{"id":49713,"date":"2025-07-30T19:16:45","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T11:16:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/49713.html"},"modified":"2025-07-30T19:16:45","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T11:16:45","slug":"java-9-%e6%96%b0%e7%89%b9%e6%80%a7%e8%a7%a3%e6%9e%90%e4%b8%8e%e4%bb%a3%e7%a0%81%e7%a4%ba%e4%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/49713.html","title":{"rendered":"Java 9 \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Java 9 \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<h4>\u6587\u7ae0\u76ee\u5f55<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 9 \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u89e3\u6790\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>1. \u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff08;Project Jigsaw&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u91cd\u6784 Java \u7684\u57fa\u77f3<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>1.1. \u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n<li>1.2. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>1.3. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5e94\u7528<\/li>\n<li>1.4. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u4e0e Java 8 \u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2. JShell&#xff1a;\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f REPL \u5de5\u5177<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>2.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>2.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;JShell \u64cd\u4f5c\u793a\u4f8b<\/li>\n<li>2.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;\u4e0e\u811a\u672c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u5f25\u5408<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>3. \u79c1\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u91cd\u6784\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5229\u5668<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>3.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>3.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 8 vs Java 9 \u5bf9\u6bd4<\/li>\n<li>3.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>4. Try-with-resources \u4f18\u5316&#xff1a;\u6d88\u9664\u5197\u4f59\u58f0\u660e<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>4.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f18\u5316&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>4.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>4.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;\u5b57\u8282\u7801\u7ea7\u5dee\u5f02<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>5. Process API \u6539\u8fdb&#xff1a;\u638c\u63a7\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>5.1. \u6838\u5fc3\u6539\u8fdb<\/li>\n<li>5.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u5b8c\u6574\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406<\/li>\n<li>5.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;Java 8 \u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>6. \u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u6269\u5c55&#xff1a;\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u7684\u7b80\u5316<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>6.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>6.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>6.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>7. \u591a\u7248\u672c JAR \u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;\u5411\u540e\u517c\u5bb9\u7684 API \u6f14\u8fdb<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>7.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>7.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa Multi-Release JAR<\/li>\n<li>7.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u673a\u5236&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b56\u7565<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>8. HTTP\/2 Client&#xff08;\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u5757&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>8.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>8.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u5b8c\u6574 HTTP\/2 \u8bf7\u6c42<\/li>\n<li>8.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;vs HttpURLConnection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>9. \u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u952e\u6539\u8fdb&#xff1a;\u5c0f\u7279\u6027\u5927\u4ef7\u503c<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>9.1. &#096;&#064;SafeVarargs&#096; \u6269\u5c55<\/li>\n<li>9.2. &#096;CompletableFuture&#096; API \u589e\u5f3a<\/li>\n<li>9.3. \u6539\u8fdb\u7684 Javadoc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>10. \u7ed3\u8bed&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u4e0e\u8fc1\u79fb\u5efa\u8bae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Java 9 \u4e8e 2017 \u5e74 9 \u6708\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u5e03&#xff0c;\u4f5c\u4e3a Java \u5e73\u53f0\u81ea Java 5 \u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8fdb&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u95ee\u9898&#xff08;\u5982 JRE \u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7f3a\u5931&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u591a\u9879\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684 API \u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u5347\u7ea7\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7cd6\u5806\u780c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u6307 Java \u751f\u6001\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u75db\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7 Project Jigsaw \u5b9e\u73b0\u5e73\u53f0\u7ea7\u6a21\u5757\u5316&#xff0c;\u540c\u65f6\u4f18\u5316\u5f00\u53d1\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6548\u7387\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u6df1\u5165\u5256\u6790 Java 9 \u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u5747\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d89\u53ca\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u6211\u4f1a\u5c55\u793a Java 8 \u4e0e Java 9 \u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u63ed\u793a\u5e95\u5c42\u673a\u5236\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u907f\u514d\u6d6e\u5938\u8868\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u805a\u7126\u6280\u672f\u672c\u8d28&#xff0c;\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u8bfb\u5b8c\u540e\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u638c\u63e1\u8fc1\u79fb\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u5b9e\u6218\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u5747\u57fa\u4e8e OpenJDK \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250730111642-6889ff1ae307e.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>1. \u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff08;Project Jigsaw&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u91cd\u6784 Java \u7684\u57fa\u77f3<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u6700\u5177\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6027\u662f\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff08;JSR 376&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 Java \u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684&#034;JAR \u5730\u72f1&#034;\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u7c7b\u8def\u5f84&#xff08;Classpath&#xff09;\u7684\u6241\u5e73\u7ed3\u6784\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u9690\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5&#xff0c;\u5c06 Java \u5e73\u53f0\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u53ef\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.1. \u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6a21\u5757\u58f0\u660e&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7 module-info.java \u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u5757&#xff0c;\u58f0\u660e\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u5305\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u53ca\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5&#xff1a;\u975e\u5bfc\u51fa\u5305\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u5c04\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff08;\u9664\u975e\u6a21\u5757\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 opens \u6307\u4ee4\u663e\u5f0f\u5f00\u653e\u8be5\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u5c04\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6a21\u5757\u8def\u5f84&#xff1a;\u53d6\u4ee3\u7c7b\u8def\u5f84&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 &#8211;module-path \u6307\u5b9a\u6a21\u5757\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u56fe&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6a21\u5757\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>1.2. