{"id":120776,"date":"2026-11-01T10:48:39","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T02:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/120776.html"},"modified":"2026-11-01T10:48:39","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T02:48:39","slug":"deepseek%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93%e7%9a%84pg-phriday%ef%bc%9a%e7%83%a4%e7%84%a6%e7%9a%84-toast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/120776.html","title":{"rendered":"DeepSeek\u603b\u7ed3\u7684PG Phriday\uff1a\u70e4\u7126\u7684 TOAST"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>PG Phriday&#xff1a;\u70e4\u7126\u7684 TOAST<\/p>\n<p>Shaun Thomas | 2026\u5e7410\u670831\u65e5<\/p>\n<p>2010 \u5e74&#xff0c;\u4e00\u5bb6\u91d1\u878d\u516c\u53f8\u96c7\u6211\u4fee\u6539\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684 Postgres \u96c6\u7fa4\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5de5\u4f5c\u671f\u95f4&#xff0c;\u6211\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684 event_log \u8868\u6000\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u656c\u754f\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u201c\u656c\u754f\u201d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7528\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5f53&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u538c\u6076\u3002\u4f60\u770b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u8d26\u672c&#xff0c;\u7531\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u884c\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u884c\u6570\u591a\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5f88\u7d27\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u7a97\u53e3\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f52\u6863\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f&#xff0c;\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u7ea6\u675f\u7684 TEXT \u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u6301\u6709\u5927\u5757 XML\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u4ece\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u83b7\u53d6\u90fd\u6781\u5176\u7f13\u6162\u3002\u5199\u5165\u540c\u6837\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8d39\u5c3d\u5fc3\u601d\u8c03\u6574\u5e94\u7528\u672c\u8eab&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u89e6\u78b0\u5b83&#xff0c;\u9664\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5316\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6700\u521d\u8ba9\u6211\u56f0\u60d1\u548c\u6124\u6012\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u5230\u6211\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86 TOAST\u3002Postgres \u559c\u6b22\u65e0\u5bb3\u5730\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u5411\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7f29\u7565\u8bcd\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u5c3a\u5bf8\u5c5e\u6027\u5b58\u50a8\u6280\u672f\u201d&#xff08;The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u73b0\u573a\u7684 DBA \u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u7231\u6068\u4ea4\u52a0\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8868\u9762\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u5927\u5757\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5143\u7ec4\u5c0f\u3001\u907f\u514d\u8d85\u8fc7\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684 8KB \u6570\u636e\u9875\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Postgres \u4e3a\u5e9e\u5927\u5185\u5bb9\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u5b50\u8868&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u6210\u5757&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u884c\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u7d27\u8feb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u96c5\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6709\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 DBA \u6697\u4e2d\u754f\u60e7\u5927\u578b\u6587\u672c\u5217\u5427&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u53d8\u5f97 TOASTy<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u7684 event_log \u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff0c;\u6700\u597d\u91cd\u5efa\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> event_log<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n  event_id       <span class=\"token keyword\">BIGINT<\/span> GENERATED ALWAYS <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">PRIMARY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">KEY<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  ticker         <span class=\"token keyword\">VARCHAR<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  strike         <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  shares         <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  event_data     JSON <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span> <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u662f XML&#xff0c;\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e86\u2026\u2026<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u66f4\u591a\u5217\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 10 \u4e07\u884c\u5f15\u5bfc\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u3002\u521a\u597d\u591f\u8ba9\u4eba\u70e6&#xff01;\u6570\u636e\u5217\u9700\u8981\u5927&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6700\u591a 1000 \u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>ticker<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> strike<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> shares<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">left<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>md5<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>id <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span>::<span class=\"token keyword\">TEXT<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>id <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> a<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>id <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> jsonb_object_agg<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;field_&#039;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> random<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n          <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> generate_series<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> id <span class=\"token operator\">%<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> generate_series<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> a <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>id<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u592a\u597d\u4e86&#xff01;\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u53bb\u4e86\u54ea\u91cc&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4ee5\u4e3a&#xff0c;\u201c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u8fdb\u5165 event_log \u8868&#xff01;\u201d\u4f60\u9519\u4e86\u3002\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;Postgres \u8d34\u5fc3\u5730\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a TOAST \u8868\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u68c0\u67e5 pg_class \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> c<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>relname<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>relname <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> toast_table<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>relname <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> toast_index<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> pg_class c<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">JOIN<\/span> pg_class t <span class=\"token keyword\">ON<\/span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>oid <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> c<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>reltoastrelid<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">JOIN<\/span> pg_index x <span class=\"token keyword\">ON<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>indrelid <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>oid<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">JOIN<\/span> pg_class i <span class=\"token keyword\">ON<\/span> i<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>oid <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>indexrelid<br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> c<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>relname <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;event_log&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>  relname  <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  toast_table   <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>     toast_index<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><br \/>\n event_log <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> pg_toast_16401 <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> pg_toast_16401_index<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4efd\u4ef7\u94b1\u4e09\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff1a;\u539f\u59cb\u8868\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a toast \u8868\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a toast \u8868\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u53d1\u751f&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u8868\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u5927\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u672c\u7c7b\u5217&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u754c\u7684 JSON \u5217\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5 Postgres \u5148\u53d1\u5236\u4eba\u5730\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a TOAST \u8868\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u653e\u8fdb\u53bb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u66f4\u5fae\u5999\u4e00\u4e9b&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u9ebb\u70e6\u5f00\u59cb\u915d\u917f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u590d\u5408\u9ec4\u6cb9<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u51b3\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\u3002pg_type \u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684 typstorage \u5217\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u5bf9 Postgres \u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PLAIN \u00a7&#xff1a;\u503c\u4fdd\u6301\u5185\u8054\u4e14\u672a\u538b\u7f29\u3002\u8fd9\u662f INT \u548c TIMESTAMPTZ \u7b49\u56fa\u5b9a\u5bbd\u5ea6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>MAIN (m)&#xff1a;\u5141\u8bb8\u538b\u7f29&#xff0c;TOAST \u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u540e\u624b\u6bb5\u3002NUMERIC \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>EXTERNAL (e)&#xff1a;\u5141\u8bb8 TOAST&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li>EXTENDED (x)&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f TEXT\u3001BYTEA\u3001JSONB \u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Postgres \u5bf9\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u672c\u7c7b\u5217\u7c7b\u578b\u65bd\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u53cd\u590d\u5e94\u7528\u76f4\u5230\u6574\u884c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6\u7684 8KB \u9875\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u51cf\u53bb\u5f00\u9500&#xff09;\u3002\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL TOAST \u5b58\u50a8\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a JSON \u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u9075\u5faa EXTENDED \u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u67e5\u51e0\u884c\u6765\u770b\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u4f5c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> ctid<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> length<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data::<span class=\"token keyword\">TEXT<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> chars<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_column_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> stored_bytes<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_column_toast_chunk_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> toast_id<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log<br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> event_id <span class=\"token operator\">BETWEEN<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">335<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">AND<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">340<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>  ctid  <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> event_id <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> chars <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> stored_bytes <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> toast_id<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">335<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5907<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">1981<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">336<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5930<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">2004<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>    <span class=\"token number\">16414<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">337<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5942<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">1987<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>    <span class=\"token number\">16415<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">338<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5953<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">2005<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>    <span class=\"token number\">16416<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">339<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5978<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">1996<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>    <span class=\"token number\">16417<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>      <span class=\"token number\">340<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">5988<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>         <span class=\"token number\">2034<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>    <span class=\"token number\">16418<\/span><\/p>\n<p>toast_tuple_target \u5b58\u50a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u544a\u8bc9 Postgres \u4f55\u65f6 toast \u5217\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u7ea6\u4e3a 2KB \u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u79fb\u5230 TOAST\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u6709\u4e00\u884c\u538b\u7f29\u540e\u6b63\u597d\u4f4e\u4e8e\u8be5\u9650\u5236&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u672a\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e13\u95e8\u68c0\u67e5\u7b2c 57 \u9875&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\u4e86&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> EXTENSION <span class=\"token keyword\">IF<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> pageinspect<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> lp<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> lp_len<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> heap_page_items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>get_raw_page<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;event_log&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">57<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">LIMIT<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> lp <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> lp_len<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>   <span class=\"token number\">2022<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>   <span class=\"token number\">2029<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>     <span class=\"token number\">66<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>     <span