{"id":37431,"date":"2025-05-16T09:10:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T01:10:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/37431.html"},"modified":"2025-05-16T09:10:54","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T01:10:54","slug":"%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e4%bc%98%e5%8c%96-linux-%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8%e7%9a%84%e7%a3%81%e7%9b%98-i-o-%e6%80%a7%e8%83%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/37431.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5982\u4f55\u4f18\u5316 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6027\u80fd"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

# \u4f18\u5316 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6027\u80fd\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6307\u5357<\/p>\n

## 1. \u8bc6\u522b I\/O \u74f6\u9888<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728 I\/O \u74f6\u9888\u4ee5\u53ca\u74f6\u9888\u4f4d\u7f6e：<\/p>\n

```bash # \u4f7f\u7528 iostat \u67e5\u770b\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u7edf\u8ba1 iostat -x 1<\/p>\n

# \u4f7f\u7528 iotop \u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ea7 I\/O \u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5 iotop<\/p>\n

# \u4f7f\u7528 vmstat \u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53 I\/O \u60c5\u51b5 vmstat 1 ```<\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u6307\u6807： – `%util` (iostat)：\u8bbe\u5907\u5229\u7528\u7387，\u63a5\u8fd1100%\u8868\u793a\u9971\u548c – `await` (iostat)：\u5e73\u5747 I\/O \u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4 – `svctm` (iostat)：\u5e73\u5747\u670d\u52a1\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n

## 2. \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n

### \u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf – **XFS**：\u9002\u5408\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1 – **EXT4**：\u901a\u7528\u573a\u666f，\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u597d – **Btrfs**：\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\u5982\u5feb\u7167\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u65f6<\/p>\n

### \u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u4f18\u5316 \u5728 `\/etc\/fstab` \u4e2d\u8c03\u6574\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879：<\/p>\n

```bash # \u5bf9\u4e8eSSD\u6216\u9ad8\u901f\u5b58\u50a8 noatime,nodiratime,discard,data=writeback,barrier=0<\/p>\n

# \u5bf9\u4e8eHDD\u6216\u9700\u8981\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u573a\u666f noatime,nodiratime,data=ordered ```<\/p>\n

\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\u8bf4\u660e： – `noatime\/nodiratime`：\u51cf\u5c11\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u65b0 – `discard`：\u542f\u7528TRIM(SSD\u4e13\u7528) – `data=writeback\/ordered\/journal`：\u63a7\u5236\u65e5\u5fd7\u884c\u4e3a – `barrier`：\u63a7\u5236\u5199\u5165\u5c4f\u969c<\/p>\n

## 3. I\/O \u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n

### \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668 ```bash cat \/sys\/block\/sdX\/queue\/scheduler ```<\/p>\n

### \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668 ```bash # \u5bf9\u4e8eSSD\/NVMe echo kyber > \/sys\/block\/sdX\/queue\/scheduler # \u6216 echo none > \/sys\/block\/sdX\/queue\/scheduler<\/p>\n

# \u5bf9\u4e8eHDD echo mq-deadline > \/sys\/block\/sdX\/queue\/scheduler ```<\/p>\n

\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u9009\u62e9\u5efa\u8bae： – **none\/mq-deadline**：SSD\/NVMe – **kyber**：\u4e2d\u7b49\u8d1f\u8f7dSSD – **bfq**：\u684c\u9762\u73af\u5883\u6216\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5e73\u8c03\u5ea6 – **mq-deadline**：\u4f20\u7edfHDD<\/p>\n

