{"id":59153,"date":"2026-01-13T12:59:18","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T04:59:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/59153.html"},"modified":"2026-01-13T12:59:18","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T04:59:18","slug":"%e7%bb%99-hadoop-%e6%8f%92%e4%b8%8a-sql-%e7%9a%84%e7%bf%85%e8%86%80%ef%bc%9aapache-hive-%e6%9e%b6%e6%9e%84%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%9e%e6%88%98%e5%85%a8%e8%a7%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/59153.html","title":{"rendered":"\u7ed9 Hadoop \u63d2\u4e0a SQL \u7684\u7fc5\u8180\uff1aApache Hive \u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u5168\u89e3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>\u4e00\u3001 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Hive&#xff1f;&#xff08;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f SQL&#xff09;<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u6838\u5fc3\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>Apache Hive \u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 Hadoop \u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ed3\u5e93\u5de5\u5177\u3002<br \/>\n\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd&#xff1a;\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u4e00\u5f20\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868&#xff0c;\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd&#xff08;HQL&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u75db\u70b9&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4ee5\u524d&#xff1a;\u4e1a\u52a1\u63d0\u9700\u6c42&#xff1a;\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e0b\u6628\u5929\u7684\u7528\u6237\u65e5\u6d3b\u201d\u3002\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u71ac\u591c\u5199 500 \u884c MapReduce Java \u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u8c03\u8bd5\u534a\u5929&#xff0c;\u8dd1\u6162\u4e86\u8fd8\u5f97\u4f18\u5316\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u73b0\u5728&#xff1a;\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u5199\u4e00\u884c SQL&#xff1a;SELECT count(distinct user_id) FROM user_log WHERE date&#061;&#039;yesterday&#039;\u3002Hive \u81ea\u52a8\u628a\u5b83\u628a\u53d8\u6210 MapReduce \u4efb\u52a1\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9 Hadoop\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3. Hive vs \u4f20\u7edf\u6570\u636e\u5e93 (MySQL\/Oracle)<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u624b\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002 \u867d\u7136 Hive \u53ef\u4ee5\u5199 SQL&#xff0c;\u957f\u5f97\u50cf\u6570\u636e\u5e93&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7279\u6027RDBMS (MySQL)Hive<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">OLTP (\u8054\u673a\u4e8b\u52a1\u5904\u7406)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">OLAP (\u8054\u673a\u5206\u6790\u5904\u7406)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u901f\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u6beb\u79d2\u7ea7\u54cd\u5e94<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u5206\u949f\u7ea7\u751a\u81f3\u5c0f\u65f6\u7ea7\u5ef6\u8fdf (\u6279\u5904\u7406)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u6570\u636e\u91cf<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">GB ~ TB \u7ea7\u522b<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">PB \u7ea7\u522b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u66f4\u65b0<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u589e\u5220\u6539 (Update\/Delete)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u6781\u5c11\u4fee\u6539&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6279\u91cf\u5bfc\u5165 (Load)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u5e95\u5c42<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">HDFS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u6267\u884c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5f15\u64ce<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">MapReduce \/ Tez \/ Spark<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528 Hive \u53bb\u505a\u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u9a8c\u8bc1&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u7528\u6765\u505a\u79bb\u7ebf\u62a5\u8868\u5206\u6790\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u3001 Hive \u7684\u67b6\u6784\u539f\u7406&#xff1a;\u5b83\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u201c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201d\u7684&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<p>Hive \u7684\u67b6\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b98 &#043; \u56fe\u4e66\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u5143\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8 (Metastore) \u2014\u2014 \u56fe\u4e66\u7ba1\u7406\u5458<\/h4>\n<p>HDFS \u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u662f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6d41&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u5b57\u6bb5\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HDFS \u8bf4&#xff1a;\u6211\u5b58\u4e86 \/user\/data\/student.txt&#xff0c;\u5185\u5bb9\u662f 1,tom,18\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Hive \u8bf4&#xff1a;\u6211\u77e5\u9053&#xff01;\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u662f ID (int)&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u662f Name (string)&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e09\u5217\u662f Age (int)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6587\u4ef6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u5c31\u53eb\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3002 Hive \u901a\u5e38\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u5728 MySQL \u91cc\u3002Metastore \u662f Hive \u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u9a71\u52a8\u5668 (Driver) \u2014\u2014 \u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b98<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u6761 SQL \u65f6&#xff0c;Driver \u8d1f\u8d23&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u89e3\u6790 (Parser)&#xff1a;\u68c0\u67e5 SQL \u8bed\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7f16\u8bd1 (Compiler)&#xff1a;\u628a SQL \u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u903b\u8f91\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f18\u5316 (Optimizer)&#xff1a;\u628a\u903b\u8f91\u8ba1\u5212\u4f18\u5316&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u8c03\u6574 Join \u987a\u5e8f&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6267\u884c (Executor)&#xff1a;\u628a\u4f18\u5316\u540e\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u7269\u7406\u8ba1\u5212&#xff08;MapReduce\/Tez \u4efb\u52a1&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4ea4\u7ed9 Hadoop \u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e09\u3001 Hive \u6838\u5fc3\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b&#xff1a;\u8868\u3001\u5206\u533a\u3001\u6876<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5b58\u7684&#xff0c;\u662f\u5199\u597d Hive \u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u5185\u90e8\u8868 (Managed Table) vs \u5916\u90e8\u8868 (External Table)<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u9762\u8bd5\u5fc5\u8003\u9898&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5927\u5751\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5185\u90e8\u8868 (CREATE TABLE &#8230;)&#xff1a;\n<ul>\n<li>Hive \u8ba4\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5b83\u79c1\u6709\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 \/user\/hive\/warehouse\/\u8868\u540d \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u8868 (DROP TABLE) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u5143\u6570\u636e\u548c HDFS \u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664&#xff01;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u5916\u90e8\u8868 (CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE &#8230;)&#xff1a;\n<ul>\n<li>Hive \u8ba4\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u72ec\u5360\u7684&#xff08;\u53ef\u80fd\u522b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5728\u7528&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7 LOCATION \u6307\u5b9a HDFS \u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5220\u9664\u8868\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53ea\u5220\u9664\u5143\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;HDFS \u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0d\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u751f\u4ea7\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;95% \u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u8868&#xff01; \u9632\u6b62\u624b\u6296\u5220\u5e93\u8dd1\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5206\u533a\u8868 (Partition) \u2014\u2014 \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4ebf\u6761\u65e5\u5fd7&#xff0c;\u5305\u542b 2020 \u5e74\u5230 2023 \u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u201c2023-10-01\u201d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u5206\u533a&#xff1a;Hive \u4f1a\u626b\u63cf\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5939&#xff08;\u5168\u8868\u626b\u63cf&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6162\u5230\u7206\u70b8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5206\u533a&#xff1a;Hive \u4f1a\u628a\u6570\u636e\u6309\u76ee\u5f55\u5b58\u653e&#xff1a;\n<ul>\n<li>\/logs\/date&#061;20231001\/data.txt<\/li>\n<li>\/logs\/date&#061;20231002\/data.txt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u4f60\u67e5\u8be2 WHERE date&#061;&#039;20231001&#039; \u65f6&#xff0c;Hive \u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u8bfb&#xff0c;\u6548\u7387\u63d0\u5347\u51e0\u767e\u500d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3. \u5206\u6876\u8868 (Bucket)<\/h4>\n<p>\u5206\u533a\u662f\u5206\u76ee\u5f55&#xff0c;\u5206\u6876\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u62c6\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6&#xff08;\u6839\u636e\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5927\u8868 Join \u5927\u8868 \u7684\u4f18\u5316&#xff08;SMB Join&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u62bd\u6837\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u56db\u3001 Hive \u5b9e\u6218\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u5efa\u8868\u8bed\u6cd5 (DDL)<\/h4>\n<p>\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u8868&#xff0c;\u4e14\u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> EXTERNAL <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">IF<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> student <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    id <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">COMMENT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u5b66\u53f7&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    name STRING <span class=\"token keyword\">COMMENT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u59d3\u540d&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    age <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">COMMENT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u5e74\u9f84&#039;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">COMMENT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u5b66\u751f\u4fe1\u606f\u8868&#039;<\/span><br \/>\nPARTITIONED <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>grade STRING <span class=\"token keyword\">COMMENT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\u5e74\u7ea7&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u6309\u7167\u5e74\u7ea7\u5206\u533a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">ROW<\/span> FORMAT DELIMITED <span class=\"token keyword\">FIELDS<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TERMINATED<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\\\\t&#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u6570\u636e\u662f\u7528 tab \u952e\u5206\u9694\u7684<\/span><br \/>\nSTORED <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> TEXTFILE <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u5b58\u50a8\u683c\u5f0f<\/span><br \/>\nLOCATION <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/user\/data\/student&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u6307\u5b9a HDFS \u8def\u5f84<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u5165 (DML)<\/h4>\n<p>Hive \u4e0d\u50cf MySQL \u90a3\u6837\u7528 INSERT INTO &#8230; VALUES &#8230;&#xff08;\u592a\u6162&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7528\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u4ece\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u52a0\u8f7d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; load data local: \u4ece Linux \u672c\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; overwrite: \u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u6570\u636e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">LOAD<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">DATA<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">LOCAL<\/span> INPATH <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/home\/admin\/data.txt&#039;<\/span><br \/>\nOVERWRITE <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> student <span class=\"token keyword\">PARTITION<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>grade<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;2022&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4ece HDFS \u52a0\u8f7d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u4e0d\u52a0 local&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f HDFS \u5185\u90e8\u79fb\u52a8&#xff08;\u526a\u5207&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">LOAD<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">DATA<\/span> INPATH <span class=\"token string\">&#039;\/tmp\/data.txt&#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> student <span class=\"token keyword\">PARTITION<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>grade<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;2023&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\u63d2\u5165\u53e6\u4e00\u5f20\u8868&#xff08;ETL \u5e38\u7528&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> OVERWRITE <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> student_stat <span class=\"token keyword\">PARTITION<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>grade<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;2023&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">avg<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>age<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> student <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> grade<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;2023&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3. \u67e5\u8be2\u8bed\u6cd5 (DQL)<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u548c MySQL \u4e00\u6837&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301 Join, Group By, Order By, Window Functions&#xff08;\u7a97\u53e3\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7a97\u53e3\u51fd\u6570\u662f Hive \u7684\u5f3a\u9879&#xff0c;\u505a\u6392\u540d\u7edf\u8ba1\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf&#xff1a;<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u7edf\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73ed\u7ea7\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u540d<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> class<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> score<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    RANK<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">OVER<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">PARTITION<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> class <span class=\"token keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> score <span class=\"token keyword\">DESC<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as<\/span> rk<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> score_table<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> t<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>rk <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e94\u3001 \u8fdb\u9636&#xff1a;Hive \u8c03\u4f18\u6307\u5357&#xff08;\u5927\u5382\u5fc5\u5907&#xff09;<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f1a\u5199 SQL \u53ea\u662f\u5165\u95e8&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u8c03\u4f18\u624d\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002Hive \u8dd1\u5f97\u6162&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u503e\u659c\u6216\u5b58\u50a8\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u5b58\u50a8\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0e\u538b\u7f29 (Storage Format)<\/h4>\n<p>\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 TEXTFILE&#xff08;\u7eaf\u6587\u672c&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u65e2\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c8\u6162\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u63a8\u8350\u7ec4\u5408&#xff1a;ORC \u5b58\u50a8 &#043; Snappy \u538b\u7f29 \u6216\u8005 Parquet \u5b58\u50a8 &#043; Snappy \u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u539f\u7406&#xff1a;ORC \u548c Parquet \u662f\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\n<ul>\n<li>SELECT name FROM table&#xff1a;\u884c\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u884c\u6570\u636e&#xff1b;\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u53ea\u8bfb\u53d6 name \u8fd9\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5757&#xff0c;IO \u51cf\u5c11 90%\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>2. \u89e3\u51b3\u6570\u636e\u503e\u659c (Data Skew)<\/h4>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;MapReduce \u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d&#xff0c;99% \u7684 Reduce \u90fd\u8dd1\u5b8c\u4e86&#xff0c;\u5269\u4e0b 1\u4e2a Reduce \u5361\u5728 99% \u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u52a8\u3002<br \/>\n\u539f\u56e0&#xff1a;\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a Key \u7684\u6570\u636e\u7279\u522b\u591a&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982 null \u503c&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u5927 V \u7684\u7c89\u4e1d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5168\u5206\u53d1\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a Reduce \u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u8282&#xff1a;\u5f00\u542f\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u3002<span class=\"token keyword\">set<\/span> hive<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>groupby<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>skewindata <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">true<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>\n<p>\u539f\u7406&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a MR Job\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a Job \u968f\u673a\u5206\u53d1\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u6253\u6563\u70ed\u70b9&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a