{"id":120889,"date":"2026-11-01T17:16:55","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T09:16:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/120889.html"},"modified":"2026-11-01T17:16:55","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T09:16:55","slug":"c_%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e4%b8%8e%e9%ab%98%e7%ba%a7%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e5%ae%8c%e6%95%b4%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/120889.html","title":{"rendered":"C++_\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b8c\u6574\u603b\u7ed3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>C&#043;&#043; \u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b8c\u6574\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4&#xff1a;C&#043;&#043;11\/14\/17\/20 \u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u590d\u4e60\u3002\u672c\u6587\u91cd\u70b9\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u793a\u4f8b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u5199\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e00\u3001C&#043;&#043; \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684 C&#043;&#043; \u7a0b\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Hello, C&#043;&#043;!&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>1. \u9884\u5904\u7406\u6307\u4ee4<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>#include \u662f\u9884\u5904\u7406\u6307\u4ee4&#xff0c;\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u524d\u628a\u6307\u5b9a\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5f15\u5165\u5f53\u524d\u6587\u4ef6\u3002iostream \u63d0\u4f9b\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5982 std::cout\u3001std::cin\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u5934\u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ std::string<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;vector&gt;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ std::vector<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;algorithm&gt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ sort\u3001find\u3001copy \u7b49\u7b97\u6cd5<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;fstream&gt;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6587\u4ef6\u6d41<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;unordered_map&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;map&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;set&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c16\u62ec\u53f7\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u6216\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u7684\u5934\u6587\u4ef6&#xff1b;\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5934\u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;my_class.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. main \u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>main \u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5165\u53e3\u3002\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540e&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4ece main \u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd4\u56de 0 \u901a\u5e38\u8868\u793a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d&#xff0c;main \u6267\u884c\u5230\u672b\u5c3e\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565 return 0;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u521d\u5b66\u9636\u6bb5\u4fdd\u7559\u66f4\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>std \u662f\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;cout \u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ncout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 using namespace std;&#xff0c;\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u547d\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u66f4\u63a8\u8350\u660e\u786e\u5199 std::&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u5f15\u5165\u9700\u8981\u7684\u540d\u79f0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u3001\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h3>\n<p>\u6ce8\u91ca\u662f\u7ed9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u770b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u5355\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd9\u662f\u5355\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">18<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53d8\u91cf\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*<br \/>\n   \u8fd9\u662f\u591a\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca<br \/>\n   \u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u8bf4\u660e<br \/>\n*\/<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. \u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee3\u7801\u610f\u56fe&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u4ee3\u7801\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6807\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u548c\u5f02\u5e38\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8bb0\u5f55\u590d\u6742\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e34\u65f6\u5173\u95ed\u4e00\u5c0f\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u67e5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6807\u8bb0\u5f85\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982 TODO\u3001FIXME\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">18<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u628a age \u8bbe\u4e3a 18<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u672a\u6210\u5e74\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u652f\u4ed8\u8ba2\u5355<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>age <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">18<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">false<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u6ce8\u91ca\u63a9\u76d6\u9519\u8bef\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba9\u6ce8\u91ca\u957f\u671f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e09\u3001\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5e38\u91cf\u4e0e\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u53d8\u91cf<\/h4>\n<p>\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nage <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">21<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u58f0\u660e\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> score<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u58f0\u660e\u5e76\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff0c;\u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> count <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> total<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u63a8\u8350\u7684\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 x&#xff0c;\u91cc\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u968f\u673a\u503c<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5e38\u91cf<\/h4>\n<p>\u5e38\u91cf\u4e00\u65e6\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> MAX_SIZE <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> PI <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.1415926<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 constexpr \u8868\u793a\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">constexpr<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> BUFFER_SIZE <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1024<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>const \u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u540d\u5b57\u4fee\u6539\u201d&#xff1b;constexpr \u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\u786e\u5b9a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219<\/h4>\n<p>\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u7ec4\u6210&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u5f00\u5934&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> student_count<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5408\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u975e\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u975e\u6cd5&#xff0c;class \u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u547d\u540d\u98ce\u683c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> studentCount<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5c0f\u9a7c\u5cf0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">StudentManager<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5927\u9a7c\u5cf0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">constexpr<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> MAX_SIZE<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5e38\u91cf\u5927\u5199<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u547d\u540d\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u542b\u4e49&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d a\u3001b\u3001tmp1 \u5145\u65a5\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u56db\u3001C&#043;&#043; \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h3>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5355\u8bcd&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53ca\u4f5c\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4f5c\u7528<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>int\u3001double\u3001char\u3001bool<\/td>\n<td>\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>void<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u6216\u65e0\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>const<\/td>\n<td>\u5e38\u91cf\u3001\u53ea\u8bfb\u7ea6\u675f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>constexpr<\/td>\n<td>\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf\u6216\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>if\u3001else\u3001switch<\/td>\n<td>\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>for\u3001while\u3001do<\/td>\n<td>\u5faa\u73af<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>break<\/td>\n<td>\u8df3\u51fa\u5faa\u73af\u6216 