\n| is_selected()<\/td>\n | \u5224\u65ad\u590d\u9009\u6846\u6216\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")<\/p>\n # \u5b9a\u4f4d\u641c\u7d22\u6846
\nsearch_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw")<\/p>\n # 1. \u8f93\u5165\u6587\u672c
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium\u81ea\u52a8\u5316")
\ntime.sleep(2) # \u7b49\u5f852\u79d2，\u89c2\u5bdf\u6548\u679c<\/p>\n # 2. \u83b7\u53d6\u5c5e\u6027\u503c
\nprint("\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u7c7b\u578b：", search_box.get_attribute("type")) # \u8f93\u51fa：text
\nprint("\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u540d\u79f0：", search_box.get_attribute("name")) # \u8f93\u51fa：wd<\/p>\n # 3. \u6e05\u7a7a\u5185\u5bb9
\nsearch_box.clear()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 4. \u91cd\u65b0\u8f93\u5165\u5e76\u63d0\u4ea4
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Python")
\nsearch_box.submit() # \u63d0\u4ea4\u8868\u5355，\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22\u6309\u94ae
\ntime.sleep(3)<\/p>\n # 5. \u5b9a\u4f4d\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u6807\u9898\u5e76\u83b7\u53d6\u6587\u672c
\nresult_title = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a')
\nprint("\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u6807\u9898：", result_title.text)<\/p>\n # 6. \u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20\u72b6\u6001
\nprint("\u7ed3\u679c\u6807\u9898\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u89c1：", result_title.is_displayed()) # \u8f93\u51fa：True<\/p>\n # 7. \u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c
\nresult_title.click()
\ntime.sleep(5)<\/p>\n # \u5173\u95ed\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668
\ndriver.quit()<\/p>\n 4.2 \u5904\u7406\u8868\u5355\u5143\u7d20<\/h4>\n\u8868\u5355\u662f Web \u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5143\u7d20，\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u672c\u6846\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u6846\u3001\u590d\u9009\u6846\u3001\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae\u3001\u4e0b\u62c9\u83dc\u5355\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n 4.2.1 \u5904\u7406\u590d\u9009\u6846\u548c\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae<\/h5>\npython<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n # \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u8868\u5355\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9875\u9762
\ndriver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/html\/html_forms.asp")<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230\u5305\u542b\u8868\u5355\u7684iframe（\u793a\u4f8b\u9875\u9762\u7684\u8868\u5355\u5728iframe\u4e2d）
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")<\/p>\n # 1. \u5904\u7406\u590d\u9009\u6846
\ncheckbox1 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/input[@value="vehicle1"]')
\ncheckbox2 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/input[@value="vehicle2"]')<\/p>\n # \u52fe\u9009\u590d\u9009\u6846（\u5982\u679c\u672a\u52fe\u9009）
\nif not checkbox1.is_selected():
\n checkbox1.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n if not checkbox2.is_selected():
\n checkbox2.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u53d6\u6d88\u52fe\u9009\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u9009\u6846
\nif checkbox1.is_selected():
\n checkbox1.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u5904\u7406\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae
\nradio1 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/input[@value="male"]')
\nradio2 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/input[@value="female"]')<\/p>\n # \u9009\u62e9\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae
\nif not radio1.is_selected():
\n radio1.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u9009\u62e9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5355\u9009\u6309\u94ae
\nif not radio2.is_selected():
\n radio2.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u9000\u51faiframe
\ndriver.switch_to.default_content()<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 4.2.2 \u5904\u7406\u4e0b\u62c9\u83dc\u5355<\/h5>\n\u4e0b\u62c9\u83dc\u5355（<select>\u5143\u7d20）\u662f\u8868\u5355\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5143\u7d20，Selenium \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86Select\u7c7b\u4e13\u95e8\u5904\u7406：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/tags\/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_select")<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230iframe
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")<\/p>\n # \u5b9a\u4f4dselect\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u521b\u5efaSelect\u5bf9\u8c61
\nselect_element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "select")
\nselect = Select(select_element)<\/p>\n # 1. \u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\u9009\u62e9（\u7d22\u5f15\u4ece0\u5f00\u59cb）
\nselect.select_by_index(1) # \u9009\u62e9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u9009\u9879
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u89c1\u6587\u672c\u9009\u62e9
\nselect.select_by_visible_text("Saab")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 3. \u901a\u8fc7value\u5c5e\u6027\u9009\u62e9
\nselect.select_by_value("opel")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9879
\noptions = select.options
\nprint("\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9879：")
\nfor option in options:
\n print(option.text)<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u9879
\nselected_option = select.first_selected_option
\nprint("\u5f53\u524d\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u9879：", selected_option.text)<\/p>\n # \u9000\u51faiframe
\ndriver.switch_to.default_content()<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 4.3 \u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20\u548c\u4e0b\u8f7d<\/h4>\n\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20\u548c\u4e0b\u8f7d\u662f Web \u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u529f\u80fd，Selenium \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n 4.3.1 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20<\/h5>\n\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7<input type="file">\u5143\u7d20\u5b9e\u73b0，Selenium \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u53d1\u9001\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time
