\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u8303\u5f0f：\u628a\u201c\u597d\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u5199\u8fdb\u8868\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u6743\u9650：\u628a\u201c\u8c01\u80fd\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u5199\u8fdb\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2：\u628a\u201c\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u6570\u636e\u201d\u5199\u8fdb WHERE<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u6848\u4f8b：\u628a\u8303\u5f0f\u3001\u6743\u9650\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u4e32\u6210\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed：\u7406\u8bba\u843d\u5730\u4e09\u677f\u65a7<\/p>\n
1.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8c08\u8303\u5f0f \u628a\u6570\u636e\u62c6\u5f97\u5408\u7406，\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u66f4\u65b0\u66f4\u5feb\u3001\u5197\u4f59\u66f4\u5c11\u3001\u9501\u51b2\u7a81\u66f4\u4f4e；\u62c6\u5f97\u8fc7\u5934，\u53c8\u4f1a\u8ba9\u67e5\u8be2\u53d8\u6162\u3001Join \u53d8\u591a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64，\u7406\u89e3\u8303\u5f0f\u4e0d\u662f\u80cc\u5b9a\u4e49，\u800c\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u5728\u201c\u8282\u7701\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u6743\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n
1.2 \u7b2c\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f（1NF）：\u5217\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u5206 \u5b9a\u4e49：\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bb5\u503c\u90fd\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u7684，\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u62c6\u3002 \u793a\u4f8b： \u9519\u8bef\u8bbe\u8ba1：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_order(
\n order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
\n product_list VARCHAR(500) — "\u82f9\u679c,3;\u9999\u8549,2"
\n); <\/p>\n
\u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_order_item(
\n order_id INT,
\n product_name VARCHAR(50),
\n qty INT,
\n PRIMARY KEY(order_id, product_name)
\n); <\/p>\n
\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a：<\/p>\n
\u628a JSON\u3001CSV \u76f4\u63a5\u585e\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5，\u867d\u7136\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u201c\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u201d，\u4f46\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u4ecd\u8fdd\u53cd 1NF，\u5bfc\u81f4\u540e\u7eed WHERE\u3001GROUP BY \u65e0\u6cd5\u8d70\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u7528 ENUM \u5b58\u591a\u9009\u503c（\u5982 ENUM('A,B','B,C')），\u540c\u6837\u8fdd\u53cd 1NF\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
1.3 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u8303\u5f0f（2NF）：\u6d88\u9664\u90e8\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56 \u524d\u63d0：\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u6ee1\u8db3 1NF\u3002 \u5b9a\u4e49：\u975e\u4e3b\u952e\u5217\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u201d\u4e3b\u952e，\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e3b\u952e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u793a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_score(
\n stu_id INT,
\n course_id INT,
\n stu_name VARCHAR(20), — \u53ea\u4f9d\u8d56 stu_id
\n course_name VARCHAR(50), — \u53ea\u4f9d\u8d56 course_id
\n score TINYINT,
\n PRIMARY KEY(stu_id, course_id)
\n); <\/p>\n
stu_name \u53ea\u8ddf stu_id \u6709\u5173，course_name \u53ea\u8ddf course_id \u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014\u5b58\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u62c6\u8868：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_student(stu_id PK, stu_name);
\nCREATE TABLE t_course(course_id PK, course_name);
\nCREATE TABLE t_score(stu_id, course_id, score,
\n PRIMARY KEY(stu_id, course_id)); <\/p>\n