switch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>continue<\/td>\n<td>\u8df3\u8fc7\u672c\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>return<\/td>\n<td>\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u7ed3\u675f\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>class\u3001struct<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>public\u3001private\u3001protected<\/td>\n<td>\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>new\u3001delete<\/td>\n<td>\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u548c\u91ca\u653e&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nullptr<\/td>\n<td>\u7a7a\u6307\u9488<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>this<\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u8c61\u6307\u9488<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>virtual<\/td>\n<td>\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u591a\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>override<\/td>\n<td>\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u5199\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>final<\/td>\n<td>\u7981\u6b62\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ee7\u627f\u6216\u91cd\u5199<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>static<\/td>\n<td>\u9759\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u7c7b\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5\u7b49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>extern<\/td>\n<td>\u58f0\u660e\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>friend<\/td>\n<td>\u58f0\u660e\u53cb\u5143<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>template<\/td>\n<td>\u6a21\u677f\u7f16\u7a0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>typename<\/td>\n<td>\u8868\u793a\u4f9d\u8d56\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>auto<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>decltype<\/td>\n<td>\u83b7\u53d6\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>enum<\/td>\n<td>\u679a\u4e3e\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>namespace<\/td>\n<td>\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>try\u3001catch\u3001throw<\/td>\n<td>\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>using<\/td>\n<td>\u7c7b\u578b\u522b\u540d\u3001\u5f15\u5165\u540d\u79f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>explicit<\/td>\n<td>\u7981\u6b62\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u6784\u9020<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mutable<\/td>\n<td>\u5141\u8bb8\u5728 const \u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u4fee\u6539\u7279\u5b9a\u6210\u5458<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>noexcept<\/td>\n<td>\u8868\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u629b\u5f02\u5e38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nullptr<\/td>\n<td>C&#043;&#043;11 \u7684\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u5b57\u9762\u91cf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e94\u3001\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">bool<\/span> ok <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">true<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>       <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5e03\u5c14\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;true \u6216 false<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span> ch <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;A&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6574\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">short<\/span> s <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>         <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u77ed\u6574\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> l <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100000L<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u957f\u6574\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> big <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1LL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6574\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> f <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5355\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> ld <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14L<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u5360\u7528\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u4e0e\u5e73\u53f0\u6709\u5173&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u51ed\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5199\u6b7b\u3002\u9700\u8981\u5927\u5c0f\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. void<\/h4>\n<p>\u8868\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">printMessage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;message&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>void* \u662f\u65e0\u7c7b\u578b\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u4efb\u610f\u5bf9\u8c61\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u8f6c\u6362\u56de\u6b63\u786e\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168&#xff0c;\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u5e94\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/h4>\n<p>C \u98ce\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Tom&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">char<\/span> text<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u672b\u5c3e\u81ea\u52a8\u5305\u542b \\\\\\\\0 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u63a8\u8350&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Tom&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nname <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; Smith&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">length<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/h4>\n<p>\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> d <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ int \u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u4e3a double<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 C&#043;&#043; \u98ce\u683c\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">static_cast<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>static_cast&#xff1a;\u666e\u901a\u3001\u660e\u786e\u3001\u53ef\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/li>\n<li>const_cast&#xff1a;\u53bb\u9664\u6216\u6dfb\u52a0 const&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5f53\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>dynamic_cast&#xff1a;\u591a\u6001\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5411\u4e0b\u8f6c\u578b&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>reinterpret_cast&#xff1a;\u5e95\u5c42\u4f4d\u7ea7\u522b\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca&#xff0c;\u98ce\u9669\u6700\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u5e94\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516d\u3001\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\/ \u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u6570\u9664\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a 2<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">5.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a 2.5<\/span><\/p>\n<p>% \u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570&#xff0c;\u8868\u793a\u6c42\u4f59\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u628a &#061; \u548c &#061;&#061; \u6df7\u6dc6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8d4b\u503c<\/span><br \/>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>     <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6bd4\u8f83<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6216<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">!<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u975e<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u6709\u77ed\u8def\u7279\u6027&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ptr <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span> ptr<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>value <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ea\u6709\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a true&#xff0c;\u624d\u4f1a\u8bbf\u95ee ptr-&gt;value<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. \u81ea\u589e\u3001\u81ea\u51cf<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5148\u52a0\u518d\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><br \/>\ni<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u518d\u52a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8212;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ni<span class=\"token operator\">&#8212;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5dee\u522b\u4e0d\u5927&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5728\u590d\u6742\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u6df7\u6dc6&#xff0c;\u5efa\u8bae\u62c6\u5f00\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">-&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">*&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">\/&#061;<\/span>  <span class=\"token operator\">%&#061;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>6. \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u4f4d\u6216<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">^<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u4f4d\u5f02\u6216<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span>   <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6309\u4f4d\u53d6\u53cd<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5de6\u79fb<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span>  <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53f3\u79fb<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u3001\u6743\u9650\u3001\u5e95\u5c42\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u654f\u611f\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u628a &amp;\u3001| \u4e0e &amp;&amp;\u3001|| \u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u4e09\u76ee\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> maxValue <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u5408\u7b80\u5355\u6761\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u590d\u6742\u903b\u8f91\u5168\u90e8\u585e\u8fdb\u4e00\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8. \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0e\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/span><br \/>\nobject<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5bf9\u8c61\u8bbf\u95ee\u6210\u5458<\/span><br \/>\nptr<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>      <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6307\u9488\u8bbf\u95ee\u6210\u5458<\/span><\/p>\n<p>ptr-&gt;name \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e (*ptr).name\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e03\u3001\u6d41\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236<\/h3>\n<h4>1. if \/ else<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>score <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">90<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u4f18\u79c0&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>score <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">60<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53ca\u683c&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. switch<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">switch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5f00\u59cb&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">case<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u9000\u51fa&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u672a\u77e5\u9009\u9879&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709 break&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5206\u652f&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u53eb\u8d2f\u7a7f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u5faa\u73af<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">do<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u81f3\u5c11\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">while<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">false<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u56f4 for&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    value <span class=\"token