\n| 4<\/td>\n | public static void sort(Object[] a)\u00a0\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6570\u7ec4\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b（Byte，short，Int\u7b49）\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u6765\u6e90\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b，\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6280\u672f\u6559\u7a0b\u7f51\u7ad9，\u9002\u5408\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u67e5\u770b\u8d44\u6599，\u6211PHP\u57fa\u7840\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b66\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u6253\u5370\u6570\u7ec4<\/h4>\n<\/p>\npublic static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] a = {1,2};
\n System.out.println(a); \/\/[I@1b6d3586
\n System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a)); \/\/[1, 2]
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u6392\u5e8f<\/h4>\n\u5bf9\u6307\u5b9a\u7684 int \u578b\u6570\u7ec4\u6309\u6570\u5b57\u5347\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] a = {1,2,323,23,543,12,59};
\n System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
\n Arrays.sort(a);
\n System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
\n} <\/p>\n 3\u3001\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u67e5\u627e<\/h4>\n\u5728\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u67e5\u627e\u6307\u5b9a\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u5176\u4e0b\u6807<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5206\u641c\u7d22\u6cd5\u6765\u641c\u7d22\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u7ec4，\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u503c\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u6b64\u8c03\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f(\u901a\u8fc7sort\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f，\u5219\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u6570\u7ec4\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\u7684\u5143\u7d20，\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u627e\u5230\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] a = {1,2,323,23,543,12,59};
\n Arrays.sort(a); \/\/\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u67e5\u627e，\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f
\n System.out.println("\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15："+Arrays.binarySearch(a, 12));
\n} <\/p>\n 4\u3001\u5143\u7d20\u586b\u5145<\/h4>\n<\/p>\npublic static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] a = {1,2,323,23,543,12,59};
\n Arrays.sort(a); \/\/\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u67e5\u627e，\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f
\n Arrays.fill(a, 2, 4, 100); \/\/\u5c062\u52304\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a100
\n System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));\/\/[1, 2, 100, 100, 59, 323, 543]
\n} <\/p>\n 5\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aList\u96c6\u5408<\/h4>\n<\/p>\nint[] a = {3,5,1,9,7};
\nList<int[]> list = Arrays.asList(a); <\/p>\n \u6211\u4eec\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u523b\u610f\u53bb\u8bb0\u4f4fList<int[]>\u00a0\u5728idea\u4e2d，\u8f93\u5165Arrays.asList(a);\u00a0\u6309\u4e0balt + \u56de\u8f66\u952e，\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8865\u5168\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4fe1\u606f，\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u6559\u5b66\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u7684\u662feclipse，\u522b\u95ee\u4e3a\u5565，\u95ee\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u514d\u8d39，idea\u8981\u94b1\u3002\u60f3\u7528\u7684\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u81ea\u884c\u767e\u5ea6\u89e3\u51b3💪，\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4eba，pojie\u7248\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5c31\u8bf4\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u3002😊<\/p>\n \u5e38\u89c1\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5<\/h3>\n1. \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f (Bubble Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class BubbleSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f – \u57fa\u672c\u7248
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(n\u00b2)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(1)
\n * \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/
\n public static void bubbleSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;
\n \/\/ \u5916\u5c42\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u6392\u5e8f\u8d9f\u6570
\n for (int i = 0; i < n – 1; i++) {
\n \/\/ \u5185\u5c42\u5faa\u73af\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u90bb\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u4ea4\u6362
\n for (int j = 0; j < n – 1 – i; j++) {
\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5927\u4e8e\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20，\u5219\u4ea4\u6362
\n if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
\n swap(arr, j, j + 1);
\n }
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f18\u5316\u7248（\u63d0\u524d\u7ec8\u6b62）
\n *\/
\n public static void bubbleSortOptimized(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;
\n for (int i = 0; i < n – 1; i++) {
\n boolean swapped = false; \/\/ \u6807\u8bb0\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u4ea4\u6362<\/p>\n for (int j = 0; j < n – 1 – i; j++) {
\n if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
\n swap(arr, j, j + 1);
\n swapped = true;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4ea4\u6362，\u8bf4\u660e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f，\u63d0\u524d\u7ed3\u675f
\n if (!swapped) {
\n break;
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f18\u5316\u7248（\u8bb0\u5f55\u6700\u540e\u4ea4\u6362\u4f4d\u7f6e）
\n *\/
\n public static void bubbleSortOptimized2(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;
\n int lastSwapIndex = n – 1; \/\/ \u8bb0\u5f55\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/p>\n while (lastSwapIndex > 0) {
\n int k = lastSwapIndex;
\n lastSwapIndex = 0;<\/p>\n for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
\n if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
\n swap(arr, j, j + 1);
\n lastSwapIndex = j; \/\/ \u66f4\u65b0\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n }
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n arr[i] = arr[j];
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n bubbleSortOptimized(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 2. \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f (Selection Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class SelectionSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f – \u6bcf\u6b21\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(n\u00b2)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(1)
\n * \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/
\n public static void selectionSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5916\u5c42\u5faa\u73af\u63a7\u5236\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n for (int i = 0; i < n – 1; i++) {
\n \/\/ \u5047\u8bbe\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n int minIndex = i;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5728\u672a\u6392\u5e8f\u90e8\u5206\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20
\n for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
\n if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex]) {
\n minIndex = j;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4ea4\u6362
\n if (minIndex != i) {
\n swap(arr, i, minIndex);
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f – \u53cc\u5411\u9009\u62e9（\u540c\u65f6\u627e\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u548c\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20）
\n *\/
\n public static void selectionSortBidirectional(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int left = 0;
\n int right = arr.length – 1;<\/p>\n while (left < right) {
\n int minIndex = left;
\n int maxIndex = right;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u786e\u4fddminIndex <= maxIndex
\n if (arr[minIndex] > arr[maxIndex]) {
\n swap(arr, minIndex, maxIndex);
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5728\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u5c0f\u548c\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20
\n for (int i = left + 1; i < right; i++) {
\n if (arr[i] < arr[minIndex]) {
\n minIndex = i;
\n } else if (arr[i] > arr[maxIndex]) {
\n maxIndex = i;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u5de6\u8fb9
\n swap(arr, left, minIndex);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u88ab\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u4ea4\u6362\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86，\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u65b0maxIndex
\n if (maxIndex == left) {
\n maxIndex = minIndex;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u4ea4\u6362\u5230\u53f3\u8fb9
\n swap(arr, right, maxIndex);<\/p>\n left++;
\n right–;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n arr[i] = arr[j];
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {64, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n selectionSortBidirectional(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 3. \u76f4\u63a5\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f (Insertion Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class InsertionSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u76f4\u63a5\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f – \u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(n\u00b2)，\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5O(n)（\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4）
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(1)
\n * \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/
\n public static void insertionSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb（\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f）
\n for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
\n int key = arr[i]; \/\/ \u5f53\u524d\u8981\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5143\u7d20
\n int j = i – 1;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6bd4key\u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8
\n while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
\n arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
\n j–;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u63d2\u5165key\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n arr[j + 1] = key;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u4f18\u5316\u63d2\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n *\/
\n public static void insertionSortBinary(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
\n int key = arr[i];<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u627e\u5230\u63d2\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n int pos = binarySearchPosition(arr, 0, i – 1, key);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8
\n for (int j = i – 1; j >= pos; j–) {
\n arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20
\n arr[pos] = key;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e\u63d2\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n *\/
\n private static int binarySearchPosition(int[] arr, int left, int right, int key) {
\n while (left <= right) {
\n int mid = left + (right – left) \/ 2;<\/p>\n if (arr[mid] == key) {
\n return mid + 1; \/\/ \u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027，\u76f8\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5728\u540e\u9762
\n } else if (arr[mid] < key) {
\n left = mid + 1;
\n } else {
\n right = mid – 1;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n return left;
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f – \u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217
\n *\/
\n public static void insertionSortDesc(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
\n int key = arr[i];
\n int j = i – 1;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6bd4key\u5c0f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5411\u540e\u79fb\u52a8（\u5b9e\u73b0\u964d\u5e8f）
\n while (j >= 0 && arr[j] < key) {
\n arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
\n j–;
\n }<\/p>\n arr[j + 1] = key;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n insertionSort(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));<\/p>\n int[] arr2 = {64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90};
\n System.out.println("\\\\n\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n insertionSortBinary(arr2);
\n System.out.println("\u4e8c\u5206\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 4. \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f (Shell Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class ShellSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f – \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u7248，\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217，\u4e00\u822c\u4e3aO(n^1.3) ~ O(n^2)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(1)
\n * \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f7f\u7528\u5e0c\u5c14\u539f\u59cb\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217 (n\/2, n\/4, …, 1)
\n *\/
\n public static void shellSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u5e0c\u5c14\u539f\u59cb\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n for (int gap = n \/ 2; gap > 0; gap \/= 2) {
\n \/\/ \u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n for (int i = gap; i < n; i++) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n int j;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5bf9\u95f4\u9694\u4e3agap\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n for (j = i; j >= gap && arr[j – gap] > temp; j -= gap) {
\n arr[j] = arr[j – gap];
\n }
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f7f\u7528Knuth\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217 (1, 4, 13, 40, 121, …)
\n *\/
\n public static void shellSortKnuth(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u751f\u6210Knuth\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n int h = 1;
\n while (h < n \/ 3) {
\n h = 3 * h + 1; \/\/ 1, 4, 13, 40, 121, …
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528Knuth\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n while (h >= 1) {
\n \/\/ \u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n for (int i = h; i < n; i++) {
\n for (int j = i; j >= h && arr[j] < arr[j – h]; j -= h) {
\n swap(arr, j, j – h);
\n }
\n }
\n h = h \/ 3;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f – \u4f7f\u7528Sedgewick\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n *\/
\n public static void shellSortSedgewick(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ Sedgewick\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n int[] sedgewickGaps = {1, 5, 19, 41, 109, 209, 505, 929, 2161, 3905};<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6700\u5927\u95f4\u9694
\n int gapIndex = 0;
\n while (sedgewickGaps[gapIndex] < n && gapIndex < sedgewickGaps.length – 1) {
\n gapIndex++;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528Sedgewick\u95f4\u9694\u5e8f\u5217
\n for (int k = gapIndex; k >= 0; k–) {
\n int gap = sedgewickGaps[k];<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n for (int i = gap; i < n; i++) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n int j;<\/p>\n for (j = i; j >= gap && arr[j – gap] > temp; j -= gap) {
\n arr[j] = arr[j – gap];
\n }
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n arr[i] = arr[j];
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {8, 9, 1, 7, 2, 3, 5, 4, 6, 0};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n shellSortKnuth(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 5. \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f (Quick Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class QuickSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f – \u9012\u5f52\u5b9e\u73b0
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：\u5e73\u5747O(nlogn)，\u6700\u574fO(n\u00b2)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(logn) ~ O(n)（\u9012\u5f52\u6808\u7a7a\u95f4）
\n * \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u4e3b\u51fd\u6570
\n *\/
\n public static void quickSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;
\n quickSort(arr, 0, arr.length – 1);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570
\n *\/
\n private static void quickSort(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
\n if (left < right) {
\n \/\/ \u5206\u533a\u64cd\u4f5c，\u8fd4\u56de\u57fa\u51c6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n int partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u6392\u5e8f\u5de6\u534a\u90e8\u5206
\n quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex – 1);
\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u6392\u5e8f\u53f3\u534a\u90e8\u5206
\n quickSort(arr, partitionIndex + 1, right);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5206\u533a\u51fd\u6570 – \u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u51c6
\n *\/
\n private static int partition(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
\n \/\/ \u9009\u62e9\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u51c6
\n int pivot = arr[right];<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c0f\u4e8e\u57fa\u51c6\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15
\n int i = left – 1;<\/p>\n for (int j = left; j < right; j++) {
\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\u57fa\u51c6
\n if (arr[j] <= pivot) {
\n i++;
\n swap(arr, i, j);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u57fa\u51c6\u5143\u7d20\u653e\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n swap(arr, i + 1, right);
\n return i + 1;
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u4f18\u5316\u7248 – \u4e09\u6570\u53d6\u4e2d\u6cd5\u9009\u62e9\u57fa\u51c6
\n *\/
\n public static void quickSortOptimized(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;
\n quickSortOptimized(arr, 0, arr.length – 1);
\n }<\/p>\n private static void quickSortOptimized(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
\n if (left < right) {
\n \/\/ \u5f53\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u8f83\u5c0f\u65f6，\u4f7f\u7528\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n if (right – left + 1 < 10) {
\n insertionSort(arr, left, right);
\n return;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4e09\u6570\u53d6\u4e2d\u6cd5\u9009\u62e9\u57fa\u51c6
\n int pivotIndex = medianOfThree(arr, left, right);
\n swap(arr, pivotIndex, right);<\/p>\n int partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);
\n quickSortOptimized(arr, left, partitionIndex – 1);
\n quickSortOptimized(arr, partitionIndex + 1, right);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u4e09\u6570\u53d6\u4e2d\u6cd5 – \u9009\u62e9\u5de6\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u53f3\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570
\n *\/
\n private static int medianOfThree(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
\n int mid = left + (right – left) \/ 2;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u786e\u4fddarr[left] <= arr[mid] <= arr[right]
\n if (arr[left] > arr[mid]) {
\n swap(arr, left, mid);
\n }
\n if (arr[left] > arr[right]) {
\n swap(arr, left, right);
\n }
\n if (arr[mid] > arr[right]) {
\n swap(arr, mid, right);
\n }<\/p>\n return mid; \/\/ \u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f – \u8fed\u4ee3\u5b9e\u73b0（\u4f7f\u7528\u6808）
\n *\/
\n public static void quickSortIterative(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u6808\u5b58\u50a8\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c
\n Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
\n stack.push(0);
\n stack.push(arr.length – 1);<\/p>\n while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
\n int right = stack.pop();
\n int left = stack.pop();<\/p>\n if (left < right) {
\n int partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u5de6\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u8fb9\u754c\u538b\u5165\u6808
\n if (partitionIndex – 1 > left) {
\n stack.push(left);
\n stack.push(partitionIndex – 1);
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u53f3\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u8fb9\u754c\u538b\u5165\u6808
\n if (partitionIndex + 1 < right) {
\n stack.push(partitionIndex + 1);
\n stack.push(right);
\n }
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u8f85\u52a9\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f（\u7528\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6570\u7ec4）
\n *\/
\n private static void insertionSort(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
\n for (int i = left + 1; i <= right; i++) {
\n int key = arr[i];
\n int j = i – 1;<\/p>\n while (j >= left && arr[j] > key) {
\n arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
\n j–;
\n }
\n arr[j + 1] = key;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n arr[i] = arr[j];
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {10, 7, 8, 9, 1, 5};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n quickSort(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));<\/p>\n int[] arr2 = {64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90, 45, 33, 78};
\n System.out.println("\\\\n\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n quickSortOptimized(arr2);
\n System.out.println("\u4f18\u5316\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 6. \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f (Merge Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class MergeSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f – \u9012\u5f52\u5b9e\u73b0
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(nlogn)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(n)
\n * \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u4e3b\u51fd\u6570
\n *\/
\n public static void mergeSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int[] temp = new int[arr.length];
