{"id":62513,"date":"2026-01-20T03:49:42","date_gmt":"2026-01-19T19:49:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/62513.html"},"modified":"2026-01-20T03:49:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T19:49:42","slug":"%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%9c%a8%e9%a6%99%e6%b8%af%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8-ubuntu-20-04-%e4%b8%8a%e5%ae%9e%e7%8e%b0-postgres-14-pgbouncer-%e8%bf%9e%e6%8e%a5%e6%b1%a0%e9%83%a8%e7%bd%b2%e6%8c%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/62513.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668 Ubuntu 20.04 \u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0 Postgres 14 + PgBouncer \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u90e8\u7f72\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u9488\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS \u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u90e8\u7f72 PostgreSQL 14 \u4e0e PgBouncer \u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7ea7\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u505a\u6df1\u5165\u6280\u672f\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u786c\u4ef6\u914d\u7f6e\u5efa\u8bae\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u90e8\u7f72\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u5173\u952e\u914d\u7f6e\u8bf4\u660e\u3001\u8c03\u4f18\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002A5\u6570\u636e\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u843d\u5730\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u7ec6\u8282\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u80fd\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c，\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8de8\u5883\u7535\u5546\u3001SaaS\u3001\u5b9e\u65f6\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u4e1a\u52a1\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e00\u3001\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u786c\u4ef6\u914d\u7f6e\u5efa\u8bae<\/h3>\n

\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u90e8\u7f72\u4e4b\u524d，\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668www.a5idc.com\u786c\u4ef6\u914d\u7f6e\u5982\u4e0b（\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5230\u5927\u578b\u751f\u4ea7\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8d1f\u8f7d）：<\/p>\n\n\u786c\u4ef6\u9879\u5efa\u8bae\u914d\u7f6e\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
CPU<\/td>\n8 \u6838 AMD EPYC \/ Intel Xeon<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301\u591a\u5e76\u53d1\u67e5\u8be2\u4e0e\u540e\u53f0\u7ef4\u62a4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5185\u5b58<\/td>\n32 GB DDR4<\/td>\n\u8db3\u591f\u7f13\u5b58\u70ed\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7f13\u51b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u78c1\u76d8<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 1TB NVMe SSD<\/td>\n\u9ad8 IOPS \u8bfb\u5199\u6027\u80fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u7f51\u7edc<\/td>\n1 Gbps \u516c\u7f51\u5e26\u5bbd<\/td>\n\u8de8\u5883\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u8fdf\u654f\u611f\u4e1a\u52a1\u63a8\u8350 CN2\/\u76f4\u8fde<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td>\nUbuntu 20.04 LTS x64 UEFI<\/td>\n\u957f\u671f\u652f\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u7248\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u65f6\u533a<\/td>\nUTC \u6216 Asia\/Hong_Kong<\/td>\n\u65e5\u5fd7\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3，\u516c\u7f51\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d77\u5916\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981，\u5efa\u8bae\u540c\u65f6\u6d4b\u8bd5 CN2\/\u76f4\u8fde\u7f51\u7edc\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5e76\u4f9d\u636e\u4e1a\u52a1，\u7ed3\u5408 Anycast \/ \u591a BGP \u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u8def\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u7cfb\u7edf\u51c6\u5907\u4e0e\u4f18\u5316<\/h3>\n

2.1 \u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u65b0<\/h4>\n

sudo<\/span> apt<\/span> update
\nsudo<\/span> apt<\/span> upgrade -y
\nsudo<\/span> reboot<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2 \u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u5de5\u5177<\/h4>\n

# \u521b\u5efa PostgreSQL \u7ba1\u7406\u7528\u6237<\/span>
\nsudo<\/span> adduser dbadmin
\nsudo<\/span> usermod<\/span> -aG sudo<\/span> dbadmin<\/p>\n

# \u5b89\u88c5\u5fc5\u8981\u5de5\u5177<\/span>
\nsudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> -y wget<\/span> curl<\/span> htop<\/span> iotop unzip<\/span> git<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3 \u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u4f18\u5316（\u751f\u4ea7\u63a8\u8350）<\/h4>\n

\u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/sysctl.conf \u6dfb\u52a0：<\/p>\n

# \u589e\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\u6570
\nfs.file-max = 1000000<\/p>\n

# \u5185\u6838\u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58
\nkernel.shmmax = 68719476736
\nkernel.shmall = 4294967296<\/p>\n

# \u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u8ffd\u8e2a
\nnet.core.somaxconn = 1024
\nnet.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
\nnet.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 15
\nnet.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535<\/p>\n

\u5e94\u7528：<\/p>\n

sudo<\/span> sysctl -p<\/p>\n

2.4 \u65f6\u949f\u540c\u6b65<\/h4>\n

sudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> -y chrony
\nsudo<\/span> systemctl enable<\/span> –now chrony<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e09\u3001\u5b89\u88c5 PostgreSQL 14<\/h3>\n

Ubuntu 20.04 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6e90\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u6700\u65b0 PostgreSQL 14，\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b98\u65b9\u6e90：<\/p>\n