operator\">*&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516b\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u6307\u9488\u548c\u5f15\u7528<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u6570\u7ec4<\/h4>\n<p>\u6570\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u8fde\u7eed\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u6807\u4ece 0 \u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e0b\u6807\u4e3a size &#8211; 1\u3002\u8d8a\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u62a5\u9519&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> matrix<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u6570\u7ec4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;array&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>array<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u539f\u751f\u6570\u7ec4&#xff0c;std::array \u652f\u6301 .size()\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u6307\u9488<\/h4>\n<p>\u6307\u9488\u4fdd\u5b58\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>ptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u89e3\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u8bfb\u53d6 value<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span>        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4fee\u6539 value<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&amp;value \u662f\u53d6\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;*ptr \u662f\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u6307\u9488&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ptr <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>ptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u65e7\u5f0f\u7684 NULL \u6216 0 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u4f7f\u7528 nullptr\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u6307\u9488\u548c\u6570\u7ec4<\/h4>\n<p>\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u9996\u5143\u7d20\u5730\u5740&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">30<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 20<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6570\u7ec4\u540d\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;sizeof(arr) \u4e0e sizeof(p) \u7684\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f15\u7528\u662f\u5df2\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u522b\u540d&#xff0c;\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff0c;\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ value \u4e5f\u53d8\u6210 20<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u7528\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u62f7\u8d1d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> text<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> text<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>const T&amp;&#xff1a;\u53ea\u8bfb\u4f20\u53c2&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u8f83\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>T&amp;&#xff1a;\u5141\u8bb8\u51fd\u6570\u4fee\u6539\u5b9e\u53c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>T&#xff1a;\u4f20\u503c&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u62f7\u8d1d\u6216\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>T*&#xff1a;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7a7a&#xff0c;\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5. \u5de6\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u4e0e\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u5de6\u503c\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;&amp;<\/span> rref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1&#xff0c;\u51cf\u5c11\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u62f7\u8d1d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8c03\u7528 std::move \u540e&#xff0c;\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5185\u5bb9\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u540e\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ee7\u7eed\u5047\u5b9a\u5b83\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e5d\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u533a\u57df<\/h3>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5185\u5b58\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u533a\u57df&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u4ee3\u7801\u533a<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b58\u653e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u6307\u4ee4&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53eb\u6587\u672c\u533a\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u53ea\u8bfb\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u5199\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u4e3b\u8981\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5168\u5c40\u533a \/ \u9759\u6001\u533a<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b58\u653e\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u7b49&#xff0c;\u7a0b\u5e8f\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u5206\u914d&#xff0c;\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> globalValue <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> staticValue <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">function<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> count <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c40\u90e8\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u53ea\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e00\u6b21&#xff0c;\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u6808\u533a<\/h4>\n<p>\u6808\u533a\u5b58\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u7b49\u3002\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u675f\u540e&#xff0c;\u6808\u4e0a\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u81ea\u52a8\u9500\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">function<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> local <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u901a\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6808\u533a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7279\u70b9&#xff1a;\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u76f8\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8fd4\u56de\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u5740\u6216\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">badFunction<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9519\u8bef&#xff1a;\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u5df2\u5931\u6548\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. \u5806\u533a<\/h4>\n<p>\u5806\u533a\u7528\u4e8e\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d&#xff0c;\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7531\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e7\u5f0f\u5199\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\np <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u7ec4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> values <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5fd8\u8bb0 delete&#xff1a;\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u91cd\u590d delete&#xff1a;\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u91ca\u653e\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;\u60ac\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/li>\n<li>new[] \u548c delete \u914d\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 RAII \u548c\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> shared <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_shared<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219&#xff1a;\u80fd\u7528\u6808\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u4e0d\u8981 new&#xff1b;\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 std::unique_ptr&#xff1b;\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5171\u4eab\u6240\u6709\u6743\u65f6\u624d\u4f7f\u7528 std::shared_ptr\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u3001\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u5c01\u88c5\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>1. \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e0e\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>\u58f0\u660e\u544a\u8bc9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u58f0\u660e\u653e\u5728 .h \u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u628a\u5b9e\u73b0\u653e\u5728 .cpp \u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">change<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u8c03\u7528\u8005<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">change<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u4f1a\u4fee\u6539\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8bfb\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u53c2&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">change<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. \u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">square<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd4\u56de\u5f15\u7528\u6216\u6307\u9488\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd4\u56de\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5c40\u90e8\u6570\u7ec4\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h4>\n<p>\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u79f0\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ec5\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u91cd\u8f7d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u975e\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ec5\u9760\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u533a\u5206<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u8f7d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u8ba9\u76f8\u540c\u903b\u8f91\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u4e00\u540d\u79f0&#xff0c;\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6839\u636e\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">showMessage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> message<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> times <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> times<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> message <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">showMessage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">showMessage<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u822c\u4ece\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u8fde\u7eed\u63d0\u4f9b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e2d\u95f4\u7f3a\u7701\u3001\u540e\u9762\u53c8\u6709\u975e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> c <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6b63\u786e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ void func(int a &#061; 1, int b, int c);  \/\/ \u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u6700\u597d\u53ea\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u5199\u4e00\u6b21&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u58f0\u660e\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u5360\u4f4d\u53c2\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>\u5360\u4f4d\u53c2\u6570\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u540d\u7684\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">func<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53c2\u6570\u672a\u4f7f\u7528&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u63a5\u53e3\u9700\u8981\u63a5\u6536\u67d0\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5f53\u524d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u5408\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u63a5\u53e3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e5f\u628a\u201c\u5360\u4f4d\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u672a\u547d\u540d\u53c2\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">callback<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/*unused*\/<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u8b66\u544a\u800c\u968f\u610f\u52a0\u5165\u5360\u4f4d\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u5e94\u786e\u4fdd\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53e3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">inline<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">square<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>inline \u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5411\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u9002\u5408\u5185\u8054\u201d\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u5185\u8054\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u51b3\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u5f3a\u5236\u4f18\u5316\u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8. \u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488<\/h4>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4fdd\u5b58\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5730\u5740&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>funcPtr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> add<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">funcPtr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff1a;int (*funcPtr)(int, int) \u8868\u793a funcPtr \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u4e24\u4e2a int&#xff0c;\u8fd4\u56de int\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u9014&#xff1a;\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u5207\u6362\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u3001C \u98ce\u683c\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">calculate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>operation<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">operation<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u66f4\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;functional&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>function<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> operation <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> add<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6a21\u677f\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4 std::function \u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9. Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> add <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>capture<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>parameters<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span> return_type <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    body<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6355\u83b7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> byValue <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> byReference <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> x<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> allByValue <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> allByReference <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 lambda \u4f7f\u7528\u671f\u95f4\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u6355\u83b7\u5373\u5c06\u9500\u6bc1\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u5e76\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u4e0e\u679a\u4e3e<\/h3>\n<h4>1. struct<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7528\u4e8e\u628a\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Student<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> score<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Student stu<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">92.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> stu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>struct \u4e0e class \u6700\u5927\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u533a\u522b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>struct \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6210\u5458\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u9650\u662f public\u3002<\/li>\n<li>class \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6210\u5458\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u9650\u662f private\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. enum \u4e0e enum class<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">enum<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Color<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> Red<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Green<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> Blue <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nColor color <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Red<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u63a8\u8350\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u679a\u4e3e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">enum<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Status<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    Ready<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    Running<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    Finished<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Status status <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> Status<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>Ready<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>enum class \u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u679a\u4e3e\u503c\u76f4\u63a5\u6c61\u67d3\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8f7b\u6613\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6574\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u7c7b\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<p>\u7c7b\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u677f&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Student<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">study<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> name <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; is studying&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Student student<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstudent<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstudent<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">study<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u5c01\u88c5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c01\u88c5\u662f\u628a\u6570\u636e\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77&#xff0c;\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u5916\u90e8\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">BankAccount<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> balance <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">deposit<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> amount<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>amount <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> balance <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> amount<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">getBalance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> balance<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c01\u88c5\u7684\u610f\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9632\u6b62\u5916\u90e8\u968f\u610f\u4fee\u6539\u975e\u6cd5\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9690\u85cf\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65b9\u4fbf\u4fee\u6539\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u800c\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u96c6\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6821\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3. \u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>public&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u5185\u3001\u7c7b\u5916\u3001\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>private&#xff1a;\u53ea\u6709\u7c7b\u5185\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u53cb\u5143\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>protected&#xff1a;\u7c7b\u5185\u548c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u5916\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>4. \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token function\">Person<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string n<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">name<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">age<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6210\u5458\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u6bd4\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u5185\u8d4b\u503c\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>const \u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u7528\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u57fa\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5. \u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Resource<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Resource<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u63a8\u8350\u8ba9\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u8d44\u6e90&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u624b\u5199\u590d\u6742\u6790\u6784\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. this \u6307\u9488<\/h4>\n<p>this \u6307\u5411\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">setName<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">this<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span>name <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>7. const \u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Person<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string <span class=\"token function\">getName<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>const \u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u627f\u8bfa\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6210\u5458&#xff0c;const \u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u80fd\u8c03\u7528 const \u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8. \u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458<\/h4>\n<p>\u9759\u6001\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Counter<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> count<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> Counter<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>count <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709 this \u6307\u9488&#xff0c;\u53ea\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9. \u5bf9\u8c61\u7279\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8eab\u4efd&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;\u6784\u9020\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u9500\u6bc1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5c01\u88c5&#xff1a;\u9690\u85cf\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u548c\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u8c61\u80fd\u5426\u5b89\u5168\u62f7\u8d1d\u6216\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>10. \u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ee7\u627f\u5141\u8bb8\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u590d\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458&#xff0c;\u5e76\u6269\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">eat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;eat&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">bark<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;bark&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7ee7\u627f\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>public \u7ee7\u627f&#xff1a;\u8868\u8fbe\u201cis-a\u201d\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>protected \u7ee7\u627f&#xff1a;\u8f83\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>private \u7ee7\u627f&#xff1a;\u8868\u8fbe\u5b9e\u73b0\u590d\u7528&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u516c\u5f00\u7684 is-a \u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u7ec4\u5408\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u7528\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u7ee7\u627f\u5e94\u8868\u793a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11. \u591a\u6001<\/h4>\n<p>\u591a\u6001\u6307\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u591a\u6001\u9700\u8981\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;animal&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Animal<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;wang&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Animal<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> animal <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Dog<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nanimal<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8c03\u7528 Dog::speak<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">delete<\/span> animal<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u591a\u6001\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u5220\u9664\u6d3e\u751f\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u8c03\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12. \u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u4e0e\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Shape<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">area<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">virtual<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">~<\/span><span class=\"token function\">Shape<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">default<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u542b\u6709\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a5\u53e3\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13. override \u4e0e final<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Dog<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token base-clause\"><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Animal<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">speak<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">override<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>override \u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u68c0\u67e5\u4f60\u786e\u5b9e\u91cd\u5199\u4e86\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u63a8\u8350\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FinalDog<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">final<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span> Animal <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>final \u53ef\u4ee5\u7981\u6b62\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ee7\u627f&#xff1b;\u7528\u4e8e\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7981\u6b62\u7ee7\u7eed\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14. \u53cb\u5143<\/h4>\n<p>\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u53cb\u5143\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u7684 private \u548c protected \u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Box<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">friend<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">printBox<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> Box<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> box<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">printBox<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> Box<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> box<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> box<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53cb\u5143\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5c01\u88c5&#xff0c;\u5e94\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u9014\u662f\u91cd\u8f7d\u8f93\u51fa\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u534f\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>15. \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Point<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    Point <span class=\"token keyword\">operator<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> Point<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> other<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>x <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> other<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> y <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> other<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d\u5e94\u7b26\u5408\u76f4\u89c9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9 &#043; \u505a\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16. Rule of 0 \/ 3 \/ 5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7c7b\u81ea\u5df1\u7ba1\u7406\u8d44\u6e90&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u8981\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\u62f7\u8d1d\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\u62f7\u8d1d\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/li>\n<li>\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u7684\u4f18\u5148\u539f\u5219\u662f Rule of 0&#xff1a;\u8ba9 std::string\u3001std::vector\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u7b49\u6210\u5458\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u8d44\u6e90&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e09\u3001\u6a21\u677f<\/h3>\n<p>\u6a21\u677f\u5141\u8bb8\u7f16\u5199\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u901a\u7528\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u677f<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">template<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">typename<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\nT <span class=\"token function\">maxValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> T b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">?<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">maxValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">maxValue<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>typename \u548c class \u5728\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u4f4d\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u7c7b\u6a21\u677f<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">template<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">typename<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Box<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    T value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">explicit<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Box<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>T v<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">value<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>v<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> T<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>Box<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">intBox<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nBox<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">stringBox<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. \u975e\u7c7b\u578b\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">template<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">typename<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>size_t N<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">FixedArray<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    T data<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>N<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>N \u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5e38\u91cf\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u6a21\u677f\u7279\u5316<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u67d0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7279\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">template<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">typename<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">T<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Printer<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">static<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> T<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6a21\u677f\u662f C&#043;&#043; \u6cdb\u578b\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840&#xff0c;STL \u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u56db\u3001STL \u5bb9\u5668<\/h3>\n<p>STL \u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u5bb9\u5668\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u9002\u914d\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. string<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string text <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; world&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token char\">&#039;!