{"id":123169,"date":"2026-11-06T17:48:50","date_gmt":"2026-11-06T09:48:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/123169.html"},"modified":"2026-11-06T17:48:50","modified_gmt":"2026-11-06T09:48:50","slug":"c%e8%99%9a%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e5%85%a5%e9%97%a8%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e9%9d%99%e6%80%81%e7%bb%91%e5%ae%9a%e5%88%b0%e5%8a%a8%e6%80%81%e7%bb%91%e5%ae%9a%e3%80%81override","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/123169.html","title":{"rendered":"C++\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5165\u95e8\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357\uff1a\u4ece\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3001override\u4e0efinal\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8bb2\u89e3\uff08\u8238\u8230\u8ff7\u6d25\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3; \u270f\ufe0f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u9875&#xff1a;\u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9 &#x1f4cb; \u7cfb\u5217\u4e13\u680f&#xff1a;C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178 &#x1f332;\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7: C&#043;&#043;\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u6d3e\u751f\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357&#xff1a;\u5355\u7ee7\u627f\/\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u83f1\u5f62\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236 &#x1f332;\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7: C&#043;&#043;\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868&#xff08;vtable&#xff09;\u6df1\u5ea6\u5256\u6790&#xff1a;\u591a\u6001\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u4ee3\u4ef7 &#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f38d;\u9010\u68a6\u7f16\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u4e2d\u534e\u5c79\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u5dc5\u3002 &#x1f38d;\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u91cd\u590d\u505a,\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7528\u5fc3\u505a,\u7528\u5fc3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u575a\u6301\u505a&#xff1b;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/20261106094848-6aeda280a9429.gif\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h4>\u6587\u7ae0\u76ee\u5f55<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f15\u8a00&#xff1a;\u4ece\u4e00\u6b21&#034;\u6539\u4e86\u6ca1\u751f\u6548&#034;\u7684 bug \u8bf4\u8d77<\/li>\n<li>\u4e00\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>1.1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50<\/li>\n<li>1.2 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7<\/li>\n<li>1.3 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u767b\u573a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e8c\u3001virtual \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>2.1 \u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/li>\n<li>2.2 \u591a\u6001\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6<\/li>\n<li>2.3 \u503c\u4f20\u9012\u4f1a&#034;\u4e22\u5931&#034;\u591a\u6001<\/li>\n<li>2.4 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u3001override \u5173\u952e\u5b57&#xff08;C&#043;&#043;11&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>3.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981 override<\/li>\n<li>3.2 override \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n<li>3.3 override \u4e0e\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u56db\u3001final \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>4.1 final \u4fee\u9970\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>4.2 final \u4fee\u9970\u7c7b<\/li>\n<li>4.3 final \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u542b\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>4.4 final \u548c override \u80fd\u4e00\u8d77\u7528\u5417<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e94\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u3001\u8986\u76d6&#xff08;\u6df1\u5165&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>5.1 \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u540c\u540d\u91cd\u8f7d<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u9690\u85cf\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u9677\u9631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u516d\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>6.1 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u517c\u5bb9<\/li>\n<li>6.2 \u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4e03\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>7.1 \u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>7.2 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e inline<\/li>\n<li>7.3 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570<\/li>\n<li>7.4 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e &#096;static_cast&#096; \/ &#096;dynamic_cast&#096;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u516b\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5b9e\u6218&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u56fe\u5f62\u7ed8\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n<li>\u4e5d\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u9884\u544a<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>9.1 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba<\/li>\n<li>9.2 \u516b\u6761\u5b9e\u6218\u519b\u89c4<\/li>\n<li>9.3 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898<\/li>\n<li>9.4 \u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u9884\u544a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u65b0\u58c1\u7eb8&#xff08;\u9752\u96c0\u9ec4\u9f99\u4e4b\u8233&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5f15\u8a00&#xff1a;\u4ece\u4e00\u6b21&#034;\u6539\u4e86\u6ca1\u751f\u6548&#034;\u7684 bug \u8bf4\u8d77<\/h2>\n<p>\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u505a\u97f3\u89c6\u9891\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;\u5199\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Renderer<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">render<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">doRender<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">doRender<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base render&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">OpenGLRenderer<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Renderer<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">doRender<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u60f3\u91cd\u5199\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;OpenGL render&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    OpenGLRenderer gl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Renderer<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> r <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> gl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    r<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">render<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6211\u671f\u5f85\u8f93\u51fa &#034;OpenGL render&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u8f93\u51fa\u662f Base render\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u4ee5\u4e3a&#034;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u57fa\u7c7b\u8c03\u7528\u5b83\u65f6\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u7528\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u7248\u672c&#034;\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4ece Java\u3001Python \u5e26\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u60ef\u6027\u3002\u540e\u6765\u624d\u77e5\u9053&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043; \u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff08;\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8c03\u54ea\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u60f3\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff08;\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u57fa\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u52a0\u4e0a virtual \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u6b21\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u8ba4\u771f\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898&#xff0c;\u8868\u9762\u8bed\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355&#xff08;\u5c31\u662f\u52a0\u4e2a virtual&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u52a0\u4e86 virtual \u5c31\u80fd\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e86&#xff1f;\u5e95\u5c42\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48&#034;\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528&#034;\u80fd\u591a\u6001&#xff0c;&#034;\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61&#034;\u5c31\u4e0d\u884c&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>override \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528&#xff0c;C&#043;&#043;11 \u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u5b83\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8fc7\u7684&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>final \u548c\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u65f6\u5019&#034;\u8986\u76d6&#034;\u6709\u65f6\u5019&#034;\u9690\u85cf&#034;&#xff1f;\u8fd9\u4fe9\u8bcd\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5374&#034;\u5e94\u8be5\u662f&#034;\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7bc7&#xff0c;\u6211\u4e13\u95e8\u805a\u7126\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u673a\u5236&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f&#034;\u600e\u4e48\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u7528\u3001override \u548c final \u600e\u4e48\u914d\u5408&#034;&#xff0c;\u628a\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4ece\u8bed\u4e49\u5c42\u9762\u8bb2\u900f\u3002\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff08;vtable\u3001vptr&#xff09;\u548c\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba&#xff0c;\u6211\u4f1a\u653e\u5230\u540e\u9762\u4e24\u7bc7\u5355\u72ec\u8bb2\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u503c\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u6210\u7bc7&#xff0c;\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u53cd\u800c\u8bb2\u4e0d\u900f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee3\u7801\u5168\u90e8\u5728 GCC \/ Clang \u4e0a\u7f16\u8bd1\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u6d89\u53ca&#034;\u53ef\u80fd\u8bef\u5224&#034;\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6211\u4f1a\u660e\u786e\u6807\u6ce8\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e00\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h2>\n<h3>1.1 \u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50<\/h3>\n<p>\u5148\u4e0d\u770b\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u770b\u770b C&#043;&#043; \u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b&#xff08;\u793a\u4f8b&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Animal \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u548c\u57fa\u7c7b\u540c\u540d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709 virtual<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Dog \u6c6a\u6c6a\u6c6a&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Cat<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Cat \u55b5\u55b5\u55b5&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">noVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;&#061;&#061;&#061; \u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Dog dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Cat cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u7c7b\u7684\u7248\u672c<\/span><br \/>\n    dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5173\u952e\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\/\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    Animal<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Animal<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Animal<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Animal<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    p1<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    p2<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>&#061;&#061;&#061; \u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#061;&#061;&#061;<br \/>\nDog \u6c6a\u6c6a\u6c6a<br \/>\nCat \u55b5\u55b5\u55b5<br \/>\nAnimal \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3<br \/>\nAnimal \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3<br \/>\nAnimal \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3<br \/>\nAnimal \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u7c7b\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u6216\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5374\u662f\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u7248\u672c&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff08;static binding \/ early binding&#xff09;\u3002\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u6839\u636e\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\u7684\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;\u51b3\u5b9a\u8c03\u54ea\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002Animal&amp; ref1 \u7684\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u662f Animal&amp;&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u8c03 Animal::speak\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u662f&#034;\u6b63\u786e&#034;\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u590d\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u6001&#xff0c;\u90a3\u5c31\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u6001\u2014\u2014\u201c\u7528\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed8\u56fe\u7a0b\u5e8f&#xff0c;\u6709\u51e0\u767e\u79cd\u56fe\u5f62&#xff08;\u5706\u3001\u77e9\u5f62\u3001\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u2026\u2026&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u79cd\u90fd\u80fd\u7b97\u9762\u79ef\u3001\u80fd\u7ed8\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u591a\u6001&#xff0c;\u4ee3\u7801\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u6001\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7248\u672c&#xff08;\u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u5199&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">enum<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">ShapeType<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> Circle<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Rectangle<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Triangle <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    ShapeType type<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span>    a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> c<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5404\u79cd\u53c2\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> Shape<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">switch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>type<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Circle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14159<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Rectangle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Triangle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span>  <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> Shape<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">switch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>type<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Circle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/* \u753b\u5706 *\/<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">break<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Rectangle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/* \u753b\u77e9\u5f62 *\/<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">break<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> ShapeType<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Triangle<span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/* \u753b\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62 *\/<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">break<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u6bcf\u52a0\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u56fe\u5f62&#xff0c;\u90fd\u8981\u6539\u52a8 area\u3001draw \u7b49\u6240\u6709 switch \u5206\u652f\u3002\u8fd9\u53eb&#034;\u8fdd\u53cd\u5f00\u95ed\u539f\u5219&#034;\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u6269\u5c55\u5f00\u653e&#xff08;\u80fd\u52a0\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u4fee\u6539\u5c01\u95ed&#xff08;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u8001\u4ee3\u7801&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u5206\u6563\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u91cc&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u65e0\u6cd5\u68c0\u67e5\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u6f0f\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002Shape \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u53ea\u6709\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u6240\u6709&#034;\u884c\u4e3a&#034;\u90fd\u5728\u5916\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u3002\u8fd9\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86&#034;\u5c01\u88c5&#034;\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u591a\u6001\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u628a\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u81ea\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u767b\u573a<\/h3>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u591a\u6001\u673a\u5236\u3002\u7ed9\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u52a0\u4e0a virtual&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u5b83&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4f1a\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">AnimalV<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ virtual \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;AnimalV \u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">AnimalV<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8bb2\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DogV<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">AnimalV<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ C&#043;&#043;11 \u63a8\u8350\u52a0 override<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DogV \u6c6a\u6c6a\u6c6a&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">CatV<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">AnimalV<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;CatV \u55b5\u55b5\u55b5&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">virtualBasicDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u57fa\u7840 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DogV dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    CatV cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    AnimalV<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    AnimalV<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;DogV \u6c6a\u6c6a\u6c6a&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;CatV \u55b5\u55b5\u55b5&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    AnimalV<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>dog<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    AnimalV<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>cat<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    p1<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;DogV \u6c6a\u6c6a\u6c6a&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    p2<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;CatV \u55b5\u55b5\u55b5&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a virtual&#xff0c;\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff08;dynamic binding \/ late binding&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u518d\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8c03\u54ea\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u751f\u6210\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u6765\u67e5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#xff08;\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff0c;\u600e\u4e48\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u4e13\u95e8\u8bb2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7bc7\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u628a\u8bed\u4e49\u5c42\u9762\u8bb2\u900f\u3002&#xff09;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e8c\u3001virtual \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/h2>\n<h3>2.1 \u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\u52a0 virtual&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u52a0&#xff0c;\u4f46\u63a8\u8350\u52a0 override&#xff08;C&#043;&#043;11 \u8d77&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u57fa\u7c7b\u5982\u679c\u4f1a\u88ab\u591a\u6001 delete&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u8fd9\u6837\u58f0\u660e&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u5199&#xff1a;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199 override&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u8350&#xff1a;\u52a0 override<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u5199 override \u4e5f\u80fd\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived2::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>override \u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u7b7e\u540d\u548c\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u5199\u9519\u4e86\u3001const \u5fd8\u4e86\u5199&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u9519&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed8\u9ed8\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u6b64\u65f6\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u8986\u76d6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u9690\u85cf&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \u591a\u6001\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6<\/h3>\n<p>\u591a\u6001&#xff08;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;\u7684\u89e6\u53d1\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u57fa\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u662f virtual<\/li>\n<li>\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u91cd\u5199&#xff08;override&#xff09;\u5b83<\/li>\n<li>\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528<\/li>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base3<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">virtualFunc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::virtualFunc&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span>         <span class=\"token function\">nonVirtual<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::nonVirtual&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived3<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base3<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">virtualFunc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::virtualFunc&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">nonVirtual<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>           <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::nonVirtual&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">polyConditionDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u591a\u6001\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Derived3 