\n mergeSort(arr, 0, arr.length – 1, temp);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570
\n *\/
\n private static void mergeSort(int[] arr, int left, int right, int[] temp) {
\n if (left < right) {
\n int mid = left + (right – left) \/ 2;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u6392\u5e8f\u5de6\u534a\u90e8\u5206
\n mergeSort(arr, left, mid, temp);
\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u6392\u5e8f\u53f3\u534a\u90e8\u5206
\n mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, right, temp);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5408\u5e76\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u4e24\u90e8\u5206
\n merge(arr, left, mid, right, temp);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4
\n *\/
\n private static void merge(int[] arr, int left, int mid, int right, int[] temp) {
\n int i = left; \/\/ \u5de6\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u8d77\u59cb\u7d22\u5f15
\n int j = mid + 1; \/\/ \u53f3\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u8d77\u59cb\u7d22\u5f15
\n int k = 0; \/\/ \u4e34\u65f6\u6570\u7ec4\u7d22\u5f15<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u7ec4\u5230temp
\n while (i <= mid && j <= right) {
\n if (arr[i] <= arr[j]) {
\n temp[k++] = arr[i++];
\n } else {
\n temp[k++] = arr[j++];
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u590d\u5236\u5de6\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5269\u4f59\u5143\u7d20
\n while (i <= mid) {
\n temp[k++] = arr[i++];
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u590d\u5236\u53f3\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5269\u4f59\u5143\u7d20
\n while (j <= right) {
\n temp[k++] = arr[j++];
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06temp\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u590d\u5236\u56de\u539f\u6570\u7ec4
\n System.arraycopy(temp, 0, arr, left, k);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f – \u8fed\u4ee3\u5b9e\u73b0（\u81ea\u5e95\u5411\u4e0a）
\n *\/
\n public static void mergeSortIterative(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;
\n int[] temp = new int[n];<\/p>\n \/\/ size\u8868\u793a\u6bcf\u6b21\u5408\u5e76\u7684\u5b50\u6570\u7ec4\u5927\u5c0f
\n for (int size = 1; size < n; size *= 2) {
\n \/\/ left\u8868\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5408\u5e76\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n for (int left = 0; left < n – size; left += 2 * size) {
\n int mid = left + size – 1;
\n int right = Math.min(left + 2 * size – 1, n – 1);
\n merge(arr, left, mid, right, temp);
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f – \u9488\u5bf9\u94fe\u8868\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u601d\u8def
\n *\/
\n public static class ListNode {
\n int val;
\n ListNode next;
\n ListNode(int x) { val = x; }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/
\n public static ListNode mergeSortList(ListNode head) {
\n if (head == null || head.next == null) {
\n return head;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u5feb\u6162\u6307\u9488\u627e\u5230\u4e2d\u70b9
\n ListNode slow = head;
\n ListNode fast = head.next;<\/p>\n while (fast != null && fast.next != null) {
\n slow = slow.next;
\n fast = fast.next.next;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5206\u5272\u94fe\u8868
\n ListNode mid = slow.next;
\n slow.next = null;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u6392\u5e8f
\n ListNode left = mergeSortList(head);
\n ListNode right = mergeSortList(mid);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5408\u5e76
\n return mergeList(left, right);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5408\u5e76\u4e24\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u94fe\u8868
\n *\/
\n private static ListNode mergeList(ListNode l1, ListNode l2) {
\n ListNode dummy = new ListNode(0);
\n ListNode current = dummy;<\/p>\n while (l1 != null && l2 != null) {
\n if (l1.val <= l2.val) {
\n current.next = l1;
\n l1 = l1.next;
\n } else {
\n current.next = l2;
\n l2 = l2.next;
\n }
\n current = current.next;
\n }<\/p>\n if (l1 != null) {
\n current.next = l1;
\n } else {
\n current.next = l2;
\n }<\/p>\n return dummy.next;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n mergeSort(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));<\/p>\n int[] arr2 = {38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10};
\n System.out.println("\\\\n\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n mergeSortIterative(arr2);
\n System.out.println("\u8fed\u4ee3\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 7. \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f (Radix Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class RadixSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f – LSD（\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u4f18\u5148）\u5b9e\u73b0
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(d*(n+k))，d\u662f\u6700\u5927\u4f4d\u6570，k\u662f\u57fa\u6570（\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a10）
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(n+k)
\n * \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u4e3b\u51fd\u6570 – \u9488\u5bf9\u6b63\u6574\u6570
\n *\/
\n public static void radixSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u627e\u5230\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u503c，\u786e\u5b9a\u6700\u5927\u4f4d\u6570
\n int max = getMax(arr);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4ece\u6700\u4f4e\u4f4d\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f
\n for (int exp = 1; max \/ exp > 0; exp *= 10) {
\n countingSortByDigit(arr, exp);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f – \u652f\u6301\u8d1f\u6574\u6570
\n *\/
\n public static void radixSortWithNegative(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5206\u79bb\u6b63\u6570\u548c\u8d1f\u6570
\n List<Integer> positive = new ArrayList<>();
\n List<Integer> negative = new ArrayList<>();<\/p>\n for (int num : arr) {
\n if (num >= 0) {
\n positive.add(num);
\n } else {
\n negative.add(-num); \/\/ \u5c06\u8d1f\u6570\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6b63\u6570\u5904\u7406
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5206\u522b\u6392\u5e8f\u6b63\u6570\u548c\u8d1f\u6570
\n int[] posArr = positive.stream().mapToInt(i -> i).toArray();
\n int[] negArr = negative.stream().mapToInt(i -> i).toArray();<\/p>\n if (posArr.length > 0) radixSort(posArr);
\n if (negArr.length > 0) radixSort(negArr);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5408\u5e76\u7ed3\u679c（\u6ce8\u610f\u8d1f\u6570\u8981\u53cd\u8f6c\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u8d1f\u53f7）
\n int index = 0;
\n for (int i = negArr.length – 1; i >= 0; i–) {
\n arr[index++] = -negArr[i];
\n }
\n System.arraycopy(posArr, 0, arr, index, posArr.length);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f – MSD（\u6700\u9ad8\u4f4d\u4f18\u5148）\u9012\u5f52\u5b9e\u73b0
\n *\/
\n public static void radixSortMSD(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int max = getMax(arr);
\n int maxDigit = getMaxDigit(max);<\/p>\n radixSortMSD(arr, 0, arr.length – 1, maxDigit);
\n }<\/p>\n private static void radixSortMSD(int[] arr, int left, int right, int digit) {
\n if (digit == 0 || left >= right) return;<\/p>\n \/\/ 10\u4e2a\u6876
\n int[][] buckets = new int[10][right – left + 1];
\n int[] bucketCount = new int[10];<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5206\u914d\u5143\u7d20\u5230\u6876\u4e2d
\n int divisor = (int) Math.pow(10, digit – 1);
\n for (int i = left; i <= right; i++) {
\n int digitNum = (arr[i] \/ divisor) % 10;
\n buckets[digitNum][bucketCount[digitNum]++] = arr[i];
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6876\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u590d\u5236\u56de\u539f\u6570\u7ec4
\n int index = left;
\n for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
\n if (bucketCount[i] > 0) {
\n System.arraycopy(buckets[i], 0, arr, index, bucketCount[i]);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6876\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f
\n if (digit > 1) {
\n radixSortMSD(arr, index, index + bucketCount[i] – 1, digit – 1);
\n }<\/p>\n index += bucketCount[i];
\n }
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u6839\u636e\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u6570\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/
\n private static void countingSortByDigit(int[] arr, int exp) {
\n int n = arr.length;
\n int[] output = new int[n];
\n int[] count = new int[10];<\/p>\n \/\/ \u7edf\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570
\n for (int num : arr) {
\n int digit = (num \/ exp) % 10;
\n count[digit]++;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u8ba1\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7d22\u5f15
\n for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
\n count[i] += count[i – 1];
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u6784\u5efa\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u7ec4（\u4ece\u540e\u5f80\u524d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027）
\n for (int i = n – 1; i >= 0; i–) {
\n int digit = (arr[i] \/ exp) % 10;
\n output[count[digit] – 1] = arr[i];
\n count[digit]–;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u6392\u5e8f\u7ed3\u679c\u590d\u5236\u56de\u539f\u6570\u7ec4
\n System.arraycopy(output, 0, arr, 0, n);
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u7ec4\u6700\u5927\u503c
\n *\/
\n private static int getMax(int[] arr) {
\n int max = arr[0];
\n for (int num : arr) {
\n if (num > max) {
\n max = num;
\n }
\n }
\n return max;
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4f4d\u6570
\n *\/
\n private static int getMaxDigit(int num) {
\n if (num == 0) return 1;<\/p>\n int digits = 0;
\n while (num > 0) {
\n digits++;
\n num \/= 10;
\n }
\n return digits;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 24, 2, 66};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n radixSort(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));<\/p>\n int[] arr2 = {-5, 10, -3, 8, -1, 4, 0, 12};
\n System.out.println("\\\\n\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n radixSortWithNegative(arr2);
\n System.out.println("\u5305\u542b\u8d1f\u6570\u7684\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 8. \u5806\u6392\u5e8f (Heap Sort)<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n public class HeapSort {
\n \/**
\n * \u5806\u6392\u5e8f – \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8c\u53c9\u5806\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f
\n * \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(nlogn)
\n * \u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6：O(1)
\n * \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f
\n *\/<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5806\u6392\u5e8f\u4e3b\u51fd\u6570 – \u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f（\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5806）
\n *\/
\n public static void heapSort(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ 1. \u6784\u5efa\u6700\u5927\u5806
\n \/\/ \u4ece\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u53f6\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u4e0a\u8c03\u6574
\n for (int i = n \/ 2 – 1; i >= 0; i–) {
\n heapify(arr, n, i);
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ 2. \u9010\u4e2a\u63d0\u53d6\u5143\u7d20
\n for (int i = n – 1; i > 0; i–) {
\n \/\/ \u5c06\u5806\u9876\u5143\u7d20（\u6700\u5927\u503c）\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u672b\u5c3e\u5143\u7d20\u4ea4\u6362
\n swap(arr, 0, i);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u8c03\u6574\u5269\u4f59\u5143\u7d20\u4e3a\u6700\u5927\u5806
\n heapify(arr, i, 0);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5806\u6392\u5e8f – \u964d\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f（\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u5c0f\u5806）
\n *\/
\n public static void heapSortDesc(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ 1. \u6784\u5efa\u6700\u5c0f\u5806
\n for (int i = n \/ 2 – 1; i >= 0; i–) {
\n heapifyMin(arr, n, i);
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ 2. \u9010\u4e2a\u63d0\u53d6\u5143\u7d20
\n for (int i = n – 1; i > 0; i–) {
\n swap(arr, 0, i);
\n heapifyMin(arr, i, 0);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u8282\u70b9\u4e3a\u6839\u7684\u5b50\u6811\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u6700\u5927\u5806
\n *\/
\n private static void heapify(int[] arr, int n, int i) {
\n int largest = i; \/\/ \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6700\u5927\u503c\u4e3a\u6839\u8282\u70b9
\n int left = 2 * i + 1; \/\/ \u5de6\u5b50\u8282\u70b9
\n int right = 2 * i + 2; \/\/ \u53f3\u5b50\u8282\u70b9<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u5de6\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u6bd4\u6839\u5927
\n if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
\n largest = left;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u53f3\u5b50\u8282\u70b9\u6bd4\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u5927\u503c\u5927
\n if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
\n largest = right;
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5982\u679c\u6700\u5927\u503c\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u8282\u70b9
\n if (largest != i) {
\n swap(arr, i, largest);<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9012\u5f52\u8c03\u6574\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b50\u6811
\n heapify(arr, n, largest);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5c06\u6307\u5b9a\u8282\u70b9\u4e3a\u6839\u7684\u5b50\u6811\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u6700\u5c0f\u5806
\n *\/
\n private static void heapifyMin(int[] arr, int n, int i) {
\n int smallest = i; \/\/ \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u4e3a\u6839\u8282\u70b9
\n int left = 2 * i + 1;
\n int right = 2 * i + 2;<\/p>\n if (left < n && arr[left] < arr[smallest]) {
\n smallest = left;
\n }<\/p>\n if (right < n && arr[right] < arr[smallest]) {
\n smallest = right;
\n }<\/p>\n if (smallest != i) {
\n swap(arr, i, smallest);
\n heapifyMin(arr, n, smallest);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u5806\u6392\u5e8f – \u8fed\u4ee3\u5b9e\u73b0（\u975e\u9012\u5f52）
\n *\/
\n public static void heapSortIterative(int[] arr) {
\n if (arr == null || arr.length <= 1) return;<\/p>\n int n = arr.length;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u6784\u5efa\u6700\u5927\u5806
\n for (int i = n \/ 2 – 1; i >= 0; i–) {
\n heapifyIterative(arr, n, i);
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u9010\u4e2a\u63d0\u53d6\u5143\u7d20
\n for (int i = n – 1; i > 0; i–) {
\n swap(arr, 0, i);
\n heapifyIterative(arr, i, 0);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u8fed\u4ee3\u5b9e\u73b0\u5806\u8c03\u6574
\n *\/
\n private static void heapifyIterative(int[] arr, int n, int i) {
\n int current = i;<\/p>\n while (true) {
\n int largest = current;
\n int left = 2 * current + 1;
\n int right = 2 * current + 2;<\/p>\n if (left < n && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
\n largest = left;
\n }<\/p>\n if (right < n && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
\n largest = right;
\n }<\/p>\n if (largest == current) {
\n break;
\n }<\/p>\n swap(arr, current, largest);
\n current = largest;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n \/**
\n * \u4f18\u5148\u961f\u5217（\u57fa\u4e8e\u5806）\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0
\n *\/
\n public static class PriorityQueue {
\n private int[] heap;
\n private int size;
\n private int capacity;<\/p>\n public PriorityQueue(int capacity) {
\n this.capacity = capacity;
\n this.heap = new int[capacity];
\n this.size = 0;
\n }<\/p>\n public void insert(int value) {
\n if (size == capacity) {
\n throw new IllegalStateException("Priority queue is full");
\n }<\/p>\n \/\/ \u5c06\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u672b\u5c3e
\n heap[size] = value;
\n int current = size;
\n size++;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4e0a\u6d6e\u8c03\u6574
\n while (current > 0 && heap[current] > heap[parent(current)]) {
\n swap(heap, current, parent(current));
\n current = parent(current);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public int extractMax() {
\n if (size == 0) {
\n throw new IllegalStateException("Priority queue is empty");
\n }<\/p>\n int max = heap[0];
\n heap[0] = heap[size – 1];
\n size–;<\/p>\n \/\/ \u4e0b\u6c89\u8c03\u6574
\n heapify(heap, size, 0);<\/p>\n return max;
\n }<\/p>\n private int parent(int i) {
\n return (i – 1) \/ 2;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
\n int temp = arr[i];
\n arr[i] = arr[j];
\n arr[j] = temp;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] arr = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
\n System.out.println("\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n heapSort(arr);
\n System.out.println("\u5806\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));<\/p>\n int[] arr2 = {4, 10, 3, 5, 1};
\n System.out.println("\\\\n\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u7ec4: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n heapSortIterative(arr2);
\n System.out.println("\u8fed\u4ee3\u5806\u6392\u5e8f\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr2));
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u5b8c\u6574\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7c7b<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n import java.util.*;<\/p>\n public class AllSortingAlgorithms {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] original = {64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90, 45};<\/p>\n System.out.println("=== \u516b\u5927\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6574\u6d4b\u8bd5 ===\\\\n");<\/p>\n \/\/ 1. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> BubbleSort.bubbleSortOptimized(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 2. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> SelectionSort.selectionSortBidirectional(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 3. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> InsertionSort.insertionSort(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 4. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> ShellSort.shellSortKnuth(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 5. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> QuickSort.quickSortOptimized(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 6. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> MergeSort.mergeSort(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 7. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f", new int[]{170, 45, 75, 90, 802, 24, 2, 66},
\n arr -> RadixSort.radixSort(arr));<\/p>\n \/\/ 8. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5806\u6392\u5e8f
\n testSorting("\u5806\u6392\u5e8f", original.clone(),
\n arr -> HeapSort.heapSort(arr));
\n }<\/p>\n private static void testSorting(String name, int[] arr, SortingAlgorithm algorithm) {
\n System.out.println(name + "\u524d: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n algorithm.sort(arr);
\n System.out.println(name + "\u540e: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
\n System.out.println();
\n }<\/p>\n @FunctionalInterface
\n interface SortingAlgorithm {
\n void sort(int[] arr);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u7b97\u6cd5\u7279\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u6700\u597d\u60c5\u51b5\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u5730\u6392\u5e8f\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/tr>\n \n\n| \u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(n)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(1)<\/td>\n | \u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | \u6559\u5b66\u3001\u5c0f\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u9009\u62e9\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(1)<\/td>\n | \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | \u5c0f\u6570\u636e\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u6210\u672c\u9ad8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(n)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(1)<\/td>\n | \u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | \u57fa\u672c\u6709\u5e8f\u5c0f\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(n^1.3)<\/td>\n | O(n)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(1)<\/td>\n | \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | \u4e2d\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(n\u00b2)<\/td>\n | O(logn)<\/td>\n | \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | \u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u901a\u7528\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(n)<\/td>\n | \u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u5426<\/td>\n | \u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(d*(n+k))<\/td>\n | O(d*(n+k))<\/td>\n | O(d*(n+k))<\/td>\n | O(n+k)<\/td>\n | \u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u5426<\/td>\n | \u6574\u6570\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u5806\u6392\u5e8f<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(nlogn)<\/td>\n | O(1)<\/td>\n | \u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/td>\n | \u662f<\/td>\n | TopK\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u961f\u5217<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\u9009\u62e9\u5efa\u8bae<\/h3>\n\n\u5c0f\u6570\u636e\u91cf（n < 50）：\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u6700\u4f73<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u57fa\u672c\u6709\u5e8f\u6570\u636e：\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f\u6216\u5192\u6ce1\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u5927\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u901a\u7528\u6392\u5e8f：\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f（\u9700\u4f18\u5316）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u9700\u8981\u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f：\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u5185\u5b58\u6709\u9650：\u5806\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u6574\u6570\u6392\u5e8f：\u57fa\u6570\u6392\u5e8f（\u5c24\u5176\u9002\u5408\u4f4d\u6570\u5c11\u7684\u6574\u6570）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u94fe\u8868\u6392\u5e8f：\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u5916\u90e8\u6392\u5e8f（\u6570\u636e\u5728\u78c1\u76d8）：\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \n\u5b9e\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf：\u5806\u6392\u5e8f（\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7a33\u5b9a）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \nJava\u5185\u7f6e\u6392\u5e8f：Arrays.sort()\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u8f74\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f\u548c\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u6027\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h3>\njava<\/p>\n \/\/ \u6027\u80fd\u6d4b\u8bd5\u793a\u4f8b