&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> text<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">size<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>text<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">empty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">size<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">find<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;world&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">substr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">replace<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hi&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\ntext<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">erase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f find \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u65f6\u8fd4\u56de std::string::npos\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. vector<\/h4>\n<p>\u52a8\u6001\u6570\u7ec4&#xff0c;\u5185\u5b58\u8fde\u7eed&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u968f\u673a\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pop_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">size<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">empty<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">clear<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">front<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">at<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8d8a\u754c\u65f6\u629b\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">reserve<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9884\u7559\u5bb9\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n<p>size() \u662f\u5f53\u524d\u5143\u7d20\u6570\u91cf&#xff0c;capacity() \u662f\u5df2\u5206\u914d\u5bb9\u91cf\u3002\u6269\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u539f\u6765\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3001\u6307\u9488\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. array<\/h4>\n<p>\u56fa\u5b9a\u5927\u5c0f\u6570\u7ec4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>array<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. deque<\/h4>\n<p>\u53cc\u7aef\u961f\u5217&#xff0c;\u4e24\u7aef\u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u6548\u7387\u8f83\u9ad8&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>deque<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> q<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_front<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>5. list \u4e0e forward_list<\/h4>\n<p>\u94fe\u8868\u9002\u5408\u5728\u5df2\u77e5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u5220\u9664&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u9ad8\u6548\u968f\u673a\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>list<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push_front<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b vector \u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\u66f4\u597d&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u63d2\u5165\u5220\u9664\u5feb\u201d\u5c31\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 list\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. stack<\/h4>\n<p>\u6808&#xff0c;\u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>stack<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> st<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nst<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nst<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nst<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">top<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nst<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pop<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>7. queue<\/h4>\n<p>\u961f\u5217&#xff0c;\u5148\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>queue<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> q<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">front<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">pop<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>8. priority_queue<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f18\u5148\u961f\u5217&#xff0c;\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5927\u9876\u5806&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>priority_queue<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> pq<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\npq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\npq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">push<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> pq<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">top<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 10<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c0f\u9876\u5806&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>priority_queue<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>greater<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> minHeap<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>9. set \u4e0e multiset<\/h4>\n<p>set \u4fdd\u5b58\u6709\u5e8f\u4e14\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20&#xff0c;multiset \u5141\u8bb8\u91cd\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>set<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5185\u5bb9\u4e3a 1, 2, 3<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>10. map \u4e0e multimap<\/h4>\n<p>map \u4fdd\u5b58\u952e\u503c\u5bf9&#xff0c;\u952e\u6709\u5e8f\u4e14\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> scores<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nscores<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">95<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nscores<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Bob&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">88<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 operator[] \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u952e\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u63d2\u5165\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\u53ea\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 find \u6216 at\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11. unordered_map \u4e0e unordered_set<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868&#xff0c;\u5e73\u5747\u67e5\u627e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u63a5\u8fd1 O(1)&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6709\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>unordered_map<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> count<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;apple&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u952e\u7c7b\u578b\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u54c8\u5e0c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12. pair \u4e0e tuple<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>pair<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> person<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">20<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> person<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>first<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>tuple<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">double<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> data<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;test&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.14<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">get<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;17 \u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> person<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e94\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u5bb9\u5668\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u201c\u901a\u7528\u6307\u9488\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>it<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>it<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>begin() \u6307\u5411\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20&#xff0c;end() \u6307\u5411\u5c3e\u540e\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u5f15\u7528 end()\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">cbegin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ const \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">rbegin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53cd\u5411\u5f00\u59cb<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">rend<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5bb9\u5668\u4fee\u6539\u540e&#xff0c;\u90e8\u5206\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u6548&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u662f vector \u6269\u5bb9\u3001erase \u548c insert \u64cd\u4f5c\u540e\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u516d\u3001\u8c13\u8bcd\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e lambda<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u8c13\u8bcd<\/h4>\n<p>\u8c13\u8bcd\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u7684\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">isEven<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 lambda&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> isEven <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<p>\u91cd\u8f7d\u4e86 operator() \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53eb\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">IsGreater<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> limit<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">operator<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> limit<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. std::function<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>function<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">bool<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> predicate <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> isEven<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u3001lambda\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u5305\u88c5\u5668&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u64e6\u9664\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e03\u3001STL \u57fa\u672c\u7b97\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<p>\u7b97\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e &lt;algorithm&gt;&#xff0c;\u5f88\u591a\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u534a\u5f00\u533a\u95f4 [begin, end)\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1. \u904d\u5386&#xff1a;for_each<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">for_each<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039; &#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;11 \u4ee5\u540e&#xff0c;\u7b80\u5355\u904d\u5386\u901a\u5e38\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u56f4 for \u66f4\u6613\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u67e5\u627e&#xff1a;find<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">find<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>it <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u627e\u5230\u4e86&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u627e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">find_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. \u8ba1\u6570&#xff1a;count \/ count_if<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> count <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> evenCount <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">count_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. \u6392\u5e8f&#xff1a;sort<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">greater<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6392\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u8f83\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e25\u683c\u5f31\u5e8f\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u4fbf\u8fd4\u56de a &gt;&#061; b&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u6392\u5e8f\u7ed3\u679c\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u7a33\u5b9a\u6392\u5e8f&#xff1a;stable_sort<\/h4>\n<p>\u76f8\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8&#xff0c;\u4ee3\u4ef7\u901a\u5e38\u9ad8\u4e8e