d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6761\u4ef6\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u5f15\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    Base3<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> r <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    r<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">virtualFunc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Derived::virtualFunc&#034;&#xff08;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6 1&#xff1a;\u975e\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    r<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">nonVirtual<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Base::nonVirtual&#034;&#xff08;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6 3&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">virtualFunc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Derived::virtualFunc&#034;&#xff08;\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u662f Derived3&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u867d\u7136\u662f\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u4f46\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7248\u672c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ &#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u77e5\u9053 d \u7684\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u662f Derived3&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u70b9&#xff1a;\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7 d.virtualFunc() \u8c03\u7528\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u662f Derived::virtualFunc&#xff0c;\u770b\u8d77\u6765&#034;\u591a\u6001\u751f\u6548\u4e86&#034;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u770b\u5230 d \u7684\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u662f Derived3&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u9009\u5b9a\u4e86 Derived3::virtualFunc\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6001\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e&#034;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b&#034;\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a Base3&amp;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u662f Base3 \u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd8\u662f Derived3 \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u7559\u5230\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u67e5\u8868\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 \u503c\u4f20\u9012\u4f1a&#034;\u4e22\u5931&#034;\u591a\u6001<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u4f1a\u8e29\u7684\u5751\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u6309\u503c\u4f20\u7ed9\u57fa\u7c7b\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5bf9\u8c61\u5207\u7247&#xff08;object slicing&#xff09;\u2014\u2014\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u5207\u6389\u4e86&#xff0c;\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u57fa\u7c7b\u90e8\u5206&#xff0c;\u81ea\u7136\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseSlice<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::speak&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseSlice<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedSlice<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseSlice<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    string extraData_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u6211\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u5806\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::speak&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u503c\u63a5\u6536\u57fa\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;\u4f1a\u5207\u7247&#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">processByValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>BaseSlice b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    b<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6c38\u8fdc\u8c03 Base::speak<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u5f15\u7528\u63a5\u6536&#xff1a;\u591a\u6001\u6b63\u5e38<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">processByRef<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> BaseSlice<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    b<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u6307\u9488\u63a5\u6536&#xff1a;\u591a\u6001\u6b63\u5e38<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">processByPtr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> BaseSlice<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> b<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">sliceDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u5bf9\u8c61\u5207\u7247 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedSlice d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;sizeof(DerivedSlice) &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>DerivedSlice<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;sizeof(BaseSlice)    &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>BaseSlice<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token function\">processByValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5207\u7247&#xff1a;\u8c03 Base::speak<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">processByRef<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u591a\u6001&#xff1a;\u8c03 Derived::speak<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">processByPtr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u591a\u6001&#xff1a;\u8c03 Derived::speak<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u66f4\u9690\u853d\u7684\u5207\u7247&#xff1a;\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u63a5\u6536\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseSlice base <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5207\u7247&#xff01;base \u53ea\u6709 BaseSlice \u90e8\u5206<\/span><br \/>\n    base<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03 Base::speak&#xff08;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5207\u7247\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u9677\u9631&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u62a5\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u2014\u2014BaseSlice base &#061; d; \u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684 extraData_ \u88ab&#034;\u5207\u6389\u4e86&#034;&#xff0c;speak \u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u5230\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u6001\u7684\u573a\u5408&#xff0c;\u7edd\u4e0d\u8981\u6309\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u57fa\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u4e00\u5f8b\u7528 const Base&amp; \u6216 Base*\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.4 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Restrictions<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9519\u8bef 1&#xff1a;\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ virtual Restrictions() {}   \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u539f\u56e0&#xff1a;\u6784\u9020\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u786e\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4f9d\u8d56\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868&#xff0c;\u800c\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u5728\u6784\u9020\u65f6\u624d\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u6709\u9e21\u8fd8\u662f\u5148\u6709\u86cb\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9519\u8bef 2&#xff1a;\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ static virtual void func();   \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u539f\u56e0&#xff1a;\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709 this \u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f&#xff08;\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u662f&#xff09;\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Restrictions<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;\u666e\u901a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">normalFunc<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e&#xff1a;\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8bb2&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">privateVirtual<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u6765\u81ea\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4f5c\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u8d1f\u8d23&#034;\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61&#034;&#xff0c;\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5df2\u77e5\u7684&#xff08;new Derived() \u5c31\u660e\u786e\u662f Derived&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u52a8\u6001\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u8d1f\u8d23&#034;\u9500\u6bc1\u5bf9\u8c61&#034;&#xff0c;\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6790\u6784&#xff08;\u5426\u5219\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91ca\u653e&#xff09;\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u57fa\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a virtual\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e09\u3001override \u5173\u952e\u5b57&#xff08;C&#043;&#043;11&#xff09;<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981 override<\/h3>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;11 \u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5b8c\u5168\u9760\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u81ea\u5df1&#034;\u5bf9\u9f50\u7b7e\u540d&#034;\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b7e\u540d\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u540d\u79f0\u9690\u85cf&#xff08;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">OldStyleBase<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func(int)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">OldStyleDerived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">OldStyleBase<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u60f3\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u4f46\u53c2\u6570\u5199\u6210\u4e86 double<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7ed3\u679c\u662f&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684 func<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func(double)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">oldStyleProblem<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u6ca1\u6709 override \u7684\u9690\u60a3 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    OldStyleDerived d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    OldStyleBase<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03 Base::func(int)&#xff08;\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u66f4\u9690\u853d\u7684\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;const \u5fd8\u4e86\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base2<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base2::f const&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base2<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u60f3\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5fd8\u4e86 const<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived2::f&#xff08;\u6ca1\u6709 const&#xff09;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u5199&#xff01;\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684 const \u7248\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Derived2 d2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Base2<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03 Base2::f const&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7684 