\npublic class SortingBenchmark {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int[] sizes = {1000, 5000, 10000, 50000};<\/p>\n for (int size : sizes) {
\n System.out.println("\\\\n=== \u6570\u636e\u91cf: " + size + " ===");
\n int[] arr = generateRandomArray(size);<\/p>\n testAlgorithm("\u5feb\u901f\u6392\u5e8f", arr.clone(), QuickSort::quickSortOptimized);
\n testAlgorithm("\u5f52\u5e76\u6392\u5e8f", arr.clone(), MergeSort::mergeSort);
\n testAlgorithm("\u5806\u6392\u5e8f", arr.clone(), HeapSort::heapSort);
\n testAlgorithm("\u5e0c\u5c14\u6392\u5e8f", arr.clone(), ShellSort::shellSortKnuth);
\n testAlgorithm("Arrays.sort()", arr.clone(), Arrays::sort);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n private static int[] generateRandomArray(int size) {
\n Random rand = new Random();
\n int[] arr = new int[size];
\n for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
\n arr[i] = rand.nextInt(10000);
\n }
\n return arr;
\n }<\/p>\n private static void testAlgorithm(String name, int[] arr, SortingAlgorithm algorithm) {
\n long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
\n algorithm.sort(arr);
\n long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
\n System.out.printf("%-15s: %5d ms\\\\n", name, endTime – startTime);
\n }<\/p>\n @FunctionalInterface
\n interface SortingAlgorithm {
\n void sort(int[] arr);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6392\u5e8f\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840，\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u7a0b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u9002\u7528\u7684\u573a\u666f，\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n\u5f02\u5e38\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d，\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4f8b\u5982：\u804c\u5de5\u5c0f\u738b\u5f00\u8f66\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed，\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，\u5c0f\u738b\u4f1a\u51c6\u65f6\u5230\u8fbe\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5929\u6709\u4e0d\u6d4b\u98ce\u4e91，\u5728\u5c0f\u738b\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u65f6，\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5，\u6bd4\u5982\u5c0f\u738b\u7684\u8f66\u5b50\u51fa\u4e86\u6545\u969c，\u5c0f\u738b\u53ea\u80fd\u6539\u4e3a\u6b65\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d，\u9047\u5230\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982：\u4f60\u5199\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757，\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7b26\u5408\u4f60\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u4f60\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981\u6253\u5f00\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6，\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u8005\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5bf9，\u4f60\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6570\u636e，\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u7b49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u518d\u8dd1\u7740，\u5185\u5b58\u6216\u786c\u76d8\u53ef\u80fd\u6ee1\u4e86\u3002\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n \u8f6f\u4ef6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u80fd\u9047\u5230\u521a\u521a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u95ee\u9898，\u6211\u4eec\u53eb\u5f02\u5e38，\u82f1\u6587\u662f：Exception， \u610f\u601d\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b，\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5，\u6216\u8005\u53eb\u5f02\u5e38，\u600e\u4e48\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5199\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u505a\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5d29\u6e83\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38：\u6307\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u671f\u800c\u81f3\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5，\u5982:\u6587\u4ef6\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u53c2\u6570\u7b49\u3002 \u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4，\u5b83\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n \u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4，\u4f60\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u53f7，\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd0\u884c\u51fa\u6765\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u63d0\u793a\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u00a0java.lang.Error\u00a0；<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7528\u00a0System.out.println(11\/0)\u00a0，\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u75280\u505a\u4e86\u9664\u6570，\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u00a0java.lang.ArithmeticException\u00a0\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u5f88\u591a，\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u5927\u7c7b：<\/p>\n \n- \u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u4e86\u975e\u6cd5\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u8981\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u65f6\u8fde\u63a5\u4e2d\u65ad，\u6216\u8005JVM\u5185\u5b58\u6ea2\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u6709\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u9519\u8bef\u5f15\u8d77，\u6709\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9519\u8bef\u5f15\u8d77\u7684，\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u8981\u7406\u89e3Java\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684，\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38：<\/p>\n \n- \n
\u68c0\u67e5\u6027\u5f02\u5e38：<\/p>\n \u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u6027\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u7528\u6237\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u8fd9\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u8981\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6，\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86，\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38：<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4e0e\u68c0\u67e5\u6027\u5f02\u5e38\u76f8\u53cd，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u9519\u8bef：<\/p>\n \u9519\u8bef\u4e0d\u662f\u5f02\u5e38，\u800c\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9519\u8bef\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u5f53\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa \u65f6，\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86，\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e5f\u68c0\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u6307\u4e0d\u671f\u800c\u81f3\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5，\u5982：\u6587\u4ef6\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25\u3001\u96640\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u53c2\u6570\u7b49\u3002\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u4e8b\u4ef6，\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4，\u5e72\u6270\u4e86\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n Java\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5f53\u521d\u5c31\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898，\u63d0\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u65b9\u6848，\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a \u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b \u6765\u8868\u793a，\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u5f02\u5e38（\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u9519\u8bef\u6982\u5ff5），\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u89c4\u8303，\u5728\u00a0JDK1.4\u00a0\u7248\u672c\u4ee5\u540e\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5f02\u5e38\u94fe\u673a\u5236，\u4ece\u800c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n Java\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5f53\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6，\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u88ab\u629b\u51fa，\u800c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u6216\u8005\u4f20\u9012\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3>\nJava\u628a\u5f02\u5e38\u5f53\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u5904\u7406，\u5e76\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7c7b\u00a0java.lang.Throwable\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8d85\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728Java API\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b，\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b，\u9519\u8befError\u548c\u5f02\u5e38Exception\u3002<\/p>\n Java\u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n ![\"\"](\"2026-01-14azqnbv2rqpq.png\") <\/p>\n
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\u5176\u4e2d\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38(\u00a0RuntimeException\u00a0)\u548c\u975e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u3002Java\u5f02\u5e38\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38（\u00a0Unchecked Exception\u00a0）\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38（\u00a0Checked Exception\u00a0）\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u8054\u7cfb<\/h3>\n1\u3001Error<\/h4>\nError\u00a0\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7531 Java \u865a\u62df\u673a\u751f\u6210\u5e76\u629b\u51fa，\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u5199\u8005\u6240\u6267\u884c\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n \u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4：<\/p>\n Java\u865a\u62df\u673a\u8fd0\u884c\u9519\u8bef（\u00a0Virtual MachineError\u00a0），\u5f53JVM\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u8d44\u6e90\u65f6， \u5c06\u51fa\u73b0\u00a0OutOfMemoryError\u00a0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u65f6，Java\u865a\u62df\u673a（JVM）\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7ec8\u6b62；<\/p>\n \u8fd8\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u865a\u62df\u673a\u8bd5\u56fe\u6267\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u65f6，\u5982\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef（\u00a0NoClassDefFoundError\u00a0)\u3001\u94fe\u63a5\u9519\u8bef (LinkageError\u00a0) \u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u67e5\u7684，\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u5916，\u800c\u4e14\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u8bf4，\u5373\u4f7f\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9519\u8bef，\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u5b83\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u72b6 \u51b5\u3002\u5728Java\u4e2d，\u9519\u8bef\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 Error \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n 2\u3001Exception<\/h4>\n\u5728\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u5206\u652f\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u00a0RuntimeException\u00a0（\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38），\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u4f60\u6240\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u00a0ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException\u00a0（\u6570\u7ec4\u4e0b\u6807\u8d8a\u754c）\u3001\u00a0NullPointerException\u00a0（\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u5f02\u5e38）\u3001ArithmeticException\u00a0（\u7b97\u672f\u5f02\u5e38）\u3001\u00a0MissingResourceException\u00a0（\u4e22\u5931\u8d44\u6e90）\u3001\u00a0ClassNotFoundException\u00a0（\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7c7b）\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38，\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38，\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u6355\u83b7\u5904 \u7406，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u7531\u7a0b\u5e8f\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\u5f15\u8d77\u7684，\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u89d2\u5ea6\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u53d1\u751f；\u800c\u00a0RuntimeException\u00a0\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u975e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38，\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u7c7b\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7c7b，<\/p>\n \u4ece\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bed\u6cd5\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5904\u7406，\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u5982\u00a0IOException\u00a0\u3001\u00a0SQLException\u00a0\u7b49\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u5f02\u5e38，\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u00a0Error\u00a0\u548c\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u7684\u533a\u522b：\u00a0Error\u00a0\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u9519\u8bef，\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5904\u7406\u7684，\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6，Java\u865a\u62df\u673a（JVM）\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u7ec8\u6b62\u7ebf\u7a0b；\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5904\u7406\u7684，\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u548c\u4e0d\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38：\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3001\u60c5\u7406\u53ef\u5bb9\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u72b6\u51b5，\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u7684，\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u65e6\u53d1\u751f\u8be5\u79cd\u5f02\u5e38，\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n \u89e3\u6790：\u9664\u4e86RuntimeException\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7c7b\u4ee5\u5916，\u5176\u4ed6\u7684Exception\u7c7b\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7c7b\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38，\u5f53\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5f02\u5e38，\u8981\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528try-catch\u8bed\u53e5\u8fdb\u884c\u6355\u83b7，\u8981\u4e48\u7528throws\u5b50\u53e5\u629b\u51fa，\u5426\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38：\u5305\u62ecRuntimeException\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7c7b\u548cError\u3002<\/p>\n \u5206\u6790：\u00a0\u4e0d\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u00a0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5f3a\u5236\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u00a0\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u00a0\u5219\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8981\u6c42\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7f6e\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n Java\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\njava\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u672c\u8d28：\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u548c\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38，\u9996\u5148\u8981\u660e\u767d\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u5f62（exception condition），\u5b83\u662f\u6307\u963b\u6b62\u5f53\u524d\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u628a\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u5f62\u548c\u666e\u901a\u95ee\u9898\u76f8\u533a\u5206，\u666e\u901a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6307\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f， \u603b\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u5f62，\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e86，\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898，\u4f60\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8df3\u51fa，\u5e76\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7\u73af\u5883，\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u540e，\u4f1a\u6709\u51e0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u968f\u4e4b\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n \u9996\u5148，\u662f\u50cf\u521b\u5efa\u666e\u901a\u7684java\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528 new \u5728\u5806\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61；\u7136\u540e，\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8def\u5f84 （\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e86）\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62，\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5f39\u51fa\u5bf9\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u65f6，\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u63a5\u7ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u8005\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668，\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ece\u9519\u8bef\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u6062\u590d，\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981 \u4e48\u6362\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c，\u8981\u4e48\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e3e\u4f8b：<\/p>\n \u5047\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u8c61Student\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528stu，\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d，\u8981\u5148\u5bf9\u5b83\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5，\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u5b83\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u629b\u51fa，\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n if(stu == null){
\n throw new NullPointerException();
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u4e4b\u540e，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u8f6c\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668（exception handler）\u3002\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4f9d\u6b21\u5b58\u7559\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5f53\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6240\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u7b26\u65f6，\u5373\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f00\u59cb，\u4f9d\u6b21\u56de\u67e5\u8c03\u7528\u6808\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u76f4\u81f3\u627e\u5230\u542b\u6709\u5408\u9002\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u904d\u5386\u8c03\u7528\u6808\u800c\u672a\u627e\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5668，\u5219\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u540c\u65f6，\u610f\u5473\u7740Java\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38 \u3001\u9519\u8bef \u548c \u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38 ，Java\u6280\u672f\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n \u7531\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u67e5\u6027，\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u3001\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f，Java\u89c4\u5b9a，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u5c06\u7531Java\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u629b\u51fa，\u5141\u8bb8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5ffd\u7565\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684Error\u00a0，\u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u6b32\u6355\u6349\u65f6，Java\u5141\u8bb8\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u629b\u51fa\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a，\u5927\u591a\u6570\u00a0Error\u00a0\u5f02\u5e38\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u72b6\u51b5，\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0d\u8be5\u6355\u6349\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38，Java\u89c4\u5b9a：\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u6355\u6349，\u6216\u8005\u58f0\u660e\u629b\u51fa\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4，\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u6355\u6349\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6，\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u58f0\u660e\u5c06\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e94\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n\u5206\u522b\u662f：\u00a0try\u00a0\u3001\u00a0catch\u00a0\u3001\u00a0finally\u00a0\u3001\u00a0throw\u00a0\u3001\u00a0throws<\/p>\n try ：\u7528\u4e8e\u76d1\u542c\u3002\u5c06\u8981\u88ab\u76d1\u542c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801（\u53ef\u80fd\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801）\u653e\u5728try\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e4b\u5185，\u5f53try\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6，\u5f02\u5e38\u5c31\u88ab\u629b\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n catch ： \u7528\u4e8e\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38\u3002catch\u7528\u6765\u6355\u83b7try\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n finally ：finally\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u56de\u6536\u5728try\u5757\u91cc\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u7269\u529b\u8d44\u6e90（\u5982\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3001\u7f51\u7edc \u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u78c1\u76d8\u6587\u4ef6）\u3002\u53ea\u6709finally\u5757，\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u540e，\u624d\u4f1a\u56de\u6765\u6267\u884ctry\u6216\u8005catch\u5757\u4e2d\u7684return\u6216\u8005throw\u8bed \u53e5，\u5982\u679cfinally\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86return\u6216\u8005throw\u7b49\u7ec8\u6b62\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bed\u53e5，\u5219\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8df3\u56de\u6267\u884c，\u76f4\u63a5\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n throw ： \u7528\u4e8e\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n throws ： \u7528\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b7e\u540d\u4e2d，\u7528\u4e8e\u58f0\u660e\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38<\/h3>\n1\u3001try -catch<\/h4>\n<\/p>\ntry{
