{"id":34891,"date":"2025-05-01T06:03:19","date_gmt":"2025-04-30T22:03:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/34891.html"},"modified":"2025-05-01T06:03:19","modified_gmt":"2025-04-30T22:03:19","slug":"c-%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%b2%e8%af%97%e7%ba%a7%e8%bf%9b%e5%8c%96%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8ec98%e5%88%b0c20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/34891.html","title":{"rendered":"C++ \u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u7ea7\u8fdb\u5316\uff1a\u4eceC++98\u5230C++20"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<h4>\u4eceC&#043;&#043;98\u5230C&#043;&#043;20<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u7ea7\u8fdb\u5316&#xff1a;\u4ece\u57fa\u77f3\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u6469\u5929\u5927\u697c (C&#043;&#043;98 &#8211; C&#043;&#043;20 \u8be6\u89e3&#xff0c;\u542b\u793a\u4f8b)<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;98\/03&#xff1a;\u5960\u57fa\u65f6\u4ee3 \u2014\u2014 \u7ecf\u5178 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9aa8\u67b6<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;11&#xff1a;\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9769\u547d \u2014\u2014 \u91cd\u5851 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;14&#xff1a;\u7cbe\u70bc\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5584 \u2014\u2014 \u8ba9\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u66f4\u597d\u7528<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;17&#xff1a;\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u98de\u8dc3 \u2014\u2014 \u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u66f4\u4fbf\u6377<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;20&#xff1a;\u518d\u6b21\u98de\u8dc3 \u2014\u2014 \u5f15\u5165\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u53d8\u9769<\/li>\n<li>C&#043;&#043;23 \u53ca\u672a\u6765&#xff1a;\u6301\u7eed\u524d\u884c<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u8bed&#xff1a;\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u5f00\u53d1\u8005<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86 C&#043;&#043; \u4ece C&#043;&#043;98\/03 \u5230 C&#043;&#043;20 \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7248\u672c\u6f14\u8fdb&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\u548c\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u7ea7\u8fdb\u5316&#xff1a;\u4ece\u57fa\u77f3\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u6469\u5929\u5927\u697c (C&#043;&#043;98 &#8211; C&#043;&#043;20 \u8be6\u89e3&#xff0c;\u542b\u793a\u4f8b)<\/h3>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u95e8\u5728\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u9886\u57df\u5c79\u7acb\u6570\u5341\u8f7d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00&#xff0c;\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u5e74\u5434\u4e0b\u963f\u8499\u3002\u5b83\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u5ea7\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7ffb\u65b0\u7684\u5b8f\u4f1f\u5efa\u7b51&#xff0c;\u4ece C&#043;&#043;98\/03 \u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u575a\u5b9e\u5730\u57fa&#xff0c;\u5230 C&#043;&#043;11 \u62d4\u5730\u800c\u8d77\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e3b\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u518d\u7ecf\u8fc7 C&#043;&#043;14\/17 \u7684\u7cbe\u5fc3\u88c5\u4fee\u548c C&#043;&#043;20 \u589e\u6dfb\u7684\u70ab\u9177\u65b0\u7ffc&#xff0c;\u5982\u4eca\u7684 C&#043;&#043; \u5df2\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u7cbe\u5999\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6469\u5929\u5927\u697c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u5ea7\u201c\u5927\u697c\u201d\u7684\u5efa\u9020\u5386\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6b23\u8d4f\u5176\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7cbe\u5999&#xff0c;\u66f4\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u7ec3\u8fd0\u7528\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u8bbe\u65bd\u201d&#xff0c;\u5efa\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u7a33\u56fa\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u66f4\u8212\u9002\u7684\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u662f\u521a\u62ff\u5230\u201c\u5165\u4f4f\u94a5\u5319\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u624b&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u5df2\u5728\u6b64\u201c\u5c45\u4f4f\u201d\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u8001\u5175&#xff0c;\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u8def&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5c06\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u68b3\u7406 C&#043;&#043; \u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u6807\u51c6\u7248\u672c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65b0\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\u5c55\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u548c\u5a01\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;98\/03&#xff1a;\u5960\u57fa\u65f6\u4ee3 \u2014\u2014 \u7ecf\u5178 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9aa8\u67b6<\/h4>\n<p>(\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 1998\u5e74&#xff0c;2003\u5e74\u5c0f\u5e45\u4fee\u8ba2)<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u786e\u7acb\u4e86 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8303\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u63a7\u5236\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027\u56de\u987e (\u65e0\u65b0\u589e\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u4ec5\u56de\u987e\u57fa\u7840):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61: \u7c7b (class), \u7ee7\u627f, \u591a\u6001 (virtual \u51fd\u6570)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6a21\u677f (Templates): \u6cdb\u578b\u7f16\u7a0b&#xff0c;STL \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u677f\u5e93 (STL): \u5bb9\u5668 (vector, map \u7b49), \u7b97\u6cd5 (sort \u7b49), \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406: try\/catch\/throw\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4: namespace \u9632\u6b62\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/li>\n<li>RTTI: dynamic_cast, typeid\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u75db\u70b9: \u624b\u52a8\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406 (new\/delete) \u6613\u9519&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u5197\u957f&#xff0c;\u5bb9\u5668\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7e41\u7410&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6807\u51c6\u5e76\u53d1\u652f\u6301&#xff0c;NULL\/0 \u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u6709\u6b67\u4e49&#xff0c;\u6a21\u677f\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u96be\u61c2\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;11&#xff1a;\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9769\u547d \u2014\u2014 \u91cd\u5851 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891<\/h4>\n<p>(\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 2011\u5e74)<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;11 \u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u9762\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5347\u7ea7&#xff0c;\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u51b3 C&#043;&#043;98\/03 \u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u75db\u70b9&#xff0c;\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u5f00\u53d1\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u4ee3\u7801\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8be6\u89e3\u53ca\u793a\u4f8b:<\/p>\n<li>\n<p>auto \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u65e0\u9700\u518d\u5199\u5197\u957f\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u540d&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u7528 auto \u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;map&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> count <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u4e3a int<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> pi <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14159<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u4e3a double<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> message <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">string<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u4e3a std::string<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> dataMap<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ &#8230; \u586b\u5145 dataMap &#8230;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u7528 auto&#xff0c;\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\u975e\u5e38\u957f&#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> dataMap<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">find<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ it \u63a8\u5bfc\u4e3a std::map&lt;&#8230;&gt;::iterator<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>it <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> dataMap<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Found key 42&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7b80\u5316\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e&#xff0c;\u63d0\u9ad8\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027&#xff08;\u5f53\u7c7b\u578b\u660e\u663e\u65f6&#xff09;\u548c\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u6837\u677f\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u8303\u56f4\u7684 for \u5faa\u73af<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u544a\u522b\u624b\u52a8\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7ba1\u7406 (begin(), end(), &#043;&#043;it)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: for (\u58f0\u660e : \u8303\u56f4)\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;map&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> numbers <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Numbers: &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> numbers<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b80\u5355\u904d\u5386\u8bfb\u53d6<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> ages <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bob&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">25<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Ages:&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> pair <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> ages<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f7f\u7528 const auto&amp; \u907f\u514d\u62f7\u8d1d<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#8211; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> pair<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>first <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; is &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> pair<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>second <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Double numbers: &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> numbers<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f7f\u7528 auto&amp; \u4fee\u6539\u5143\u7d20<\/span><br \/>\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">*&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u904d\u5386\u5bb9\u5668\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u7b49\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3001\u76f4\u89c2\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u65e0\u9700\u5b9a\u4e49\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6216 Functor \u7c7b\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: [\u6355\u83b7](\u53c2\u6570) -&gt; \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b { \u51fd\u6570\u4f53 }\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;algorithm&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> v <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">8<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> offset <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> sum_even <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1. \u65e0\u6355\u83b7&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5355\u6bd4\u8f83\u5668<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 2. \u6309\u503c\u6355\u83b7 offset<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">for_each<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>offset<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> offset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 3. \u6309\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7 sum_even&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u4fee\u6539<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">for_each<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> v<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>sum_even<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            sum_even <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Sum of even numbers: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> sum_even <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 10 (2&#043;8)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 4. \u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> multiply <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Multiply 3*4: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">multiply<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 12<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: STL \u7b97\u6cd5\u8c13\u8bcd\/\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u521b\u5efa\u56de\u8c03&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c40\u90e8\u5e2e\u52a9\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7d27\u51d1&#xff0c;\u903b\u8f91\u66f4\u96c6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8868\u8fbe\u80fd\u529b\u5f3a&#xff08;\u95ed\u5305&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>nullptr<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 NULL\/0 \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6b67\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u7528 nullptr \u4ee3\u66ff NULL \u6216 0 \u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;cstddef&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for std::nullptr_t<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;print(int): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;print(char*): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;null&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 print(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ print(NULL); \/\/ \u53ef\u80fd\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u8c03\u7528 print(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>nullptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6e05\u6670\u5730\u8c03\u7528 print(char*)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> my_ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> nullptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>my_ptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 print(char*)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u8868\u793a\u6216\u68c0\u67e5\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u4ee3\u7801\u610f\u56fe\u660e\u786e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488 (std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::weak_ptr)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u624b\u52a8 new\/delete \u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u4f7f\u7528 &lt;memory&gt; \u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u7ba1\u7406\u52a8\u6001\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Resource<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> id<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">id<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Resource &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> id <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; acquired\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Resource &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> id <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; released\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ unique_ptr \u793a\u4f8b<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>unique_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> id<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>unique_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>new <span class=\"token function\">Resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>id<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ C&#043;&#043;11 \u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ return std::make_unique&lt;Resource&gt;(id); \/\/ C&#043;&#043;14 \u66f4\u597d<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">use_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>unique_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> res<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>res<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Using resource &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> res<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>id <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ res \u79bb\u5f00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u8d44\u6e90\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ shared_ptr \u793a\u4f8b<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">share_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>shared_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> res<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> user<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> user <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; is using resource &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> res<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>id <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; (use count: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> res<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">use_count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ res \u79bb\u5f00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u51cf 1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;&#8212; unique_ptr &#8212;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> r1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">use_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>r1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5fc5\u987b\u79fb\u52a8\u6240\u6709\u6743<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ r1 \u73b0\u5728\u4e3a\u7a7a<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8d44\u6e90 1 \u5728 use_resource \u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u91ca\u653e<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#8212; shared_ptr &#8212;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>shared_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> r2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>make_shared<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Resource<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ C&#043;&#043;11 \u63a8\u8350\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Initial use count: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">use_count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> r3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5171\u4eab\u6240\u6709\u6743<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;After copy, use count: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">use_count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">share_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;User A&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">share_resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>r3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;User B&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Leaving main scope&#8230;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ r2 \u548c r3 \u79bb\u5f00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u5f52\u96f6&#xff0c;\u8d44\u6e90 2 \u91ca\u653e<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u4f55\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90&#xff08;\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\u3001\u9501\u7b49&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u6781\u5927\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5185\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u5065\u58ee\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0e\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528 (&amp;&amp;)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u907f\u514d\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u62f7\u8d1d&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5b9e\u73b0\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 std::move \u89e6\u53d1\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;utility&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for std::move<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>class DataHolder <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\npublic<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">DataHolder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">size_t<\/span> size<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">data<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>size<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DataHolder constructed (size &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> size <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">DataHolder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DataHolder destroyed\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7981\u7528\u62f7\u8d1d (\u6216\u5b9e\u73b0\u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">DataHolder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> delete<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> operator<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> delete<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">DataHolder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span> other<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> noexcept <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">data<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>other<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u79fb\u52a8 vector \u6210\u5458<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DataHolder move constructed\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n    DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> operator<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>DataHolder<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span> other<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> noexcept <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        data <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>other<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u79fb\u52a8 vector \u6210\u5458<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DataHolder move assigned\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>this<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>DataHolder <span class=\"token function\">create_holder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">size_t<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">DataHolder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    DataHolder h1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">create_holder<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020 (\u6216 RVO)<\/span><br \/>\n    DataHolder <span class=\"token function\">h2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    