# \u6dfb\u52a0\u5b98\u65b9\u4ed3\u5e93<\/span>
\nwget<\/span> -qO – https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/media\/keys\/ACCC4CF8.asc |<\/span> sudo<\/span> apt-key add<\/span> –
\necho<\/span> "deb http:\/\/apt.postgresql.org\/pub\/repos\/apt\/ focal-pgdg main"<\/span> |<\/span> sudo<\/span> tee<\/span> \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/pgdg.list<\/p>\n

sudo<\/span> apt<\/span> update
\nsudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> -y postgresql-14 postgresql-server-dev-14<\/p>\n

\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b89\u88c5：<\/p>\n

psql –version
\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b: psql (PostgreSQL) 14.x<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u56db\u3001PostgreSQL 14 \u751f\u4ea7\u7ea7\u53c2\u6570\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n

\u7f16\u8f91 PostgreSQL \u4e3b\u914d\u7f6e \/etc\/postgresql\/14\/main\/postgresql.conf：<\/p>\n

# \u76d1\u542c\u6240\u6709\u5730\u5740
\nlisten_addresses = '*'<\/p>\n

# \u5185\u5b58\u8bbe\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b（32GB \u7cfb\u7edf）
\nshared_buffers = 8GB
\neffective_cache_size = 24GB
\nwork_mem = 64MB
\nmaintenance_work_mem = 2GB<\/p>\n

# WAL \u65e5\u5fd7
\nwal_level = replica
\nmax_wal_size = 4GB
\nmin_wal_size = 1GB<\/p>\n

# \u8fde\u63a5\u6570
\nmax_connections = 200<\/p>\n

# \u63d0\u5347\u900f\u660e\u5927\u9875\u4e0e\u9501
\ntcp_keepalives_idle = 60
\ntcp_keepalives_interval = 30
\ntcp_keepalives_count = 10<\/p>\n

# \u65f6\u533a
\ntimezone = 'Asia\/Hong_Kong'<\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236 \/etc\/postgresql\/14\/main\/pg_hba.conf，\u589e\u52a0\u4fe1\u4efb\u6216\u5bc6\u7801\u8ba4\u8bc1：<\/p>\n

# \u672c\u5730
\nlocal all all md5
\n# \u5185\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5
\nhost all all 0.0.0.0\/0 md5<\/p>\n

\u91cd\u542f PostgreSQL：<\/p>\n

sudo<\/span> systemctl restart postgresql<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e94\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u914d\u7f6e PgBouncer<\/h3>\n

5.1 \u5b89\u88c5 PgBouncer<\/h4>\n

sudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> -y pgbouncer<\/p>\n

5.2 \u521b\u5efa\u6c60\u5316\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n

\u5728 PostgreSQL \u5185：<\/p>\n

CREATE<\/span> USER<\/span> pgbouncer WITH<\/span> PASSWORD '\u5f3a\u5bc6\u7801\u793a\u4f8b'<\/span>;<\/span>
\nGRANT<\/span> CONNECT<\/span> ON<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> your_db TO<\/span> pgbouncer;<\/span><\/p>\n

5.3 PgBouncer \u4e3b\u914d\u7f6e<\/h4>\n

\u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/pgbouncer\/pgbouncer.ini：<\/p>\n

[databases]
\nyour_db = host=127.0.0.1 port=5432 dbname=your_db<\/p>\n

[pgbouncer]
\n# \u76d1\u542c
\nlisten_addr = *
\nlisten_port = 6432<\/p>\n

# \u6388\u6743
\nauth_type = md5
\nauth_file = \/etc\/pgbouncer\/userlist.txt<\/p>\n

# \u6c60\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f
\npool_mode = transaction<\/p>\n

# \u6700\u5927\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0e\u8d85\u65f6
\nmax_client_conn = 1000
\ndefault_pool_size = 100
\nreserve_pool_size = 20
\nreserve_pool_timeout = 5<\/p>\n

# \u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e\u76d1\u63a7
\nlogfile = \/var\/log\/pgbouncer\/pgbouncer.log
\nadmin_users = pgbouncer<\/p>\n

5.4 \u7528\u6237\u5217\u8868<\/h4>\n

\u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/pgbouncer\/userlist.txt：<\/p>\n

"pgbouncer" "md5$(echo -n pgbouncer\u5f3a\u5bc6\u7801\u793a\u4f8bpgbouncer | md5sum | awk '{print $1}')"<\/p>\n

5.5 \u542f\u52a8 PgBouncer<\/h4>\n

sudo<\/span> systemctl enable<\/span> –now pgbouncer<\/p>\n

\n

\u516d\u3001PgBouncer \u6c60\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u9009\u62e9<\/h3>\n\n\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bf4\u660e\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n
session<\/td>\n\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5<\/td>\n\u7ef4\u6301\u4f1a\u8bdd\u72b6\u6001\u5e94\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
transaction<\/td>\n\u6bcf\u6b21\u4e8b\u52a1\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u53d6\u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5<\/td>\n\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570 Web \u5e94\u7528\u6700\u4f18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
statement<\/td>\n\u6bcf\u6761 SQL \u90fd\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u53d6\u8fde\u63a5<\/td>\n\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u4f46\u9700\u8c28\u614e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u751f\u4ea7\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 transaction，\u5728\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u77ed\u4e8b\u52a1\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u53ef\u663e\u8457\u51cf\u5c11 PostgreSQL \u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e03\u3001\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/h3>\n