\n\/\/code that might generate exceptions
\n}catch(Exception e){
\n\/\/the code of handling exception1
\n}catch(Exception e){
\n\/\/the code of handling exception2
\n} <\/p>\n \u8981\u660e\u767d\u5f02\u5e38\u6355\u83b7，\u8fd8\u8981\u7406\u89e3 \u76d1\u63a7\u533a\u57df （guarded region）\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801， \u5e76\u4e14\u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u7740\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n \u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u77e5，\u4e0a\u8ff0\u00a0try-catch\u00a0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5373\u662f\u76d1\u63a7\u533a\u57df，\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u00a0try\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u5c06\u4e00\u5757\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5305\u8d77\u6765，\u5373\u4e3a\u76d1\u63a7\u533a\u57df\u3002Java\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f02\u5e38，\u5219\u521b\u5efa\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c06\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u76d1\u63a7\u533a\u57df\u4e4b\u5916，\u7531Java\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u5bfb\u627e\u5339\u914d\u7684 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a catch \u8bed\u53e5\u5339\u914d\u5230\u4e86，\u5219\u6267\u884c\u8be5 catch \u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801，\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5339\u914d\u522b\u7684 catch \u5757 \u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u5339\u914d\u539f\u5219：\u5982\u679c\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c5e\u4e8e catch \u5b50\u53e5\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b，\u6216\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b，\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e catch \u5757\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class TestException {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int a = 1;
\n int b = 0;
\n try { \/\/ try\u76d1\u63a7\u533a\u57df
\n if (b == 0) throw new ArithmeticException(); \/\/ \u901a\u8fc7throw\u8bed\u53e5\u629b\u51fa
\n \u5f02\u5e38
\n System.out.println("a\/b\u7684\u503c\u662f：" + a \/ b);
\n System.out.println("this will not be printed!");
\n }
\n catch (ArithmeticException e) { \/\/ catch\u6355\u6349\u5f02\u5e38
\n System.out.println("\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38，\u53d8\u91cfb\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a0！");
\n }
\n System.out.println("\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f\u3002");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa：<\/p>\n \u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38，\u53d8\u91cfb\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a0！ \u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0，\u00a0Throwable\u00a0\u91cd\u8f7d\u4e86\u00a0toString( )\u00a0\u65b9\u6cd5（\u7531 Object \u5b9a\u4e49），\u6240\u4ee5 \u5b83\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u5f02\u5e38\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u5c06\u524d\u9762\u7684\u00a0catch\u00a0\u5757\u91cd\u5199\u6210：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n catch (ArithmeticException e) { \/\/ catch\u6355\u6349\u5f02\u5e38
\n System.out.println("\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38" + e);
\n}
\n\/\/\u8f93\u51fa
\n\/\/ \u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38java.lang.ArithmeticException <\/p>\n \u7b97\u672f\u5f02\u5e38\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38，\u56e0\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7a0b\u5e8f\u629b\u51fa，\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u629b\u51fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u7528try-catch\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f80\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class TestException {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int a = 1;
\n int b = 0;
\n System.out.println("a\/b\u7684\u503c\u662f：" + a \/ b);
\n System.out.println("this will not be printed!");
\n }
\n}
\n\/*
\n\u7ed3\u679c：
\nException in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: \/ by zero
\nat TestException.main(TestException.java:7)
\n*\/ <\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u91cd\u7684catch\u8bed\u53e5：\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，\u7531\u5355\u4e2a\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5，\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u591a\u7684 catch \u5b50\u53e5，\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u53e5\u6355\u83b7\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u5f53\u5f02\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u53d1\u65f6，\u6bcf\u4e2a catch \u5b50 \u53e5\u88ab\u4f9d\u6b21\u68c0\u67e5，\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b50\u53e5\u6267\u884c，\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a catch \u5b50\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u540e，\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u53e5\u5c06\u88ab\u65c1\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n \u7f16\u5199\u591a\u91cdcatch\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879：<\/p>\n \u987a\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898：\u5148\u5c0f\u540e\u5927，\u5373\u5148\u5b50\u7c7b\u540e\u7236\u7c7b<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：<\/p>\n Java\u901a\u8fc7\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u591a\u4e2a catch \u5b50\u53e5\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7a0b\u5e8f\u800c\u8a00，\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c06\u6355\u83b7\u5e95\u5c42\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7684 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u653e\u5728\u524d\u9762，\u540c\u65f6\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c06\u6355\u83b7\u76f8\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7684 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u653e\u5728\u540e\u9762\u3002\u5426\u5219，\u6355\u83b7 \u5e95\u5c42\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7684 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5c4f\u853d\u3002<\/p>\n \u5d4c\u5957try\u8bed\u53e5： try \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5d4c\u5957\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4，\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a try \u5757\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165 try \u8bed\u53e5，\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u524d\u540e\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u63a8\u5165\u5806\u6808\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u90e8\u7684 try \u8bed\u53e5\u4e0d\u542b\u7279\u6b8a\u5f02\u5e38\u7684 catch \u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u5806\u6808\u5c06\u5f39\u51fa，\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u7684 catch \u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5339\u914d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a \u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a catch \u8bed\u53e5\u88ab\u5339\u914d\u6210\u529f，\u6216\u8005\u662f\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5d4c\u5957 try \u8bed\u53e5\u88ab\u68c0\u67e5\u5b8c\u6bd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709 catch \u8bed\u53e5\u5339\u914d，Java\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class NestTry {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n int a = args.length;
\n int b = 42 \/ a;
\n System.out.println("a = " + a);
\n try {
\n if (a == 1) {
\n a = a \/ (a – a);
\n }
\n if (a == 2) {
\n int c[] = {1};
\n c[42] = 99;
\n }
\n } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
\n System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds :" + e);
\n }
\n } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
\n System.out.println("Divide by 0" + e);
\n }
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u5206\u6790\u8fd0\u884c：<\/p>\n javac NestTry.java<\/p>\n java NestTry one a = 1 Divide by 0java.lang.ArithmeticException: \/ by zero<\/p>\n java NestTry one two a = 2 ArrayIndexOutOfBounds :java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 42<\/p>\n \u5206\u6790：\u6b63\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684，\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2atry\u5757\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5957\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a try \u5757\u3002\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b：\u5f53\u4f60\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u5916\u9762\u7684 try \u5757\u5c06\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab0\u9664\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6267\u884c，\u7531\u5d4c\u5957\u7684 try \u5757\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab0\u9664\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u7531\u4e8e\u5185\u90e8\u7684 catch \u5757\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38，\u5b83\u5c06\u628a\u5f02\u5e38\u4f20\u7ed9\u5916\u90e8\u7684 try \u5757，\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u5f02\u5e38\u88ab\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f，\u5c06\u7531\u5185\u90e8 try \u5757\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u8fb9\u754c\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u5f53\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u65f6， try \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u9690\u853d\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u653e\u5728\u4e00 \u4e2a try \u5757\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5185\u90e8，\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u90e8\u7684 try \u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5d4c\u5957\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684 try \u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539，\u5d4c\u5957\u7684 try \u5757\u79fb\u5230\u65b9\u6cd5nesttry()\u7684\u5185\u90e8：\u7ed3\u679c\u4f9d\u65e7\u76f8\u540c！<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class NestTry {
\n static void nesttry(int a) {
\n try {
\n if (a == 1) {
\n a = a \/ (a – a);
\n }
\n if (a == 2) {
\n int c[] = {1};
\n c[42] = 99;
\n }
\n } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
\n System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds :" + e);
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n int a = args.length;
\n int b = 42 \/ a;
\n System.out.println("a = " + a);
\n nesttry(a);
\n } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
\n System.out.println("Divide by 0" + e);
\n }
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001thorw<\/h4>\n\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62，\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u88abJava\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u7136\u800c，\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528throw\u8bed\u53e5\u629b\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u8bed\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f：throw ThrowableInstance;<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684ThrowableInstance\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f Throwable \u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u8005 Throwable \u5b50\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b，\u4f8b\u5982 int ,char \u4ee5\u53ca\u975e Throwable \u7c7b，\u4f8b\u5982 String \u6216 Object ，\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4f5c\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6 Throwable \u5bf9\u8c61：\u5728 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 new \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u521b\u5efa\u3002\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u5b8c throw \u8bed\u53e5\u4e4b\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u505c\u6b62；throw \u540e\u9762\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8bed\u53e5\u4e0d\u88ab\u6267\u884c，\u6700\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684 try \u5757\u7528\u6765\u68c0 \u67e5\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d\u7684 catch \u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5757，\u63a7\u5236\u8f6c\u5411\u8be5\u8bed\u53e5；\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0，\u6b21\u5305\u56f4\u7684 try \u5757\u6765\u68c0\u67e5，\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u5339\u914d\u7684 catch \u5757，\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u65ad\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5e76\u4e14\u6253\u5370\u5806\u6808\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n class TestThrow {
\n static void proc() {
\n try {
\n throw new NullPointerException("demo");
\n } catch (NullPointerException e) {
\n System.out.println("Caught inside proc");
\n throw e;
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n proc();
\n } catch (NullPointerException e) {
\n System.out.println("Recaught: " + e);
\n }
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e24\u6b21\u5904\u7406\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9519\u8bef，\u9996\u5148， main() \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5173\u7cfb\u7136\u540e\u8c03\u7528proc( )\u3002proc( )\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e14\u7acb\u5373\u629b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u00a0NullPointerException\u00a0\u5b9e\u4f8b，NullPointerException\u00a0\u5728 main() \u4e2d\u88ab\u518d\u6b21\u6355\u83b7\u3002<\/p>\n \u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u521b\u5efaJava\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61，\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n throw new NullPointerException("demo"); <\/p>\n \u5206\u6790：\u6b64\u5904 new \u7528\u6765\u6784\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u00a0NullPointerException\u00a0\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u6240\u6709\u7684Java\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5：\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u6570，\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f53\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u65f6，\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4f5c print( ) \u6216\u8005 println( ) \u7684\u53c2\u6570 \u65f6，\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u88ab\u663e\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u7528getMessage( )\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0，getMessage( )\u662f\u7531 Throwable \u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001throws<\/h4>\n\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u4f46\u4e0d\u5904\u7406\u5b83，\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4f7f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u800c\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u8981\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u70b9，\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u00a0throws\u00a0\u5b50\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e00\u4e2a throws \u5b50\u53e5\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9664\u4e86 Error \u6216 RuntimeException \u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5b50\u7c7b\u4ee5\u5916\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 throws \u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e，\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public void info() throws Exception
\n{
\n \/\/body of method
\n} <\/p>\n Exception \u662f\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u5217\u8868，\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u9694\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n class TestThrows{
\n static void throw1(){
\n System.out.println("Inside throw1 . ");
\n throw new IllegalAccessException("demo");
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args){
\n throw1();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u5b58\u5728\u9519\u8bef，\u4f60\u770b\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u5417？<\/p>\n \u8be5\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef，\u9996\u5148，throw1( )\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u60f3\u5904\u7406\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u56e0\u800c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u58f0\u660e throws \u5b50\u53e5 \u6765\u5217\u4e3e\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5373 IllegalAccessException ；\u5176\u6b21， main() \u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9a\u4e49 try\/catch \u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u6b63\u786e\u4f8b\u5b50\u5982\u4e0b：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n class TestThrows {
\n static void throw1() throws IllegalAccessException {
\n System.out.println("Inside throw1 . ");
\n throw new IllegalAccessException("demo");
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n throw1();
\n } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
\n System.out.println("Caught " + e);
\n }
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n throws \u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u89c4\u5219：<\/p>\n \n- \u5982\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38（ unchecked exception ），\u5373 Error \u3001 RuntimeException \u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b，\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528 throws \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6765\u58f0\u660e\u8981\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u7f16\u8bd1\u4ecd\u80fd\u987a\u5229\u901a\u8fc7，\u4f46\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u629b\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u5fc5\u987b\u58f0\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u68c0\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38（ checked exception ）\u3002\u5373\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u53d7\u53ef\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38，\u8981\u4e48\u7528 try-catch \u8bed\u53e5\u6355\u83b7，\u8981\u4e48\u7528 throws \u5b50\u53e5\u58f0\u660e\u5c06\u5b83\u629b\u51fa，\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/li>\n
- \u4ec5\u5f53\u629b\u51fa\u4e86\u5f02\u5e38，\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u624d\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u629b\u51fa\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u65e0\u529b\u5904\u7406\u8be5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u5e94\u8be5\u7ee7\u7eed\u629b\u51fa，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56eb\u56f5\u541e\u67a3\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u67e5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5904\u7406\u548c\u58f0\u660e\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u82e5\u8986\u76d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u58f0\u660e\u4e0e\u8986\u76d6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5f02\u5e38\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u58f0\u660e\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u6216\u5b50\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4\u3001finally<\/h4>\n\u5f53\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u65f6，\u901a\u5e38\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5c06\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9661\u5ced\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u5411，\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u8fc7\u65e9\u7684\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u4f8b\u5982， \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u5173\u95ed，\u7136\u540e\u9000\u51fa，\u4f60\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u88ab\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u65c1\u8def\u3002\u00a0finally\u00a0\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u5916\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n finally \u521b\u5efa\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u5728 try\/catch \u5757\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a try\/catch \u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\u6267\u884c\u3002 finally \u5757\u65e0\u8bba\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38，\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709 catch \u5b50\u53e5\u5339\u914d， finally \u4e5f\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a try\/catch \u5757\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019，\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u8bed\u53e5， finally \u5b50\u53e5\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e4b\u524d\u4ecd\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\u548c\u91ca\u653e\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f： finally \u5b50\u53e5\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u9879，\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0，\u4f46\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a catch \u6216 \u8005 finally \u5b50\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n class TestFinally {
\n static void proc1() {
\n try {
\n System.out.println("inside proc1");
\n throw new RuntimeException("demo");
\n } finally {
\n System.out.println("proc1's finally");
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n static void proc2() {
\n try {
\n System.out.println("inside proc2");
\n return;
\n } finally {
\n System.out.println("proc2's finally");
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n static void proc3() {
\n try {
\n System.out.println("inside proc3");
\n } finally {
\n System.out.println("proc3's finally");
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n proc1();
\n } catch (Exception e) {
\n System.out.println("Exception caught");
\n }
\n proc2();