\nimport os<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/tags\/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_input_type_file")<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230iframe
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")<\/p>\n # \u5b9a\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20\u5143\u7d20
\nfile_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "myFile")<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u811a\u672c\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55
\ncurrent_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
\n# \u8981\u4e0a\u4f20\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84（\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84）
\nfile_path = os.path.join(current_dir, "test.txt")<\/p>\n # \u53d1\u9001\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u4f20\u5143\u7d20
\nfile_input.send_keys(file_path)
\ntime.sleep(3)<\/p>\n # \u9000\u51faiframe
\ndriver.switch_to.default_content()<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u786e\u4fddtest.txt\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u811a\u672c\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55，\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n 4.3.2 \u6587\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8f7d<\/h5>\n\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8f7d\u9700\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8def\u5f84，\u4e0d\u540c\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time
\nimport os<\/p>\n # \u914d\u7f6eChrome\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8bbe\u7f6e
\nchrome_options = Options()
\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0b\u8f7d\u8def\u5f84（\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u8def\u5f84）
\ndownload_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "downloads")
\n# \u521b\u5efa\u4e0b\u8f7d\u76ee\u5f55（\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728）
\nos.makedirs(download_dir, exist_ok=True)<\/p>\n # \u914d\u7f6e\u4e0b\u8f7d\u9009\u9879
\nprefs = {
\n "download.default_directory": download_dir, # \u4e0b\u8f7d\u8def\u5f84
\n "download.prompt_for_download": False, # \u4e0d\u63d0\u793a\u4e0b\u8f7d
\n "download.directory_upgrade": True,
\n "safebrowsing.enabled": True # \u542f\u7528\u5b89\u5168\u6d4f\u89c8
\n}
\nchrome_options.add_experimental_option("prefs", prefs)<\/p>\n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668
\ndriver = webdriver.Chrome(
\n ChromeDriverManager().install(),
\n options=chrome_options
\n)<\/p>\n # \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u9875\u9762（\u793a\u4f8b）
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/python\/python_intro.asp")<\/p>\n # \u5b9a\u4f4d\u5e76\u70b9\u51fb\u4e0b\u8f7d\u94fe\u63a5（\u793a\u4f8b）
\n# \u6ce8\u610f：\u5b9e\u9645\u9875\u9762\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c，\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4fee\u6539
\ntry:
\n download_link = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Download Python")
\n download_link.click()
\n print("\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u8f7d…")
\n time.sleep(10) # \u7b49\u5f85\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6210（\u6839\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f\u8c03\u6574）
\n print(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5230：{download_dir}")
\nexcept Exception as e:
\n print("\u672a\u627e\u5230\u4e0b\u8f7d\u94fe\u63a5：", e)<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n \u4e94\u3001\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5bfc\u822a<\/h3>\n\u9664\u4e86\u5143\u7d20\u4ea4\u4e92，Selenium \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u672c\u8eab，\u5982\u8c03\u6574\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u524d\u8fdb\u540e\u9000\u3001\u5237\u65b0\u9875\u9762\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n 5.1 \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7a97\u53e3\u63a7\u5236<\/h4>\npython<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 1. \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f
\ndriver.set_window_size(1024, 768) # \u5bbd1024，\u9ad8768
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u6700\u5927\u5316\u7a97\u53e3
\ndriver.maximize_window()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 3. \u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7a97\u53e3
\ndriver.minimize_window()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 4. \u5168\u5c4f\u663e\u793a
\ndriver.fullscreen_window()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 5. \u83b7\u53d6\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f
\nwindow_size = driver.get_window_size()
\nprint(f"\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f：\u5bbd{window_size['width']}，\u9ad8{window_size['height']}")<\/p>\n # 6. \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7a97\u53e3\u4f4d\u7f6e（\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u5750\u6807）
\ndriver.set_window_position(100, 100)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 7. \u83b7\u53d6\u7a97\u53e3\u4f4d\u7f6e
\nwindow_position = driver.get_window_position()
\nprint(f"\u7a97\u53e3\u4f4d\u7f6e：x={window_position['x']}，y={window_position['y']}")<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 5.2 \u9875\u9762\u5bfc\u822a<\/h4>\npython<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())<\/p>\n # 1. \u6253\u5f00\u7f51\u9875
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")
\nprint("\u5f53\u524dURL：", driver.current_url)
\nprint("\u9875\u9762\u6807\u9898：", driver.title)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u6253\u5f00\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u9875
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.bing.com")
\nprint("\u5f53\u524dURL：", driver.current_url)
\nprint("\u9875\u9762\u6807\u9898：", driver.title)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 3. \u540e\u9000