Derived2::f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7c7b bug \u975e\u5e38\u9690\u853d&#xff1a;\u4ee3\u7801\u80fd\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u3001\u884c\u4e3a&#034;\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6b63\u5e38&#034;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u591a\u6001\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u751f\u6548\u3002\u52a0 override \u540e&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5&#034;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u786e\u5b9e\u91cd\u5199\u4e86\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#034;&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u7b7e\u540d\u4e0d\u5bf9&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 override \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">GoodBase<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>              <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span>        <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>              <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">GoodBase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">GoodDerived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">GoodBase<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e\u7684\u91cd\u5199&#xff1a;\u7b7e\u540d\u5b8c\u5168\u5339\u914d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ void f3(double x) override {}    \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;\u7b7e\u540d\u4e0d\u5339\u914d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ void f3(int x) override;         \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709 const \u6216\u975e\u865a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>override \u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u7ef4\u5ea6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u57fa\u7c7b\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u540c\u540d\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>const \/ volatile \u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5426\u517c\u5bb9&#xff08;\u76f8\u540c&#xff0c;\u6216\u534f\u53d8&#xff09;&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u4fee\u9970\u7b26&#xff08;&amp; \/ &amp;&amp;&#xff09;\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f override \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c&#xff1a;\u628a&#034;\u4ee5\u4e3a\u91cd\u5199\u4e86\u5176\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709&#034;\u7684 bug \u4ece\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u63d0\u524d\u5230\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u6218\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u52a0 override\u3002 \u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u793e\u533a\u7684\u5171\u8bc6&#xff0c;\u8fde Google C&#043;&#043; Style Guide \u90fd\u660e\u786e\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.3 override \u4e0e\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u91cc\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u6e05&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6982\u5ff5\u82f1\u6587\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f8b\u5b50<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91cd\u8f7d<\/td>\n<td>overload<\/td>\n<td>\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u540c\u540d\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2<\/td>\n<td>\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u91cc void f() \u548c void f(int)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9690\u85cf<\/td>\n<td>hide<\/td>\n<td>\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u540c\u540d\u6210\u5458&#034;\u906e\u76d6&#034;\u57fa\u7c7b\u540c\u540d\u6210\u5458<\/td>\n<td>\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b void f() \u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709 f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8986\u76d6<\/td>\n<td>override<\/td>\n<td>\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u591a\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b void f() override \u57fa\u7c7b virtual void f()<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseConcept<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::f(int)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">g<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::g&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedConcept<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseConcept<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8986\u76d6&#xff08;override&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::f(int)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u8f7d&#xff08;overload&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5728\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5185\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b0\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::f(double)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9690\u85cf&#xff08;hide&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u540c\u540d\u4f46\u7b7e\u540d\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709 g<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">g<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::g&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ void g(int x) { &#8230; }    \/\/ \u8fd9\u4e5f\u7b97&#034;\u9690\u85cf&#034;&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u8f7d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7c7b g \u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684 g(int) \u4f1a\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709 g<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">threeConceptsDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u3001\u8986\u76d6 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedConcept d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseConcept<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7248\u672c\u53ef\u89c1<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::f(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::f(double)<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">g<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::g<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528&#xff1a;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::f(int)&#xff08;\u8986\u76d6&#xff1a;\u591a\u6001\u751f\u6548&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ ref.f(3.14);    \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u57fa\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709 f(double)<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">g<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::g&#xff08;g \u4e0d\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u540e&#xff0c;\u5f88\u591a&#034;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8c03\u4e0d\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u7248\u672c&#034;\u7684\u7591\u60d1\u5c31\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u4e86\u3002override \u53ea\u7528\u4e8e&#034;\u8986\u76d6&#034;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u91cd\u8f7d\u548c\u9690\u85cf\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528 override\u2014\u2014\u7528 override \u5c31\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668&#034;\u6211\u8fd9\u6b21\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u5199\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#034;&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u662f&#xff0c;\u5c31\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u56db\u3001final \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h2>\n<h3>4.1 final \u4fee\u9970\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>final \u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7528\u9014&#xff1a;\u963b\u6b62\u67d0\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u963b\u6b62\u67d0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseFinal<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func1&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func2&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseFinal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedFinal<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseFinal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ func1 \u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7ee7\u7eed\u91cd\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func1&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ func2 \u662f final&#xff1a;\u4e4b\u540e\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u91cd\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func2 (final)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FurtherDerived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedFinal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;FurtherDerived::func1&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ void func2() override {}    \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;func2 \u662f final<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">finalFunctionDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; final \u4fee\u9970\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    FurtherDerived fd<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseFinal<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> fd<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ FurtherDerived::func1&#xff08;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u91cd\u5199&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::func2&#xff08;final&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u91cd\u5199&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>4.2 final \u4fee\u9970\u7c7b<\/h3>\n<p>final \u4fee\u9970\u7c7b\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7c7b\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">NotDerivable<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;NotDerivable::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ class TryDerive : public NotDerivable {};   \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;final \u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">finalClassDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; final \u4fee\u9970\u7c7b &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    NotDerivable obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    obj<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ final \u7c7b\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7528\u9014&#xff1a;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 1. \u5de5\u5177\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f&#xff08;\u5982 std::string\u3001std::vector \u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6807&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 2. \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u77e5\u9053 final \u7c7b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u4f18\u5316<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 3. \u5e93\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff1a;\u660e\u786e&#034;\u4e0d\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b&#034;&#xff0c;\u9632\u6b62\u7528\u6237\u8bef\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>4.3 final \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u542b\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>final \u4e0d\u53ea\u662f&#034;\u7981\u6b62&#034;&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6027\u80fd\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u53bb\u865a\u5316&#xff08;devirtualization&#xff09;\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u53d8\u6210\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u6d88\u9664\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u7684 