\n proc3();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c：<\/p>\n inside proc1 proc1's finally Exception caught inside proc2 proc2's finally inside proc3 proc3's finally<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5982\u679c finally \u5757\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8054\u5408\u4f7f\u7528， finally \u5757\u5c06\u5728 try \u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u524d\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n \u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f<\/h4>\ntry, catch,finally ,return \u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f<\/p>\n - \u6267\u884ctry，catch ， \u7ed9\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u8d4b\u503c<\/li>\n
- \u6267\u884cfinally<\/li>\n
- return<\/li>\n
\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38<\/h3>\n\u4f7f\u7528Java\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u7f16\u7a0b\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916，\u7528\u6237\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002 \u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b，\u53ea\u9700\u7ee7\u627f\u00a0Exception\u00a0\u7c7b\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b，\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4：<\/p>\n \n- \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7 throw \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u5982\u679c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 try-catch \u8bed\u53e5\u6355\u83b7\u5e76\u5904\u7406；\u5426\u5219\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u5904\u901a\u8fc7 throws \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6307\u660e\u8981\u629b\u51fa\u7ed9\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5f02\u5e38，\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u4e2d\u6355\u83b7\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u3010\u4e3e\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n class MyException extends Exception {
\n private int detail;
\n MyException(int a){
\n detail = a;
\n }
\n public String toString(){
\n return "MyException ["+ detail + "]";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n public class TestMyException {
\n static void compute(int a) throws MyException {
\n System.out.println("Called compute(" + a + ")");
\n if (a > 10) {
\n throw new MyException(a);
\n }
\n System.out.println("Normal exit!");
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n compute(1);
\n compute(20);
\n } catch (MyException me) {
\n System.out.println("Caught " + me);
\n }
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa：<\/p>\n Called compute(1) Normal exit! Called compute(20) Caught MyException [20]<\/p>\n \u4e3e\u4f8b\u4e8c：\u8f93\u5165\u5e74\u9f84\u65f6，\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6570，\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u62a5\u9519<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class AgeException extends Exception{
\n public AgeException() {
\n }<\/p>\n public AgeException(String message) {
\n super(message);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n public class Demo {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n try {
\n check(-10);
\n } catch (AgeException e) {
\n e.printStackTrace();
\n }
\n }<\/p>\n public static void check(int age) throws AgeException {
\n if (age < 0) {
\n throw new AgeException("\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0f\u4e8e0");
\n } else {
\n System.out.println(age);
\n }<\/p>\n }
\n} <\/p>\n ![\"\"](\"2026-01-14nwe0u2sw2sb.png\") <\/p>\n
\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"2026-01-1454bpeu0x4y0.png\") <\/p>\n
\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n - \n
\u5904\u7406\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6，\u91c7\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u53bb\u5408\u7406\u89c4\u907f\u540c\u65f6\u8f85\u52a9try-catch\u5904\u7406<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5728\u591a\u91cdcatch\u5757\u540e\u9762，\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2acatch ( Exception )\u6765\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u9057\u6f0f\u7684\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u7801，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e0atry-catch，\u5904\u7406\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5c3d\u91cf\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38，\u5207\u5fcc\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8c03\u7528printStackTrace)\u53bb\u6253\u5370\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38，\u8981\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u53bb\u51b3\u5b9a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
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\u53d8\u91cf\u591a\u4e86，\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7ec4\u5728\u4e00\u8d77，\u805a\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u5f52\u7c7b，\u4fbf\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u4e8e\u662f，\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86！<\/p>\n \u518d\u540e\u6765，\u65b9\u6cd5\u591a\u4e86，\u53d8\u91cf\u591a\u4e86！\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u4e0d\u591f\u7528\u4e86！\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5c06\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u805a\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77，\u4e8e\u662f\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86！<\/p>\n \u5be5\u5be5\u6570\u8bed，\u5c31\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5386\u53f2！\u5176\u5b9e，\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u81ea\u7136，\u201d\u7269\u4ee5\u7c7b\u805a\u201d\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u5bb6\u80fd\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b(\u5b50\u7c7b)\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b(\u7236\u7c7b)\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf，\u5e76\u4e14\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b(\u5b50\u7c7b)\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u589e\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u4e4b\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u6027\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u7528\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4，\u6240\u6709\u7684Windows\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3，\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7c7b\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\u5904\u7406，\u6709\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7528\u4e8e\u7ed8\u56fe，\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b，\u5404\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001(polymorphism)<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001\u6027\u662f\u6307\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u6d88\u606f\u4f5c\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u5177\u6709\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u4f18\u52bf，\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51fd\u6570\u540c\u540d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n \u76f8\u540c\u7c7b\u57df\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61,\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5,\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n \u4ece\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\u662f\u5148\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u540e\u6709\u7c7b\u3002\u5bf9\u8c61，\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u7c7b，\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684，\u662f\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u4ece\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd0\u884c\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\u662f\u5148\u6709\u7c7b\u540e\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7c7b\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n 2\u3001\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n\u7c7b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b,\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7269\u6574\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\/\u5b9a\u4e49,\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed：\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u624b\u673a\u3001\u7535\u8111\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982: Person\u7c7b\u3001Pet\u7c7b\u3001Car\u7c7b\u7b49，\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765 \u63cf\u8ff0\/\u5b9a\u4e49 \u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u5907\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n \u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u5f20\u4e09\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u5f20\u4e09\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u65fa\u8d22\u5c31\u662f\u72d7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u7279\u70b9，\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Student s = new Student(1,"tom",20);
\ns.study();<\/p>\n Car c = new Car(1,"BWM",500000);
\nc.run(); <\/p>\n \u5bf9\u8c61s\u5c31\u662fStudent\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u5bf9\u8c61c\u5c31\u662fCar\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\u3002\u7c7b\u53ea\u662f\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f46\u662f\u5728java\u4e2d，\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61，\u7136\u800c\u7c7b\u53c8\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u9700\u6c42，\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5206\u6790，\u6700\u7ec8\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n\u5f15\u7528 "\u6307\u5411" \u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u63a5\u53e3\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u51fa\u7684\u53d8\u91cf，\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\u5c31\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf，\u7b80\u79f0\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d，\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u540e，\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf，\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u53bb\u63a5\u6536\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u603b\u7ed3：\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5173\u7cfb，\u5c31\u5982\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u548c\u9065\u63a7\u5668，\u98ce\u7b5d\u548c\u7ebf\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n \u65b9\u6cd5\u56de\u987e\u53ca\u52a0\u6df1<\/h3>\n\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684，\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n\u683c\u5f0f： \u4fee\u9970\u7b26 \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d(\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868)\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n - \n
\u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/p>\n public\u3001static\u3001abstract\u3001final\u7b49\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u4fee\u9970\u7b26，\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5165\u53e3 main\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86public static\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe9\u4e2a\u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u5c5e\u6027\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u4fee\u9970\u7b26，\u8fd9\u591a\u4e2a\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u540e\u987a\u5e8f\u7684<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n \u65b9\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8981\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u6570\u636e，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b，\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u6570\u636e，\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5199void<\/p>\n \u53ea\u6709\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5(\u6784\u9020\u5668)\u4e0d\u5199\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5199void<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n public String sayHello(){
\n return "hello";
\n}
\npublic int max(int a,int b){
\n return a>b?a:b;
\n}
\npublic void print(String msg){
\n System.out.println(msg);
\n} <\/p>\n \u601d\u8003：\u58f0\u660e\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u51fa\u73b0return\u8bed\u53e5，\u90a3\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b(void)\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d，\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0 return\u8bed\u53e5?<\/p>\n break\u548creturn\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n return \u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n (1) return \u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u9000\u51fa,\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8be5\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u5904,\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002 (2) return \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u7ed9\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bed\u53e5，\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e00\u81f4\u3002 (3) return\u540e\u9762\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570，\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u7a7a，\u5176\u5b9e\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u60f3\u4e2d\u65ad\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c，\u8fd4\u56de \u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n break\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n (1)break\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u5185，\u5f3a\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u6267\u884c，\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u675f\u6574\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b，\u4e0d\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u6267\u884c\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb，\u76f4\u63a5\u8f6c\u5411\u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n (2)\u5f53break\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684switch\u8bed\u53e5\u4f53\u5185\u65f6，\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u53ea\u662f\u8df3\u51fa\u8be5switch\u8bed\u53e5\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d<\/p>\n \u9075\u5b88java\u4e2d\u6807\u793a\u7b26\u7684\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u5373\u53ef.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n \u6839\u636e\u9700\u6c42\u5b9a\u4e49,\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u65e0\u53c2\u7684,\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570,\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u58f0\u660e\u5e76\u629b\u51fa， \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u58f0\u660e\u629b\u51fa\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38，\u4f7f\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u9694\u5f00\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n public void readFile(String file)throws IOException{
\n}<\/p>\n public void readFile(String file)throws IOException,ClassNotFoundException{
\n} <\/p>\n<\/li>\n 2\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u65b9\u6cd5，\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c，\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u624d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e00\u884c\u4e00 \u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n - \n
\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528static\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u662f"\u4e00\u5b9a"\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u3002(\u975e\u9759\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684)<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n public class Student{ public void say(){} }<\/p>\n main:<\/p>\n Student s = new Student();<\/p>\n s.say();<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528static\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5c31\u662f\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019，"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528，\u4e5f"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u6765\u8c03\u7528，\u4f46\u662f\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684\u3002(\u9759\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684)<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n public class Student{ public static void say(){} }<\/p>\n main:<\/p>\n Student.say();<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u7c7b\u4e2d\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n \u5047\u8bbe\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6709\u4fe9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5，a\u65b9\u6cd5\u548cb\u65b9\u6cd5，a\u548cb\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n public void a(){
\n b();
\n}
\npublic void b(){<\/p>\n } <\/p>\n a\u548cb\u90fd\u662f\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5,\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n public static void a(){
\n b();
\n}
\npublic static void b(){<\/p>\n } <\/p>\n a\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，b\u662f\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528b\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u662fb\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd \u8c03\u7528\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5！<\/p>\n public static void a(){
\n \/\/b();\u62a5\u9519
\n}
\npublic void b(){
\n a();
\n} <\/p>\n \u53e6\u5916：\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e2d，\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5230\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u9759\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u603b\u7ed3：\u7c7b\u4e2d\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8c03\u7528，\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u9759\u6001\u6216\u8005\u975e\u9759\u6001\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u76f8\u8c03\u7528，\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u9759\u6001，\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9 \u6cd5\u662f\u975e\u9759\u6001\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，\u53cd\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n 3\u3001\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u7684\u4f20\u53c2<\/h4>\n1\u3001\u5f62\u53c2\u548c\u5b9e\u53c2<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public static void test(int a){<\/p>\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int x = 1;
\n test(x);
\n} <\/p>\n \u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684a\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5test\u7684\u5f62\u53c2(\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u53c2\u6570) \u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u7684x\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5test\u7684\u5b9e\u53c2(\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u53c2\u6570)<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u5f62\u53c2\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u5b9e\u53c2\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u540d\u5b57,\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u4fbf\u5199\u7684,\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57,\u800c\u662f\u5173 \u5fc3\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d8\u91cf\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n 2\u3001\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u53c2\u65f6，\u5206\u4e3a\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u4e24\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u3002<\/p>\n \u503c\u4f20\u9012\u662f\u5b9e\u53c2\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u5b58\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6570\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5f62\u53c2\u3002 \u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u662f\u5b9e\u53c2\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u5b58\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u5f62\u53c2\u3002<\/p>\n \u6240\u4ee5\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b，\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b：\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public static void changeNum(int a) {
\n a = 10;
\n}<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n int a = 1;
\n System.out.println("before: a = " + a); \/\/1
\n changeNum(a);
\n System.out.println("after: a = " + a); \/\/1
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b：\u5f15\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Test {
\n public static void changeName(Student s) {
\n s.name = "tom";
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s = new Student();
\n System.out.println("before: name = " + s.name); \/\/null
\n changeName(s);
\n System.out.println("after: name = " + s.name); \/\/tom
\n }<\/p>\n static class Student {
\n String name;
\n }<\/p>\n } <\/p>\n 4\u3001this\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528this\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001this\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/p>\n \u533a\u522b\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public void setName(String name){
\n \/\/this.name\u8868\u793a\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027name
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public void setName(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n public void print(){
\n \/\/\u8868\u793a\u8c03\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684setName\u65b9\u6cd5
\n this.setName("tom");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，setName("tom")\u548cthis.setName("tom")\u7684\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public Student(){
\n \/\/\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668,\u5e76\u4e14\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662fString
\n this("tom");
\n }
\n public Student(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6ce8：this\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5，\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u666e\u901a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u5c40\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u53ea\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u56e0\u4e3athis("tom")\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u4ee3\u7801.