\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a：<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e3a\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u589e\u4e3b\u952e\u5c31\u5929\u7136 2NF\u201d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a，\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u6709 (stu_id, course_id) \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8054\u5408\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e3b\u952e，\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u90e8\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
1.4 \u7b2c\u4e09\u8303\u5f0f（3NF）：\u6d88\u9664\u4f20\u9012\u4f9d\u8d56 \u524d\u63d0：\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u6ee1\u8db3 2NF\u3002 \u5b9a\u4e49：\u975e\u4e3b\u952e\u5217\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u4e3b\u952e\u5217\u3002 \u793a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_employee(
\n emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
\n dept_name VARCHAR(30),
\n dept_addr VARCHAR(100) — \u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e dept_name
\n); <\/p>\n
dept_addr \u901a\u8fc7 dept_name \u4f20\u9012\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e emp_id，\u8fdd\u53cd 3NF\u3002\u62c6\u8868：<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_dept(dept_name PK, dept_addr);
\nCREATE TABLE t_employee(emp_id PK, dept_name,
\n FOREIGN KEY(dept_name) REFERENCES t_dept); <\/p>\n
\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a：<\/p>\n
\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6c42 3NF \u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u4e00\u5f20\u4e1a\u52a1\u8868\u62c6\u6210\u5341\u5f20\u201d，\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\u8981 N \u8def Join，\u6027\u80fd\u96ea\u5d29\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u6570\u636e\u4ed3\u5e93\u573a\u666f\u901a\u5e38\u53cd\u8303\u5f0f\u5316，\u6545\u610f\u5197\u4f59\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u5206\u6790\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
1.5 \u5c0f\u7ed3：\u8303\u5f0f\u4e0e\u53cd\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u5e73\u8861<\/p>\n
OLTP（\u4ea4\u6613\u578b）\u7cfb\u7edf：\u4f18\u5148 3NF，\u964d\u4f4e\u66f4\u65b0\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
OLAP（\u5206\u6790\u578b）\u7cfb\u7edf：\u5141\u8bb8\u5197\u4f59\u3001\u9884\u805a\u5408，\u8303\u5f0f\u53ef\u653e\u5bbd\u5230 2NF \u751a\u81f3 1NF\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2.1 MySQL \u6743\u9650\u4f53\u7cfb\u9e1f\u77b0 MySQL \u628a\u201c\u8d26\u53f7\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6743\u9650\u201d\u5206\u5f00\u5b58\u50a8：<\/p>\n
\u8d26\u53f7：user \u8868（user + host \u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a PK）\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u6743\u9650：\u5206 global\u3001db\u3001table\u3001column\u3001routine\u3001proxy \u516d\u4e2a\u7c92\u5ea6，\u5c42\u5c42\u7ec6\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2.2 \u8d26\u53f7\u7ba1\u7406\u5b9e\u6218 （1）\u521b\u5efa\u53ea\u8bfb\u8d26\u53f7<\/p>\n
CREATE USER 'report'@'10.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Rpt#2025';
\nGRANT SELECT ON sales.* TO 'report'@'10.%'; <\/p>\n
（2）\u521b\u5efa\u4e1a\u52a1\u8d26\u53f7\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u8fde\u63a5\u6570<\/p>\n
CREATE USER 'app'@'192.168.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'App$2025'
\n WITH MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 100;
\nGRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON appdb.* TO 'app'@'192.168.%'; <\/p>\n
（3）\u56de\u6536\u6743\u9650\u3001\u5220\u9664\u8d26\u53f7<\/p>\n
REVOKE DELETE ON appdb.* FROM 'app'@'192.168.%';
\nDROP USER 'old_app'@'%'; <\/p>\n
2.3 \u6743\u9650\u7c92\u5ea6\u6df1\u5165<\/p>\n
\u5168\u5c40：.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u6570\u636e\u5e93：db_name.*<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u8868：db_name.tbl_name<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5217：SELECT(col1,col2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5b58\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b：EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE db_name.proc_name<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u4ee3\u7406：PROXY 'root'@'%'<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2.4 \u5bc6\u7801\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e SSL<\/p>\n