\ndriver.back()
\nprint("\u540e\u9000\u540eURL：", driver.current_url)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 4. \u524d\u8fdb
\ndriver.forward()
\nprint("\u524d\u8fdb\u540eURL：", driver.current_url)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 5. \u5237\u65b0\u9875\u9762
\ndriver.refresh()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 6. \u83b7\u53d6\u9875\u9762\u6e90\u7801
\npage_source = driver.page_source
\nprint("\u9875\u9762\u6e90\u7801\u957f\u5ea6：", len(page_source))<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 5.3 \u591a\u7a97\u53e3\u4e0e iframe \u5207\u6362<\/h4>\n\u73b0\u4ee3 Web \u5e94\u7528\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u7a97\u53e3\u6216 iframe（\u5185\u5d4c\u6846\u67b6），Selenium \u9700\u8981\u5207\u6362\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u624d\u80fd\u64cd\u4f5c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n 5.3.1 \u591a\u7a97\u53e3\u5207\u6362<\/h5>\npython<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u53e3\u53e5\u67c4（\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6）
\noriginal_window = driver.current_window_handle
\nprint("\u539f\u59cb\u7a97\u53e3\u53e5\u67c4：", original_window)<\/p>\n # \u6253\u5f00\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3（\u901a\u8fc7JavaScript）
\ndriver.execute_script("window.open('https:\/\/www.bing.com');")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u7a97\u53e3\u53e5\u67c4
\nall_windows = driver.window_handles
\nprint("\u6240\u6709\u7a97\u53e3\u53e5\u67c4：", all_windows)<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3
\nfor window in all_windows:
\n if window != original_window:
\n driver.switch_to.window(window)
\n break<\/p>\n print("\u5207\u6362\u540e\u7a97\u53e3URL：", driver.current_url)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5728\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c
\nsearch_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium")
\nsearch_box.submit()
\ntime.sleep(3)<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u56de\u539f\u59cb\u7a97\u53e3
\ndriver.switch_to.window(original_window)
\nprint("\u5207\u6362\u56de\u539f\u59cb\u7a97\u53e3URL：", driver.current_url)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5173\u95ed\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u53e3（\u65b0\u7a97\u53e3）
\ndriver.switch_to.window(all_windows[1])
\ndriver.close()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u56de\u539f\u59cb\u7a97\u53e3\u5e76\u7ee7\u7eed\u64cd\u4f5c
\ndriver.switch_to.window(original_window)
\nprint("\u6700\u7ec8\u7a97\u53e3URL：", driver.current_url)<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 5.3.2 iframe \u5207\u6362<\/h5>\niframe \u662f\u5185\u5d4c\u5728\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a HTML \u6587\u6863，\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5207\u6362\u5230 iframe \u624d\u80fd\u64cd\u4f5c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/html\/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 1. \u901a\u8fc7id\u6216name\u5207\u6362iframe
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5728iframe\u4e2d\u64cd\u4f5c\u5143\u7d20
\nheading = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "h1")
\nprint("iframe\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u9898：", heading.text)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u5207\u6362\u5230\u5d4c\u5957\u7684iframe（iframe\u4e2d\u7684iframe）
\nnested_iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
\ndriver.switch_to.frame(nested_iframe)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5728\u5d4c\u5957iframe\u4e2d\u64cd\u4f5c
\nnested_heading = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "h1")
\nprint("\u5d4c\u5957iframe\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u9898：", nested_heading.text)
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 3. \u5207\u6362\u56de\u7236\u7ea7iframe
\ndriver.switch_to.parent_frame()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 4. \u5207\u6362\u56de\u4e3b\u6587\u6863
\ndriver.switch_to.default_content()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5728\u4e3b\u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u64cd\u4f5c
\nmenu_item = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "HTML Tutorial")
\nprint("\u4e3b\u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u7684\u83dc\u5355：", menu_item.text)<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 5.4 \u5904\u7406 JavaScript \u5f39\u7a97<\/h4>\nWeb \u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f39\u7a97\u6709\u4e09\u79cd：alert（\u8b66\u544a\u6846）\u3001confirm（\u786e\u8ba4\u6846）\u3001prompt（\u63d0\u793a\u6846），Selenium \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/js\/tryit.asp?filename=tryjs_alert")
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230iframe
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")<\/p>\n # 1. \u5904\u7406alert\u5f39\u7a97
\nalert_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/button[text()="Try it"]')
\nalert_button.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u5207\u6362\u5230alert
\nalert = driver.switch_to.alert
\nprint("Alert\u6587\u672c：", alert.text)<\/p>\n # \u63a5\u53d7alert（\u70b9\u51fb\u786e\u5b9a）
\nalert.accept()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 2. \u5904\u7406confirm\u5f39\u7a97
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/js\/tryit.asp?filename=tryjs_confirm")
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
\nconfirm_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/button[text()="Try it"]')
\nconfirm_button.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n confirm = driver.switch_to.alert
\nprint("Confirm\u6587\u672c：", confirm.text)<\/p>\n # \u53d6\u6d88confirm（\u70b9\u51fb\u53d6\u6d88）
\nconfirm.dismiss()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # 3. \u5904\u7406prompt\u5f39\u7a97
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/js\/tryit.asp?filename=tryjs_prompt")
\ndriver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
\nprompt_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/button[text()="Try it"]')