\n public Student(){
\n System.out.println("hello");
\n this("tom");
\n }
\n public Student(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001this\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n this\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u5c06\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student {
\n private String name;<\/p>\n public Student() {
\n System.out.println("this = " + this);
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s = new Student();
\n System.out.println("s = " + s);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u540e\u770b\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u77e5，this\u548cs\u6253\u5370\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684，\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u91cfs\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u8c61，\u800cthis\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n \u8fd9\u6837\u4e5f\u5c31\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48this.name\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf，this.setName("tom")\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u6210\u5458\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4fe9\u53e5\u4ee3\u7801\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2，\u548c\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u5916\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u53d8\u91cfs\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684，s.name\u548cs.setName("tom")<\/p>\n \u3010this\u548cs\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684，\u4f7f\u7528==\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3atrue\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n public Student getStudent(){
\n return this;
\n }
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s1 = new Student();
\n Student s2 = s1.getStudent();
\n System.out.println(s1 == s2);\/\/true
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u8c03\u7528\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684this，s1\u548cs2\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b49\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public void test(){
\n System.out.println(this);
\n }
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s1 = new Student();
\n Student s2 = new Student();
\n s1.test();
\n s2.test();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684，s1\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684this\u548cs1\u76f8\u7b49，s2\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684this\u548cs2\u76f8\u7b49，\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c7b\u662f\u6a21\u677f，\u6a21\u677f\u4e2d\u5199\u7684this\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a，\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684this，\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n \u521b\u5efa\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h3>\n\u4f7f\u7528new\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528new\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u9664\u4e86\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916，\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u521b\u5efa\u597d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316，\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6784\u9020\u5668\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n \u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9main\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801：Student s = new Student();<\/p>\n 1） \u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4，\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u81ea\u52a8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a0\/false\/null\u3002(\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8d4b\u503c)<\/p>\n 2） \u5982\u679c\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u6709\u663e\u5f0f\u8d4b\u503c，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u5c06\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u8986\u76d6\u6389\u3002(\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f8b\u5b50\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61)<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u663e\u5f0f\u8d4b\u503c，private String name = "tom";<\/p>\n 3） \u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n 4） \u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u503c\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\u3002(=\u53f7\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c)<\/p>\n \u6784\u9020\u5668<\/h3>\n\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5，\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u6784\u9020\u5668\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4fe9\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9:<\/p>\n - \u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u76f8\u540c<\/li>\n
- \u5fc5\u987b\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b,\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5199void<\/li>\n
\u6784\u9020\u5668\u7684\u4f5c\u7528:<\/p>\n - \u4f7f\u7528new\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/li>\n
- \u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u540e，\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8d4b\u503c<\/li>\n
\u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;<\/p>\n public Student(){
\n name = "tom";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6784\u9020\u5668\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n \u9664\u4e86\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e4b\u5916，\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668，\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u5c5e\u6027\u8d4b\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public Student(){
\n name = "tom";
\n }
\n public Student(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528this\u5173\u952e\u5b57，\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u5668\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：this\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61，\u53ea\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ea\u6709\u4f7f\u7528new\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u624d\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public Student(){
\n this();
\n }
\n public Student(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n \u5728java\u4e2d，\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u7c7b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6ca1\u6709\u5199\u6784\u9020\u5668，\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668，\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{<\/p>\n }<\/p>\n main:
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668
\nStudent s = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u4f46\u662f,\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u624b\u52a8\u7684\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u5668,\u90a3\u4e48\u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e86<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public Student(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n main:
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668
\nStudent s = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u5185\u5b58\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\nJAVA\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n \u6808 stack：<\/p>\n - \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u79c1\u6709，\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u4eab！<\/li>\n
- \u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u653e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6808\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u6808\u662f\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u5206\u914d，\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb！\u6808\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4！<\/li>\n
\u5806 heap：<\/p>\n - \u653e\u7f6enew\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61！<\/li>\n
- \u5806\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4，\u5206\u914d\u7075\u6d3b，\u901f\u5ea6\u6162！<\/li>\n
\u65b9\u6cd5\u533a(\u4e5f\u662f\u5806)：<\/p>\n - \u88ab\u6240\u6709\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5171\u4eab！<\/li>\n
- \u7528\u6765\u5b58\u653e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u6216\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002（\u7c7b\u4ee3\u7801\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5e38\u91cf）<\/li>\n
![\"\"](\"2026-01-14k4ulniezyt4.png\") <\/p>\n
\u6ce8\u610f：\u672c\u6b21\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u6790，\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u4e86\u89e3\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5668\u3001Class\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9，\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u4e13\u95e8\u8bb2\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u91cc\u9762\u8bb2\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/p>\n - java\u4e2d，\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n
- java\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u3002(\u5f15\u7528：reference)\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86，\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740！<\/li>\n
\u5c5e\u6027（field，\u6216\u8005\u53eb\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf）<\/p>\n - \n
\u5c5e\u6027\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u8be5\u7c7b\u6216\u8be5\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u9759\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5c5e\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u521d\u59cb\u5316：<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5176\u521d\u59cb\u5316，\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5176\u521d\u59cb\u5316，Java\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u503c\u5bf9\u5176\u521d\u59cb\u5316(\u6570\u503c：0,0.0 char：u0000, boolean：false, \u6240\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b：null)<\/p>\n - \n
\u5c5e\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u683c\u5f0f：<\/p>\n [\u4fee\u9970\u7b26] \u5c5e\u6027\u7c7b\u578b \u5c5e\u6027\u540d = [\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d，\u6574\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7ec4\u6210；\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d，\u6574\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u7c7b，\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u683c\u5f0f：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n [\u4fee\u9970\u7b26] \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d(\u5f62\u53c2\u5217\u8868) {
\n \/\/ n\u6761\u8bed\u53e5
\n} <\/p>\n java\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n \n- \n
\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 new \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n Person person= new Person ();<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61（\u5f15\u7528）.\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n person.age<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61（\u5f15\u7528）. \u65b9\u6cd5（\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868）\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n person.setAge(18)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u7c7b\u4e2d\u5c31\u662f：\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6570\u636e \u52a8\u6001\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n \u5b66\u4e60\u5b8c\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ec8\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7c7b，\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8981\u770b\u7684\u5c31\u662fjava\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u7279\u5f81：\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u5c01 \u88c5\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c01\u88c5<\/h3>\n\u6211\u8981\u770b\u7535\u89c6，\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6309\u4e00\u4e0b\u5f00\u5173\u548c\u6362\u53f0\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u3002\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5417？\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u78b0\u78b0\u663e\u50cf\u7ba1\u5417？<\/p>\n \u5236\u9020\u5382\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u89c6，\u628a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ec6\u8282\u5168\u90e8\u5c01\u88c5\u8d77\u6765，\u53ea\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u66b4\u9732\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u63a5\u53e3，\u6bd4\u5982： \u7535\u6e90\u5f00\u5173\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u6765，\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u9690\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5c01\u88c5\u3002<\/p>\n \u767d\u8bdd：\u8be5\u9732\u7684\u9732，\u8be5\u85cf\u7684\u85cf<\/p>\n \u4e13\u4e1a：\u6211\u4eec\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8981\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u9ad8\u5185\u805a，\u4f4e\u8026\u5408\u201d\u3002\u9ad8\u5185\u805a\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7ec6\u8282\u81ea\u5df1\u5b8c\u6210，\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5916\u90e8\u5e72\u6d89；\u4f4e\u8026\u5408：\u4ec5\u66b4\u9732\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed9\u5916\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c01\u88c5（\u6570\u636e\u7684\u9690\u85cf）<\/p>\n \u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u6027，\u5373\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u662f\u53ef\u89c1\u7684，\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n \u901a\u5e38，\u5e94\u7981\u6b62\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8868\u793a，\u800c\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u63a5\u53e3\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee，\u8fd9\u79f0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u9690\u85cf\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4<\/h4>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528private \u4fee\u9970\u9700\u8981\u5c01\u88c5\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u8005\u8bbf\u95ee\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n \u8bbe\u7f6e \u901a\u8fc7set\u65b9\u6cd5，\u547d\u540d\u683c\u5f0f： set\u5c5e\u6027\u540d（）; \u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u8981\u5927\u5199<\/p>\n \u8bbf\u95ee \u901a\u8fc7get\u65b9\u6cd5，\u547d\u540d\u683c\u5f0f： get\u5c5e\u6027\u540d（）; \u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u8981\u5927\u5199<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5916\u90e8"\u76f4\u63a5"\u8bbf\u95ee
\npublic class Student{
\n public String name;
\n public void println(){
\n System.out.println(this.name);
\n }
\n}
\npublic class Test{
\n public static void main(String[] args){
\n Student s = new Student();
\n s.name = "tom";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u6570\u636e\u76f4\u63a5\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u7684，\u800c\u4f7f\u7528private(\u79c1\u6709)\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u628a\u6570\u636e\u9690\u85cf\u8d77\u6765<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private String name;
\n}
\npublic class Test{
\n public static void main(String[] args){
\n Student s = new Student();
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458
\n s.name = "tom";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027,\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7684get\u548cset\u65b9\u6cd5,\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u5728\u7c7b\u7684\u5916\u90e8 \u53ef\u4ee5\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u5230\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n \u3010\u793a\u4f8b\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/set\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ed9\u5c5e\u6027\u8d4b\u503c
\n\/\/get\u8d1f\u8d23\u8fd4\u56de\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c
\npublic class Student{
\n private String name;
\n public void setName(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n}
\npublic String getName(){
\n return this.name;
\n}
\n}
\npublic class Test{
\n public static void main(String[] args){
\n Student s = new Student();
\n s.setName("tom");
\n System.out.println(s.getName());
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u610f\u4e49<\/h4>\n - \u63d0\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027，\u4fdd\u62a4\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u9690\u85cf\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282<\/li>\n
- \u7edf\u4e00\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u63a5\u53e3<\/li>\n
- \u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027<\/li>\n
- \u4fbf\u4e8e\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n
\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5c01\u88c5，\u4fbf\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u5185\u90e8\u4ee3\u7801，\u63d0\u9ad8\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u826f\u597d\u7684\u5c01\u88c5，\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u68c0\u6d4b，\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h4>\n\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5，\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d，\u4f46\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c,\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u601d\u8003：HelloWorld\u4e2d\u7684System.out.println()\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5?<\/p>\n \u3010\u6f14\u793a：\u67e5\u770bprintln\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u3011 idea\u4e2dctrl+\u5de6\u952e\u70b9\u51fbprintln<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Test{
\n public void test(String str){<\/p>\n }
\n public void test(int a){<\/p>\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u8f7d\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6<\/p>\n - \n
\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u540c(\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u4e2a\u6570\u3001\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c)<\/p>\n public void test(Strig str){}
\npublic void test(int a){}<\/p>\n public void test(Strig str,double d){}
\npublic void test(Strig str){}<\/p>\n public void test(Strig str,double d){}
\npublic void test(double d,Strig str){} <\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u5728java\u4e2d，\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u540c，\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u4fe9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762：\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n \u7ee7\u627f<\/h3>\n\u7ee7\u627f：extands<\/p>\n \u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u3002\u6bd4\u5982：<\/p>\n \u52a8\u7269：\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269<\/p>\n \u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269：\u7075\u957f\u76ee\u3001\u9cb8\u76ee\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n \u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u6279\u7c7b\u7684\u62bd\u8c61，\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u627f？\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528？<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e00\u597d\u5904：\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u3002\u7c7b\u662f\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u62bd\u8c61，\u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u6279\u7c7b\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\u597d\u5904：\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u590d\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n extands\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u201d\u3002\u5b50\u7c7b\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u6ce8\u3011JAVA\u4e2d\u7c7b\u53ea\u6709\u5355\u7ee7\u627f，\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u7ee7\u627f！ \u63a5\u53e3\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u7ee7\u627f！<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n - \n
\u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u7c7b\u548c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916,\u7c7b\u548c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd8\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u7ec4\u5408\u3001\u805a\u5408\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4fe9\u4e2a\u7c7b，\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b(\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b),\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u7236\u7c7b(\u57fa\u7c7b)\u3002\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b，\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57extends\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n public class student extends Person{
\n} <\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5b50\u7c7b\u548c\u7236\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4，\u4ece\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709"is a"\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n student is a person<\/p>\n dog is a animal<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u7c7b\u548c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u5355\u7ee7\u627f<\/p>\n \u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ea\u80fd"\u76f4\u63a5"\u7ee7\u627f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u7c7b,\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eb2\u751f\u7236\u4eb2 \u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u591a\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f,\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u4eb2\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50<\/p>\n \u6ce8:java\u4e2d\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u63a5\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4,\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f,\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f<\/p>\n \u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u540e,\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5,\u662f\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u539f\u6709 \u7684\u4fee\u9970\u7b26(public protected default private)\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：<\/p>\n \u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528public\u4fee\u9970，\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\u540e"\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5"\u4f7f\u7528 \u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528private\u4fee\u9970，\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7ee7\u627f\u540e"\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5"\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5177\u4f53\u7ec6\u5219\u5728\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u90e8\u5206\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e<\/p>\n \u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7684，\u4f46\u662f\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d，\u4f1a\u9690\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668（\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 super\u5173\u952e\u5b57）\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8:\u5177\u4f53\u7ec6\u8282\u5728super\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u90e8\u5206\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n 2\u3001Object\u7c7b<\/h4>\njava\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f"\u76f4\u63a5" \u6216\u8005 "\u95f4\u63a5"\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86Object\u7c7b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u548cObject\u7c7b\u6709"is a"\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4eceAPI\u6587\u6863\u4e2d，\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6700\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u90fd\u662fObject\u3002(Object\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u9664\u5916)AnyClass is a Object\u3002<\/p>\n System.out.println(\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61 instanceof Object);<\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c:true \u6ce8:\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u6570\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u540e,Person\u7c7b\u4f1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ee7\u627fObject
\npublic class Person{}<\/p>\n \/\/Student\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86Object
\npublic class Student extends Person{} <\/p>\n \u5728Object\u7c7b\u4e2d，\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740，\u5728java\u4e2d，\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002(\u56e0\u4e3aObject\u662f\u6240\u4ee5\u7c7b\u7684\u7236\u7c7b)<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：toString\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001equals\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001getClass\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49<\/p>\n 3\u3001Super\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b\u4e4b\u540e，\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528this\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u6216\u8c03\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f7f\u7528super\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u8bbf\u95ee\u6216\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001super\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n \u3010\u8bbf\u95ee\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n protected String name = "zs";
\n} <\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n private String name = "lisi";
\n public void tes(String name){
\n System.out.println(name);
\n System.out.println(this.name);
\n System.out.println(super.name);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void print(){
\n System.out.println("Person");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n public void print(){
\n System.out.println("Student");
\n }
\n public void test(){
\n print();
\n this.print();
\n super.print();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u5b50\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u4f1a\u9690\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668
\n \/\/super();
\n public Student(){