sort\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u62f7\u8d1d&#xff1a;copy<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">target<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">size<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">copy<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> target<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u672b\u5c3e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> target<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">copy<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">back_inserter<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>target<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u6807\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u5165\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u66ff\u6362&#xff1a;replace \/ replace_if<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">replace<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">replace_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>8. \u751f\u6210&#xff1a;fill \/ generate<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">fill<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> current <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">generate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>current<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> current<span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>fill \u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u503c\u586b\u5145&#xff0c;generate \u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u751f\u6210\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9. \u5220\u9664&#xff1a;remove \/ remove_if<\/h4>\n<p>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">erase<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">remove_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>remove \u4e0d\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u6539\u53d8\u5bb9\u5668\u5927\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u53ea\u4f1a\u628a\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u524d\u9762&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u914d\u5408 erase&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u53eb erase-remove \u60ef\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>C&#043;&#043;20 \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">erase_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>10. \u7ffb\u8f6c\u4e0e\u53cd\u8f6c<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">reverse<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>11. \u6700\u5927\u6700\u5c0f<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> maxIt <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">max_element<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> minIt <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">min_element<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>12. \u4e8c\u5206\u67e5\u627e<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u533a\u95f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">binary_search<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u5b58\u5728&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lower_bound<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">upper_bound<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>13. \u6570\u503c\u7b97\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u9700\u8981 &lt;numeric&gt;&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">accumulate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7ed3\u679c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97 long long \u603b\u548c\u65f6\u4e0d\u8981\u4ece 0 \u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u5148\u6309 int \u7d2f\u52a0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">long<\/span> sum <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">accumulate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0LL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u516b\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">throw<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">runtime_error<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;something went wrong&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">catch<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>exception<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cerr <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">what<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6309\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528 const std::exception&amp;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u666e\u901a\u6d41\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u8981\u629b\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d44\u6e90\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528 RAII&#xff0c;\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u4e5f\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e5d\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u4e0e RAII<\/h3>\n<h4>1. RAII<\/h4>\n<p>RAII \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f&#xff1a;\u8d44\u6e90\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002\u5bf9\u8c61\u6784\u9020\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90&#xff0c;\u6790\u6784\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u5b58&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u9501\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. unique_ptr<\/h4>\n<p>\u552f\u4e00\u6240\u6709\u6743&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u590d\u5236&#xff0c;\u53ea\u80fd\u79fb\u52a8&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> ptr2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ptr<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3. shared_ptr<\/h4>\n<p>\u5171\u4eab\u6240\u6709\u6743&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a shared_ptr \u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u624d\u91ca\u653e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> p1 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_shared<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u5230\u5904\u4f7f\u7528 shared_ptr&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u5f00\u9500\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. weak_ptr<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6253\u7834 shared_ptr \u5faa\u73af\u5f15\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>weak_ptr<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> weak <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> locked <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> weak<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lock<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span>locked<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u5341\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cin <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> age<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cerr <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;error&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u6574\u884c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string line<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getline<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> line<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528 operator&gt;&gt; \u4e0e getline \u65f6&#xff0c;\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u53ef\u80fd\u7559\u5728\u8f93\u5165\u7f13\u51b2\u533a&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. \u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;fstream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>ofstream <span class=\"token function\">out<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;data.txt&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>ifstream <span class=\"token function\">in<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;data.txt&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string line<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">getline<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>in<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> line<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> line <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token char\">&#039;\\\\n&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u5148\u8ba9\u6d41\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5173\u95ed\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/h4>\n<p>C&#043;&#043; \u7a0b\u5e8f\u5927\u81f4\u7ecf\u5386&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u9884\u5904\u7406&#xff1a;\u5904\u7406 #include\u3001\u5b8f\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7f16\u8bd1&#xff1a;\u628a\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6c47\u7f16&#xff1a;\u751f\u6210\u673a\u5668\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;\u628a\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd0\u884c&#xff1a;\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a0\u8f7d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7f16\u8bd1\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>g&#043;&#043; <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-std<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>c&#043;&#043;17 <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-Wall<\/span> <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-Wextra<\/span> <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-pedantic<\/span> main.cpp <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-o<\/span> main<\/p>\n<p>\u5efa\u8bae\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f00\u542f\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u8b66\u544a\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u9519\u8bef&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u793a\u6f5c\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3 C&#043;&#043; \u5e38\u7528\u5199\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<h4>1. auto<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>auto \u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u7c7b\u578b\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba9 auto \u9690\u85cf\u5173\u952e\u7c7b\u578b\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ee3\u7801\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2. decltype<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">decltype<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> another <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u63a8\u5bfc\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. nullptr<\/h4>\n<p>\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>4. emplace<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>pair<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nvalues<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">emplace_back<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;hello&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u5bb9\u5668\u5185\u90e8\u6784\u9020\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string source <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;large