vtable \u67e5\u8868\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> Base <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">useFinalForPerformance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u77e5\u9053 Derived \u662f final&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709 FurtherDerived<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6240\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 Derived* \u6216 Derived&amp; \u8c03\u7528\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/span><br \/>\n    Derived d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Derived<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    p<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4f18\u5316\u6210\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528 Derived::func<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7 Base* \u8c03\u7528\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u53bb\u865a\u5316&#xff08;\u9664\u975e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u505a\u5168\u5c40\u5206\u6790&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    Base<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> bp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    bp<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4ecd\u7136\u8d70 vtable<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53bb\u865a\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6027\u80fd\u654f\u611f\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u91cc&#xff0c;final \u6709\u65f6\u80fd\u628a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u76f4\u63a5\u964d\u5230\u96f6\u3002\u5f53\u7136&#xff0c;\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u53bb\u865a\u5316\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u7ea7\u522b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u5b83\u505a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51b3\u7b56\u2014\u2014final \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8bed\u4e49\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.4 final \u548c override \u80fd\u4e00\u8d77\u7528\u5417<\/h3>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u7528\u9014&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Mid<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91cd\u5199\u5e76 final&#xff1a;\u8868\u793a&#034;\u6211\u91cd\u5199\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u540e\u7eed\u91cd\u5199&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Mid::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u544a\u8bc9\u540e\u7eed\u5f00\u53d1\u8005&#xff1a;\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u91cd\u5199\u540e&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u53d8\u5316\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u60f3\u8986\u76d6\u57fa\u7c7b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;\u53c8\u8981\u7ed9\u540e\u7eed\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u8bbe\u4e2a\u5e95\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e94\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u3001\u8986\u76d6&#xff08;\u6df1\u5165&#xff09;<\/h2>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b80\u5355\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u518d\u6df1\u5165\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa bug \u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5.1 \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u540c\u540d\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h3>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cc\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u540c\u540d\u6210\u5458&#xff08;\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u53d8\u91cf&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u57fa\u7c7b\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u540c\u540d\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u9690\u85cf&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7b7e\u540d\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseHide2<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>           <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::foo()&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>      <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::foo(int): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>   <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::foo(double): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedHide2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseHide2<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u65e0\u53c2\u7248\u672c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::foo()&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">hidingRulesDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u540d\u79f0\u9690\u85cf\u89c4\u5219 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedHide2 d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>            <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ OK&#xff1a;Derived::foo()<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ d.foo(10);       \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;Base::foo(int) \u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u4e86<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ d.foo(3.14);     \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;Base::foo(double) \u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u4e86<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff1a;\u6b63\u5e38<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseHide2<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>          <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::foo()&#xff08;\u4e0d\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::foo(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::foo(double)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u89e3\u6790\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff1a;\u6b63\u5e38<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">BaseHide2<\/span><span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token class-name\">BaseHide2<\/span><span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7528 using \u58f0\u660e\u6062\u590d\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8f7d<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedFix<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseHide2<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> BaseHide2<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>foo<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u628a\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709 foo \u5f15\u5165<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DerivedFix::foo()&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedFix df<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    df<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>           <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ DerivedFix::foo()<\/span><br \/>\n    df<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::foo(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    df<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::foo(double)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u52a8\u673a&#xff1a;C&#043;&#043; \u6807\u51c6\u8ba4\u4e3a&#034;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cc\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57&#xff0c;\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u8981\u63a5\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57&#034;&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ea\u60f3\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8f7d\u800c\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7248\u672c&#xff0c;\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u663e\u5f0f using\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&#034;\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1&#034;&#xff0c;\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5.2 \u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u9690\u85cf\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u9677\u9631<\/h3>\n<p>\u628a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u3001override \u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38\u9690\u853d\u7684 bug&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseTricky<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func(int): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func(double): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseTricky<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedTricky<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseTricky<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ea\u91cd\u5199 int \u7248\u672c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func(int): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u5199 double \u7248\u672c\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f46 func(int) \u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684 func(double)&#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">trickyHidingDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u9690\u85cf\u7684\u9677\u9631 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedTricky d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseTricky<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::func(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ d.func(3.14);    \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;\u57fa\u7c7b func(double) \u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u4e86<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Derived::func(int)&#xff08;\u591a\u6001&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::func(double)&#xff08;\u591a\u6001&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6ca1\u91cd\u5199&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u60f3\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u4ece\u57fa\u7c7b\u63a5\u53e3\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff0c;\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c DerivedTricky \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4f1a\u9047\u5230&#034;\u8c03\u4e0d\u5230 double \u7248\u672c&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;\u52a0 using<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedFixed<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseTricky<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> BaseTricky<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>func<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;DerivedFixed::func(int): &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedFixed df<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    df<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ DerivedFixed::func(int)<\/span><br \/>\n    df<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Base::func(double)&#xff08;\u901a\u8fc7 using \u6062\u590d&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9677\u9631\u7684\u6076\u52a3\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u62a5\u9519\u3001\u4e0d\u8b66\u544a\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u4ece\u54ea\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ee3\u7801\u91cc\u65e2\u6709 DerivedTricky d; d.func(3.14); \u53c8\u6709 BaseTricky&amp; ref &#061; d; ref.func(3.14);&#xff0c;\u4e24\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u2014\u2014\u540e\u8005\u80fd\u8dd1&#xff0c;\u524d\u8005\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b bug \u6392\u67e5\u8d77\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u75db\u82e6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9632\u8303\u529e\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u5728\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cc\u52a0 