## 4. \u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91 `\/etc\/sysctl.conf`：<\/p>\n

```bash # \u589e\u52a0\u810f\u9875\u56de\u5199\u9608\u503c vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5 vm.dirty_ratio = 10<\/p>\n

# \u8c03\u6574\u865a\u62df\u5185\u5b58\u884c\u4e3a vm.swappiness = 1<\/p>\n

# \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f13\u5b58 vm.vfs_cache_pressure = 50<\/p>\n

# \u589e\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u9650\u5236 fs.file-max = 1000000<\/p>\n

# \u7f51\u7edc\u76f8\u5173(\u5982\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u6d89\u53ca\u7f51\u7edcI\/O) net.core.somaxconn = 4096 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096 ```<\/p>\n

\u5e94\u7528\u8bbe\u7f6e： ```bash sysctl -p ```<\/p>\n

## 5. \u786c\u4ef6\u7ea7\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n

### RAID \u914d\u7f6e – **RAID 10**：\u6700\u4f73\u6027\u80fd+\u5197\u4f59 – **RAID 5\/6**：\u5bb9\u91cf\u4f18\u5148\u4f46\u5199\u5165\u6027\u80fd\u8f83\u4f4e – \u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528\u5e26\u7535\u6c60\u7684RAID\u63a7\u5236\u5668<\/p>\n

### SSD \u4f18\u5316 ```bash # \u786e\u4fddTRIM\u542f\u7528 fstrim -av<\/p>\n

# \u68c0\u67e5SSD\u5bf9\u9f50 parted \/dev\/sdX align-check optimal 1<\/p>\n

# \u8c03\u6574\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668(\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587) ```<\/p>\n

## 6. \u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u4f18\u5316<\/p>\n

### \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f18\u5316 – MySQL: \u8c03\u6574 `innodb_io_capacity`, `innodb_flush_method` – PostgreSQL: \u8c03\u6574 `shared_buffers`, `effective_cache_size`<\/p>\n

### \u4f7f\u7528\u76f4\u63a5I\/O \u5bf9\u4e8e\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u5e94\u7528，\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528O_DIRECT\u6807\u5fd7\u7ed5\u8fc7\u9875\u9762\u7f13\u5b58<\/p>\n

### \u5f02\u6b65I\/O ```bash # \u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u652f\u6301AIO cat \/proc\/sys\/fs\/aio-max-nr<\/p>\n

# \u589e\u52a0AIO\u9650\u5236 echo 65536 > \/proc\/sys\/fs\/aio-max-nr ```<\/p>\n

## 7. \u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u672f<\/p>\n

### \u4f7f\u7528LVM\u7f13\u5b58 ```bash # \u521b\u5efa\u7f13\u5b58\u6c60 lvcreate -L 10G -n cachepool vg \/dev\/fast_ssd<\/p>\n

# \u5c06\u7f13\u5b58\u9644\u52a0\u5230\u6162\u901f\u5377 lvconvert –type cache –cachepool vg\/cachepool vg\/slow_volume ```<\/p>\n

### \u4f7f\u7528bcache (\u5757\u5c42\u7f13\u5b58) ```bash # \u521b\u5efabcache\u8bbe\u5907 make-bcache -B \/dev\/slow_hdd -C \/dev\/fast_ssd ```<\/p>\n

## 8. \u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4<\/p>\n

```bash # \u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5I\/O\u6027\u80fd iostat -xmt 1<\/p>\n

# \u68c0\u67e5\u78c1\u76d8\u5065\u5eb7(SMART) smartctl -a \/dev\/sdX<\/p>\n

# \u6e05\u7406\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6 logrotate -f \/etc\/logrotate.conf ```<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u7efc\u5408\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u672f，\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347Linux\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u78c1\u76d8I\/O\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u6bcf\u6b21\u53ea\u4fee\u6539\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5e76\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6548\u679c，\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6700\u4f73\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb1k\u6b21\uff0c\u70b9\u8d5e14\u6b21\uff0c\u6536\u85cf11\u6b21\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u4f18\u5316 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6027\u80fd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":37430,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[58,43,78,44],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-37431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-server","tag-linux","tag-43","tag-78","tag-44"],"yoast_head":"\n\u5982\u4f55\u4f18\u5316 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6027\u80fd - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/37431.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u5982\u4f55\u4f18\u5316 Linux \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u6027\u80fd - 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