\nprompt_button.click()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n prompt = driver.switch_to.alert
\nprint("Prompt\u6587\u672c：", prompt.text)<\/p>\n # \u5411prompt\u8f93\u5165\u6587\u672c\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4
\nprompt.send_keys("Selenium")
\nprompt.accept()
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n # \u9000\u51faiframe
\ndriver.switch_to.default_content()<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n \u516d\u3001\u7b49\u5f85\u673a\u5236：\u5904\u7406\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5bb9<\/h3>\n\u5728 Web \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4e2d，\u9875\u9762\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u52a0\u8f7d\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u77ac\u95f4\u5b8c\u6210\u7684，\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 AJAX \u6216 JavaScript \u52a8\u6001\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u4e8e\u5143\u7d20\u52a0\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6，\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 "\u5143\u7d20\u672a\u627e\u5230" \u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002Selenium \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u7b49\u5f85\u673a\u5236\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n 6.1 \u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u5f85（sleep）<\/h4>\n\u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u5f85\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65b9\u5f0f，\u4f7f\u7528time.sleep(seconds)\u8ba9\u811a\u672c\u6682\u505c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u79d2\u6570：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n import time
\nfrom selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome()
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")<\/p>\n # \u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u5f852\u79d2
\ntime.sleep(2)<\/p>\n search_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw")
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium")
\nsearch_box.submit()<\/p>\n # \u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u5f853\u79d2，\u7b49\u5f85\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u52a0\u8f7d
\ntime.sleep(3)<\/p>\n result = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a')
\nprint(result.text)<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n \u7f3a\u70b9：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \n- \u65e0\u8bba\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u52a0\u8f7d，\u90fd\u4f1a\u7b49\u5f85\u56fa\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4，\u964d\u4f4e\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\u6548\u7387<\/li>\n
- \u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4（\u8bbe\u7f6e\u592a\u77ed\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519，\u8bbe\u7f6e\u592a\u957f\u5219\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6.2 \u9690\u6027\u7b49\u5f85（Implicit Wait）<\/h4>\n\u9690\u6027\u7b49\u5f85\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4，\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5185 Selenium \u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5c1d\u8bd5\u67e5\u627e\u5143\u7d20，\u76f4\u5230\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u627e\u5230\u6216\u8d85\u65f6：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome()
\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u9690\u6027\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a10\u79d2
\ndriver.implicitly_wait(10)<\/p>\n driver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")<\/p>\n search_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw")
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium")
\nsearch_box.submit()<\/p>\n # \u6700\u591a\u7b49\u5f8510\u79d2，\u76f4\u5230\u5143\u7d20\u51fa\u73b0
\nresult = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a')
\nprint(result.text)<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n \u7279\u70b9：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \n- \u53ea\u9700\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u6b21，\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a driver \u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u6709\u6548<\/li>\n
- \u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u627e\u5230，\u4f46\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u4ea4\u4e92<\/li>\n
- \u8d85\u65f6\u540e\u4f1a\u629b\u51faNoSuchElementException<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
6.3 \u663e\u6027\u7b49\u5f85（Explicit Wait）<\/h4>\n\u663e\u6027\u7b49\u5f85\u662f\u6700\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65b9\u5f0f，\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u7b49\u5f85\u67d0\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u6ee1\u8db3（\u5982\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u89c1\u3001\u53ef\u70b9\u51fb\u7b49），\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8f6e\u8be2\u95f4\u9694：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome()
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")<\/p>\n search_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw")
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium")
\nsearch_box.submit()<\/p>\n # \u521b\u5efaWebDriverWait\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a10\u79d2
\nwait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u89c1（\u6700\u591a10\u79d2）
\nresult = wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a'))
\n)
\nprint(result.text)<\/p>\n # \u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u6761\u4ef6
\n# \u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u70b9\u51fb
\n# button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "button_id")))<\/p>\n # \u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u5b58\u5728\u4e8eDOM\u4e2d
\n# element = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "element_id")))<\/p>\n # \u7b49\u5f85\u6807\u9898\u5305\u542b\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u672c
