{"id":56985,"date":"2025-08-15T06:19:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-14T22:19:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/56985.html"},"modified":"2025-08-15T06:19:41","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T22:19:41","slug":"%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b%e4%b8%8e%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6-02-017-python-%e9%9d%a2%e5%90%91%e5%af%b9%e8%b1%a1%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b-02%e8%af%be%e9%a2%98%e3%80%81%e7%b1%bb%e5%92%8c%e5%af%b9%e8%b1%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/56985.html","title":{"rendered":"\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66 02-017 Python \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b 02\u8bfe\u9898\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<h4>\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66 02-017 Python \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b 02\u8bfe\u9898\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e00\u3001\u7c7b&#xff08;Class&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e00&#xff09;\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u8bed\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u5173\u952e\u70b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e8c\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;Object&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e00&#xff09;\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<li>&#xff08;\u4e09&#xff09;\u5173\u952e\u70b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u793a\u4f8b<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\u793a\u4f8b 1&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a &#096;Person&#096; \u7c7b<\/li>\n<li>\u793a\u4f8b 2&#xff1a;\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u591a\u6001<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u56db\u3001\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u7ed3<\/li>\n<li>\u4e94\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>Q1&#xff1a;&#096;self&#096; \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>Q2&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u533a\u522b&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>Q3&#xff1a;\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u516d\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>1. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff08;Type Hints&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>(1) \u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a<\/li>\n<li>(2) \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a<\/li>\n<li>(3) \u590d\u6742\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u9700 &#096;typing&#096; \u6a21\u5757&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2. \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff08;Type Checking&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>\u5de5\u5177\u793a\u4f8b<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>(1) \u4f7f\u7528 &#096;mypy&#096; \u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/li>\n<li>(2) IDE \u652f\u6301&#xff08;\u5982 PyCharm\u3001VSCode&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>3. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7528\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>(1) \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;Type Aliases&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>(2) \u6cdb\u578b&#xff08;Generics&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>(3) \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>(4) \u7c7b\u578b\u5b88\u536b&#xff08;Type Guards&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>4. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a vs \u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>5. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>6. \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u7efc\u5408\u5e94\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e03\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**1. \u7c7b\u5373\u7c7b\u578b**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**(1) \u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u578b**<\/li>\n<li>**(2) \u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e5f\u662f\u7c7b**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**2. \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**(1) \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u6027**<\/li>\n<li>**(2) \u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u5373\u7c7b\u578b\u5173\u7cfb**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**3. &#096;type&#096; \u548c &#096;object&#096; \u7684\u5173\u7cfb**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**\u5173\u7cfb\u56fe\u793a**<\/li>\n<li>**\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95ed\u73af**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**4. \u52a8\u6001\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b&#xff08;&#096;type&#096; \u7684\u7528\u6cd5&#xff09;**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**(1) \u901a\u8fc7 &#096;type&#096; \u52a8\u6001\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b**<\/li>\n<li>**(2) \u52a8\u6001\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b9\u6cd5**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**5. \u5143\u7c7b&#xff08;Metaclass&#xff09;**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**(1) \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5143\u7c7b**<\/li>\n<li>**(2) \u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**6. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u603b\u7ed3**<\/li>\n<li>**7. \u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u793a\u4f8b**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**(1) \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u540d**<\/li>\n<li>**(2) \u5de5\u5382\u6a21\u5f0f**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>**8. \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898**<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>**Q&#xff1a;&#096;type&#096; \u548c &#096;object&#096; \u8c01\u66f4\u57fa\u7840&#xff1f;**<\/li>\n<li>**Q&#xff1a;Python \u662f\u201c\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b&#xff1f;**<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u5168\u6587\u603b\u7ed3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6458\u8981&#xff1a;Python\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ee5\u7c7b\u5c01\u88c5\u5c5e\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u6269\u5c55&#xff0c;\u7ed3\u5408\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f&#xff0c;\u5728Web\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u3001GUI\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u843d\u5730&#xff0c;\u63d0\u5347\u590d\u7528\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u5316&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7075\u6d3b\u6df7\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd&#xff1a;Python\u3001\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u7c7b\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u52a9\u624b&#xff1a;Kimi<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001\u7c7b&#xff08;Class&#xff09;<\/h2>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e00&#xff09;\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7c7b \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u677f&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 \u7ed3\u6784&#xff08;\u5c5e\u6027&#xff09;\u548c \u884c\u4e3a&#xff08;\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ClassName<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027&#xff08;\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u5171\u4eab&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    class_attribute <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> value<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> param1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> param2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>instance_attribute1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> param1  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>instance_attribute2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> param2<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">method_name<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;This is a method.&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;classmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">class_method<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;This is a class method.&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u7c7b\u6216\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;staticmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">static_method<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;This is a static method.