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6574\u4e2a JRE \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u5355\u5143\u52a0\u8f7d&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u5185\u5b58\u6d6a\u8d39&#xff1a;\u5e94\u7528\u53ea\u9700\u90e8\u5206\u529f\u80fd&#xff08;\u5982\u4ec5\u7528 java.sql&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5374\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5168\u90e8 60&#043; MB \u7684 rt.jar\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8106\u5f31\u6027&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u5c04\u8bbf\u95ee\u5185\u90e8 API&#xff08;\u5982 sun.misc.Unsafe&#xff09;\u7834\u574f\u5c01\u88c5&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4\u7248\u672c\u5347\u7ea7\u65f6\u5d29\u6e83\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f9d\u8d56\u6df7\u4e71&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u8def\u5f84\u987a\u5e8f\u51b3\u5b9a\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d&#xff0c;\u6613\u5f15\u53d1 NoSuchMethodError\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u663e\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u6574\u4ee3\u7801\u6f14\u793a\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5e94\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u5fd7\u6a21\u5757 com.example.logging \u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1a\u52a1\u6a21\u5757 com.example.app&#xff0c;\u540e\u8005\u4f9d\u8d56\u524d\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 1&#xff1a;\u521b\u5efa\u65e5\u5fd7\u6a21\u5757<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/com.example.logging\/module-info.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">module<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">exports<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4ec5\u5bfc\u51fa\u516c\u5171API\u5305<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">requires<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff08;java.base\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9690\u542b&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/com.example.logging\/com\/example\/logging\/api\/Logger.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">interface<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/com.example.logging\/com\/example\/logging\/internal\/ConsoleLogger.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>internal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5bfc\u51fa<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">implements<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token annotation punctuation\">&#064;Override<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;[LOG] &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 2&#xff1a;\u521b\u5efa\u4e1a\u52a1\u6a21\u5757<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/com.example.app\/module-info.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">module<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>app<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">requires<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f9d\u8d56\u65e5\u5fd7\u6a21\u5757<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">requires<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/com.example.app\/com\/example\/app\/Main.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>app<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>internal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;\u5185\u90e8\u5305\u672a\u5bfc\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Main<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684API<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span> logger <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        logger<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Hello from Java 9 Module System!&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;ConsoleLogger \u5c5e\u4e8e\u672a\u5bfc\u51fa\u5305 com.example.logging.internal&#xff0c;\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728 com.example.app \u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>error: package com.example.logging.internal is not visible<br \/>\nimport com.example.logging.internal.ConsoleLogger;<br \/>\n       ^<br \/>\n  (package com.example.logging.internal is declared in module com.example.logging, but module com.example.app does not read it)<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5\u2014\u2014\u6a21\u5757\u53ea\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bfc\u51fa\u5305\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 3&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e0e\u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u7f16\u8bd1\u65e5\u5fd7\u6a21\u5757<\/span><br \/>\njavac -d mods\/com.example.logging <span class=\"token punctuation\">\\\\<\/span><br \/>\n  src\/com.example.logging\/module-info.java <span class=\"token punctuation\">\\\\<\/span><br \/>\n  src\/com.example.logging\/com\/example\/logging\/api\/Logger.java <span class=\"token punctuation\">\\\\<\/span><br \/>\n  src\/com.example.logging\/com\/example\/logging\/internal\/ConsoleLogger.java<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u7f16\u8bd1\u4e1a\u52a1\u6a21\u5757&#xff08;\u4f9d\u8d56\u65e5\u5fd7\u6a21\u5757&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\njavac &#8211;module-path mods -d mods\/com.example.app <span class=\"token punctuation\">\\\\<\/span><br \/>\n  src\/com.example.app\/module-info.java <span class=\"token punctuation\">\\\\<\/span><br \/>\n  src\/com.example.app\/com\/example\/app\/Main.java<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\"># \u8fd0\u884c\u5e94\u7528<\/span><br \/>\njava &#8211;module-path mods -m com.example.app\/com.example.app.Main<\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>[LOG] Hello from Java 9 Module System!<\/p>\n<h4>1.4. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u4e0e Java 8 \u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7b49\u6548\u529f\u80fd\u9700\u901a\u8fc7 Maven\/Gradle \u7ba1\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u975e\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff08;\u8106\u5f31\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ logging-api.jar \u4e2d\u7684 Logger.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">interface<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ logging-impl.jar \u4e2d\u7684 ConsoleLogger.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>internal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">implements<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\"><span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span>Logger<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ app.jar \u4e2d\u7684 Main.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>api<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>logging<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>internal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53cd\u5c04\u53ef\u7ed5\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5371\u9669<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Main<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">Logger<\/span> logger <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ConsoleLogger<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f9d\u8d56impl\u5305&#xff0c;\u4f46\u65e0\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><br \/>\n        logger<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">log<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 8 Unstable!&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u65e0\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u9a8c\u8bc1&#xff1a;app.jar \u4f9d\u8d56 logging-impl.jar&#xff0c;\u4f46 Maven \u65e0\u6cd5\u5f3a\u5236 impl \u5305\u4e0d\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53cd\u5c04\u6f0f\u6d1e&#xff1a;\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7 setAccessible(true) \u8bbf\u95ee\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u7834\u574f\u5c01\u88c5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9690\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff1a;\u82e5 logging-impl.jar \u4f9d\u8d56\u5176\u4ed6\u5e93&#xff0c;\u9700\u624b\u52a8\u4f20\u9012\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6a21\u5757\u56fe\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5f7b\u5e95\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u4e3a Jigsaw \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807&#xff1a;\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u955c\u50cf&#xff08;\u901a\u8fc7 jlink&#xff09;\u94fa\u5e73\u9053\u8def&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>jlink &#8211;module-path <span class=\"token variable\">$JAVA_HOME<\/span>\/jmods:mods &#8211;add-modules com.example.app &#8211;output myruntime<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u6210\u7684 myruntime \u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5fc5\u8981\u6a21\u5757&#xff0c;\u4f53\u79ef\u6bd4\u5b8c\u6574 JRE \u5c0f 60% \u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2. JShell&#xff1a;\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f REPL \u5de5\u5177<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 JShell&#xff08;JSR 378&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f Java \u9996\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9 REPL&#xff08;Read-Eval-Print Loop&#xff09;\u5de5\u5177&#xff0c;\u4e13\u4e3a\u5feb\u901f\u539f\u578b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u800c\u751f\u3002\u5b83\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 Java \u957f\u671f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5373\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75db\u70b9&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u7f16\u5199\u5b8c\u6574\u7c7b\u548c main \u65b9\u6cd5\u5373\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\u7247\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u964d\u4f4e\u5b66\u4e60\u95e8\u69db&#xff1a;\u65b0\u624b\u53ef\u5373\u65f6\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387&#xff1a;\u5feb\u901f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001API \u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65e0\u7f1d\u96c6\u6210&#xff1a;\u652f\u6301\u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u3001\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>2.