\n# wait.until(EC.title_contains("Selenium"))<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 6.3.1 \u5e38\u7528\u7684 Expected Conditions<\/h5>\nexpected_conditions\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6761\u4ef6，\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6709：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \n\u6761\u4ef6\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n \n\n| title_is(title)<\/td>\n | \u9875\u9762\u6807\u9898\u7b49\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u6807\u9898<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| title_contains(substring)<\/td>\n | \u9875\u9762\u6807\u9898\u5305\u542b\u6307\u5b9a\u5b50\u4e32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| presence_of_element_located(locator)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e DOM \u4e2d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| visibility_of_element_located(locator)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u89c1（\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u53ef\u89c1）<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| visibility_of(element)<\/td>\n | \u5df2\u77e5\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u89c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| element_to_be_clickable(locator)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u70b9\u51fb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| element_located_to_be_selected(locator)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| text_to_be_present_in_element(locator, text)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u5305\u542b\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| text_to_be_present_in_element_value(locator, text)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u7684 value \u5c5e\u6027\u5305\u542b\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it(locator)<\/td>\n | iframe \u53ef\u7528\u5e76\u5207\u6362\u5230\u8be5 iframe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| invisibility_of_element_located(locator)<\/td>\n | \u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| alert_is_present()<\/td>\n | \u5b58\u5728 alert \u5f39\u7a97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n6.3.2 \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7b49\u5f85\u6761\u4ef6<\/h5>\n\u5982\u679c\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u9700\u6c42，\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u6761\u4ef6：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait<\/p>\n driver = webdriver.Chrome()
\ndriver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")<\/p>\n search_box = driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw")
\nsearch_box.send_keys("Selenium")
\nsearch_box.submit()<\/p>\n # \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6761\u4ef6：\u7b49\u5f85\u5143\u7d20\u6587\u672c\u957f\u5ea6\u5927\u4e8e10
\ndef text_length_greater_than_10(driver):
\n element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a')
\n return len(element.text) > 10<\/p>\n # \u5e94\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6761\u4ef6
\nwait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
\nresult = wait.until(text_length_greater_than_10)
\nprint(f"\u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6587\u672c：{result.text}，\u957f\u5ea6：{len(result.text)}")<\/p>\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n 6.4 \u7b49\u5f85\u673a\u5236\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n- \u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u663e\u6027\u7b49\u5f85：\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u9ad8，\u53ea\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5e94\u7528，\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n
- \u5408\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4：\u6839\u636e\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u901f\u5ea6\u8bbe\u7f6e，\u4e00\u822c 3-10 \u79d2<\/li>\n
- \u907f\u514d\u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u6027\u7b49\u5f85\u548c\u663e\u6027\u7b49\u5f85：\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n
- \u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u64cd\u4f5c\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6761\u4ef6：\n
\n- \u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u672c：\u4f7f\u7528visibility_of_element_located（\u786e\u4fdd\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u89c1）<\/li>\n
- \u70b9\u51fb\u6309\u94ae：\u4f7f\u7528element_to_be_clickable（\u786e\u4fdd\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u70b9\u51fb）<\/li>\n
- \u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20\u5b58\u5728：\u4f7f\u7528presence_of_element_located（\u53ea\u9700\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e DOM \u4e2d）<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- \u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u5f85：\u5728\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b，\u5982\u9875\u9762\u8df3\u8f6c\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7b49，\u53ef\u914d\u5408\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n
\u4e03\u3001Selenium \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6846\u67b6\u96c6\u6210<\/h3>\nSelenium \u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7f51\u9875\u722c\u53d6，\u66f4\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002\u5c06 Selenium \u4e0e Python \u7684\u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6846\u67b6（\u5982 unittest \u6216 pytest）\u7ed3\u5408，\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5957\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n 7.1 \u4e0e unittest \u96c6\u6210<\/h4>\nunittest \u662f Python \u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6846\u67b6，\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7528\u4f8b\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5957\u4ef6\u3001\u65ad\u8a00\u7b49\u529f\u80fd：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n import unittest
\nfrom selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager<\/p>\n class TestBaiduSearch(unittest.TestCase):
\n # \u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u524d\u8fd0\u884c
\n def setUp(self):
\n self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\n self.driver.maximize_window()
\n self.driver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")
\n self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u5728\u6240\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u540e\u8fd0\u884c