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u7236\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n protected String name;
\n public Person(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n}
\npublic class Student extends Person{
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u5b50\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u4f1a\u9690\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668,\u4f46\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668
\n \/\/super();
\n public Student(){<\/p>\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6709\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n protected String name;
\n public Person(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u5b50\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6709\u53c2\u6784\u9020\u5668
\n public Student(){
\n super("tom");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u663e\u5f0f\u8fd8\u662f\u9690\u5f0f\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668，super\u8bed\u53e5\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u6240\u4ee5this\u548c super\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u5668\u7684\u529f\u80fd，\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u8981\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n protected String name;
\n public Person(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,super\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u5668\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801
\n public Student(){
\n System.out.println("Student");
\n super("tom");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n protected String name;
\n public Person(String name){
\n this.name = name;
\n }
\n}
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7
\npublic class Student extends Person{
\n private int age;
\n public Student(){
\n this(20);
\n }
\n public Student(int age){
\n super("tom");
\n this.age = age;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n super\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/p>\n \n- \u7528super\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/li>\n
- super\u53ea\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d<\/li>\n
- super \u548c this \u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u65f6\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002（\u56e0\u4e3athis\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
super \u548c this \u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n - \n
\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837：<\/p>\n this：\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u5c5e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n super：\u4ee3\u8868\u7236\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4：<\/p>\n this：\u5728\u975e\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n super：\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5：<\/p>\n this：\u8c03\u7528\u672c\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n super：\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<\/li>\n 4\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199<\/h4>\n\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u5199（override）<\/p>\n \n- \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b50\u7c7b\u548c\u7236\u7c7b(\u5305\u62ec\u76f4\u63a5\u7236\u7c7b\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u7236\u7c7b)\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e2d\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u91cd\u8f7d，\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u91cd\u5199<\/li>\n
- \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u5199\n
- \u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u4e3a\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5 \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u9519<\/li>\n
- \u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5；\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u9519<\/li>\n
- \u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u540c\u540d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5(\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u662f\u8986\u76d6)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u3010\u4f8b\u5b50\u3011<\/p>\n A\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627fB\u7c7b A\u548cB\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5test<\/p>\n B a = new A(); a.test();\/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7684\u662fB\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5test<\/p>\n A a = new A(); a.test();\/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7684\u662fA\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5test<\/p>\n \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53ea\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u5199\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c<\/p>\n \u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199，\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b\u540e,\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684,\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u66f4\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u91cd\u5199\u4e86<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n private void run(){}<\/p>\n }<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u5199,\u53ea\u662f\u4fe9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5206\u522b\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5
\npublic class Student extends Person{
\n private void run(){}
\n} <\/p>\n \u91cd\u5199\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5<\/p>\n - \n
\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u5fc5\u987b\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6269\u5927，\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7f29\u5c0f： public protected default private<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7f29\u5c0f,\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6269\u5927<\/p>\n ClassNotFoundException —> Exception（\u4e0d\u80fd\u6269\u5927）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bdd，\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u540e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u662fPerson，\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u540e\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fPerson\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fPerson\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u6ce8：\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u548c\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u5b8c\u5168\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4，\u53ea\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u3002(\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n protected Object test()throws Exception{
\n return null;
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b,\u91cd\u5199\u4e86run\u548ctest\u65b9\u6cd5.
\npublic class Student extends Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n public String test(){
\n return "";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u91cd\u5199？<\/p>\n \u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b，\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u9700\u8981，\u6240\u4ee5\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u628a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n \u603b\u7ed3：<\/p>\n - \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u7236\u7c7b\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5927\u4e8e\u6216\u8005\u7b49\u4e8e\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u3002( private < protected < public，friendly < public )<\/li>\n
- \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6216\u8005\u7b49\u4e8e\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002( \u5b50\u7c7b < \u7236\u7c7b ) \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
- \u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u8981\u5c0f\u4e8e\u6216\u8005\u7b49\u4e8e\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n
\u591a\u6001<\/h3>\n1\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u591a\u6001<\/h4>\n\u591a\u6001\u6027\u662fOOP\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027，\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u52a8\u6001\u8054\u7f16\u7684，\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4，\u5c31\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u72b6\u6001\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u624d\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u800c\u975e\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u8bf4\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7528\u5173\u5fc3\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b，\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b，\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u6d88\u606f\u505a\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u5373\u540c\u4e00\u6d88\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u53d1\u9001\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n \u76f8\u540c\u7c7b\u57df\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61,\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5,\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684<\/p>\n - \n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982: new Student(); new Person();\u7b49<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u5f88\u591a<\/p>\n \u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\u867d\u7136\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684，\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：Student\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86Person\u7c7b<\/p>\n Student s1 = new Student();
\nPerson s2 = new Student();
\nObject s3 = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u56e0\u4e3aPerson\u548cObject\u90fd\u662fStudent\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u6ce8：\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u786e\u5b9a，\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u7c7b\u578b，\u5374\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8fd9\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u7236\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e00\u4e2a\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Object o = new AnyClass();
\nPerson p = null;
\np = new Student();
\np = new Teacher();
\np = new Person(); <\/p>\n \u591a\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{<\/p>\n } <\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7684run\u65b9\u6cd5,\u662fStudent\u4ecePerson\u7ee7\u627f\u8fc7\u6765\u7684run\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Person p = new Student();
\np.run(); <\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n public void run(){
\n \/\/\u91cd\u5199run\u65b9\u6cd5
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n \/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7684run\u65b9\u6cd5,\u662fStudent\u4e2d\u91cd\u5199\u7684run\u65b9\u6cd5
\npublic static void main(String[] args) {
\n Person p = new Student();
\n p.run();
\n} <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b,\u8c03\u7528a\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5982\u679ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u5199,\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684a\u65b9\u6cd5, \u5982\u679c\u91cd\u5199\u4e86,\u90a3\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u5199\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u72ec\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u7528<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n public void test(){
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n main:
\nPerson p = new Student();
\n\/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7ee7\u627f\u7684run\u65b9\u6cd5
\np.run();<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u68c0\u67e5\u53d8\u91cfp\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662fPerson,\u4f46\u662f\u5728Person\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0test\u65b9\u6cd5,\u6240\u4ee5\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519.
\np.test(); <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cfx，\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5test，\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8ba9\u5176\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7，\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u770b\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cfx\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49 test\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7，\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u770bx\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u6709\u6ca1\u6709test\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u539f\u7406：\u7f16\u8bd1\u770b\u5de6\u8fb9，\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u770b\u53f3\u8fb9\u3002<\/p>\n \u7f16\u8bd1\u770b\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u610f\u601d：java \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u5458，\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c31\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002 \u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u662f\u7279\u6709\u7684，\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6ca1\u6709\u7684，\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u6240\u4ee5\u770b\u5de6\u8fb9，Person \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709test()\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4e8e\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519<\/p>\n \u5b50\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Student s = new Student();
\nPerson p = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u53d8\u91cfs\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662fStudent\u4e2d\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(\u5305\u62ec\u7ee7\u627f\u8fc7\u6765\u7684)，\u53d8\u91cfp\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662fPerson\u4e2d\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(\u5305\u62ec\u7ee7\u627f\u8fc7\u6765\u7684)\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f46\u662f\u53d8\u91cfp\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u578b\u7684，p\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411Student\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411Teacher\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49，\u4f46\u662f\u53d8\u91cfs\u53ea\u80fd\u6307 Studnet\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61，\u53caStudent\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u53d8\u91cfp\u80fd\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u6bd4\u53d8\u91cfs\u5927\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n Object\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cfo，\u80fd\u6307\u5411\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5b83\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u6700\u5927，\u4f46\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u53d8\u91cfo\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5c11\u7684，\u53ea\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u5230Object\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d8\u91cfo\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u662fObject\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8：java\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528,\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684,\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u662f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5230\u5e95\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001\u7684\u597d\u5904\u4e0e\u5f0a\u7aef<\/p>\n \n- \n
\u597d\u5904：\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u62d3\u5c55\u6027<\/p>\n \u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0：\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u4f7f\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570，\u5c06\u6765\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u4f7f\u7528\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5f0a\u7aef：\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u6709\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n 2\u3001\u91cd\u5199\u3001\u91cd\u8f7d\u548c\u591a\u6001\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n\u91cd\u8f7d\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u591a\u6001<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u91cd\u8f7d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8c01,\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519<\/p>\n \u91cd\u5199\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u591a\u6001<\/p>\n \u8c03\u7528\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5f15\u7528，\u5728\u8fd0\u884c \u671f\u95f4\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u8c01，\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u54ea\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90a3\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002(java\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528，\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684)<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u591a\u6001\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h4>\n - \u591a\u6001\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u591a\u6001，\u5c5e\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u6001\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6，\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8c03\u7528\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u53ea\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u4e0d\u7136\u901a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7c7b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362，\u4f1a\u62a5：ClassCastException\u3002 \u6bd4\u5982：\u672c\u6765\u662f\u72d7，\u6211\u628a\u5b83\u8f6c\u6210\u732b\u3002\u5c31\u4f1a\u62a5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n
- \u591a\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8981\u67093\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6：\u8981\u6709\u7ee7\u627f，\u8981\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u5199，\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n
4\u3001\u591a\u6001\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/h4>\n\n- \u6709\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n
- \u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/li>\n
- \u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u4e0b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9，\u65e2\u7136\u591a\u6001\u5b58\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u201c\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u7236\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6，\u90a3\u4e48\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u591a\u6001\u7279\u6027\u7684（\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u91cd\u5199）：<\/p>\n - static\u65b9\u6cd5，\u56e0\u4e3a\u88abstatic\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684<\/li>\n
- final\u65b9\u6cd5，\u56e0\u4e3a\u88abfinal\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199<\/li>\n
- private\u65b9\u6cd5\u548cprotected\u65b9\u6cd5，\u524d\u8005\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u88abprivate\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1，\u540e\u8005\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u88ab protected\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u89c1\u5230，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199，\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u5916\u90e8\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684，\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5916\u90e8\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u8c08\u591a\u6001\u5462<\/li>\n
5\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed1\u5b9a(method binding)<\/h4>\n\u6267\u884c\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6，\u7cfb\u7edf\u6839\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f，\u80fd\u591f\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u5206\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a：<\/p>\n \u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5b8c\u6210，\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n \u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a：<\/p>\n \u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u91c7\u7528\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u867d\u7136\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7f16\u7a0b\u7075\u6d3b，\u4f46\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6267\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662fJAVA\u6bd4C\/C++\u901f\u5ea6\u6162\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002JAVA\u4e2d\u9664\u4e86final\u7c7b\u3001final\u65b9\u3001static\u65b9\u6cd5，\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u662fJVM\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u624d\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u591a\u6001：\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4，\u5c31\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n 6\u3001instanceof\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/h4>\n1\u3001instanceof<\/p>\n \u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540cjava\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n}<\/p>\n public class Teacher extends Person{
\n} <\/p>\n main：\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0b<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Object o = new Student();
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Student);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Person);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Object);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Teacher);\/\/false
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof String);\/\/false <\/p>\n<\/p>\n Person o = new Student();
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Student);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Person);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Object);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Teacher);\/\/false
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof String); <\/p>\n<\/p>\n Student o = new Student();
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Student);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Person);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Object);\/\/true
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Teacher);
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof String); <\/p>\n System.out.println(x instanceof Y);<\/p>\n \u3010\u5206\u67901\u3011<\/p>\n \u8be5\u4ee3\u7801\u80fd\u5426\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7，\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u770b\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cfx\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548cY\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5b50\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6709"\u5b50\u7236\u7c7b\u5173"\u7cfb\u5c31\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7，\u6ca1\u6709\u5b50\u7236\u7c7b\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e4b\u540e\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u6709\u70b9\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u5206\u67902\u3011<\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u662ftrue\u8fd8\u662ffalse,\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u770b\u53d8\u91cfx\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u4e0d\u662fY\u7c7b\u578b\u7684"\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b".<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Object o = new Person();
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Student);\/\/false
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Person);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Object);\/\/true
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof Teacher);\/\/false
\nSystem.out.println(o instanceof String);\/\/false <\/p>\n 2\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void run(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n public void go(){}
\n}<\/p>\n public class Teacher extends Person{
\n} <\/p>\n \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u56e0\u4e3ap\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7c7b\u578bPerson\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709go\u65b9\u6cd5
\nPerson p = new Student();
\np.go();<\/p>\n \/\/\u9700\u8981\u628a\u53d8\u91cfp\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362
\nPerson p = new Student();
\nStudent s = (Student)p;
\ns.go();<\/p>\n \/\/\u6216\u8005
\n\/\/\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u524d\u9762\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4fe9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u62ec\u53f7
\nPerson p = new Student();
\n((Student)p).go(); <\/p>\n \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7 \u8fd0\u884c\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898
\nObject o = new Student();
\nPerson p = (Person)o;<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7 \u8fd0\u884c\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898
\nObject o = new Student();
\nStudent s = (Student)o;<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u8fd0\u884c\u62a5\u9519
\nObject o = new Teacher();
\nStudent s = (Student)o; <\/p>\n \u5373: X x = (X)o;<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u662f\u5426\u62a5\u9519，\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d8\u91cfo\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b，\u662f\u4e0d\u662fX\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b，\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5219\u8fd0\u884c\u5c31\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u603b\u7ed3\u3011<\/p>\n - \n