SET GLOBAL validate_password.policy = STRONG;
\nCREATE USER 'secure_user'@'%'
\n IDENTIFIED BY 'Str0ng!@#'
\n REQUIRE SSL; <\/p>\n
2.5 \u5e38\u89c1\u5b89\u5168\u8bef\u533a<\/p>\n
\u628a\u4e1a\u52a1\u8d26\u53f7 host \u8bbe\u4e3a '%'，\u5bfc\u81f4\u5916\u7f51\u53ef\u8fde\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u4f7f\u7528 GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON .，\u7ed9\u5e94\u7528\u8d26\u53f7\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5b9a\u671f\u8dd1 FLUSH PRIVILEGES，\u5bfc\u81f4\u6539\u8868\u540e\u6743\u9650\u672a\u751f\u6548（MySQL 8.0 \u4e4b\u540e\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8 flush）\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.1 \u67e5\u8be2\u6267\u884c\u94fe\u8def\u56de\u987e SQL \u2192 \u89e3\u6790\u5668 \u2192 \u4f18\u5316\u5668 \u2192 \u6267\u884c\u5668 \u2192 \u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u80fd\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u80fd\u5426\u505a ICP（Index Condition Pushdown）\u3002<\/p>\n
3.2 \u5355\u8868\u6761\u4ef6 （1）\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u7b49\u503c<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM orders
\nWHERE order_date BETWEEN '2025-07-01' AND '2025-07-31'
\n AND status = 'PAID'; <\/p>\n
\u7d22\u5f15\u5efa\u8bae：\u8054\u5408\u7d22\u5f15 (status, order_date)\u3002<\/p>\n
（2）\u6a21\u7cca\u5339\u914d<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE '\u82f9\u679c%';<\/p>\n
% \u5728\u524d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7d22\u5f15\u5931\u6548，\u9664\u975e\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u6587\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
（3）NULL \u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM users WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;<\/p>\n
MySQL \u91cc NULL \u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u503c，\u5305\u62ec NULL \u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3 \u591a\u8868\u6761\u4ef6 （1）INNER JOIN + WHERE<\/p>\n
SELECT o.order_id, u.user_name
\nFROM orders o
\nJOIN users u ON o.user_id = u.id
\nWHERE o.amount > 1000; <\/p>\n
（2）LEFT JOIN \u7684 WHERE \u9677\u9631<\/p>\n
SELECT u.user_name, o.order_id
\nFROM users u
\nLEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
\nWHERE o.amount > 1000; — \u628a LEFT JOIN \u53d8\u6210 INNER JOIN <\/p>\n
\u6b63\u786e\u5199\u6cd5：\u628a\u6761\u4ef6\u653e\u8fdb JOIN \u5b50\u53e5\u6216\u7528 WHERE o.id IS NULL\u3002<\/p>\n
3.4 \u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4e0e\u6d3e\u751f\u8868<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM products
\nWHERE category_id IN (
\n SELECT id FROM categories WHERE name = '\u624b\u673a'
\n); <\/p>\n
MySQL 5.7 \u4e4b\u524d IN \u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u53ef\u80fd\u7269\u5316，8.0 \u652f\u6301 semi-join \u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
3.5 HAVING \u4e0e\u805a\u5408<\/p>\n
SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) AS cnt
\nFROM orders
\nGROUP BY user_id
\nHAVING cnt >= 5; <\/p>\n
HAVING \u5728 GROUP BY \u4e4b\u540e\u8fc7\u6ee4，\u4e0e WHERE \u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
3.6 \u8054\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u6700\u5de6\u524d\u7f00<\/p>\n
ALTER TABLE orders ADD INDEX idx_status_amount(status, amount);
\nSELECT * FROM orders WHERE amount = 100; — \u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u5230\u7d22\u5f15 <\/p>\n
\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u6700\u5de6\u5217 status，\u624d\u80fd\u547d\u4e2d\u8054\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n
3.7 \u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE DATE(create_time) = '2025-08-14';<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u5217\u505a\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7d22\u5f15\u5931\u6548\u3002\u6539\u5199：<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM orders
\nWHERE create_time >= '2025-08-14 00:00:00'
\n AND create_time < '2025-08-15 00:00:00'; <\/p>\n
3.8 \u5206\u9875\u4e0e\u6df1\u7ffb\u9875<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 100000, 20;<\/p>\n