text&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string target <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>source<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u5408\u8f6c\u79fb\u8d44\u6e90\u6240\u6709\u6743&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u6ee5\u7528 std::move&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u8981\u5bf9\u4ecd\u9700\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f2\u76ee\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h3>\n<h4>1. \u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u53d8\u91cf<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u9519\u8bef\u98ce\u9669<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\u5c31\u521d\u59cb\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>2. \u6570\u7ec4\u8d8a\u754c<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\narr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8d8a\u754c<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 std::array\u3001std::vector&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 .at()\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3. \u60ac\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u548c\u60ac\u7a7a\u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u9500\u6bc1\u540e&#xff0c;\u4ecd\u4fdd\u5b58\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u5730\u5740\u6216\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u60ac\u7a7a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4. \u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> p <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5fd8\u8bb0 delete<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 std::make_unique \u6216 std::make_shared\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5. \u8fd4\u56de\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5730\u5740<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">bad<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u7ed3\u675f\u540e x \u5df2\u9500\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u8bef\u7528 sizeof<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> arr<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 arr \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u6307\u9488&#xff0c;sizeof(arr) \u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u7ec4\u603b\u5927\u5c0f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u7ec4\u4f20\u53c2\u65f6\u901a\u5e38\u540c\u65f6\u4f20\u957f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 std::span\u3001std::vector\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7. \u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u548c\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">size<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0 signed\/unsigned \u8b66\u544a<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528 std::size_t&#xff0c;\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u56f4 for\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8. \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7cbe\u5ea6\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u8f83\u8bef\u5dee\u8303\u56f4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">abs<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1e-9<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>9. \u591a\u6001\u57fa\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u865a\u6790\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u5220\u9664\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u57fa\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5e94\u4e3a virtual\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10. \u62f7\u8d1d\u5bfc\u81f4\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898<\/h4>\n<p>\u5927\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f20\u53c2\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">process<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> LargeObject<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> object<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>11. \u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u91cd\u590d\u5305\u542b<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 #pragma once \u6216 include guard&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">pragma<\/span> <span class=\"token expression\">once<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>12. \u5b8f\u6ee5\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b8f\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5&#xff0c;\u5bb9\u6613\u6c61\u67d3\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5e38\u91cf\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 constexpr&#xff0c;\u51fd\u6570\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 inline \u6216\u6a21\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13. \u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684 using namespace<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5199&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">namespace<\/span> std<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>14. vector \u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5931\u6548<\/h4>\n<p>push_back \u89e6\u53d1\u6269\u5bb9\u540e&#xff0c;\u65e7\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3001\u6307\u9488\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u6548&#xff1b;erase \u540e\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u90e8\u5206\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>15. \u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5408\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u4e86\u590d\u7528\u51e0\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201d\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u7ec4\u5408&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Car<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    Engine engine<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u3001\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u987a\u5e8f<\/h3>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u8bed\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840<\/h4>\n<li>\u6ce8\u91ca\u3001\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u5e38\u91cf\u548c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u3001\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6307\u9488\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/li>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<li>\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3001\u53cb\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002<\/li>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;STL<\/h4>\n<li>string\u3001vector\u3001array\u3002<\/li>\n<li>deque\u3001list\u3001stack\u3001queue\u3002<\/li>\n<li>set\u3001map\u3001unordered_map\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3001\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001lambda \u548c\u8c13\u8bcd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u548c RAII\u3002<\/li>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u56db\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u9ad8\u7ea7 C&#043;&#043;<\/h4>\n<li>\u6a21\u677f\u548c\u6a21\u677f\u7279\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001\u9501\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>CMake\u3001\u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u8c03\u8bd5\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/li>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u3001\u4e00\u9875\u901f\u67e5\u8868<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5e38\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> limit<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">constexpr<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> bufferSize<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1024<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5f15\u7528\u548c\u6307\u9488<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> ref <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> ptr <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> empty <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">add<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> b <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ Lambda<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> isPositive <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u5bb9\u5668<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>vector<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">sort<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7b97\u6cd5<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> it <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">find_if<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> values<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> isPositive<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u7c7b<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Student<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">private<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">public<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">explicit<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Student<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">name<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">move<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>string<span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">getName<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">const<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">auto<\/span> student <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token generic-function\"><span class=\"token function\">make_unique<\/span><span class=\"token generic class-name\"><span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span>Student<span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;Alice&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7ed3\u8bed<\/h3>\n<p>\u5b66\u4e60 C&#043;&#043; \u4e0d\u8981\u53ea\u8bb0\u8bed\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u7406\u89e3\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7531\u8c01\u7ba1\u7406&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u662f\u5426\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<p>\u771f\u6b63\u638c\u63e1 C&#043;&#043; 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\u5199\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u3001C \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784<br \/>\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684 C \u7a0b\u5e8f&#xff1a;<br \/>\n#include int main() {std::cout &lt;&lt; \\&quot;Hello, C!\\&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;return 0;<br \/>\n}1. \u9884\u5904\u7406\u6307\u4ee4<br \/>\n#include #inc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[55,190],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-120889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-c","tag-190"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>C++_\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b8c\u6574\u603b\u7ed3 - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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