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;JShell \u64cd\u4f5c\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8 JShell&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>jshell<br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  Welcome to JShell &#8212; Version <span class=\"token number\">9<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  For an introduction type: \/help intro<\/p>\n<p>\u573a\u666f 1&#xff1a;\u5373\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><br \/>\n$<span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> s <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 9&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ns <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 9&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toUpperCase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n$<span class=\"token number\">3<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;JAVA 9&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u573a\u666f 2&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>&gt;     <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>&gt; <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  created method <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n$<span class=\"token number\">5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">120<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u573a\u666f 3&#xff1a;\u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u548c\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>stream<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Stream<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">of<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">map<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>i <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">forEach<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u573a\u666f 4&#xff1a;\u8c03\u8bd5 Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Function<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Integer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Integer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> square <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nsquare <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> $<span class=\"token class-name\">Lambda<\/span>$<span class=\"token number\">14<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0x0000000800064440<\/span><span class=\"token annotation punctuation\">&#064;396e2f39<\/span><\/p>\n<p>jshell<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> square<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">apply<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n$<span class=\"token number\">8<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;\u4e0e\u811a\u672c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u5f25\u5408<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7b80\u5355\u903b\u8f91\u9700\u521b\u5efa\u5b8c\u6574\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u6d4b\u8bd5 factorial \u9700\u8981\u7684\u4ee3\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FactorialTest<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">factorial<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 120<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>javac FactorialTest.java <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span> java FactorialTest<\/p>\n<p>JShell \u5c06\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a 3 \u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u547d\u4ee4&#xff0c;\u51cf\u5c11 70% \u7684\u6837\u677f\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u903b\u8f91&#xff08;\u5982 Stream \u8c03\u8bd5&#xff09;&#xff0c;JShell \u7684\u5373\u65f6\u53cd\u9988\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u53cd\u590d\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u5f00\u9500&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u9002\u5408\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u7f16\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u79c1\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u91cd\u6784\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5229\u5668<\/h3>\n<p>Java 8 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u63a5\u53e3\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;default&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u590d\u7528\u673a\u5236\u3002Java 9 \u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u63a5\u53e3\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;private&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u5171\u4eab\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u516c\u5171\u903b\u8f91&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4ee3\u7801\u91cd\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u591a\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5\u82e5\u5171\u4eab\u903b\u8f91&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u4ee3\u7801\u91cd\u590d&#xff1a;\u516c\u5171\u903b\u8f91\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u7c98\u8d34\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ef4\u62a4\u56f0\u96be&#xff1a;\u4fee\u6539\u903b\u8f91\u9700\u66f4\u65b0\u591a\u5904\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fdd\u53cd DRY \u539f\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u63a5\u53e3\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u80fd\u529b&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 8 vs Java 9 \u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<p>Java 8 \u5b9e\u73b0&#xff08;\u95ee\u9898\u66b4\u9732&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u63a5\u53e3&#xff1a;\u91cd\u590d\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">interface<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DataProcessorJava8<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">validate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u590d\u7528\u9a8c\u8bc1\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Processing: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">save<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">validate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u590d\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Saving: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9a8c\u8bc1\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u987b public&#xff0c;\u7834\u574f\u5c01\u88c5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">validate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">null<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">throw<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">IllegalArgumentException<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Data cannot be empty&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>validate \u65b9\u6cd5\u66b4\u9732\u4e3a default&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u610f\u5916\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u903b\u8f91\u91cd\u590d&#xff08;\u867d\u6b64\u5904\u4ec5\u4e00\u5904\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u4f46\u590d\u6742\u573a\u666f\u4f1a\u591a\u6b21\u91cd\u590d&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Java 9 \u4f18\u5316&#xff08;\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9 \u63a5\u53e3&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">interface<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DataProcessorJava9<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">commonValidation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Processing: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">save<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">commonValidation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u590d\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Saving: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u4ec5\u63a5\u53e3\u5185\u90e8\u53ef\u89c1<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">commonValidation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">null<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">throw<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">IllegalArgumentException<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Data cannot be empty&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7528\u4f8b<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessorDemo<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">DataProcessorJava9<\/span> processor <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DataProcessorJava9<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        processor<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Valid Data&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u5e38\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><br \/>\n        processor<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">save<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u629b\u51fa IllegalArgumentException<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Processing: Valid Data<br \/>\nException in thread &#034;main&#034; java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Data cannot be empty<\/p>\n<h4>3.