{"id":50864,"date":"2025-08-10T13:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-08-10T05:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/50864.html"},"modified":"2025-08-10T13:24:15","modified_gmt":"2025-08-10T05:24:15","slug":"%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%e9%9d%a2%e8%af%95%ef%bc%9a%e8%ae%ad%e7%bb%83%e5%a4%a7%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e7%9a%84%e6%97%b6%e5%80%99oov%e9%94%99%e8%af%af%e6%80%8e%e4%b9%88%e8%a7%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/50864.html","title":{"rendered":"\u7b97\u6cd5\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u9762\u8bd5\uff1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u5927\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65f6\u5019OOV\u9519\u8bef\u600e\u4e48\u89e3\u51b3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u5927\u6a21\u578b\u65f6&#xff0c;OOV&#xff08;Out-of-Vocabulary&#xff0c;\u672a\u767b\u5f55\u8bcd&#xff09;\u9519\u8bef\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6a21\u578b\u9047\u5230\u8bad\u7ec3\u9636\u6bb5\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u7f16\u7801\u6216\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002OOV \u7684\u6839\u6e90\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u8986\u76d6\u4e0d\u8db3&#xff08;\u5982\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u672a\u5305\u542b\u8be5\u8bcd&#xff09;\u6216\u5206\u8bcd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h4>\u4e00\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u89e3\u51b3\u601d\u8def<\/h4>\n<h5>1. \u91c7\u7528\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff08;Subword&#xff09;\u5206\u8bcd&#xff08;\u6700\u4e3b\u6d41&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u5b50\u8bcd\u5206\u8bcd\u5c06\u8bcd\u6c47\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u5355\u5143&#xff08;\u5982 \u201cunhappiness\u201d\u2192\u201cun\u201d&#043;\u201chappiness\u201d\u2192\u201chappy\u201d&#043;\u201cness\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f\u662f OOV \u8bcd&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u80fd\u88ab\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7684\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u88ab\u6a21\u578b\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7b97\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>BPE&#xff08;Byte Pair Encoding&#xff0c;\u5b57\u8282\u5bf9\u7f16\u7801&#xff09;&#xff1a;GPT\u3001RoBERTa \u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>WordPiece&#xff1a;BERT\u3001DistilBERT \u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Unigram&#xff1a;T5 \u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>2. \u6269\u5c55\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868<\/h5>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u66f4\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u6784\u5efa\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868&#xff0c;\u8986\u76d6\u66f4\u591a\u6f5c\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47&#xff08;\u5982\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u3001\u65b0\u8bcd&#xff09;\u3002\u4f46\u9700\u5e73\u8861\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u5927\u5c0f&#xff08;\u8fc7\u5927\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6210\u672c&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>3. \u5b57\u7b26\u7ea7&#xff08;Character-level&#xff09;\u5904\u7406<\/h5>\n<p>\u5c06\u6587\u672c\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26&#xff08;\u5982 \u201capple\u201d\u2192\u201ca\u201d&#043;\u201cp\u201d&#043;\u201cp\u201d&#043;\u201cl\u201d&#043;\u201ce\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u65e0 OOV&#xff08;\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u5747\u53ef\u8986\u76d6&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4f1a\u663e\u8457\u589e\u52a0\u5e8f\u5217\u957f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u964d\u4f4e\u6a21\u578b\u6548\u7387&#xff08;\u9002\u5408\u77ed\u6587\u672c\u6216\u4f4e\u8d44\u6e90\u8bed\u8a00&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>4. \u7ed3\u5408 UNK \u6807\u8bb0\u4e0e\u540e\u5904\u7406<\/h5>\n<p>\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165&lt;unk&gt;\u6807\u8bb0&#xff0c;\u5c06 OOV \u8bcd\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a&lt;unk&gt;&#xff0c;\u540c\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u5de5\u5177&#xff08;\u5982\u62fc\u5199\u7ea0\u9519\u3001\u5b9e\u4f53\u94fe\u63a5&#xff09;\u8865\u5145 OOV \u8bcd\u4fe1\u606f&#xff08;\u4f46\u4f1a\u4e22\u5931 OOV \u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8bed\u4e49&#xff0c;\u6548\u679c\u6709\u9650&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u4e8c\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u5b50\u8bcd\u5206\u8bcd\u5904\u7406 OOV<\/h4>\n<p>\u4ee5BPE \u7b97\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4f8b&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 Hugging Face \u7684tokenizers\u5e93\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b50\u8bcd\u5206\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u5c55\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406 OOV \u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6b65\u9aa4 1&#xff1a;\u5b89\u88c5\u4f9d\u8d56<\/h5>\n<p>pip install tokenizers<\/p>\n<h5>\u6b65\u9aa4 2&#xff1a;\u8bad\u7ec3 BPE \u5206\u8bcd\u5668<\/h5>\n<p>\u7528\u6837\u672c\u8bed\u6599\u8bad\u7ec3 BPE \u5206\u8bcd\u5668&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u5176\u5b66\u4e60\u5b50\u8bcd\u62c6\u5206\u89c4\u5219&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>from tokenizers import Tokenizer<br \/>\nfrom tokenizers.models import BPE<br \/>\nfrom tokenizers.trainers import BpeTrainer<br \/>\nfrom tokenizers.pre_tokenizers import Whitespace<\/p>\n<p># 1. \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5206\u8bcd\u5668&#xff08;BPE\u6a21\u578b&#xff09;<br \/>\ntokenizer &#061; Tokenizer(BPE(unk_token&#061;&#034;&lt;unk&gt;&#034;))  # \u5b9a\u4e49\u672a\u77e5\u8bcd\u6807\u8bb0<br \/>\ntokenizer.pre_tokenizer &#061; Whitespace()  # \u5148\u6309\u7a7a\u683c\u62c6\u5206\u9884\u5206\u8bcd<\/p>\n<p># 2. \u914d\u7f6e\u8bad\u7ec3\u5668&#xff08;\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6807\u8bb0&#xff09;<br \/>\ntrainer &#061; BpeTrainer(<br \/>\n    vocab_size&#061;1000,  # \u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u5927\u5c0f&#xff08;\u5b50\u8bcd\u603b\u6570&#xff09;<br \/>\n    special_tokens&#061;[&#034;&lt;pad&gt;&#034;, &#034;&lt;unk&gt;&#034;, &#034;&lt;s&gt;&#034;, &#034;&lt;\/s&gt;&#034;],  # \u7279\u6b8a\u6807\u8bb0<br \/>\n    min_frequency&#061;2  # \u5b50\u8bcd\u6700\u5c0f\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387&#xff08;\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6781\u4f4e\u9891\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff09;<br \/>\n)<\/p>\n<p># 3. \u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6&#xff09;<br \/>\n# \u6837\u672c\u8bed\u6599\u5185\u5bb9&#xff08;\u6a21\u62df\u65e5\u5e38\u6587\u672c&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u542b&#034;fluffernutter&#034;\u8fd9\u4e2aOOV\u8bcd&#xff09;&#xff1a;<br \/>\n# &#034;I like apples and bananas. She likes eating happy cakes. Unhappy days are bad.&#034;<br \/>\ntrain_files &#061; [&#034;train_corpus.txt&#034;]<\/p>\n<p># 4. \u8bad\u7ec3\u5206\u8bcd\u5668<br \/>\ntokenizer.train(train_files, trainer)<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"background-color:transparent\">\u6b65\u9aa4 3&#xff1a;\u6d4b\u8bd5 OOV \u8bcd\u5904\u7406<\/h5>\n<p>\u7528\u8bad\u7ec3\u597d\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5668\u5904\u7406\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684 OOV \u8bcd&#xff08;\u5982 \u201cfluffernutter\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e00\u79cd\u4e09\u660e\u6cbb\u540d\u79f0&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p># \u6d4b\u8bd5OOV\u8bcd&#034;fluffernutter&#034;<br \/>\noov_word &#061; &#034;fluffernutter&#034;<br \/>\nencoded &#061; tokenizer.encode(oov_word)<\/p>\n<p>print(f&#034;\u539f\u59cb\u8bcd&#xff1a;{oov_word}&#034;)<br \/>\nprint(f&#034;\u5b50\u8bcd\u62c6\u5206&#xff1a;{encoded.tokens}&#034;)<br \/>\nprint(f&#034;\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684ID&#xff1a;{encoded.ids}&#034;)<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"background-color:transparent\">\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c&#xff08;\u793a\u4f8b&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/h5>\n<p>\u539f\u59cb\u8bcd&#xff1a;fluffernutter<br \/>\n\u5b50\u8bcd\u62c6\u5206&#xff1a;[&#039;fluff&#039;, &#039;er&#039;, &#039;nut&#039;, &#039;ter&#039;]  # OOV\u8bcd\u88ab\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7684\u5b50\u8bcd<br \/>\n\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684ID&#xff1a;[128, 45, 93, 210]  # \u5b50\u8bcd\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u4e2d\u7684ID&#xff08;\u975e&lt;unk&gt;&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u8bf4\u660e&#xff1a;\u5373\u4f7f \u201cfluffernutter\u201d \u672a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u8bed\u6599\u4e2d&#xff0c;BPE \u5206\u8bcd\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u7684\u5b50\u8bcd\u89c4\u5219&#xff08;\u5982 \u201cfluff\u201d\u201cer\u201d\u201cnut\u201d\u201cter\u201d \u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5176\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5df2\u77e5\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e86 OOV \u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u4e09\u3001\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u5206\u8bcd\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528&#xff08;\u66f4\u5b9e\u7528&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u5668&#xff08;\u5982 BERT\u3001GPT \u7684 tokenizer&#xff09;\u5373\u53ef\u9ad8\u6548\u5904\u7406 OOV&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8bed\u6599\u4e0a\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528 BERT \u7684 tokenizer \u5904\u7406 OOV \u8bcd<\/p>\n<p>from transformers import BertTokenizer<\/p>\n<p># \u52a0\u8f7d\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3BERT\u5206\u8bcd\u5668<br \/>\ntokenizer &#061; BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(&#034;bert-base-uncased&#034;)<\/p>\n<p># OOV\u8bcd&#xff1a;&#034;supercalifragilisticexpialidocious&#034;&#xff08;\u8d85\u957f\u96be\u8bcd&#xff09;<br \/>\noov_word &#061; &#034;supercalifragilisticexpialidocious&#034;<\/p>\n<p># \u7f16\u7801&#xff08;\u5206\u8bcd&#xff09;<br \/>\nencoded &#061; tokenizer(oov_word, return_tensors&#061;&#034;pt&#034;)<\/p>\n<p>print(f&#034;\u5b50\u8bcd\u62c6\u5206&#xff1a;{tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(encoded[&#039;input_ids&#039;][0])}&#034;)<\/p>\n<h5>\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c&#xff1a;<\/h5>\n<p>\u5b50\u8bcd\u62c6\u5206&#xff1a;[&#039;[CLS]&#039;, &#039;super&#039;, &#039;##cali&#039;, &#039;##fra&#039;, &#039;##gil&#039;, &#039;##ist&#039;, &#039;##ice&#039;, &#039;##xp&#039;, &#039;##iali&#039;, &#039;##doc&#039;, &#039;##ious&#039;, &#039;[SEP]&#039;]<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u89c1&#xff0c;OOV \u8bcd\u88ab\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a BERT \u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7684\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff08;\u5e26##\u524d\u7f00\u8868\u793a\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e86&lt;unk&gt;&#xff0c;\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u6b63\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"background-color:transparent\">\u56db\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u89e3\u51b3 OOV \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u5b50\u8bcd\u5206\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06 OOV \u8bcd\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5df2\u77e5\u5b50\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u8bed\u4e49\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u5206\u8bcd\u5668&#xff08;\u5982 Hugging Face \u751f\u6001\u4e2d\u7684 tokenizer&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u91cd\u590d\u8bad\u7ec3&#xff0c;\u9ad8\u6548\u4e14\u8986\u76d6\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u573a\u666f&#xff08;\u5982\u4f4e\u8d44\u6e90\u8bed\u8a00&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u7ed3\u5408\u5b57\u7b26\u7ea7\u5904\u7406\u6216\u6269\u5c55\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\u5bf9\u4f60\u6709\u7528&#xff0c;\u90a3\u5c31\u522b\u5ba2\u6c14\u2014\u2014\u70b9\u8d5e\u3001\u5173\u6ce8\u3001\u6536\u85cf\u3002\u4f60\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u53cd\u9988\u90fd\u662f\u7ed9\u6211\u6253\u7684\u5c0f\u9e21\u8840&#xff0c;\u4e00\u8d77\u51b2\u9e2d&#xff0c;\u53d8\u5f3a\u4e0d\u6389\u7ebf&#xff01;&#x1f412;&#x1f412;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb52\u6b21\u3002       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