\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5b50\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u5411\u7236\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u628a\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f4\u63a5\u8d4b\u7ed9\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u53eb\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u578b（upcasting），\u4e0d\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982Father father = new Son();<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u628a\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b50\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u53eb\u5411\u4e0b\u8f6c\u578b（downcasting），\u8981\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n \u5982father\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528，\u628afather\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5b50\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528son<\/p>\n \u5373Son son =（Son） father；<\/p>\n \u5176\u4e2dfather\u524d\u9762\u7684（Son）\u5fc5\u987b\u6dfb\u52a0，\u8fdb\u884c\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
upcasting \u4f1a\u4e22\u5931\u5b50\u7c7b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u662f\u5b50\u7c7boverriding \u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5b50\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u6548<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528，\u51cf\u5c11\u91cd\u590d\u4ee3\u7801，\u7236\u7c7b\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570，\u8c03\u6709\u65f6\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570，\u5c31\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u53d8\u5f97\u7b80\u6d01\u3002\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86JAVA\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/h3>\n1\u3001static\u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/h4>\n1\u3001static\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n \u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d,\u4f7f\u7528static\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf,\u5c31\u662f\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf,\u53cd\u4e4b\u4e3a\u975e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684，"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u540d\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee，\u975e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684，"\u5fc5\u987b"\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student{
\n private static int age;
\n private double score;
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s = new Student();
\n \/\/\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u540d\u8bbf\u95ee\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458
\n System.out.println(Student.age);
\n System.out.println(s.age);<\/p>\n System.out.println(s.score);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u800c\u8a00\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a，\u80fd\u88ab\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6240\u5171\u4eab\u3002\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4efd, \u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u3002（\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7c97\u7565\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf）<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student {
\n private static int count;
\n private int num;<\/p>\n public Student() {
\n count++;
\n num++;
\n }<\/p>\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n Student s1 = new Student();
\n Student s2 = new Student();
\n Student s3 = new Student();
\n Student s4 = new Student();
\n \/\/\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d,\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027
\n System.out.println(s1.num);\/\/1
\n System.out.println(s2.num);
\n System.out.println(s3.num);
\n System.out.println(s4.num);
\n System.out.println(Student.count);<\/p>\n System.out.println(s1.count);\/\/4
\n System.out.println(s2.count);
\n System.out.println(s3.count);
\n System.out.println(s4.count);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u5728\u52a0\u8f7d\u7c7b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58，\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58，\u6240\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u540d\u6765\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee，\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n 2\u3001static\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d，\u4f7f\u7528static\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u6210\u5458\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5c31\u662f\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，\u53cd\u4e4b\u4e3a\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u6570\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684，"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u540d\u6765\u8c03\u7528，\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684，"\u5fc5\u987b"\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5"\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5"\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u662f"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：this\u548csuper\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u975e\u9759\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u91cf.(\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student {
\n private static int count;
\n private int num;
\n public void run(){}
\n public static void go(){}
\n public static void test(){
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7
\n System.out.println(count);
\n go();<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\n System.out.println(num);
\n run();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4e5f"\u53ef\u4ee5"\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student {
\n private static int count;
\n private int num;<\/p>\n public void run() {
\n }<\/p>\n public static void go() {
\n }
\n public void test() {
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7
\n System.out.println(count);
\n go();
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7
\n System.out.println(num);
\n run();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u601d\u8003：\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u4e92\u8bbf\u95ee？ \u52a0\u8f7d\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u95ee\u9898！<\/p>\n \u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f，\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person {
\n public static void method() {}
\n}<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\npublic class Student extends Person {
\n public void method(){}
\n} <\/p>\n public class Person {
\n public static void test() {
\n System.out.println("Person");
\n }
\n}
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7,\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u5199
\npublic class Student extends Person {
\n public static void test(){
\n System.out.println("Student");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/main:
\nPerosn p = new Student();
\np.test();\/\/\u8f93\u51faPerson
\np = new Person();
\np.test();\/\/\u8f93\u51faPerosn <\/p>\n \u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u975e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5 ；<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person {
\n public void test() {
\n System.out.println("Person");
\n }
\n}
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\npublic class Student extends Person {
\n public static void test(){
\n System.out.println("Student");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 3\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u548c\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757<\/p>\n \u3010\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u548c\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person {
\n {
\n \/\/\u4ee3\u7801\u5757(\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757)
\n }
\n static{
\n \/\/\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u548c\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u7684\u6267\u884c\u3011<\/p>\n \u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u540d\u5b57,\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n \u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u662f\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u7684，\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6784\u9020\u5668\u6267\u884c\u4e4b\u524d，\u5728\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u662f\u5728\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c，\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d，\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u4f1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student {
\n {
\n System.out.println("\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757");
\n }<\/p>\n static{
\n System.out.println("\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757");
\n }<\/p>\n public Student(){
\n System.out.println("\u6784\u9020\u5668");
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n<\/p>\n \/\/main:
\nStudent s1 = new Student();
\nStudent s2 = new Student();
\nStudent s3 = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa：<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n \u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n \u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 \u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n \u3010\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u548c\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3011<\/p>\n \u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8d4b\u503c，\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e5f\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c，\u6240\u4ee5\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u7ed9\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8d4b\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person {
\n public static String name;
\n static{
\n name = "tom";
\n }
\n public Person(){
\n name = "zs";
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n main: System.out.println( Person.name ); \/\/tom<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5728\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u7ed9\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c，\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u80fd\u8d4b\u503c\u6210\u529f，\u56e0\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u5668\u662f\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u6307\u5411，\u4f46\u662f\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u540d\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n 4\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Student s = new Student(); <\/p>\n \u3010Student\u7c7b\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3011<\/p>\n - \u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d，\u540c\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9759\u6001\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/li>\n
- \u6267\u884c\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757<\/li>\n
- \u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4，\u540c\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u975e\u9759\u6001\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u8d4b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c,0\/false\/null)<\/li>\n
- \u8c03\u7528Student\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/li>\n
- \u5bf9Student\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u663e\u793a\u8d4b\u503c(\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd)<\/li>\n
- \u6267\u884c\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757<\/li>\n
- \u6267\u884c\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/li>\n
- \u8fd4\u56de\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740<\/li>\n
\u6ce8：\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u975e\u9759\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u663e\u793a\u8d4b\u503c\u662f\u5728\u7236\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u548c\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u6267\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n private String name = "zs";
\n public Person() {
\n System.out.println("Person\u6784\u9020\u5668");
\n print();
\n }
\n public void print(){
\n System.out.println("Person print\u65b9\u6cd5: name = "+name);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Student extends Person{
\n private String name = "tom";
\n {
\n System.out.println("Student\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757");
\n }
\n static{
\n System.out.println("Student\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757");
\n }
\n public Student(){
\n System.out.println("Student\u6784\u9020\u5668");
\n }
\n public void print(){
\n System.out.println("student print\u65b9\u6cd5: name = "+name);
\n }
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n new Student();
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u8f93\u51fa：<\/p>\n Student\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 Person\u6784\u9020\u5668 student print\u65b9\u6cd5: name = null Student\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757 Student\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Student s = new Student();
\n\/\/Student\u7c7b\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d
\n\/\/1.\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4,\u540c\u65f6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u975e\u9759\u6001\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u8d4b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c,0\/false\/null)
\n\/\/2.\u8c03\u7528Student\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u5668
\n\/\/3.\u5bf9Student\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u663e\u793a\u8d4b\u503c(\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd)
\n\/\/4.\u6267\u884c\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757
\n\/\/5.\u6267\u884c\u6784\u9020\u5668
\n\/\/6.\u8fd4\u56de\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740 <\/p>\n 5\u3001\u9759\u6001\u5bfc\u5165<\/p>\n \u9759\u6001\u5bfc\u5305\u5c31\u662fjava\u5305\u7684\u9759\u6001\u5bfc\u5165，\u7528import static\u4ee3\u66ffimport\u9759\u6001\u5bfc\u5165\u5305\u662fJDK1.5\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u610f\u601d\u662f\u5bfc\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u91cc\u7684\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u597d\u5904：\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u597d\u5904\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c，\u4f8b\u5982\u6253\u5370\u64cd\u4f5cSystem.out.println(\u2026);\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u5199\u5165\u4e00 \u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5print(\u2026)，\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u76f4\u63a5print(\u2026)\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u91cd\u590d\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f7f\u7528，\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u5230\u4e24\u6b21\u8c03\u7528，\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n import static java.lang.Math.random;
\nimport static java.lang.Math.PI;<\/p>\n public class Test {
\n public static void main(String[] args) {
\n \/\/\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u9700\u8981Math.random()\u8c03\u7528\u7684
\n System.out.println(random());
\n System.out.println(PI);
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 2\u3001final\u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/h4>\n1\u3001\u4fee\u9970\u7c7b<\/p>\n \u7528final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f，\u6ca1\u6709\u5b50\u7c7b<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u53bb\u7ee7\u627fString\u7c7b，\u7136\u540e\u5bf9String\u7c7b\u578b\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3aAPI\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u88abString\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3afinal<\/p>\n \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u7c7b:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public final class Action{<\/p>\n }<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\npublic class Go extends Action{<\/p>\n } <\/p>\n 2\u3001\u4fee\u9970\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n \u7528final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f，\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n \u4f8b\u5982：\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u90fd\u662fObject\u7c7b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b，\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86Object\u4e2d\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199toString\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001equals\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49，\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u5199getClass\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001wait\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49，\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u4f7f\u7528fianl\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public final void print(){}
\n}<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519
\npublic class Student extends Person{
\n public void print(){
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n 3\u3001\u4fee\u9970\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n \u7528final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u8868\u793a\u5e38\u91cf，\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e00\u6b21\u503c\u3002\u4f7f\u7528final\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5e38\u91cf\u4e86，\u56e0\u4e3a\u503c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u53d8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n \u3010\u4fee\u9970\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void print(final int a){
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u6b21\u8d4b\u503c,\u4f20\u53c2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d4b\u8fc7\u4e86
\n a = 1;
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n public void print(){
\n final int a;
\n a = 1;
\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u6b21\u8d4b\u503c
\n a = 2;
\n }
\n} <\/p>\n \u3010\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf-\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n private final int a;
\n}
\n\/*
\n\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u673a\u4f1a,\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u6b64\u53d8\u91cfa\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e:
\n\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u503c
\n\u533f\u540d\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c
\n\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c(\u7c7b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6784\u9020\u5668\u90fd\u8981\u5199)
\n*\/ <\/p>\n \u3010\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf-\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public class Person{
\n private static final int a;
\n}
\n\/*
\n\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u673a\u4f1a,\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u6b64\u53d8\u91cfa\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e:
\n\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u503c
\n\u9759\u6001\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e2d\u8d4b\u503c
\n*\/ <\/p>\n \u3010\u4fee\u9970\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u3011<\/p>\n<\/p>\n final Student s = new Student();
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u901a\u8fc7
\ns.setName("tom");
\ns.setName("zs");<\/p>\n \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u6539\u5f15\u7528s\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740
\ns = new Student(); <\/p>\n 3\u3001abstract\u4fee\u9970\u7b26<\/h4>\nabstract\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u4fee\u9970\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u9970\u7c7b，\u5982\u679c\u4fee\u9970\u65b9\u6cd5，\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4fee\u9970\u7c7b，\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u7c7b\u5c31\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n 1\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5，\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7c7b\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n 2\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public abstract class Action{
\n public abstract void doSomething();
\n}<\/p>\n public void doSomething(){…} <\/p>\n \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bb2：<\/p>\n "public void doSomething()"\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u3002 "{…}"\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0,\u5982\u679c\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u5199,\u5c31\u53eb\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7a7a\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p>\n \u58f0\u660e\u7c7b\u7684\u540c\u65f6，\u52a0\u4e0aabstract\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u5c31\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b \u58f0\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u52a0\u4e0aabstract\u4fee\u9970\u7b26，\u5e76\u4e14\u53bb\u6389\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u53e3\u53f7，\u540c\u65f6\u7ed3\u5c3e\u52a0\u4e0a\u5206\u53f7，\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n 3\u3001\u7279\u70b9\u53ca\u4f5c\u7528<\/h4>\n\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b，\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528new\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61，\u5b83\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8ba9\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u3002 \u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5，\u53ea\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u58f0\u660e，\u6ca1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0，\u5b83\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8ba9\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u540e，\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5426\u5219\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e5f\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n public abstract class Action{
\n public abstract void doSomething();
\n}<\/p>\n main:
\n\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519,\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fdnew\u5bf9\u8c61
\nAction a = new Action();<\/p>\n \/\/\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b
\npublic class Eat extends Action{
\n \/\/\u5b9e\u73b0\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5
\n public void doSomething(){
\n \/\/code
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n main:
\nAction a = new Eat();
\na.doSomething(); <\/p>\n \u6ce8：\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b，\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5426\u5219\u8be5\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e5f\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n 4\u3001\u601d\u8003<\/p>\n \u601d\u80031 : \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fdnew\u5bf9\u8c61，\u90a3\u4e48\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6784\u9020\u5668？<\/p>\n \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316，\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9，\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u5668\u4f1a\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u65f6\u8c03\u7528，\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u6784\u9020，\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528！<\/p>\n \u601d\u80032 : \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49（\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u7f16\u5199\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5）<\/p>\n \u6253\u4e2a\u6bd4\u65b9，\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272，\u5982\u679c\u53cd\u590d\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f88\u7e41\u7410\u548c\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b \u540e\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u89d2\u8272\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u627f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5，\u800c\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53c8\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd \u804c\u4e1a，\u6bcf\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u53c8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6280\u80fd，\u8981\u662f\u4f9d\u6b21\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u60f3\u5f53\u7b28\u62d9\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5，\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u7ee7 \u627f\u540e\u91cd\u5199\u8c03\u7528，\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u53bb\u5f88\u591a\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n \u603b\u4e4b\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u8d77\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u540e\u671f\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u548c\u91cd\u5199 \u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002\u91cd\u5199\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u5373\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u540d\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f46\u53c8\u975e\u540c\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n \u63a5\u53e3<\/h3>\n1\u3001\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/h4>\n\u666e\u901a\u7c7b：\u53ea\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0 \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b：\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u89c4\u8303(\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u6cd5) \u90fd\u6709！ \u63a5\u53e3：\u53ea\u6709\u89c4\u8303！<\/p>\n \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u63a5\u53e3？\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u7684\u533a\u522b？<\/p>\n | |
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/20260114045015-69672087b2de2.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/20260114045015-69672087cb7e6.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/20260114045015-69672087de8bb.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"helloword\"](\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/20260114045016-6967208817320.png\")
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