class=\"token number\">66<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token number\">5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>     <span class=\"token number\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab toast \u7684\u884c\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u5927\u5c0f\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u88ab toast \u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u66ff\u6362\u4e86\u88ab toast \u7684\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u88ab toast \u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u5757\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u88ab toast \u7684\u503c\u88ab\u5206\u6210 1996 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u5757&#xff0c;\u5e76\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u884c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 toast \u8868\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u5bf9\u8bfb\u53d6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab toast \u7684\u503c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u6b21\u4ece toast \u8868\u83b7\u53d6\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5757\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9 toast \u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u8bfb\u53d6\u548c\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9 toast \u8868\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5757\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u88c5\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528&#xff0c;\u6839\u636e\u5757\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u663e\u8457\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u538b\u7f29\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u3002\u90a3\u65e2\u662f\u5185\u5b58\u5f00\u9500\u4e5f\u662f CPU \u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u8bfb\u8d77\u6765&#xff0c;TOAST \u603b\u662f\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002\u4f46\u771f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5417&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u52a0\u70ed<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c&#xff01;\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u5f20\u8868&#xff0c;\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u88ab toast \u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u5236 Postgres \u9009\u62e9\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u9996\u5148&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06 event_data \u5217\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528 MAIN \u5b58\u50a8\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a toast \u7684\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u5b83\u88ab\u538b\u7f29&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9664\u975e\u6574\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u8d85\u8fc7 Postgres \u9875\u5927\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab toast\u3002\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">LIKE<\/span> event_log INCLUDING INDEXES<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> event_data <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> STORAGE MAIN<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6 field_999 \u7684\u6210\u672c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;field_999&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> Aggregate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">6589.068<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.6589<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.070<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">246472<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">41655<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.221<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.17<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.022<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5969<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;field_999&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> non_toast<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> Aggregate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">6166.877<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.6166<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.880<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40754<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.180<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.51<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.434<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40754<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u770b\u90a3\u4e2a&#xff01;\u5171\u4eab\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e0a\u9762\u771f\u7684\u6551\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u3002\u88ab toast \u7684\u5217\u7684\u603b\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u8bfb\u53d6\u9700\u8981 288127 \u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6&#xff0c;\u800c\u672a toast \u7248\u672c\u4e3a 40754 \u6b21\u3002\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;\u88ab toast \u7684\u8868\u5c0f\u5f97\u591a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> pg_size_pretty<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pg_relation_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;event_log&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_size_pretty<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pg_relation_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;non_toast&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> non_toast<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> event_log <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> non_toast<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token number\">47<\/span> MB     <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">318<\/span> MB<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136 Postgres \u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u8bfb\u53d6\u5806&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u968f\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u82b1\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5728 toast \u8868\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5927\u5c0f\u5dee\u5f02\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u88ab toast \u7684\u8868\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ea4\u4e92\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u8003\u8651\u8ba1\u6570\u6240\u6709\u884c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> Aggregate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">26.397<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.26<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.398<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">282<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5567<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.369<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.13<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.726<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">282<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5567<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">count<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> non_toast<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> Aggregate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">91.840<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.91<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.841<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">282<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40670<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.303<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.74<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.908<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">282<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40670<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u662f 26ms \u5bf9 91ms\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8df3\u8fc7\u504f\u79fb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token