DataHolder h3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>h2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u663e\u5f0f\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ h2.data \u73b0\u5728\u4e3a\u7a7a<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u5b9e\u73b0\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u4f18\u5316\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u521d\u59cb\u5316 ({})<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u4f7f\u7528 {} \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5bb9\u5668\u3001\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;map&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Point<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a_u<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr_u<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6570\u7ec4<\/span><br \/>\n    Point p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> Point p_u<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u805a\u5408\u4f53<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> v <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5bb9\u5668\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> counts <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;apple&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;banana&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ce8\u610f\u533a\u5206\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">v1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 10 \u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c (0)<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> v2<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1 \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20&#xff0c;\u503c\u4e3a 10<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u5404\u79cd\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u6027&#xff0c;\u5bb9\u5668\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u5e76\u53d1\u7f16\u7a0b\u652f\u6301<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u5e76\u53d1\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u4f7f\u7528 &lt;thread&gt;, &lt;mutex&gt;, &lt;atomic&gt;, &lt;future&gt; \u7b49\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;thread&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;atomic&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>atomic<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> counter <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u539f\u5b50\u8ba1\u6570\u5668&#xff0c;\u65e0\u9700\u9501<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">increment<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        counter<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u539f\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>thread<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> threads<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        threads<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">emplace_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>increment<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> t <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> threads<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">join<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Final counter: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> counter <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5e94\u4e3a 40000<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3001\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>override \u548c final<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u5199\u6613\u9519\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ee7\u627f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5728\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u540e\u52a0 override&#xff0c;\u5728\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b\u540d\u540e\u52a0 final\u3002<span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> virtual <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Circle<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> Base <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> override<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u786e\u4fdd\u91cd\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">SpecialCircle<\/span> final <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> Circle <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> override<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ SpecialCircle \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ struct MoreSpecial : SpecialCircle {}; \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a; \u7ee7\u627f\u4f53\u7cfb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u5065\u58ee&#xff0c;\u8bbe\u8ba1\u610f\u56fe\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u548c\u5220\u9664\u51fd\u6570 (&#061; default, &#061; delete)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u663e\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u7279\u6b8a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u751f\u6210\u6216\u7981\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5728\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u540e\u52a0\u4e0a &#061; default \u6216 &#061; delete\u3002class MyClass <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\npublic<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> delete<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7981\u6b62 int \u6784\u9020<\/span><br \/>\n    virtual <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6790\u6784&#xff08;\u5982\u679c\u662f\u865a\u7684&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> delete<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7981\u6b62\u62f7\u8d1d<\/span><br \/>\n    MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> operator<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> delete<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">MyClass<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5141\u8bb8\u9ed8\u8ba4\u79fb\u52a8<\/span><br \/>\n    MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> operator<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>MyClass<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a; \u63a7\u5236\u7c7b\u7684\u201c\u4e94\/\u516d\u5927\u7279\u6b8a\u6210\u5458\u201d&#xff0c;\u7981\u6b62\u4e0d\u671f\u671b\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u610f\u56fe\u6e05\u6670&#xff0c;\u63a7\u5236\u7cbe\u786e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>constexpr (C&#043;&#043;11 \u57fa\u7840\u7248)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65e7\u7248: \u5f15\u5165\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u51fd\u6570\u6c42\u503c\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u7528 constexpr \u4fee\u9970\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u9650\u5236\u4e25\u683c\u3002constexpr <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> MAX_SIZE <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1024<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nconstexpr <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fib<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fib<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fib<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ C&#043;&#043;11 \u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\nconstexpr <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> fib_5 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">fib<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97 (\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u652f\u6301\u4e14\u51fd\u6570\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42)<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a; \u5b9a\u4e49\u771f\u5e38\u91cf&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u589e\u5f3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;14&#xff1a;\u7cbe\u70bc\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5584 \u2014\u2014 \u8ba9\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u66f4\u597d\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>(\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 2014\u5e74)<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;14 \u4e3b\u8981\u5bf9 C&#043;&#043;11 \u8fdb\u884c\u8865\u5145\u548c\u4f18\u5316&#xff0c;\u63d0\u5347\u6613\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8be6\u89e3\u53ca\u793a\u4f8b:<\/p>\n<li>\n<p>\u901a\u7528 Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4 C&#043;&#043;11: Lambda \u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 auto\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: [](auto x, auto y) { &#8230; }<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> print <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u6cdb\u578b\u56de\u8c03&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5316\u6a21\u677f\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: Lambda \u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u901a\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Lambda \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6355\u83b7 \/ \u5e7f\u4e49 Lambda \u6355\u83b7<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4 C&#043;&#043;11: \u6355\u83b7\u5217\u8868\u652f\u6301 [var &#061; expr]\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: [p &#061; std::move(ptr), count &#061; get_count()] { &#8230; }<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;utility&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ std::move<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> uptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>make_unique<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79fb\u52a8 uptr \u5230 lambda \u7684\u6210\u5458 p<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> lambda <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>uptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">lambda<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 100<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ uptr \u73b0\u5728\u662f nullptr<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u79fb\u52a8\u6355\u83b7\u8d44\u6e90&#xff0c;\u6355\u83b7\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 C&#043;&#043;11 \u79fb\u52a8\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u96be\u9898&#xff0c;\u6355\u83b7\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4 C&#043;&#043;11: \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5199 auto\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: auto func(auto param) { return param * 2; }template<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>typename T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get_half<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fd4\u56de T\/2 \u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> half_int <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get_half<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ int<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> half_double <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get_half<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ double<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7b80\u5316\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u6a21\u677f\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>constexpr \u51fd\u6570\u9650\u5236\u653e\u5bbd<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5bf9\u6bd4 C&#043;&#043;11: \u5141\u8bb8 constexpr \u51fd\u6570\u5305\u542b\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3001if\/switch\u3001\u5faa\u73af\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u66f4\u50cf\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u7684 constexpr \u51fd\u6570\u3002constexpr <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">sum_upto<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> sum<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5faa\u73af<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\nconstexpr <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> s5 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">sum_upto<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97 15<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; constexpr \u66f4\u5b9e\u7528\u3001\u6613\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u53d8\u91cf\u6a21\u677f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7279\u6027: template&lt;typename T&gt; constexpr T pi &#061; &#8230;;<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: pi&lt;double&gt;, pi&lt;float&gt;\u3002template<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>typename T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\nconstexpr bool is_integer_type <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>is_integral_v<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ is_integral_v \u662f C&#043;&#043;17 \u7684<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">static_assert<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>is_integer_type<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">static_assert<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">!<\/span>is_integer_type<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5e38\u91cf\u6216\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\u66f4\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u9762\u91cf (0b) \u4e0e \u6570\u5b57\u5206\u9694\u7b26 (&#039;)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7279\u6027: 0b1010, 1&#039;000&#039;000\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u63d0\u9ad8\u6570\u5b57\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>std::make_unique<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: \u8865\u9f50 C&#043;&#043;11 \u7f3a\u5931\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: auto ptr &#061; std::make_unique&lt;T&gt;(args&#8230;);<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u521b\u5efa unique_ptr \u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;17&#xff1a;\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u98de\u8dc3 \u2014\u2014 \u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u66f4\u4fbf\u6377<\/h4>\n<p>(\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 2017\u5e74)<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;17 \u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u5347\u6613\u7528\u6027&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8be6\u89e3\u53ca\u793a\u4f8b:<\/p>\n<li>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7279\u6027: auto [x, y, z] &#061; my_tuple;<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u4ece pair, tuple, struct\/class&#xff08;\u516c\u5171\u6210\u5458&#xff09;\u4e2d\u89e3\u5305\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;map&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;tuple&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> users <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bob&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> users<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u53d6 key \u548c value<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;ID: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> id <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, Name: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> name <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>tuple<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> result<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;a&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;tuple&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>d_val<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> c_val<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> s_val<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> result<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u5305 