\n def tearDown(self):
\n self.driver.quit()<\/p>\n # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5test\u5f00\u5934
\n def test_search_selenium(self):
\n # \u5b9a\u4f4d\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u5e76\u8f93\u5165\u5185\u5bb9
\n search_box = self.wait.until(
\n EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "kw"))
\n )
\n search_box.clear()
\n search_box.send_keys("Selenium")<\/p>\n # \u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22\u6309\u94ae
\n search_button = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "su")
\n search_button.click()<\/p>\n # \u9a8c\u8bc1\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c
\n result = self.wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a'))
\n )
\n self.assertIn("Selenium", result.text, "\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9884\u671f\u6587\u672c")<\/p>\n def test_search_python(self):
\n # \u5b9a\u4f4d\u641c\u7d22\u6846\u5e76\u8f93\u5165\u5185\u5bb9
\n search_box = self.wait.until(
\n EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "kw"))
\n )
\n search_box.clear()
\n search_box.send_keys("Python")<\/p>\n # \u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22\u6309\u94ae
\n search_button = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "su")
\n search_button.click()<\/p>\n # \u9a8c\u8bc1\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c
\n result = self.wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a'))
\n )
\n self.assertIn("Python", result.text, "\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9884\u671f\u6587\u672c")<\/p>\n if __name__ == "__main__":
\n # \u8fd0\u884c\u6240\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5
\n unittest.main()<\/p>\n 7.2 \u4e0e pytest \u96c6\u6210<\/h4>\npytest \u662f\u6bd4 unittest \u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6846\u67b6，\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \u9996\u5148\u5b89\u88c5 pytest：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n bash<\/p>\n pip install pytest<\/p>\n \u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n import pytest
\nfrom selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager<\/p>\n # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u524d\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c
\n@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
\ndef driver():
\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\n driver.maximize_window()
\n driver.get("https:\/\/www.baidu.com")
\n yield driver # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u6267\u884c\u540e\u7eed\u4ee3\u7801
\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u641c\u7d22\u529f\u80fd
\ndef test_search_selenium(driver):
\n wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u8f93\u5165\u641c\u7d22\u5185\u5bb9
\n search_box = wait.until(
\n EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "kw"))
\n )
\n search_box.clear()
\n search_box.send_keys("Selenium")<\/p>\n # \u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22
\n driver.find_element(By.ID, "su").click()<\/p>\n # \u9a8c\u8bc1\u7ed3\u679c
\n result = wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a'))
\n )
\n assert "Selenium" in result.text, "\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9884\u671f\u6587\u672c"<\/p>\n # \u53c2\u6570\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5：\u6d4b\u8bd5\u591a\u4e2a\u641c\u7d22\u5173\u952e\u8bcd
\n@pytest.mark.parametrize("keyword", ["Python", "Java", "JavaScript"])
\ndef test_search_parametrized(driver, keyword):
\n wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u8f93\u5165\u641c\u7d22\u5185\u5bb9
\n search_box = wait.until(
\n EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "kw"))
\n )
\n search_box.clear()
\n search_box.send_keys(keyword)<\/p>\n # \u70b9\u51fb\u641c\u7d22
\n driver.find_element(By.ID, "su").click()<\/p>\n # \u9a8c\u8bc1\u7ed3\u679c
\n result = wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '\/\/*[@id="1"]\/h3\/a'))
\n )
\n assert keyword in result.text, f"\u641c\u7d22{keyword}\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u9884\u671f\u6587\u672c"<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n bash<\/p>\n pytest test_baidu.py -v # -v \u663e\u793a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n 7.3 \u751f\u6210\u6d4b\u8bd5\u62a5\u544a<\/h4>\n\u4f7f\u7528 pytest-html \u63d2\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u7f8e\u89c2\u7684 HTML \u6d4b\u8bd5\u62a5\u544a：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n \u5b89\u88c5\u63d2\u4ef6：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n bash<\/p>\n pip install pytest-html<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u62a5\u544a：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n bash<\/p>\n pytest test_baidu.py -v –html=report.html<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u6210\u540e，\u4f1a\u751f\u6210 report.html \u6587\u4ef6，\u5305\u542b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7b49\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n \u516b\u3001\u7f51\u9875\u6570\u636e\u722c\u53d6\u5b9e\u6218<\/h3>\nSelenium \u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5，\u4e5f\u662f\u7f51\u9875\u722c\u53d6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177，\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5408\u5904\u7406 JavaScript \u52a8\u6001\u6e32\u67d3\u7684\u9875\u9762\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6218\u6848\u4f8b\u5c55\u793a Selenium \u5728\u6570\u636e\u722c\u53d6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n 8.1 \u722c\u53d6\u9759\u6001\u7f51\u9875\u6570\u636e<\/h4>\n\u4ee5\u722c\u53d6\u8c46\u74e3\u7535\u5f71 Top250 \u4e3a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time
\nimport csv<\/p>\n def crawl_douban_top250():
\n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668
\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\n driver.maximize_window()
\n wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u5b58\u50a8\u7ed3\u679c
\n movies = []<\/p>\n try:
\n # \u722c\u53d610\u9875\u6570\u636e
\n for page in range(10):
\n url = f"https:\/\/movie.douban.com\/top250?start={page*25}&filter="