keyword\">LIMIT<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">OFFSET<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">99999<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span class=\"token keyword\">Limit<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">16.579<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.16<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.581<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">377<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5592<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.215<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.12<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.908<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">377<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5592<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token keyword\">LIMIT<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">OFFSET<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">99999<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span class=\"token keyword\">Limit<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">53.276<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.53<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.277<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">188<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40566<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span>  Seq Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> non_toast <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.240<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.49<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.551<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100000.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n         Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">188<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">read<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">40566<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u662f 16ms \u5bf9 53ms\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\\\\timing <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">UPDATE<\/span> event_log<br \/>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> shares <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> shares <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> ticker <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;b53b&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">62.412<\/span> ms<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">UPDATE<\/span> non_toast<br \/>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> shares <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> shares <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> ticker <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;b53b&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">128.282<\/span> ms<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u5f53 Postgres \u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u63a5\u5904\u7406\u5806\u65f6&#xff0c;\u6027\u80fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\u3002Toast \u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316&#xff0c;\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4e0d\u4e0e\u88ab toast \u7684\u5217\u4ea4\u4e92\u65f6&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u5806\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u5c0f\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6709\u70b9\u8ba9\u6211\u5927\u5f00\u773c\u754c\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e&#xff0c;event_log \u8868\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f TOAST \u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f event_data \u5217\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5230\u91d1\u9ec4\u8272<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u65f6&#xff0c;\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u62c6\u5206\u8868\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u73a9\u5177\u793a\u4f8b\u53ea\u6709 10 \u4e07\u884c&#xff0c;\u4f46\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6709\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u884c&#xff0c;\u4ec5\u5806\u5c31\u8d85\u8fc7 1GB\u3002\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5de8\u5927\u7684 XML blob \u5305\u62ec TOAST \u4f7f\u603b\u8868\u5927\u5c0f\u8d85\u8fc7 20GB\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u5145\u6ee1 SELECT * \u5e76\u53cd\u590d\u67e5\u627e\u548c\u89e3\u7801\u88ab toast \u7684\u6570\u636e\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u78c1\u76d8 IO&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u5927\u91cf\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5e26\u5bbd\u3002\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u540d&#xff01;\u201d\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bf4&#xff0c;\u6211\u540c\u610f\u3002\u8981\u662f\u4fee\u6539 ORM \u751f\u6210\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u4e94\u5e74\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u624b\u5199\u67e5\u8be2\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u624b\u672f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> event_new<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n  event_id       <span class=\"token keyword\">BIGINT<\/span> GENERATED <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">DEFAULT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">PRIMARY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">KEY<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  ticker         <span class=\"token keyword\">VARCHAR<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  strike         <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  shares         <span class=\"token keyword\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u66f4\u591a\u5217\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> event_log_data<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n  event_id       <span class=\"token keyword\">BIGINT<\/span> GENERATED <span class=\"token keyword\">BY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">DEFAULT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">PRIMARY<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">KEY<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n  event_data     JSON <span class=\"token operator\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">NULL<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> event_new <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ticker<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> strike<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> shares<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ticker<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> strike<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> shares<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> event_log_data <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> event_data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> event_data<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> event_log <span class=\"token keyword\">RENAME<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TO<\/span> event_log_old<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> event_new <span class=\"token keyword\">RENAME<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TO<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u9996\u5148&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e3b\u5e94\u7528\u8868\u4e2d\u643a\u5e26 TOAST \u6307\u9488\u3002\u5176\u6b21&#xff0c;\u7531\u4e8e toast_tuple_target \u622a\u6b62\u503c&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u5217\u6df7\u5408\u4e86\u88ab toast \u548c\u672a\u88ab toast \u7684\u503c&#xff0c;\u751a\u81f3\u672a\u88ab toast \u7684\u503c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u65b0\u8868\u5806\u5927\u5c0f\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> pg_size_pretty<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pg_relation_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;event_log&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> event_log<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_size_pretty<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>pg_relation_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;event_log_data&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> non_toast<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> event_log <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> non_toast<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token number\">5096<\/span> kB   <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">46<\/span> MB<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u73b0\u5728\u90fd\u5c06\u5927\u5e45\u52a0\u5feb&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u9875\u5bc6\u5ea6\u73b0\u5728\u4fdd\u8bc1\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u6bcf\u9875\u5bb9\u7eb3\u66f4\u591a\u884c&#xff0c;\u8868\u793a\u8868\u4e3b\u8981\u6838\u5fc3\u6240\u9700\u7684\u9875\u66f4\u5c11\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5806\u73b0\u5728\u662f 5MB \u800c\u4e0d\u662f 47MB&#xff0c;\u8282\u7701\u4e86 9 \u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5927\u5217\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u53ef\u9009\u7684 JOIN \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u53ef\u80fd\u503c\u5f97\u518d\u770b\u4e00\u773c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06 toast_tuple_target \u4efb\u610f\u8bbe\u4f4e\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6548\u679c&#xff0c;\u518d\u60f3\u60f3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u884c\u503c\u77ed\u4e8e TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD&#xff08;\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u503c&#xff0c;\u5145\u5f53\u786c\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u503c&#xff09;&#xff0c;TOAST \u7cfb\u7edf\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6b64\u503c\u7684\u503c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8003\u8651 toast\u3002\u6211\u80fd\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462&#xff1f;Postgres \u662f\u4e2a\u6311\u98df\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u597d\u5427&#xff0c;Postgres \u8ba1\u5212\u5668\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u4f60\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">OR<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">VIEW<\/span> event_log_all <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> e<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> d<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>event_data<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log e<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">LEFT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">JOIN<\/span> event_log_data d <span class=\"token keyword\">USING<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> BUFFERS<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> COSTS <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> SUMMARY <span class=\"token keyword\">OFF<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> event_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> strike<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> shares<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> event_log_all <span class=\"token keyword\">WHERE<\/span> event_id <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span class=\"token keyword\">Index<\/span> Scan <span class=\"token keyword\">using<\/span> event_new_pkey <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span> event_log e <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>actual <span class=\"token keyword\">time<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.032<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.0<\/span><span class=\"token number\">.034<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">rows<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.00<\/span> loops<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">Index<\/span> Cond: <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>event_id <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">42<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">Index<\/span> Searches: <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><br \/>\n   Buffers: shared hit<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8bc0\u7a8d\u662f LEFT JOIN&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u9009&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90a3\u91cc\u90fd\u6709\u503c\u3002\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u8be5\u5217\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u4f1a\u526a\u6389 JOIN&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8106\u8106\u7684\u6d85\u69c3<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece Postgres 14 \u8d77&#xff0c;\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u538b\u7f29\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u575a\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5185\u7f6e pglz&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5df2\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fdb\u4f60\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 lz4\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u6765\u81ea default_toast_compression&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SHOW<\/span> default_toast_compression<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> default_toast_compression<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><br \/>\n pglz<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 CREATE TABLE \u6216 ALTER TABLE \u671f\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528 COMPRESSION \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u538b\u7f29\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u8bf4\u660e\u662f pglz \u6709\u70b9\u53e4\u602a\u3002\u5b83\u8df3\u8fc7\u5c0f\u4e8e 32 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u503c&#xff0c;\u8981\u6c42\u81f3\u5c11\u8282\u7701 25%&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u5728\u524d 1KB \u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u5f03\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u6709\u70b9\u5947\u602a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> EXTENSION pgcrypto<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>method <span class=\"token keyword\">TEXT<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> payload <span class=\"token keyword\">TEXT<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> payload <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> COMPRESSION pglz<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">VALUES<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;pglz&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> encode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>gen_random_bytes<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1024<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;base64&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">repeat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Postgres! &#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> payload <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> COMPRESSION lz4<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">VALUES<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;lz4&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> encode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>gen_random_bytes<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1024<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;base64&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">||<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">repeat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Postgres! &#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> method<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> length<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> chars<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_column_size<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> stored<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_column_compression<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> compression<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n       