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 8&#xff1a;\u63a5\u53e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u662f public&#xff0c;default \u65b9\u6cd5\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u9759\u6001\u5de5\u5177\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u751f\u6210\u6865\u63a5\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Java 9&#xff1a;\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e3a\u63a5\u53e3\u7684 private \u5b9e\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;ACC_PRIVATE \u6807\u5fd7&#xff09;\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u5b57\u8282\u7801\u903b\u8f91<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">interface<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DataProcessorJava9<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">commonValidation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">commonValidation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u591a\u6001&#xff08;\u975e\u865a\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5728\u63a5\u53e3\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa static \u5de5\u5177\u7c7b\u66f4\u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u547d\u540d\u6c61\u67d3\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4. Try-with-resources \u4f18\u5316&#xff1a;\u6d88\u9664\u5197\u4f59\u58f0\u660e<\/h3>\n<p>Java 7 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 try-with-resources \u8bed\u53e5&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed AutoCloseable \u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u6c42\u8d44\u6e90\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 try \u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e\u3002Java 9 \u5141\u8bb8\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 effectively final \u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u51cf\u5c11\u4ee3\u7801\u5197\u4f59\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f18\u5316&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u82e5\u8d44\u6e90\u53d8\u91cf\u9700\u5728 try \u5916\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff08;\u5982\u6761\u4ef6\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u5197\u4f59\u4ee3\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FileReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;file.txt&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u590d\u58f0\u660e<\/span><br \/>\n    br2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">readLine<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed br<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5197\u4f59\u53d8\u91cf&#xff1a;\u9700\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u53d8\u91cf br2 \u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u4e0b\u964d&#xff1a;\u903b\u8f91\u7126\u70b9\u88ab\u5206\u6563\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>4.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 effectively final \u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FileReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;file.txt&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65e0\u9700\u65b0\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n    br<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">readLine<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed br<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6574\u53ef\u8fd0\u884c\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>io<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TryWithResourcesJava9<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u573a\u666f 1&#xff1a;\u5355\u4e00\u8d44\u6e90<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">StringReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 9 rocks!&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>br<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">readLine<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">catch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">IOException<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">printStackTrace<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u573a\u666f 2&#xff1a;\u591a\u8d44\u6e90&#xff08;Java 9 \u8bed\u6cd5\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">InputStream<\/span> is <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>in<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">PrintStream<\/span> ps <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>is<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> ps<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            ps<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Enter text:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> is<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">read<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            ps<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;You entered: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">catch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">IOException<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">printStackTrace<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Java 9 rocks!<br \/>\nEnter text:<br \/>\nA<br \/>\nYou entered: A<\/p>\n<h4>4.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;\u5b57\u8282\u7801\u7ea7\u5dee\u5f02<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 8 \u7f16\u8bd1&#xff1a;<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6e90\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u751f\u6210\u5b57\u8282\u7801<\/span><br \/>\nastore_1  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ br<\/span><br \/>\naload_1   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u52a0\u8f7d br<\/span><br \/>\nastore_2  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ br2 &#061; br<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">finally<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> close br2 <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>Java 9 \u7f16\u8bd1&#xff1a;<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6e90\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u751f\u6210\u5b57\u8282\u7801<\/span><br \/>\nastore_1  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ br<\/span><br \/>\naload_1   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 br<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">finally<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> close br <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Java 9 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7701\u53bb\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u989d\u5916\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002\u5173\u952e\u8981\u6c42&#xff1a;\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u662f effectively final&#xff08;\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u540e\u672a\u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c&#xff09;\u3002\u82e5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4fee\u6539&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> br <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nbr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>br<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;br \u4e0d\u662f effectively final<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f&#xff1a;error: variable used in try-with-resources is not final or effectively final\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5. Process API \u6539\u8fdb&#xff1a;\u638c\u63a7\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u6269\u5c55\u4e86 Process \u548c\u65b0\u589e ProcessHandle \u7c7b&#xff08;JSR 370&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u63d0\u4f9b\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u524d&#xff08;Java 8&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u83b7\u53d6\u8fdb\u7a0b ID \u6216\u76d1\u63a7\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be&#xff0c;\u5e38\u9700 JNI \u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.1. \u6838\u5fc3\u6539\u8fdb<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Process.pid()&#xff1a;\u83b7\u53d6\u672c\u673a\u8fdb\u7a0b ID\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ProcessHandle&#xff1a;\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6811\u3001\u76d1\u542c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ProcessHandle.Info&#xff1a;\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5143\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u5b8c\u6574\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ZoneId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Optional<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessApiDemo<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1. \u83b7\u53d6\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0bID<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> currentPid <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessHandle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">current<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pid<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0bID: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> currentPid<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 2. \u542f\u52a8\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff08;\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessBuilder<\/span> pb <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessBuilder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;java&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;-version&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        pb<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">redirectErrorStream<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">true<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">Process<\/span> process <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> pb<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">start<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> childPid <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> process<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pid<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9 \u65b0\u589e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bID: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> childPid<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 3. \u76d1\u542c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa<\/span><br \/>\n            process<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">onExit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">thenAccept<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa: PID&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pid<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, \u9000\u51fa\u7801&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">exitValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 4. \u83b7\u53d6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f&#xff08;\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528&#xff0c;\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5e73\u53f0&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">ProcessHandle<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>Info<\/span> info <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> process<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">info<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">Optional<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> command <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">command<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">Optional<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> argsOpt <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">arguments<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">map<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>arr <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">join<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">Optional<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ZoneId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> startZone <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> info<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">startInstant<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">map<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>instant <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> instant<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">atZone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ZoneId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">systemDefault<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getZone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u547d\u4ee4: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> command<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">orElse<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;N\/A (\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528)&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53c2\u6570: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> argsOpt<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">orElse<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;N\/A (\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u6216\u6743\u9650\u4e0d\u8db3)&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u533a: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> startZone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">orElse<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">ZoneId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">of<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;UTC&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 5. \u6740\u6b7b\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff08;\u6f14\u793a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">Thread<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sleep<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>process<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">isAlive<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n                process<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">destroy<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6216 destroyForcibly()<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">catch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Exception<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">printStackTrace<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0bID: 12345<br \/>\n\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bID: 67890<br \/>\n\u547d\u4ee4: \/usr\/bin\/java<br \/>\n\u53c2\u6570: -version<br \/>\n\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u533a: Asia\/Shanghai<br \/>\n\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa: PID&#061;67890, \u9000\u51fa\u7801&#061;0<\/p>\n<h4>5.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;Java 8 \u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u83b7\u53d6\u8fdb\u7a0b ID \u9700\u53cd\u5c04\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u83b7\u53d6 PID \u7684&#034;\u9ed1\u79d1\u6280&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Java8ProcessId<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">getPid<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7 JMX \u83b7\u53d6&#xff08;\u4ec5\u9650 HotSpot&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\"><span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lang<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>management<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span>RuntimeMXBean<\/span> runtime <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\"><span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>lang<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>management<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span>ManagementFactory<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getRuntimeMXBean<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> jvmName <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> runtime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getName<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u683c\u5f0f: pid&#064;hostname<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Long<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">parseLong<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>jvmName<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">split<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;&#064;&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5e73\u53f0\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff1a;\u4ec5 HotSpot JVM \u6709\u6548&#xff0c;\u5176\u4ed6 JVM&#xff08;\u5982 IBM J9&#xff09;\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8106\u5f31\u6027&#xff1a;runtime.getName() \u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u529f\u80fd\u7f3a\u5931&#xff1a;\u65e0\u6cd5\u76d1\u542c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa\u6216\u83b7\u53d6\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Java 9 \u7684 ProcessHandle \u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u7684 API&#xff0c;\u5e95\u5c42\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u539f\u751f\u8c03\u7528\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff08;\u5982 Linux \u7684 getpid()&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u6269\u5c55&#xff1a;\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u7684\u7b80\u5316<\/h3>\n<p>Java 7 \u5f15\u5165\u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 &lt;&gt; \u7b80\u5316\u6cdb\u578b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9650\u5236\u4e8e\u663e\u5f0f\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u3002Java 9 \u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26&#xff0c;\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u63a8\u65ad\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4\u5197\u4f59&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u5197\u4f59\u4ee3\u7801<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> list <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ArrayList<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token annotation punctuation\">&#064;Override<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> index<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>index<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toUpperCase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;ArrayList&lt;String&gt; \u91cd\u590d\u4e86 String \u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9&#xff1a;\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u4f7f\u7528\u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> list <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ArrayList<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7c7b\u578b\u7531\u5de6\u4fa7\u63a8\u65ad<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token annotation punctuation\">&#064;Override<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> index<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">super<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>index<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toUpperCase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>list<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;java&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nlist<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;9&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>list<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa: JAVA<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>list<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa: 9<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>6.