\n driver.get(url)
\n print(f"\u6b63\u5728\u722c\u53d6\u7b2c{page+1}\u9875：{url}")<\/p>\n # \u7b49\u5f85\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6210
\n wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".grid_view li"))
\n )<\/p>\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u9875\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u5217\u8868
\n movie_list = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".grid_view li")<\/p>\n for movie in movie_list:
\n # \u63d0\u53d6\u7535\u5f71\u4fe1\u606f
\n title = movie.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".title").text
\n rating = movie.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".rating_num").text
\n info = movie.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".bd p:first-child").text
\n quote = movie.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".inq").text if movie.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".inq") else ""<\/p>\n movies.append({
\n "\u6392\u540d": len(movies) + 1,
\n "\u6807\u9898": title,
\n "\u8bc4\u5206": rating,
\n "\u4fe1\u606f": info,
\n "\u5f15\u8a00": quote
\n })<\/p>\n time.sleep(2) # \u907f\u514d\u722c\u53d6\u8fc7\u5feb\u88ab\u53cd\u722c<\/p>\n # \u4fdd\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u5230CSV\u6587\u4ef6
\n with open("douban_top250.csv", "w", encoding="utf-8-sig", newline="") as f:
\n fieldnames = ["\u6392\u540d", "\u6807\u9898", "\u8bc4\u5206", "\u4fe1\u606f", "\u5f15\u8a00"]
\n writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fieldnames)
\n writer.writeheader()
\n writer.writerows(movies)<\/p>\n print(f"\u722c\u53d6\u5b8c\u6210，\u5171{len(movies)}\u90e8\u7535\u5f71，\u5df2\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230douban_top250.csv")<\/p>\n except Exception as e:
\n print(f"\u722c\u53d6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u9519：{e}")<\/p>\n finally:
\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n if __name__ == "__main__":
\n crawl_douban_top250()<\/p>\n 8.2 \u722c\u53d6\u52a8\u6001\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e<\/h4>\n\u5f88\u591a\u7f51\u7ad9\u91c7\u7528\u6eda\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u6216\u70b9\u51fb\u52a0\u8f7d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e，\u5982 Twitter\u3001\u77e5\u4e4e\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u4ee5\u722c\u53d6\u6eda\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u9875\u9762\u4e3a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time
\nimport csv
\nimport random<\/p>\n def crawl_scroll_page():
\n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668
\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\n driver.maximize_window()
\n wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n # \u8bbf\u95ee\u76ee\u6807\u9875\u9762（\u793a\u4f8b：\u77e5\u4e4e\u8bdd\u9898\u4e0b\u7684\u56de\u7b54）
\n url = "https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/topic\/19552832\/top-answers"
\n driver.get(url)
\n print(f"\u8bbf\u95ee\u9875\u9762：{url}")<\/p>\n # \u5b58\u50a8\u7ed3\u679c
\n answers = []<\/p>\n try:
\n # \u7b49\u5f85\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d
\n wait.until(
\n EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".List-item"))
\n )<\/p>\n # \u6eda\u52a8\u6b21\u6570（\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574）
\n scroll_count = 10
\n last_height = driver.execute_script("return document.body.scrollHeight")<\/p>\n for i in range(scroll_count):
\n print(f"\u7b2c{i+1}\u6b21\u6eda\u52a8")<\/p>\n # \u6eda\u52a8\u5230\u9875\u9762\u5e95\u90e8
\n driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")<\/p>\n # \u968f\u673a\u7b49\u5f852-5\u79d2，\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a
\n sleep_time = random.uniform(2, 5)
\n print(f"\u7b49\u5f85{sleep_time:.2f}\u79d2")
\n time.sleep(sleep_time)<\/p>\n # \u8ba1\u7b97\u65b0\u7684\u9875\u9762\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u6bd4\u8f83
\n new_height = driver.execute_script("return document.body.scrollHeight")
\n if new_height == last_height:
\n print("\u9875\u9762\u5df2\u6eda\u52a8\u5230\u5e95\u90e8，\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5185\u5bb9")
\n break
\n last_height = new_height<\/p>\n # \u63d0\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u56de\u7b54
\n answer_elements = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".List-item")
\n print(f"\u5171\u627e\u5230{len(answer_elements)}\u4e2a\u56de\u7b54")<\/p>\n for idx, element in enumerate(answer_elements):
\n try:
\n # \u63d0\u53d6\u56de\u7b54\u8005
\n author = element.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".UserLink-link").text<\/p>\n # \u63d0\u53d6\u56de\u7b54\u5185\u5bb9（\u7b80\u5316\u7248）
\n content = element.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".RichText").text[:200] # \u53ea\u53d6\u524d200\u5b57<\/p>\n # \u63d0\u53d6\u70b9\u8d5e\u6570
\n vote = element.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".VoteButton-count").text<\/p>\n answers.append({
\n "\u5e8f\u53f7": idx + 1,
\n "\u4f5c\u8005": author,
\n "\u70b9\u8d5e\u6570": vote,
\n "\u5185\u5bb9": content
\n })
\n except Exception as e:
\n print(f"\u63d0\u53d6\u7b2c{idx+1}\u4e2a\u56de\u7b54\u65f6\u51fa\u9519：{e}")
\n continue<\/p>\n # \u4fdd\u5b58\u6570\u636e
\n with open("zhihu_answers.csv", "w", encoding="utf-8-sig", newline="") as f:
\n fieldnames = ["\u5e8f\u53f7", "\u4f5c\u8005", "\u70b9\u8d5e\u6570", "\u5185\u5bb9"]
\n writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fieldnames)
\n writer.writeheader()
\n writer.writerows(answers)<\/p>\n print(f"\u722c\u53d6\u5b8c\u6210，\u5171{len(answers)}\u4e2a\u56de\u7b54，\u5df2\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230zhihu_answers.csv")<\/p>\n except Exception as e:
\n print(f"\u722c\u53d6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u9519：{e}")<\/p>\n finally:
\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n if __name__ == "__main__":
\n crawl_scroll_page()<\/p>\n 8.3 \u5904\u7406\u767b\u5f55\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/h4>\n\u5f88\u591a\u7f51\u7ad9\u9700\u8981\u767b\u5f55\u624d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b8c\u6574\u5185\u5bb9，Selenium \u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u767b\u5f55\u8fc7\u7a0b：<\/p>\n<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