pg_column_toast_chunk_id<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">AS<\/span> toasted_chunk<br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> squeeze<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p> method <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> chars <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> stored <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> compression <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> toasted_chunk<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&#043;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><br \/>\n pglz   <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">11385<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">11385<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>             <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>        <span class=\"token number\">415076<\/span><br \/>\n lz4    <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">11385<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span>   <span class=\"token number\">1517<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span> lz4         <span class=\"token operator\">|<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8003\u8651&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7528 pglz \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">TRUNCATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> payload <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> COMPRESSION pglz<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\\\\timing <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> squeeze<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;pglz&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">repeat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Postgres!&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> generate_series<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">52179.203<\/span> ms <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">00<\/span>:<span class=\"token number\">52.179<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">sum<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>length<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> squeeze<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    sum<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token number\">9000000000<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">17108.284<\/span> ms <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">00<\/span>:<span class=\"token number\">17.108<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">&#8212; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7528 lz4 \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">TRUNCATE<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">TABLE<\/span> squeeze <span class=\"token keyword\">ALTER<\/span> payload <span class=\"token keyword\">SET<\/span> COMPRESSION lz4<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\\\\timing <span class=\"token keyword\">on<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">INTO<\/span> squeeze<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#039;lz4&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">repeat<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;Postgres!&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> generate_series<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100000<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">1774.048<\/span> ms <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">00<\/span>:<span class=\"token number\">01.774<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">sum<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>length<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>payload<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">FROM<\/span> squeeze<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    sum<br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><br \/>\n <span class=\"token number\">9000000000<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">row<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"token number\">20929.714<\/span> ms <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">00<\/span>:<span class=\"token number\">20.930<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5904\u7406 10 \u4e07\u884c 10k \u538b\u7f29\u503c\u65f6&#xff0c;lz4 \u89e3\u538b\u7f29\u7a0d\u6162&#xff0c;\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5927\u7ea6\u6162 20%&#xff0c;\u4f46\u538b\u7f29\u5feb 30 \u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u90a3\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u7ec8\u60f3\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>\u770b&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u60f3\u73a9\u6307\u8d23\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u6211\u603b\u662f\u628a\u5e94\u7528 event_log \u8868\u6027\u80fd\u5dee\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e TOAST \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u6709\u4eba\u62b1\u6028\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6b21\u7f16\u5199\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u901a\u8fc7\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e6\u78b0\u8868&#xff0c;\u663e\u7136\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u5b83&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4\u6bcf\u6b21\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u7ffb\u56db\u500d\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u8d85\u65f6\u3002\u5728\u6211\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u91cc&#xff0c;TOAST \u6709\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f&#xff0c;\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u662f TOAST \u7684\u9519&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u591f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u3002\u60f3\u60f3\u770b\u3002Postgres \u9700\u8981 TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD \u6765\u907f\u514d\u6fc0\u6d3b\u89e3\u6784\u3001\u538b\u7f29\u548c\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u79fb\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u8868\u7684\u6602\u8d35\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u5378\u8f7d&#xff0c;\u60c5\u51b5\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9009\u9879\u3002\u5728 PLAIN\u3001MAIN\u3001EXTENDED \u548c EXTERNAL \u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8986\u76d6\u201c\u79fb\u52a8\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u8fc7 100 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u8fc7 2k \u4e5f\u538b\u7f29\u5b83\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u4e2d\u7b49\u5927\u5c0f\u4f46\u201c\u8f83\u5927\u201d\u7684\u5217\u4f7f\u7528 EXTERNAL&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5c0f\u5806\u7684\u597d\u5904&#xff0c;\u800c\u5c0f\u4e8e 1kb \u7684\u6570\u636e\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u592a\u5bb9\u6613\u538b\u7f29\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u59a5\u534f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0e\u5e9e\u5927\u5217\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u90e8\u5206\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u89c6\u56fe\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ed5\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0e\u4fdd\u6301\u8868\u5b8c\u6574\u76f8\u6bd4&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e11\u964b\u7684 hack\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6bcf\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5927\u5217\u65f6\u90fd\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u70c2\u644a\u5b50\u3002\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5217\u90fd\u8db3\u591f\u201c\u53ef\u9009\u201d\u4ee5\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u3002<\/p>\n<p>TOAST 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