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u673a\u5236<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 8 \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u65ad\u6cdb\u578b&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Java 9 \u6539\u8fdb&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5229\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;Target Typing&#xff09;\u63a8\u65ad&#xff1a;\n<li>\u5de6\u4fa7\u58f0\u660e List&lt;String&gt; list \u5b9a\u4e49\u76ee\u6807\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a List&lt;String&gt;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53f3\u4fa7 new ArrayList&lt;&gt;() \u7684\u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u6307\u793a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u63a8\u65ad ArrayList \u7684\u6cdb\u578b\u4e3a String\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f ArrayList&lt;String&gt;&#xff0c;\u5176 get \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a String\u3002<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u9650\u5236&#xff1a;\u4ec5\u5f53\u533f\u540d\u5185\u90e8\u7c7b\u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\u6709\u6548\u3002\u82e5\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u65e0\u6548&#xff1a;\u533f\u540d\u7c7b\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">Map<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Integer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> map <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HashMap<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u94bb\u77f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u65ad<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;error: cannot use &#039;&lt;&gt;&#039; with anonymous inner classes that introduce type parameters\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u4ecd\u9700\u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u6cdb\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u591a\u7248\u672c JAR \u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;\u5411\u540e\u517c\u5bb9\u7684 API \u6f14\u8fdb<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u5f15\u5165\u591a\u7248\u672c JAR&#xff08;Multi-Release JAR, JSR 238&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5355\u4e2a JAR \u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u540c Java \u7248\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a JVM \u4e0a\u65f6&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u5bf9\u5e94\u7248\u672c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u89e3\u51b3 API \u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5b83&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u5e93\u4f5c\u8005\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528 Java 9 \u7684\u65b0 API&#xff08;\u5982 Collection#toArray(IntFunction)&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9700\u517c\u5bb9 Java 8 \u7528\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65e7\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;\u7ef4\u62a4\u591a\u5957\u4ee3\u7801\u5206\u652f&#xff0c;\u589e\u52a0\u6784\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65b0\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;\u5355\u4e2a JAR \u5305\u542b\u591a\u7248\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>7.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa Multi-Release JAR<\/h4>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 1&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u7840\u7248\u672c&#xff08;Java 8&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/main\/java\/com\/example\/VersionUtil.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Collection<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">VersionUtil<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">toArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Collection<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> coll<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> coll<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 \u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 2&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4e49 Java 9 \u4f18\u5316\u7248\u672c<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ src\/main\/java9\/com\/example\/VersionUtil.java<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">package<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">com<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>example<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Collection<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>function<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">IntFunction<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">VersionUtil<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">toArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Collection<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> coll<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9&#043; \u4f18\u5316\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> coll<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 3&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa JAR&#xff08;Maven \u793a\u4f8b&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">&lt;!&#8211; pom.xml \u914d\u7f6e &#8211;&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>build<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>plugins<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>groupId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span>org.apache.maven.plugins<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>groupId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>artifactId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span>maven-jar-plugin<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>artifactId<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>version<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span>3.0.2<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>version<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>configuration<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>archive<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>manifestEntries<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                        <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span>Multi-Release<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span>true<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>Multi-Release<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                    <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>manifestEntries<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>archive<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>configuration<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>plugin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>plugins<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token tag\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;\/<\/span>build<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6784\u5efa\u540e JAR \u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>mylib.jar<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 META-INF<br \/>\n\u2502   \u251c\u2500\u2500 MANIFEST.MF<br \/>\n\u2502   \u2502   Multi-Release: true<br \/>\n\u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 versions<br \/>\n\u2502       \u2514\u2500\u2500 9<br \/>\n\u2502           \u2514\u2500\u2500 com<br \/>\n\u2502               \u2514\u2500\u2500 example<br \/>\n\u2502                   \u2514\u2500\u2500 VersionUtil.class  # Java 9 \u7248\u672c<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 com<br \/>\n\u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 example<br \/>\n\u2502       \u2514\u2500\u2500 VersionUtil.class  # \u57fa\u7840\u7248\u672c&#xff08;Java 8&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u6b65\u9aa4 4&#xff1a;\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5728 Java 8 \u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;\u52a0\u8f7d\u57fa\u7840 VersionUtil.class\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728 Java 9&#043; \u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;\u4f18\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d META-INF\/versions\/9\/com\/example\/VersionUtil.class\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MultiReleaseDemo<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> list <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Arrays<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">asList<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;a&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;b&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> arr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">VersionUtil<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>list<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">Arrays<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toString<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Java 8 \u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;\u8c03\u7528\u57fa\u7840\u7248\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Java 9 \u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;\u8c03\u7528\u4f18\u5316\u7248\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>7.