\nfrom webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
\nimport time
\nimport getpass # \u7528\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n def simulate_login():
\n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668
\n driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install())
\n driver.maximize_window()
\n wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)<\/p>\n try:
\n # \u8bbf\u95ee\u767b\u5f55\u9875\u9762（\u793a\u4f8b：GitHub\u767b\u5f55）
\n driver.get("https:\/\/github.com\/login")
\n print("\u5df2\u6253\u5f00GitHub\u767b\u5f55\u9875\u9762")<\/p>\n # \u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u540d
\n username_input = wait.until(
\n EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "login_field"))
\n )
\n username = input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165GitHub\u7528\u6237\u540d：")
\n username_input.send_keys(username)<\/p>\n # \u8f93\u5165\u5bc6\u7801
\n password_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
\n password = getpass.getpass("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165GitHub\u5bc6\u7801：") # \u5bc6\u7801\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef
\n password_input.send_keys(password)<\/p>\n # \u70b9\u51fb\u767b\u5f55\u6309\u94ae
\n login_button = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "commit")
\n login_button.click()
\n time.sleep(3)<\/p>\n # \u9a8c\u8bc1\u767b\u5f55\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f（\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u9996\u9875）
\n try:
\n wait.until(EC.url_contains("github.com"))
\n print("\u767b\u5f55\u6210\u529f！")<\/p>\n # \u767b\u5f55\u540e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c（\u4f8b\u5982\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875）
\n driver.get(f"https:\/\/github.com\/{username}")
\n wait.until(EC.title_contains(username))
\n print(f"\u5df2\u8fdb\u5165{username}\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875")
\n time.sleep(5)<\/p>\n except Exception as e:
\n print("\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25：", e)<\/p>\n except Exception as e:
\n print(f"\u767b\u5f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u9519：{e}")<\/p>\n finally:
\n driver.quit()<\/p>\n if __name__ == "__main__":
\n simulate_login()<\/p>\n \u6ce8\u610f：\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u767b\u5f55\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdd\u53cd\u67d0\u4e9b\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u7528\u6237\u534f\u8bae，\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u89e6\u53d1\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u7b49\u53cd\u722c\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d，\u8bf7\u9075\u5b88\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684 robots \u534f\u8bae\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6761\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e5d\u3001Selenium \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u4e0e\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n9.1 \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u5de7<\/h4>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528\u65e0\u5934\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668：\u5728\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u754c\u9762\u7684\u573a\u666f（\u5982\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u73af\u5883），\u4f7f\u7528\u65e0\u5934\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n from selenium import webdriver
\nfrom selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options<\/p>\n chrome_options = Options()
\nchrome_options.add_argument("–headless=new") # \u65e0\u5934\u6a21\u5f0f
\nchrome_options.add_argument("–disable-gpu") # \u7981\u7528GPU\u52a0\u901f
\ndriver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)\n <\/li>\n - \n
\u7981\u7528\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd：\u5173\u95ed\u56fe\u7247\u52a0\u8f7d\u3001JavaScript \u7b49\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u529f\u80fd（\u6839\u636e\u9700\u6c42）<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n chrome_options = Options()
\n# \u7981\u7528\u56fe\u7247\u52a0\u8f7d
\nprefs = {"profile.managed_default_content_settings.images": 2}
\nchrome_options.add_experimental_option("prefs", prefs)
\n# \u7981\u7528JavaScript
\nchrome_options.add_argument("–disable-javascript")\n <\/li>\n - \n
\u51cf\u5c11\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4：\u5408\u7406\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4，\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7b49\u5f85<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u590d\u7528\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u5b9e\u4f8b：\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7528\u4f8b\u6216\u722c\u53d6\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u590d\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u5b9e\u4f8b，\u51cf\u5c11\u542f\u52a8\u5f00\u9500<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5668：\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 ID\u3001NAME \u7b49\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65b9\u5f0f，CSS \u9009\u62e9\u5668\u6027\u80fd\u901a\u5e38\u4f18\u4e8e XPath<\/p>\n<\/li>\n - \n
\u6279\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c：\u4f7f\u7528 JavaScript \u6267\u884c\u6279\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c，\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0e\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6b21\u6570<\/p>\n python<\/p>\n \u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n # \u6279\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6587\u672c
\njs_code = """
\nvar elements = document.getElementsByClassName('item');
\nfor(var i=0; i<elements.length; i++){
\n elements[i].textContent = 'new text';
\n}
\n"""
\ndriver.execute_script(js_code)\n <\/li>\n 9.2 \u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n - \n
\u5143\u7d20\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b56\u7565：<\/p>\n | |