7.1 \u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5de5\u5177<\/h4>\n

\u5b89\u88c5 pgbench：<\/p>\n

sudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> -y postgresql-client-14<\/p>\n

\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e93：<\/p>\n

pgbench -i -s 50<\/span> -h localhost -p 6432<\/span> -U pgbouncer your_db<\/p>\n

\u6267\u884c\u538b\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5：<\/p>\n

pgbench -c 200<\/span> -j 4<\/span> -T 60<\/span> -h localhost -p 6432<\/span> -U pgbouncer your_db<\/p>\n

7.2 \u521d\u59cb\u6027\u80fd\u7ed3\u679c（\u793a\u4f8b）<\/h4>\n\n\u8fde\u63a5\u65b9\u5f0fTPS \u5e73\u5747\u5e73\u5747\u5ef6\u8fdf (ms)\u6700\u5927\u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\u6570<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n
\u76f4\u8fde PostgreSQL (\u65e0\u6c60)<\/td>\n3500<\/td>\n12.5<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PgBouncer transaction<\/td>\n8200<\/td>\n5.8<\/td>\n120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PgBouncer session<\/td>\n6800<\/td>\n7.2<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa，\u5728\u5178\u578b OLTP \u573a\u666f\u4e0b，PgBouncer transaction \u6a21\u5f0f\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u63d0\u5347 TPS \u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u5ef6\u8fdf，\u540c\u65f6\u51cf\u5c11\u540e\u7aef\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u516b\u3001\u5173\u952e\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u5efa\u8bae<\/h3>\n

8.1 Linux \u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4<\/h4>\n

# \u63d0\u5347 ulimit<\/span>
\nsudo<\/span> bash<\/span> -c "echo 'dbadmin soft nofile 1000000' >> \/etc\/security\/limits.conf"<\/span>
\nsudo<\/span> bash<\/span> -c "echo 'dbadmin hard nofile 1000000' >> \/etc\/security\/limits.conf"<\/span><\/p>\n

8.2 PostgreSQL WAL \u4e0e checkpoint \u8c03\u6574<\/h4>\n

\u9002\u5408\u5199\u5bc6\u96c6\u573a\u666f：<\/p>\n

checkpoint_timeout = 15min
\ncheckpoint_completion_target = 0.9<\/p>\n

8.3 \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5927\u5c0f\u7ec6\u8c03<\/h4>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5e94\u7528\u6c60\u5316\u540e\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u4e0e\u4e8b\u52a1\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f4\u8c03\u6574：<\/p>\n\n\u4e1a\u52a1\u7c7b\u578b\u5efa\u8bae default_pool_size\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n
Web API \u8bf7\u6c42<\/td>\n100 ~ 150<\/td>\n\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u77ed\u4e8b\u52a1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5206\u6790 ETL \u4efb\u52a1<\/td>\n20 ~ 50<\/td>\n\u957f\u4e8b\u52a1\u51cf\u5c11\u62a2\u5360<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6df7\u5408\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n80 ~ 120<\/td>\n\u9700\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b9e\u9645\u8d1f\u8f7d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

\u4e5d\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u89e3\u51b3<\/h3>\n

9.1 \u201cFATAL: too many clients\u201d \u9519\u8bef<\/h4>\n

\u68c0\u67e5 PgBouncer \u4e0e PostgreSQL \u7684 max_connections \u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406：<\/p>\n

# PostgreSQL<\/span>
\nSHOW max_connections;<\/span>
\n# PgBouncer<\/span>
\nSHOW CONFIG;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5efa\u8bae PostgreSQL \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u8f83\u5c0f\u503c，\u7531 PgBouncer \u63a7\u5236\u603b\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n

9.2 \u957f\u4e8b\u52a1\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c60\u8017\u5c3d<\/h4>\n

PgBouncer transaction \u6a21\u5f0f\u907f\u514d\u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u5916\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5360\u7528\u540e\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5；\u82e5\u4ecd\u51fa\u73b0\u9700\u6392\u67e5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u5341\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n

A5\u6570\u636e\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668 Ubuntu 20.04 \u4e0a\u90e8\u7f72 PostgreSQL 14 + PgBouncer，\u7ed3\u5408\u5408\u7406\u786c\u4ef6\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u4f18\u5316，\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5e76\u53d1\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u6548\u7387\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5b89\u88c5\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u914d\u7f6e\u5230\u6027\u80fd\u8bc4\u4f30，\u4e3a\u5efa\u8bbe\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u3001\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8be6\u5c3d\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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