\u6df1\u7ffb\u9875\u6027\u80fd\u5dee，\u53ef\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875\u6700\u5927 id\u201d\u7684\u6e38\u6807\u5206\u9875：<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE id < ? ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 20;<\/p>\n
\u573a\u666f：\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5546\u8ba2\u5355\u62a5\u8868\u7cfb\u7edf，\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n
\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u5197\u4f59（\u8303\u5f0f）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u62a5\u8868\u8d26\u53f7\u53ea\u80fd\u8bfb（\u6743\u9650）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u652f\u6301\u6309\u65e5\u671f\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u91d1\u989d\u591a\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2（\u67e5\u8be2）<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.1 \u8868\u8bbe\u8ba1（\u6ee1\u8db3 3NF）<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_user(
\n id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
\n name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
\n email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE
\n);<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_product(
\n id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
\n name VARCHAR(100),
\n price DECIMAL(10,2)
\n);<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_order(
\n id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
\n user_id BIGINT,
\n order_time DATETIME,
\n status ENUM('UNPAID','PAID','CLOSED'),
\n amount DECIMAL(10,2),
\n INDEX idx_user_time(user_id, order_time),
\n INDEX idx_status_amount(status, amount)
\n);<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE t_order_item(
\n order_id BIGINT,
\n product_id BIGINT,
\n qty INT,
\n PRIMARY KEY(order_id, product_id),
\n FOREIGN KEY(order_id) REFERENCES t_order(id)
\n); <\/p>\n
4.2 \u6743\u9650\u914d\u7f6e<\/p>\n
— \u53ea\u8bfb\u8d26\u53f7
\nCREATE USER 'bi_ro'@'10.10.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'BI#2025';
\nGRANT SELECT ON report.* TO 'bi_ro'@'10.10.%';
\n— \u521b\u5efa\u89c6\u56fe\u5c4f\u853d\u654f\u611f\u5217
\nCREATE VIEW report.v_order AS
\nSELECT o.id, o.order_time, o.status, o.amount, u.name AS user_name
\nFROM t_order o
\nJOIN t_user u ON o.user_id = u.id;
\nGRANT SELECT ON report.v_order TO 'bi_ro'@'10.10.%'; <\/p>\n
4.3 \u67e5\u8be2\u793a\u4f8b \u9700\u6c42：2025 \u5e74 8 \u6708\u5df2\u4ed8\u6b3e\u8ba2\u5355，\u91d1\u989d > 1000，\u6309\u91d1\u989d\u964d\u5e8f\u53d6\u524d 20\u3002<\/p>\n
SELECT id, order_time, amount, user_name
\nFROM report.v_order
\nWHERE status = 'PAID'
\n AND order_time BETWEEN '2025-08-01' AND '2025-08-31'
\n AND amount > 1000
\nORDER BY amount DESC
\nLIMIT 20; <\/p>\n
\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212（EXPLAIN）\u663e\u793a：<\/p>\n
type = range，key = idx_status_amount<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Extra = Using where; Using filesort（\u91d1\u989d\u6392\u5e8f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u7d22\u5f15，\u9700\u56de\u8868） \u82e5\u6392\u5e8f\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u660e\u663e，\u53ef\u5728 (status, amount DESC) \u5efa\u8054\u5408\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u5148\u753b ER \u56fe，\u518d\u5957\u8303\u5f0f：\u628a\u201c\u5b9e\u4f53-\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u753b\u6e05\u695a，\u81ea\u7136\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u91cc\u8be5\u62c6\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5148\u6700\u5c0f\u6743\u9650，\u518d\u9010\u6b65\u653e\u5f00：\u8d26\u53f7\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u53ea\u7ed9 SELECT，\u8fd0\u884c\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u62a5\u9519\u518d\u89c6\u9700\u6c42\u52a0 INSERT\/UPDATE\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u5148\u5199\u6162 SQL，\u518d\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15：\u7528 EXPLAIN ANALYZE \u89c2\u5bdf\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212，\u786e\u8ba4\u662f\u7d22\u5f15\u7f3a\u5931\u8fd8\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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