tuple<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d_val <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> c_val <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> s_val <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7b80\u5316\u5bf9\u590d\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u6781\u7b80&#xff0c;\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5f3a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>if constexpr<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7279\u6027: if constexpr (\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u6761\u4ef6) { &#8230; } else { &#8230; }<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5728\u6a21\u677f\u4e2d\u6839\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7279\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7f16\u8bd1\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;type_traits&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for is_integral_v, is_same_v<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>template <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>typename T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">constexpr<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>is_integral_v<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Integral: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">constexpr<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>is_same_v<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>T<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;String: \\\\&#034;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\&#034;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Other type: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa Integral: 10<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa Other type: hello (const char*)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">string<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;world&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa String: &#034;world&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa Other type: 3.14<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u6a21\u677f\u5143\u7f16\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u66ff\u4ee3 SFINAE\/\u6807\u7b7e\u5206\u53d1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u6781\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u7c7b\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u63a8\u5bfc (CTAD)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u7279\u6027: std::pair p(1, &#034;hello&#034;);<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u7701\u7565\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u652f\u6301\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u63a8\u5bfc\u6307\u5f15 (deduction guide)\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;mutex&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for lock_guard<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector v <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa std::vector&lt;double&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>pair <span class=\"token function\">data<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;key&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa std::pair&lt;const char*, int&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>mutex mtx<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>lock_guard <span class=\"token function\">lock<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>mtx<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa std::lock_guard&lt;std::mutex&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u7b80\u5316\u6a21\u677f\u5bf9\u8c61\u521b\u5efa\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u201c\u4e09\u4ef6\u5957\u201d&#xff1a;std::optional, std::variant, std::any<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: \u5904\u7406\u53ef\u9009\u503c\u3001\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5:<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;optional&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;variant&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;any&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>optional<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">maybe_get_int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>bool success<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>success<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>nullopt<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Visitor<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7528\u4e8e variant<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">operator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;It&#039;s an int: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">operator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;It&#039;s a string: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">operator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;It&#039;s a double: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ optional<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> val <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">maybe_get_int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>true<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> val<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">has_value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6216\u76f4\u63a5 if(val)<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Optional value: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> val<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6216 *val<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ variant<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>variant<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> my_variant<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    my_variant <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">visit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>Visitor<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> my_variant<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa It&#039;s a string: hello<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    my_variant <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">123<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ C&#043;&#043;20 lambda visitor: std::visit([](auto&amp;&amp; arg){ &#8230; }, my_variant);<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ any<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>any anything<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    anything <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Any holds int: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>any_cast<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>anything<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    try <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>any_cast<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>anything<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u629b\u51fa std::bad_any_cast<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">catch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>bad_any_cast<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bad any_cast: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">what<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a; \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u8868\u793a\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u5f02\u6784\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u610f\u56fe\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>std::string_view<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: \u975e\u62e5\u6709\u6027\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u63a5\u6536 const char*, std::string \u7b49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u8fdb\u884c\u53ea\u8bfb\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string_view&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print_substring<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string_view sv<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Substring: [&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> sv <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;]\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string long_str <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;This is a rather long string&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>string_view <span class=\"token function\">view<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>long_str<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token function\">print_substring<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>view<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">substr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9ad8\u6548\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u4e32\u89c6\u56fe &#034;is a ra&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">print_substring<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;A C-style literal&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u521b\u5efa<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f&#xff1a; \u5904\u7406\u53ea\u8bfb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&#xff0c;\u7279\u522b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff1a; \u6027\u80fd&#xff0c;\u51cf\u5c11\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u5e76\u884c\u7b97\u6cd5<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: std::sort(std::execution::par, &#8230;)<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u4e3a STL \u7b97\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6267\u884c\u7b56\u7565\u53c2\u6570 (seq, par, par_unseq)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u52a0\u901f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u52a0\u901f\u5165\u53e3\u3002\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u548c\u5e93\u652f\u6301&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u94fe\u63a5\u7279\u5b9a\u5e93&#xff08;\u5982 TBB&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e93 (&lt;filesystem&gt;)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: \u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: fs::path, fs::exists, fs::is_directory, fs::create_directory, fs::remove \u7b49\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;filesystem&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nnamespace fs <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>filesystem<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    fs<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>path current <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> fs<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">current_path<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    fs<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>path new_dir <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> current <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;my_test_dir&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    fs<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">create_directory<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>new_dir<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Directory created: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> new_dir <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    fs<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">remove<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>new_dir<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Directory removed.&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3001\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;20&#xff1a;\u518d\u6b21\u98de\u8dc3 \u2014\u2014 \u5f15\u5165\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u53d8\u9769<\/h4>\n<p>(\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e 2020\u5e74)<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;20 \u662f\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u5165\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5927\u7248\u672c&#xff0c;\u663e\u8457\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6cdb\u578b\u7f16\u7a0b\u3001\u5f02\u6b65\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u8be6\u89e3 (\u91cd\u70b9\u201c\u56db\u5927\u7279\u6027\u201d):<\/p>\n<li>\n<p>\u6982\u5ff5 (Concepts)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027: concept, requires \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u7ea6\u675f&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u6a21\u677f\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;concepts&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>template<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>typename T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\nconcept Incrementable <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">requires<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> x<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8981\u6c42\u652f\u6301\u524d\u7f6e\u548c\u540e\u7f6e\u81ea\u589e<\/span><\/p>\n<p>template<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Incrementable T<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7ea6\u675f T \u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3 Incrementable<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">increment_twice<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    value<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">NonIncrementable<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">increment_twice<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ OK, int \u6ee1\u8db3<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 2<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">increment_twice<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ OK, double \u6ee1\u8db3<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 3.0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ NonIncrementable ni;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ increment_twice(ni); \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3 Incrementable \u6982\u5ff5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u6a21\u677f\u7f16\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u63d0\u9ad8\u7c7b\u578b\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u5ea6\u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u53cb\u597d\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u9769\u547d\u6027\u6539\u5584\u6a21\u677f\u7f16\u7a0b\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6a21\u5757 (Modules)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027: export module, import\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u5757\u63a5\u53e3 (.cppm \u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027) \u548c\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 import \u5bfc\u5165\u3002<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ &#8212;- my_module.cppm (\u5047\u8bbe) &#8212;-<\/span><br \/>\nexport module my_module<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nexport <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ &#8212;- main.cpp (\u5047\u8bbe) &#8212;-<\/span><br \/>\nimport my_module<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347&#xff08;\u7406\u8bba&#xff09;&#xff1a; \u7f16\u8bd1\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\u3001\u6d88\u9664\u5b8f\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u5de5\u5177\u94fe\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u534f\u7a0b (Coroutines)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027: co_await, co_yield, co_return\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5b9a\u4e49\u534f\u7a0b\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u8fd4\u56de\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u5982 