using Base::func; \u6062\u590d\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d<\/li>\n<li>\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u5199\u52a0 override\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u6709 override \u4e5f\u9632\u4e0d\u4e86&#034;\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8f7d\u6ca1\u91cd\u5199&#034;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u91cd\u5199\u90fd\u6b63\u786e<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u57fa\u7c7b\u65f6\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7528\u91cd\u8f7d\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u8f7d &#043; \u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u592a\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u9519<\/li>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u516d\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/h2>\n<h3>6.1 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u517c\u5bb9<\/h3>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u5199\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u57fa\u7c7b\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u6ee1\u8db3\u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de&#xff08;covariant return&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseReturn<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span>  <span class=\"token function\">getInt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> BaseReturn<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">BaseReturn<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">this<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseReturn<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedReturn<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseReturn<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">getInt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ OK&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u540c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u57fa\u7c7b\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedReturn<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">DerivedReturn<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">this<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ double getInt() override;   \/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef&#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>6.2 \u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<p>\u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de&#xff08;covariant return type&#xff09; \u662f C&#043;&#043; \u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de Base* \u6216 Base&amp;&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de Derived* \u6216 Derived&amp;&#xff08;Derived \u662f Base \u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseCovariant<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> BaseCovariant<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">BaseCovariant<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">this<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseCovariant<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedCovariant<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseCovariant<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u534f\u53d8&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de DerivedCovariant* \u800c\u4e0d\u662f BaseCovariant*<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedCovariant<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">clone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">DerivedCovariant<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">this<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">covariantReturnDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedCovariant d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedCovariant<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">clone<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u62ff\u5230 DerivedCovariant*<\/span><br \/>\n    p<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>                        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ &#034;Derived&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u534f\u53d8\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u503c&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528 clone \u65f6&#xff0c;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u62ff\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981 dynamic_cast<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u9014\u5c31\u662f clone() \u51fd\u6570\u2014\u2014\u5de5\u5382\/\u539f\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684 clone \u8fd4\u56de\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5c11\u505a\u4e00\u6b21\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e03\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u573a\u666f<\/h2>\n<h3>7.1 \u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u591a\u6001\u2014\u2014\u591a\u6001\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u884c\u4e3a&#xff0c;\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u4e24\u8005\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PrivateVirtualBase<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u516c\u5f00\u63a5\u53e3\u8c03\u7528\u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u6a21\u677f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">templateMethod<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token function\">doWork<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528\u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u591a\u6001\u751f\u6548<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">PrivateVirtualBase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">doWork<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::doWork&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PrivateVirtualDerived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PrivateVirtualBase<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">doWork<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::doWork&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">privateVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    PrivateVirtualDerived d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">templateMethod<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Derived::doWork&#034;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5373\u4f7f doWork \u662f\u79c1\u6709\u7684&#xff0c;\u591a\u6001\u4f9d\u7136\u751f\u6548<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u56e0\u4e3a\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u7684&#xff0c;\u591a\u6001\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u7684<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5916\u90e8\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528 d.doWork()&#xff0c;\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u516c\u5f00\u63a5\u53e3\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd9\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u516c\u6709\u975e\u865a\u63a5\u53e3\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff08;Template Method Pattern&#xff09; \u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;\u57fa\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u63a5\u53e3&#xff0c;\u628a\u53ef\u5b9a\u5236\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u5b83\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ea\u80fd\u6539&#034;\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u90e8\u5206&#034;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539&#034;\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u63a5\u53e3&#034;\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f&#034;\u4f9d\u8d56\u5012\u7f6e&#034;\u548c&#034;\u5f00\u95ed\u539f\u5219&#034;\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u843d\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.2 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e inline<\/h3>\n<p>inline \u548c virtual \u5e76\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">InlineVirtual<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5 inline&#xff08;\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;InlineVirtual::func&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 Base* \u8c03\u7528\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u67e5 vtable&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5 inline&#xff08;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u7248\u672c&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 Derived \u5bf9\u8c61\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230 Derived::func&#xff0c;\u6b64\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5 inline<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u7c7b\u578b&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982 final \u7c7b\u3001final \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u6808\u4e0a\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u4f7f\u7528&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u865a\u5316\u540e inline<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d&#xff1a;\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u5185\u8054\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u5927&#xff0c;\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u4e0d\u7528\u7ea0\u7ed3&#034;\u8981\u4e0d\u8981 inline&#034;\u3002\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5f00\u9500&#xff08;\u95f4\u63a5\u8df3\u8f6c &#043; \u7f13\u5b58\u5931\u6548&#xff09;\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u8fd8\u5927&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2 vtable \u65f6\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.3 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u9636\u6bb5\u89e3\u6790&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseDefault<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::func(&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseDefault<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedDefault<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseDefault<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::func(&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">defaultParamDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedDefault d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseDefault<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    ref<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Derived::func(10)&#034; &#xff01;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u662f Derived::func&#xff08;\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f46\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u662f 10&#xff08;\u6765\u81ea BaseDefault&#xff0c;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u51fa &#034;Derived::func(20)&#034;&#xff08;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230 Derived&#xff09;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u89c4\u5219&#xff1a;\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u53d6\u81ea\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u53d6\u81ea\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a&#034;\u53cd\u6a21\u5f0f&#034;\u2014\u2014\u4e24\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77&#xff0c;\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u6218\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u8981\u4e48\u628a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u653e\u5728\u65e0\u53c2\u91cd\u8f7d\u91cc&#xff0c;\u8981\u4e48\u628a\u53c2\u6570\u663e\u5f0f\u4f20\u3002Google C&#043;&#043; Style Guide \u4e5f\u660e\u786e\u7981\u6b62\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.4 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e static_cast \/ dynamic_cast<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseCast<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base::f&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">BaseCast<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">DerivedCast<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BaseCast<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived::f&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">derivedOnly<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53ea\u6709\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6709&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">castVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    DerivedCast d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> bp <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9759\u6001\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u505a\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u8f6c\u6362<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> dp1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">static_cast<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>DerivedCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>bp<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    dp1<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">derivedOnly<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a bp \u786e\u5b9e\u6307\u5411 DerivedCast<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5982\u679c bp \u5b9e\u9645\u6307\u5411 BaseCast \u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1f;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseCast base<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    BaseCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> bp2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>base<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ DerivedCast* dp2 &#061; static_cast&lt;DerivedCast*&gt;(bp2);<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ dp2-&gt;derivedOnly();   \/\/ UB&#xff01;\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5d29\u6e83<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u52a8\u6001\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de nullptr<\/span><br \/>\n    DerivedCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> dp3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">dynamic_cast<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>DerivedCast<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>bp2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dp3 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u8f6c\u6362\u5931\u8d25&#xff0c;\u8fd4\u56de nullptr&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u89c4\u5219&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>static_cast \u4ece\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u5230\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u65f6\u4e0d\u505a\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u662f UB\u3002<\/li>\n<li>dynamic_cast \u4f9d\u8d56 RTTI&#xff08;\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u57fa\u7c7b\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u865a\u6790\u6784&#xff09;\u3002\u8fd9\u662f dynamic_cast \u80fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002RTTI \u548c dynamic_cast \u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u4e13\u95e8\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u516b\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5b9e\u6218&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u56fe\u5f62\u7ed8\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h2>\n<p>\u4ee3\u7801\u5982\u4e0b&#xff08;\u793a\u4f8b&#xff09;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u3010\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bf4\u660e\u3011&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n* \u9879\u76ee\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;   C&#043;&#043;\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178<br \/>\n* \u4ee3\u7801\u6240\u5c5e&#xff1a;   \u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9&#xff08;\u67ab\u4e4b\u5251\u5ba2&#xff09;<br \/>\n*     \u4f5c\u8005&#xff1a;   \u963f\u7518<br \/>\n*     \u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4&#xff1a;   2026\/11\/06<br \/>\n*IDE \u7248 \u672c&#xff1a;   Visual Studio 2026<br \/>\n*     \u9879\u76ee\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;   1.0.0.1<br \/>\n*&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;*\/<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;https:\/\/ganzp1688.blog.csdn.net\/?type&#061;blog<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;cmath&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1a;\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0 area() \u548c draw()<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Shape<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span>   <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ef\u91cd\u5199<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">printInfo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Shape: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">name<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n                  <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;, area &#061; &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u975e\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u5171\u63a5\u53e3<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">name<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> name_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">protected<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u6d3e\u751f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape2D<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">protected<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x_<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Shape2D<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">x_<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">y_<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> dx<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> dy<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> x_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> dx<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> y_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> dy<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">dimension<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u6d3e\u751f&#xff1a;\u5177\u4f53\u56fe\u5f62<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Circle<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape2D<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> radius_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Circle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> r<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Shape2D<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">radius_<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>r<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        name_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Circle&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.141592653589793<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> radius_ <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> radius_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u7ed8\u5236\u5706\u5f62(\u534a\u5f84 &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> radius_ <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Rectangle<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape2D<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">protected<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> w_<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> h_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Rectangle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> w<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> h<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Shape2D<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">w_<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>w<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">h_<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>h<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        name_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Rectangle&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> w_ <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> h_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u7ed8\u5236\u77e9\u5f62(&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> w_ <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;x&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> h_ <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Square<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> Rectangle <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Square<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> side<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Rectangle<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>side<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> side<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        name_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Square&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Square \u5df2\u7ecf final&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u7ed8\u5236\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62(\u8fb9\u957f &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> w_ <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;)&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u96c6\u5408&#xff1a;\u7edf\u4e00\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u56fe\u5f62<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Scene<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>unique_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Shape<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> shapes_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>unique_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Shape<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        shapes_<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">drawAll<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> shapes_<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            s<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">draw<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">printAllInfo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> shapes_<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            s<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">printInfo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">totalArea<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> shapes_<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> s<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> sum<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">comprehensiveDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n\u2554\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2557\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u2551              \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7efc\u5408\u5b9e\u6218&#xff1a;\u56fe\u5f62\u7cfb\u7edf                       \u2551\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u255a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u255d\\\\n&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Scene scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Circle<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Rectangle<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">6.