Job \u518d\u505a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u805a\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<li>SQL \u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;\n<ul>\n<li>\u628a null \u503c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6389\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed9\u70ed\u70b9 Key \u52a0\u4e0a\u968f\u673a\u6570\u540e\u7f00\u6253\u6563\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3. \u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>HDFS \u6700\u6015\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6&#xff08;\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u6491\u7206 NameNode&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input \u7aef&#xff1a;\u7528 CombineHiveInputFormat \u628a\u591a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a Split\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Output \u7aef&#xff1a;\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4ea7\u751f\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u5f00\u542f hive.merge.mapfiles \u81ea\u52a8\u5408\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516d\u3001 \u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5f00\u53d1\u6bd4\u4f5c\u76d6\u623f\u5b50&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hadoop \u662f\u5730\u57fa\u548c\u94a2\u7b4b\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Hive \u5c31\u662f\u7cbe\u88c5\u4fee\u3002\u5b83\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u94a2\u7b4b\u6c34\u6ce5&#xff08;MapReduce&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u4f4f\u5728\u8212\u670d\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u91cc&#xff0c;\u7528\u4eba\u7c7b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00&#xff08;SQL&#xff09;\u6765\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u638c\u63e1 Hive \u7684\u5173\u952e\u8def\u5f84&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u7406\u89e3\u5143\u6570\u636e\u4e0eHDFS\u6570\u636e\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u517b\u6210\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u548c\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u719f\u7ec3\u4f7f\u7528\u7a97\u53e3\u51fd\u6570\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u6742\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u61c2\u5f97\u5229\u7528\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u538b\u7f29\u6765\u63d0\u5347 10 \u500d\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u638c\u63e1\u4e86 Hive&#xff0c;\u4f60\u5c31\u771f\u6b63\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u9a7e\u9a6d PB \u7ea7\u6d77\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u80fd\u529b&#xff0c;\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u5408\u683c\u7684\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb616\u6b21\uff0c\u70b9\u8d5e23\u6b21\uff0c\u6536\u85cf6\u6b21\u3002Apache Hive\u662f\u57fa\u4e8eHadoop\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ed3\u5e93\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9bSQL\u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd(HQL)\u3002\u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edfMapReduce\u7f16\u7a0b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528SQL\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3002Hive\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3aOLAP\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5904\u7406PB\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u6279\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u4f9d\u8d56HDFS\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u67b6\u6784\u5305\u542b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8(Metastore)\u548cSQL\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9a71\u52a8\u5668(Driver)\u3002\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u652f\u6301\u5185\u90e8\u8868\/\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u3001\u5206\u533a\u8868\u548c\u5206\u6876\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u53ef\u9632\u6b62\u8bef\u5220\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b9e\u6218\u4e2d\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7DDL\u5efa\u8868\u3001DML\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e\u548cDQL\u67e5\u8be2\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-59153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u7ed9 Hadoop \u63d2\u4e0a SQL \u7684\u7fc5\u8180\uff1aApache Hive \u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u5168\u89e3 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/59153.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u7ed9 Hadoop \u63d2\u4e0a SQL \u7684\u7fc5\u8180\uff1aApache Hive \u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u5168\u89e3 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb616\u6b21\uff0c\u70b9\u8d5e23\u6b21\uff0c\u6536\u85cf6\u6b21\u3002Apache Hive\u662f\u57fa\u4e8eHadoop\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ed3\u5e93\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9bSQL\u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd(HQL)\u3002\u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edfMapReduce\u7f16\u7a0b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528SQL\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3002Hive\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3aOLAP\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5904\u7406PB\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u6279\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u4f9d\u8d56HDFS\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u67b6\u6784\u5305\u542b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8(Metastore)\u548cSQL\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9a71\u52a8\u5668(Driver)\u3002\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u652f\u6301\u5185\u90e8\u8868\/\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u3001\u5206\u533a\u8868\u548c\u5206\u6876\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u53ef\u9632\u6b62\u8bef\u5220\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b9e\u6218\u4e2d\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7DDL\u5efa\u8868\u3001DML\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e\u548cDQL\u67e5\u8be2\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\" 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