generator, task&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 co_ \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5b9e\u73b0\u6682\u505c\/\u6062\u590d\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;coroutine&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f4e\u5c42\u652f\u6301<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ #include &lt;generator&gt; \/\/ C&#043;&#043;23 \u6807\u51c6\u5e93&#xff0c;\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ (\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a generator \u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u4f2a\u4ee3\u7801)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/*<br \/>\ngenerator&lt;int&gt; count_upto(int n) {<br \/>\n    for (int i &#061; 0; i &lt; n; &#043;&#043;i) {<br \/>\n        co_yield i; \/\/ \u4ea7\u751f\u503c\u5e76\u6682\u505c<br \/>\n    }<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nint main() {<br \/>\n    for(int x : count_upto(5)) { \/\/ \u6bcf\u6b21\u5faa\u73af\u6062\u590d\u534f\u7a0b<br \/>\n        std::cout &lt;&lt; x &lt;&lt; &#034; &#034;; \/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 0 1 2 3 4<br \/>\n    }<br \/>\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; std::endl;<br \/>\n    return 0;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\n*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;C&#043;&#043;20 Coroutines need library support.\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u5f02\u6b65\u7f16\u7a0b\u3001\u751f\u6210\u5668\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u7528\u540c\u6b65\u98ce\u683c\u7f16\u5199\u5f02\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5316\u590d\u6742\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u5e93\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u8303\u56f4\u5e93 (Ranges)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65b0\u5e93\u7279\u6027: &lt;ranges&gt;, std::views, \u8303\u56f4\u7248\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5: \u5bf9\u5bb9\u5668\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u7b97\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u7528 | \u7ec4\u5408\u89c6\u56fe\u3002<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;ranges&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;algorithm&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ for std::ranges::sort<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>namespace views <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>views<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nnamespace ranges <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>ranges<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> data <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">8<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> query <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> data <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> views<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">filter<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                      <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> views<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">transform<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                      <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> views<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">take<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53d6\u524d 3 \u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Query results: &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> query<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa 64 49 36<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8303\u56f4\u7248\u6392\u5e8f<\/span><br \/>\n    ranges<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Sorted data: &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token operator\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>\n <\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u666f: \u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u5347: \u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406&#xff0c;\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3001\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;20 \u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 (&lt;&#061;&gt;): auto result &#061; obj1 &lt;&#061;&gt; obj2;<\/li>\n<li>constexpr \u589e\u5f3a: \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f vector \u548c string \u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5e93 (&lt;format&gt;): std::string s &#061; std::format(&#034;Hello, {}! Count: {}&#034;, &#034;world&#034;, 42);<\/li>\n<li>&lt;span&gt;: void process(std::span&lt;const int&gt; data);<\/li>\n<li>jthread: std::jthread t(func); \/\/ \u6790\u6784\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8 join<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>C&#043;&#043;23 \u53ca\u672a\u6765&#xff1a;\u6301\u7eed\u524d\u884c<\/h4>\n<p>(C&#043;&#043;23 \u5df2\u53d1\u5e03)<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;23 \u7ee7\u7eed\u5e26\u6765\u6539\u8fdb&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>std::expected: std::expected&lt;int, ErrorCode&gt; func();<\/li>\n<li>std::print: std::print(&#034;Value: {}\\\\n&#034;, 42);<\/li>\n<li>Ranges \u589e\u5f3a: \u66f4\u591a\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6a21\u5757\u6539\u8fdb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>if consteval: \u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u6267\u884c\u7684 if\u3002<\/li>\n<li>mdspan: \u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\u89c6\u56fe\u3002<\/li>\n<li>move_only_function: \u53ea\u80fd\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5305\u88c5\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;26 \u4e5f\u5728\u7a33\u6b65\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u671f&#xff01;<\/p>\n<h4>\u7ed3\u8bed&#xff1a;\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u5f00\u53d1\u8005<\/h4>\n<p>C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6f14\u8fdb\u53f2\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5e93\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u4f53\u9a8c\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece C&#043;&#043;11 \u7684\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u3001Lambda\u3001auto&#xff0c;\u5230 C&#043;&#043;14 \u7684\u5b8c\u5584&#xff0c;\u518d\u5230 C&#043;&#043;17 \u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u98de\u8dc3&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca C&#043;&#043;20 \u7684\u56db\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u53d8\u9769&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u62e5\u62b1\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043;&#xff0c;\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7528\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b&#xff0c;\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u7684 C&#043;&#043; \u4e4b\u65c5\u5904\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u6301\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7279\u6027&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5c06\u8ba9\u4f60\u5728\u8fd9\u5ea7\u4e0d\u65ad\u6210\u957f\u7684\u201c\u7f16\u7a0b\u6469\u5929\u697c\u201d\u91cc\u66f4\u52a0\u6e38\u5203\u6709\u4f59\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6d4f\u89c8\u9605\u8bfb781\u6b21\uff0c\u70b9\u8d5e9\u6b21\uff0c\u6536\u85cf24\u6b21\u3002C++ \u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u7ea7\u8fdb\u5316\uff1a\u4eceC++98 &#8211; C++20 \u8be6\u89e3\uff0c\u542b\u793a\u4f8b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[55,2962,99],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-34891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-c","tag-c20","tag-java"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - 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