GRUB\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f \u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u9010\u7ea7\u4f20\u9012：\u56fa\u4ef6 \u2192 \u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f \u2192 \u5185\u6838 \u2192 \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u6700\u7ec8\u5b8c\u6210\u4ece\u786c\u4ef6\u5230\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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