&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u5173\u952e\u70b9<\/h4>\n<li>\n<p>__init__ \u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>self \u4ee3\u8868\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff08;\u7c7b\u4f3c Java\/C&#043;&#043; \u7684 this&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027 vs \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027&#xff1a;\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5171\u4eab&#xff08;\u5982 class_attribute&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u72ec\u6709&#xff08;\u5982 instance_attribute1&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f self&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u64cd\u4f5c\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027&#xff08;\u7528 &#064;classmethod \u4fee\u9970&#xff0c;\u53c2\u6570\u662f cls&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u4e0e\u7c7b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u7528 &#064;staticmethod \u4fee\u9970&#xff0c;\u65e0 self \u6216 cls&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;Object&#xff09;<\/h2>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e00&#xff09;\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u8c61 \u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff0c;\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u50a8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e8c&#xff09;\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\nobj <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> ClassName<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;value1&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;value2&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8bbf\u95ee\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>instance_attribute1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: value1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\nobj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>method_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: This is a method.<\/span><br \/>\nClassName<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>class_method<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: This is a class method.<\/span><br \/>\nClassName<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>static_method<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: This is a static method.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>&#xff08;\u4e09&#xff09;\u5173\u952e\u70b9<\/h4>\n<li>\n<p>\u52a8\u6001\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n<p>Python \u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u6dfb\u52a0\/\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p> obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>new_attribute <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Dynamic!&#034;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u52a8\u6001\u6dfb\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>new_attribute<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Dynamic!<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u72ec\u7acb\u6027<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> obj1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> ClassName<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;A&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\nobj2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> ClassName<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;B&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>obj1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>instance_attribute1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: A<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>obj2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>instance_attribute1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: B<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u793a\u4f8b<\/h2>\n<h4>\u793a\u4f8b 1&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a Person \u7c7b<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n    species <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Homo sapiens&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> name  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>age <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> age<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">greet<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;Hello, my name is <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">!&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;classmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get_species<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>species<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">&#064;staticmethod<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">is_adult<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>age<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> age <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\nalice <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">25<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8bbf\u95ee\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>alice<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Alice<\/span><br \/>\nalice<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>greet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Hello, my name is Alice!<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>get_species<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Homo sapiens<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>is_adult<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: True<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u793a\u4f8b 2&#xff1a;\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u591a\u6001<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> NotImplementedError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Subclasses must implement this method.&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Woof!&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Cat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Meow!&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u591a\u6001\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\nanimals <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> animal <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> animals<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>speak<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa:<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Woof!<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Meow!<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u56db\u3001\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6982\u5ff5\u8bf4\u660e\u793a\u4f8b<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7c7b&#xff08;Class&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u677f&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>class Person:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff08;Object&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff0c;\u62e5\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<td>person &#061; Person(&#034;Alice&#034;, 25)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>__init__<\/td>\n<td>\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>def __init__(self, name):<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<td>self.name &#061; name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<td>species &#061; &#034;Homo sapiens&#034;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>def greet(self):<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u64cd\u4f5c\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>&#064;classmethod def get_species(cls):<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e\u7c7b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>&#064;staticmethod def is_adult(age):<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ee7\u627f<\/td>\n<td>\u5b50\u7c7b\u590d\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u903b\u8f91<\/td>\n<td>class Dog(Animal):<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u591a\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/td>\n<td>dog.speak() vs cat.speak()<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e94\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898<\/h2>\n<h4>Q1&#xff1a;self \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>self \u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u7684 this\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Python \u5f3a\u5236\u663e\u5f0f\u4f20\u9012 self&#xff0c;\u4f46\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u65e0\u9700\u624b\u52a8\u4f20\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Q2&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u533a\u522b&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u63a5\u6536 cls \u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7c7b\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u65e0 self \u6216 cls&#xff0c;\u4ec5\u662f\u5de5\u5177\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Q3&#xff1a;\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u79c1\u6709\u5c5e\u6027&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 _ \u6216 __ \u524d\u7f00&#xff08;\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210&#xff0c;\u975e\u5f3a\u5236&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>_protected <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">123<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u63d0\u793a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__private <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">456<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\"># \u540d\u79f0\u4fee\u9970&#xff08;\u5b9e\u9645\u53d8\u4e3a _MyClass__private&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u89e3\u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u3001\u53ef\u590d\u7528\u7684 Python \u4ee3\u7801&#xff01;<\/p>\n<h2>\u516d\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/h2>\n<h3>1. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff08;Type Hints&#xff09;<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728 Python \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff08;Type Hints&#xff09; \u548c \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff08;Type Checking&#xff09; \u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5\u6355\u83b7\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e \u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5 \u7684\u8303\u7574&#xff08;\u5c3d\u7ba1 Python \u4ecd\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00&#xff09;\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u6790&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h4>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff08;Python \u4ecd\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46 IDE \u548c\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u636e\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5206\u6790\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a<\/h5>\n<p>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\"># \u58f0\u660e name \u662f str \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\nage<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">25<\/span>                <span class=\"token comment\"># \u58f0\u660e age \u662f int \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\nis_student<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\"># \u58f0\u660e is_student \u662f bool \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\nscores<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">90.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">88.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># Python 3.9&#043; \u7684\u5217\u8868\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">greet<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u53c2\u6570 name \u662f str&#xff0c;\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662f str<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;Hello, <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">calculate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> b<\/p>\n<h5>(3) \u590d\u6742\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u9700 typing \u6a21\u5757&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> List<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Dict<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Tuple<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Optional<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Union<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178<\/span><br \/>\nnames<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> List<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bob&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span>                  <span class=\"token comment\"># Python 3.8 \u53ca\u66f4\u65e9\u7248\u672c<\/span><br \/>\nages<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Dict<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">25<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bob&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b57\u5178\u952e\u4e3a str&#xff0c;\u503c\u4e3a int<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u53ef\u9009\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a None&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\nmaybe_name<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Optional<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e Union[str, None]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8054\u5408\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token builtin\">id<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Union<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># id \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f int \u6216 str<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5143\u7ec4<\/span><br \/>\npoint<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Tuple<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>2. \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff08;Type Checking&#xff09;<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u5177&#xff08;\u5982 mypy\u3001PyCharm\u3001VSCode \u63d2\u4ef6&#xff09;\u9759\u6001\u5206\u6790\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a&#xff0c;\u4f46\u80fd\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u5de5\u5177\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u4f7f\u7528 mypy \u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/h5>\n<li>\u5b89\u88c5 mypy&#xff1a;pip <span class=\"token function\">install<\/span> mypy\n <\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd0\u884c\u68c0\u67e5&#xff1a;mypy your_script.py\n <\/li>\n<li>\u793a\u4f8b\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;<span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<\/p>\n<p>result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> add<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;world&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># mypy \u4f1a\u62a5\u9519&#xff1a;\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<h5>(2) IDE \u652f\u6301&#xff08;\u5982 PyCharm\u3001VSCode&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 IDE \u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u63d0\u4f9b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u52a8\u8865\u5168<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\u9ad8\u4eae<\/li>\n<li>\u4ee3\u7801\u5bfc\u822a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>3. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7528\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<h4>(1) \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;Type Aliases&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> List<\/p>\n<p>UserId <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u578b\u522b\u540d<\/span><br \/>\nuser_ids<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> List<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>UserId<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>(2) \u6cdb\u578b&#xff08;Generics&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> TypeVar<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Generic<\/p>\n<p>T <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> TypeVar<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;T&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Box<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Generic<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>T<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> item<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> T<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>item <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> item<\/p>\n<p>int_box<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Box<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Box<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">123<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\"># \u660e\u786e\u6307\u5b9a\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\nstr_box<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Box<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Box<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\"># \u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>(3) \u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> Callable<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u6536\u4e24\u4e2a int \u53c2\u6570\u3001\u8fd4\u56de str \u7684\u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\nMathFunc <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Callable<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">multiply<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> MathFunc <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> multiply  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u578b\u5339\u914d<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>(4) \u7c7b\u578b\u5b88\u536b&#xff08;Type Guards&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> Union<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">is_str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Union<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Union<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> is_str<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6b64\u5904 IDE \u77e5\u9053 x \u662f str \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\"># \u6b64\u5904 x \u662f int \u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>4. \u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a vs \u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7279\u6027\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff08;Type Hints&#xff09;\u4f20\u7edf\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f71\u54cd<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0&#xff08;\u4ec5\u662f\u6ce8\u91ca&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5de5\u5177\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<td>IDE \u8865\u5168\u3001mypy \u68c0\u67e5<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u66f4\u6e05\u6670&#xff0c;\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<td>\u9700\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u7801\u63a8\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u4f5c<\/td>\n<td>\u5feb\u901f\u811a\u672c\u3001\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>5. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<li>\u51cf\u5c11 Bug&#xff1a;\u63d0\u524d\u6355\u83b7\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef&#xff08;\u5982 str \u8bef\u4f20\u4e3a int&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6587\u6863&#xff1a;\u4ee3\u7801\u81ea\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u989d\u5916\u6ce8\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>IDE \u652f\u6301&#xff1a;\u81ea\u52a8\u8865\u5168\u3001\u91cd\u6784\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u4f5c&#xff1a;\u660e\u786e\u63a5\u53e3\u9884\u671f&#xff0c;\u964d\u4f4e\u6c9f\u901a\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>6. \u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Python \u4ecd\u4e3a\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6027\u80fd\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u91c7\u7528&#xff1a;\u65e7\u9879\u76ee\u53ef\u9010\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u7efc\u5408\u5e94\u7528<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> typing <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> List<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Dict<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Optional<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process_data<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    data<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> List<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>Dict<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Union<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    threshold<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Optional<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Dict<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c&#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> item <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>item<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;value&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> threshold <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> item<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;value&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> threshold<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n                result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>item<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> item<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;value&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> result<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u4f7f\u7528<\/span><br \/>\ndata <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;A&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;value&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;name&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;B&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;value&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;invalid&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><br \/>\nstats <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> process_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> threshold<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># IDE \u548c mypy \u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;Python \u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u52a8\u6001\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u540c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u63a5\u8fd1\u9759\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e03\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u7c7b\u578b<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728 Python \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7c7b&#xff08;Class&#xff09; \u548c \u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;Type&#xff09; \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6e90\u4e8e Python \u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u6790&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>1. \u7c7b\u5373\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u578b<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5728 Python \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7c7b&#xff08;\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u3001\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b&#xff09;\u90fd\u662f type \u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u4f60\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u65f6&#xff0c;Python \u5e95\u5c42\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 type \u6765\u521b\u5efa\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f type&#xff0c;\u800c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f &#096;type&#096;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: &lt;class &#039;type&#039;&gt;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab<\/span><br \/>\nalice <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>alice<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: &lt;class &#039;__main__.Person&#039;&gt;<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e5f\u662f\u7c7b<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Python \u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u5982 int\u3001str\u3001list&#xff09;\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u540c\u6837\u662f type\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: &lt;class &#039;type&#039;&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: &lt;class &#039;type&#039;&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">list<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: &lt;class &#039;type&#039;&gt;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>2. \u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u6027<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 isinstance() \u6216 type() \u68c0\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u578b\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u540d\u76f4\u63a5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>num <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>num<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># True&#xff08;int \u662f\u7c7b\/\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>s <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\"># True&#xff08;str \u662f\u7c7b\/\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u5373\u7c7b\u578b\u5173\u7cfb<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e5f\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff08;\u7ee7\u627f\u5373\u7c7b\u578b\u6d3e\u751f&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e0e\u9759\u6001\u8bed\u8a00&#xff08;\u5982 Java&#xff09;\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p>dog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\"># True<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># True&#xff08;Dog \u7ee7\u627f\u81ea Animal&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>3. type \u548c object \u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>Python \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>type<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; \u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b&#xff08;\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab&#xff09;\u3002- type \u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u662f object\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>object<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; \u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff08;\u5305\u62ec type&#xff09;\u3002- object \u7684\u7c7b\u662f type\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>\u5173\u7cfb\u56fe\u793a<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u67e5\u770b\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">issubclass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">object<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># True: type -&gt; object<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">object<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># True: object \u662f type \u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># type \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>                <span class=\"token comment\"># &lt;class &#039;type&#039;&gt;<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95ed\u73af<\/h5>\n<p>object (\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b)<br \/>\n\u2191<br \/>\ntype (\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u5143\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec object \u548c type \u81ea\u8eab)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>4. \u52a8\u6001\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b&#xff08;type \u7684\u7528\u6cd5&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u901a\u8fc7 type \u52a8\u6001\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b<\/h5>\n<p>type(name, bases, dict) \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>name: \u7c7b\u540d<\/li>\n<li>bases: \u7236\u7c7b\u5143\u7ec4<\/li>\n<li>dict: \u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b57\u5178<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e &#096;class Dog: pass&#096;<\/span><br \/>\nDog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Dog&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>dog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># &lt;class &#039;__main__.Dog&#039;&gt;<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u52a8\u6001\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">bark<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Woof!&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u521b\u5efa\u7c7b\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\nDog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Dog&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;bark&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> bark<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\ndog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\ndog<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>bark<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Woof!<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>5. \u5143\u7c7b&#xff08;Metaclass&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5143\u7c7b\u662f\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u63a7\u5236\u7c7b\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u884c\u4e3a&#xff08;\u5982\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u7b49&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u5143\u7c7b\u662f type&#xff0c;\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>(1) \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5143\u7c7b<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Meta<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">__new__<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> bases<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> attrs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;Creating class: <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>__new__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> bases<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> attrs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u4f7f\u7528\u5143\u7c7b<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>metaclass<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>Meta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># \u8f93\u51fa: Creating class: Person<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>ORM \u6846\u67b6&#xff08;\u5982 Django \u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>API \u63a5\u53e3\u81ea\u52a8\u6ce8\u518c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f3a\u5236\u7ea6\u675f\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>6. \u7c7b\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6982\u5ff5\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7c7b\u662f\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<td>class A \u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u662f A&#xff0c;isinstance(obj, A) \u76f4\u63a5\u53ef\u7528\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea object<\/td>\n<td>\u5305\u62ec int\u3001str \u7b49\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u662f type \u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/td>\n<td>type \u662f\u201c\u7c7b\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u201d&#xff0c;type(obj) \u8fd4\u56de\u5176\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5143\u7c7b\u63a7\u5236\u7c7b\u7684\u521b\u5efa<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7\u7ee7\u627f type \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6210\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>7. \u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n<h5>(1) \u7c7b\u578b\u6ce8\u89e3\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u540d<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">greet<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>person<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> Person<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># Person \u662f\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;Hello, <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>person<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5>(2) \u5de5\u5382\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h5>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Cat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">pass<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create_animal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>animal_type<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> Animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> animal_type<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u4f20\u5165\u7c7b&#xff08;\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570<\/span><\/p>\n<p>dog <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> create_animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># Dog \u662f\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>8. \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898<\/h4>\n<h5>Q&#xff1a;type \u548c object \u8c01\u66f4\u57fa\u7840&#xff1f;<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>object \u662f\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec type\u3002<\/li>\n<li>type \u662f\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec object \u548c\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e24\u8005\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u95ed\u73af\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Q&#xff1a;Python \u662f\u201c\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b&#xff1f;<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5173\u6ce8\u884c\u4e3a&#xff08;\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7c7b\/\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u6587\u6863\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e8c\u8005\u4e92\u8865&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u7c7b\u5373\u7c7b\u578b\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u638c\u63e1 Python \u7684\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff01;<\/p>\n<h2>\u5168\u6587\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406 Python \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u9759\u6001\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1b;\u5e76\u603b\u7ed3\u5176\u7b80\u6d01\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u6027\u3001\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u8bbf\u95ee\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u53ca\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u516d\u5927\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5217\u4e3e Web \u5f00\u53d1\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u89c6\u56fe\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u89d2\u8272\u4e0e\u72b6\u6001\u3001GUI \u7ec4\u4ef6\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u7ba1\u9053\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u53ca\u5de5\u5382\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\u4e30\u5bcc\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u5c55\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u7528 OOP \u63d0\u5347\u590d\u7528\u4e0e\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb24\u6b21\u3002Python\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ee5\u7c7b\u5c01\u88c5\u5c5e\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u5728Web\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u3001GUI\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u843d\u5730\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u590d\u7528\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7075\u6d3b\u6df7\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,190,4406,5940,4405,5366],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-56985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-python","tag-190","tag-4406","tag-5940","tag-4405","tag-5366"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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