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u673a\u5236&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b56\u7565<\/h4>\n<p>JVM \u901a\u8fc7 MultiReleaseJarFile \u7c7b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5 META-INF\/MANIFEST.MF \u662f\u5426\u6709 Multi-Release: true\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u82e5\u5f53\u524d JVM \u7248\u672c \u2265 \u76ee\u5f55\u540d&#xff08;\u5982 9&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f18\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d META-INF\/versions\/{version}\/ \u4e0b\u7684\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5426\u5219\u56de\u9000\u5230\u57fa\u7840\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u8fd9\u907f\u514d\u4e86 ClassNotFoundException&#xff0c;\u4e14\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u6027\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u5f53\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u7248\u672c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u989d\u5916\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/li>\n<h3>8. HTTP\/2 Client&#xff08;\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u5757&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u4ee5\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u5757&#xff08;jdk.incubator.httpclient&#xff09;\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7684 HTTP \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef API&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301 HTTP\/2 \u548c WebSocket&#xff0c;\u53d6\u4ee3\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684 HttpURLConnection\u3002\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u6b64 API \u5728 Java 11 \u624d\u8f6c\u6b63&#xff08;java.net.http&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46 Java 9 \u5df2\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u8981\u63d0\u793a&#xff1a;\u5728 Java 9 \u548c 10 \u4e2d&#xff0c;HTTP Client API \u4f4d\u4e8e\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u5757 jdk.incubator.httpclient \u4e2d\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u6a21\u5757\u9009\u9879 &#8211;add-modules jdk.incubator.httpclient\u3002\u6b64 API \u5728 Java 11 \u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6 API&#xff0c;\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u4e3a java.net.http&#xff0c;\u5305\u540d\u4e3a java.net.http\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>HTTP\/2 \u652f\u6301&#xff1a;\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u3001\u5934\u90e8\u538b\u7f29\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f02\u6b65\u975e\u963b\u585e&#xff1a;\u57fa\u4e8e CompletableFuture \u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u5f0f\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff1a;\u6e05\u6670\u7684 Builder \u6a21\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u544a\u522b HttpURLConnection \u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5f0f\u9677\u9631\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>8.2. \u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u5b8c\u6574 HTTP\/2 \u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">jdk<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>incubator<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>http<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>net<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span>URI<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> <span class=\"token namespace\">java<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>util<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>concurrent<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">CompletableFuture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Http2ClientDemo<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> args<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">throws<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Exception<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1. \u521b\u5efa HttpClient&#xff08;\u652f\u6301 HTTP\/2&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpClient<\/span> client <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpClient<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">newBuilder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">version<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">HttpClient<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>Version<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>HTTP_2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a HTTP\/2<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">build<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 2. \u6784\u5efa GET \u8bf7\u6c42<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpRequest<\/span> request <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpRequest<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">newBuilder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">uri<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>URI<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">create<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;https:\/\/httpbin.org\/get&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">header<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;User-Agent&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 9 HttpClient&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">GET<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">build<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 3. \u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u9001\u8bf7\u6c42<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpResponse<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> response <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> client<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">send<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpResponse<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>BodyHandler<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">asString<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u540c\u6b65\u72b6\u6001\u7801: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">statusCode<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u540c\u6b65\u54cd\u5e94\u4f53: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> response<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">body<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 4. \u5f02\u6b65\u53d1\u9001\u8bf7\u6c42<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token class-name\">CompletableFuture<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">HttpResponse<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> cf <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> client<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sendAsync<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            request<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">HttpResponse<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>BodyHandler<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">asString<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        cf<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">thenApply<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">HttpResponse<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">body<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n          <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">thenAccept<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>body <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5f02\u6b65\u54cd\u5e94: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> body<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n          <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">join<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b49\u5f85\u5b8c\u6210<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6b65\u72b6\u6001\u7801: 200<br \/>\n\u540c\u6b65\u54cd\u5e94\u4f53: { &#034;args&#034;: {}, &#8230; }<br \/>\n\u5f02\u6b65\u54cd\u5e94: { &#034;args&#034;: {}, &#8230; }<\/p>\n<h4>8.3. \u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;vs HttpURLConnection<\/h4>\n<p>Java 8 \u4ee3\u7801&#xff08;\u5197\u957f\u4e14\u6613\u9519&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 8 HttpURLConnection \u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">URL<\/span> url <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">URL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;https:\/\/httpbin.org\/get&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token class-name\">HttpURLConnection<\/span> conn <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">HttpURLConnection<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> url<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">openConnection<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nconn<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setRequestMethod<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;GET&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nconn<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setRequestProperty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;User-Agent&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Java 8&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span> in <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BufferedReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">InputStreamReader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>conn<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getInputStream<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span> inputLine<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token class-name\">StringBuilder<\/span> content <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">StringBuilder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>inputLine <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> in<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">readLine<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">null<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        content<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">append<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>inputLine<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>content<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">toString<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">finally<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    conn<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">disconnect<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u963b\u585e\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff1a;\u540c\u6b65\u8c03\u7528\u963b\u585e\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65e0 HTTP\/2 \u652f\u6301&#xff1a;\u5f3a\u5236\u4f7f\u7528 HTTP\/1.1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406&#xff1a;\u9700\u624b\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u6d41\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406&#xff1a;IOException \u9700\u663e\u5f0f\u6355\u83b7\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Java 9 \u7684 HTTP Client \u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u963b\u585e I\/O \u548c\u6e05\u6670\u7684 API \u5206\u5c42\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u662f JDK \u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u7eaf Java HTTP\/2 \u534f\u8bae\u6808&#xff0c;\u57fa\u4e8e NIO \u548c CompletableFuture \u6784\u5efa&#xff0c;\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u975e\u963b\u585e\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9. \u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u952e\u6539\u8fdb&#xff1a;\u5c0f\u7279\u6027\u5927\u4ef7\u503c<\/h3>\n<h4>9.1. &#064;SafeVarargs \u6269\u5c55<\/h4>\n<p>Java 9 \u5141\u8bb8\u5728 private \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528 &#064;SafeVarargs&#xff0c;\u6d88\u9664\u6cdb\u578b\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8b66\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9 \u4e4b\u524d&#xff1a;\u4ec5\u9650 final\/static \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">SafeVarargsDemo<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9 \u5141\u8bb8 private \u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token annotation punctuation\">&#064;SafeVarargs<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span> lists<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">List<\/span><span class=\"token generics\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">String<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">&gt;<\/span><\/span> list <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> lists<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>list<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u7406&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4fe1\u4efb private \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u6570\u7ec4&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u5806\u6c61\u67d3\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.2. CompletableFuture API \u589e\u5f3a<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>completeAsync\/runAsync&#xff1a;\u6307\u5b9a\u6267\u884c\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li>orTimeout&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6&#xff08;\u5982\u679c1\u79d2\u5185\u672a\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u5219\u5f02\u5e38\u5b8c\u6210TimeoutException&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"token class-name\">CompletableFuture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">supplyAsync<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Result&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">orTimeout<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">TimeUnit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>SECONDS<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Java 9 \u65b0\u589e<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">thenAccept<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">System<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>out<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">println<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>9.3. \u6539\u8fdb\u7684 Javadoc<\/h4>\n<p>\u652f\u6301 HTML5 \u8f93\u51fa&#xff0c;\u4fee\u590d\u65e7\u7248\u6e32\u67d3\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>javadoc -html5 -d docs src\/**\/*.java<\/p>\n<h3>10. \u7ed3\u8bed&#xff1a;Java 9 \u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u4e0e\u8fc1\u79fb\u5efa\u8bae<\/h3>\n<p>Java 9 \u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7248\u672c\u8fed\u4ee3&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f Java \u5e73\u53f0\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u5e94\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/li>\n<li>API \u4f18\u5316&#xff1a;\u4ece try-with-resources \u5230 HTTP Client&#xff0c;\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u5f00\u53d1\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u957f\u671f\u5f71\u54cd&#xff1a;Project Jigsaw \u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7248\u672c&#xff08;\u5982 Java 11 \u7684 jlink&#xff09;\u94fa\u8def\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fc1\u79fb\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u4f18\u5148&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528 jdeps \u5206\u6790\u4f9d\u8d56&#xff0c;\u9010\u6b65\u6dfb\u52a0 module-info.java\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u65b0 API&#xff1a;\u4f18\u5148\u91c7\u7528 ProcessHandle\u3001HttpClient \u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3 API\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u907f\u514d\u5185\u90e8 API&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7 &#8211;illegal-access&#061;deny \u68c0\u6d4b\u53cd\u5c04\u8fdd\u89c4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b75\u5316\u5668\u6a21\u5757&#xff1a;HTTP Client \u9700\u6dfb\u52a0 &#8211;add-modules jdk.incubator.httpclient\u3002<\/li>\n<p>Java 9 \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u76f4\u9762\u5e73\u53f0\u7ea7\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u8ffd\u9010\u8bed\u6cd5\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u5065\u58ee\u7684\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u66f4\u80fd\u7406\u89e3 Java \u4e3a\u4f55\u80fd\u5728\u4e91\u65f6\u4ee3\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb70\u6b21\u3002Java 9\u662fJava\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u901a\u8fc7Project Jigsaw\u5f15\u5165\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86JRE\u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u4f9d\u8d56\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u201cJAR\u5730\u72f1\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5f3a\u5c01\u88c5\u548c\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86JShell\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u63a5\u53e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001Try-with-resources\u8bed\u6cd5\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684HTTP\/2\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff08\u5b75\u5316\u5668\uff09\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\u7684Process API\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u9769\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86Java\u5411\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u548c\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u65f6\u4ee3\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u662fJava\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":49712,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[99,4836,4835,4837,190,4838],"topic":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-49713","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"hentry","7":"category-server","8":"tag-java","9":"tag-java9","11":"tag-jdk9","12":"tag-190","13":"tag-4838"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Java 9 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