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Square<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u7ed8\u5236\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62 &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">drawAll<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u6240\u6709\u56fe\u5f62\u4fe1\u606f &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">printAllInfo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n\u603b\u9762\u79ef: &#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> scene<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">totalArea<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6f14\u793a\u591a\u6001\u5220\u9664<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\\\\n&#061;&#061;&#061; \u591a\u6001\u5220\u9664&#xff08;\u6b63\u786e\u91ca\u653e\u6240\u6709\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u8d44\u6e90&#xff09; &#061;&#061;&#061;&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u79bb\u5f00\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u65f6&#xff0c;unique_ptr \u9010\u4e2a delete<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u56e0\u4e3a Shape \u6709\u865a\u6790\u6784&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u88ab\u8c03\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">noVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">virtualBasicDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">polyConditionDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">sliceDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">oldStyleProblem<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">finalFunctionDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">finalClassDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">threeConceptsDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">hidingRulesDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">trickyHidingDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">covariantReturnDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">privateVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">defaultParamDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">castVirtualDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">comprehensiveDemo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u4e5d\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u9884\u544a<\/h2>\n<h3>9.1 \u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tr>\u95ee\u9898\u7ed3\u8bba<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u8ba9 C&#043;&#043; \u652f\u6301\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u591a\u6001&#xff08;\u6309\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u8c03\u7528&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u591a\u6001\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u865a\u51fd\u6570 &#043; \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199 &#043; \u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528\u8c03\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61\u5207\u7247&#xff1a;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u5207\u6389&#xff0c;\u591a\u6001\u5931\u6548<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5417&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u6784\u9020\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u5df2\u77e5&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5417&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u7c7b\u4f1a\u88ab\u591a\u6001 delete&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b virtual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>override \u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u51fd\u6570\u7b7e\u540d\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5339\u914d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>final \u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u963b\u6b62\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u91cd\u5199&#xff0c;\u6216\u963b\u6b62\u7ee7\u627f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u9690\u85cf\u3001\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u533a\u522b&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u91cd\u8f7d&#xff1a;\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u540c\u540d\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2&#xff1b;\u9690\u85cf&#xff1a;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u906e\u76d6\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff1b;\u8986\u76d6&#xff1a;\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u6210\u591a\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91cd\u5199\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u5417&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ea\u6709\u534f\u53d8\u8fd4\u56de&#xff08;\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u8fd4\u56de\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\/\u5f15\u7528&#xff09;\u53ef\u4ee5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u5417&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u79c1\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u7528\u5417&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u6709&#xff0c;\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9e\u73b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>9.2 \u516b\u6761\u5b9e\u6218\u519b\u89c4<\/h3>\n<li>\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u5199\u90fd\u52a0 override&#xff1a;\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u7b7e\u540d\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u7684\u9759\u9ed8 bug\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u57fa\u7c7b\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u591a\u6001 delete&#xff0c;\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b virtual\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u6001\u7684\u573a\u5408&#xff0c;\u7edd\u4e0d\u8981\u6309\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u57fa\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;\u4f1a\u5207\u7247\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u91cc\u968f\u610f\u5b9a\u4e49\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u53ef\u80fd\u9690\u85cf\u57fa\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ea\u60f3\u91cd\u5199\u90e8\u5206\u91cd\u8f7d&#xff0c;\u7528 using Base::name; \u6062\u590d\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u8981\u5e26\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a &#043; \u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u6293\u72c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u786c\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<li>final \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5728\u6027\u80fd\u654f\u611f\u7684\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53bb\u865a\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<h3>9.3 \u7ec3\u4e60\u9898<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ec3\u4e601&#xff1a; \u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u8f93\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u89e3\u91ca\u539f\u56e0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    Derived d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    Base b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n    b<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7ec3\u4e602&#xff1a; \u89e3\u91ca\u4e0b\u9762\u4ee3\u7801\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8c03\u4e0d\u5230 Base::foo(double)&#xff0c;\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u4fee\u590d\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;int&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;double&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;derived int&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    Derived d<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">foo<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7ec3\u4e603&#xff1a; \u7528\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Logger \u62bd\u8c61\u57fa\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u6709 log(level, msg) \u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>ConsoleLogger\u3001FileLogger\u3001NullLogger \u4e09\u4e2a\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b<\/li>\n<li>\u8981\u6c42\u901a\u8fc7 Logger&amp; \u8c03 log \u80fd\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/li>\n<li>\u52a0\u5165 override \u548c final \u7684\u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ec3\u4e604&#xff1a; \u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u975e\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0&#034;\u5de5\u5382&#034;\u8bed\u4e49&#xff08;\u6839\u636e\u53c2\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5e94\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u505a&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ec3\u4e605&#xff1a; \u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d&#xff0c;Base \u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709 virtual&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898&#xff1f;\u5982\u4f55\u4fee\u590d&#xff1f;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Base<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Base destructor&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Derived<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Base<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> data_ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Derived<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> data_<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Derived destructor&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    Base<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Derived<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br 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src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/20261106094848-6aeda280dbfd2.gif\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u300c\u5173\u6ce8\u2764\ufe0f &#043; \u70b9\u8d5e&#x1f44d; &#043; \u6536\u85cf\u2b50\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u5927\u52a8\u529b&#xff01;\u8c22\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u6587\u89c1&#xff01;<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f332; \u8bf7\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e13\u680f: \u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u6218\u5408\u96c6<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f332; \u5f69\u86cb\u58c1\u7eb8\u522b\u5fd8\u4e86\u5148\u770b\u54c8&#xff01;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/20261106094848-6aeda280e4033.gif\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/20261106094848-6aeda280f1a6f.gif\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u65b0\u58c1\u7eb8&#xff08;\u9752\u96c0\u9ec4\u9f99\u4e4b\u8233&#xff09;<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/20261106094849-6aeda28109dd1.jpg\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3;&#x1f4e3; \u270f\ufe0f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u9875&#xff1a;\u7476\u6c60\u9152\u5251\u4ed9 &#x1f4cb; \u7cfb\u5217\u4e13\u680f&#xff1a;C\u57fa\u7840\u5b9d\u5178 &#x1f332;\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7: C\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u6d3e\u751f\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357&#xff1a;\u5355\u7ee7\u627f\/\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u83f1\u5f62\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236 &#x1f332;\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7: 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