{"id":118865,"date":"2026-10-28T09:48:22","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T01:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/118865.html"},"modified":"2026-10-28T09:48:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T01:48:22","slug":"%e4%bb%8e%e9%9b%b6%e6%8a%8a-ubuntu-%e6%91%b8%e7%86%9f%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%bb%bd%e5%86%99%e7%bb%99%e8%87%aa%e5%b7%b1%e7%9a%84-linux-%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e6%89%8b%e6%8a%84%e6%9c%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/118865.html","title":{"rendered":"\u4ece\u96f6\u628a Ubuntu \u6478\u719f\uff1a\u4e00\u4efd\u5199\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 Linux \u547d\u4ee4\u624b\u6284\u672c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4e0a\u4e2a\u6708\u5728\u4e00\u53f0\u65b0\u88c5\u7684 Ubuntu \u4e0a\u914d\u8bad\u7ec3\u73af\u5883，\u524d\u9762\u4e09\u5929\u5168\u8017\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a：\u88c5\u5b8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709 root \u5bc6\u7801\u3001apt \u88c5\u5b8c\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u811a\u672c\u4e22\u8fdb\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\u4e00\u58f0\u4e0d\u54cd\u3002\u663e\u5361\u9a71\u52a8\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u6700\u987a\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u628a\u90a3\u6bb5\u6572\u8fc7\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u67e5\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u8bb0\u4e00\u904d，\u7ed9\u540c\u6837\u521a\u4e0a\u624b Ubuntu \u7684\u4eba\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001Linux \u8ddf Windows \u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/h3>\n

\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u62ff Windows \u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u5957 Linux，\u5904\u5904\u522b\u626d\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u5dee\u522b\u5c31\u4e09\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n

Linux \u91cc\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u786c\u76d8\u3001\u7f51\u5361\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u662f\u6587\u4ef6，\u80fd\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86 \/dev \u548c \/proc \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u957f\u5f97\u5947\u602a：\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u5f55，\u662f\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u5185\u6838\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ca1\u6709\u76d8\u7b26，\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u68f5\u6811\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u4ece \/ \u5f00\u59cb\u5f80\u4e0b\u6302，\u63d2\u4e00\u5757\u786c\u76d8\u4e5f\u662f\u6302\u5230\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u70b9，\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u591a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a E \u76d8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002Windows \u88c5\u5b8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f60\u5c31\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u5458，Linux \u4e0a\u4f60\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237，\u6539\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u63d0\u6743\u3002\u591a\u4e00\u6b65\u9ebb\u70e6，\u6362\u6765\u624b\u6ed1\u65f6\u6709\u4e2a\u5239\u8f66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3>\n

\u521a\u4e0a\u624b\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u72af\u7684\u9519\u662f\u88c5\u5b8c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u88c5\u5728\u54ea\u4e86\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5c31\u591f\u7528，\u5176\u4f59\u78b0\u5230\u518d\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\u76ee\u5f55\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u8fdb<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\/etc<\/td>\n\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n\u6539\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u6362\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6e90\u3001\u6539\u4e3b\u673a\u540d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/home<\/td>\n\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u767b\u5f55\u540e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/root<\/td>\nroot \u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u5207\u5230 root \u624d\u8fdb\u5f97\u53bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/usr<\/td>\n\u7528\u6237\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u6587\u4ef6，\u7c7b\u4f3c Program Files<\/td>\n\u81ea\u5df1\u88c5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u591a\u534a\u5728\u8fd9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/opt<\/td>\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u5927\u578b\u8f6f\u4ef6<\/td>\nAnaconda \u8fd9\u7c7b\u6211\u4e60\u60ef\u653e\u8fd9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/var<\/td>\n\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d8\u7684\u6570\u636e，\u65e5\u5fd7\u662f\u5927\u5934<\/td>\n\/var\/log \u662f\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ad9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/tmp<\/td>\n\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6，\u8fc7\u4e00\u9635\u81ea\u52a8\u6e05<\/td>\n\u8bd5\u9a8c\u811a\u672c\u4e22\u8fd9，\u91cd\u542f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u6ca1\u4e86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/dev<\/td>\n\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n\u770b\u78c1\u76d8\u3001\u770b\u7ec8\u7aef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/proc<\/td>\n\u5185\u6838\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6620\u5c04<\/td>\n\u53ea\u8bfb，\u7528\u6765\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fe1\u606f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/mnt\u3001\/media<\/td>\n\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9<\/td>\n\u63d2 U \u76d8\u3001\u6302\u6570\u636e\u76d8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/boot<\/td>\n\u542f\u52a8\u7528\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u522b\u5f80\u8fd9\u653e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/lib<\/td>\n\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5e93，\u7c7b\u4f3c Windows \u7684 DLL<\/td>\n\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u624b\u52a8\u6539<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/bin\u3001\/sbin<\/td>\n\u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n\u5176\u5b9e\u662f \/usr\/bin\u3001\/usr\/sbin \u7684\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6211\u627e\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f：\u914d\u7f6e\u53bb \/etc，\u65e5\u5fd7\u53bb \/var\/log，\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5728 \/home，\u8f6f\u4ef6\u88c5\u5728 \/opt \u6216\u8005 \/usr\u3002\u6309\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3，\u516b\u6210\u80fd\u731c\u5bf9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u8fdc\u7a0b\u767b\u5f55<\/h3>\n

\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u673a\u5668\u548c\u4e91\u4e3b\u673a\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5750\u5230\u8ddf\u524d\u53bb，\u5168\u9760\u8fdc\u7a0b\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f Xshell\u3001SecureCRT\u3001FinalShell，\u914d Xftp \u4f20\u6587\u4ef6\u3002Ubuntu \u4e0a\u88c5\u4e86 SSH \u670d\u52a1\u4e4b\u540e\u4e00\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n

ssh \u7528\u6237\u540d@\u670d\u52a1\u5668IP<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7528 Xshell \u4f1a\u540c\u65f6\u5f00\u51e0\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\u9875，\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u8dd1\u547d\u4ee4，\u6bd4\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u91cc\u53cd\u590d cd \u7701\u4e8b\u3002\u4f20\u6587\u4ef6\u4e00\u822c\u7528 scp \u6216\u8005 Xftp \u62d6，\u8def\u5f84\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u6572\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u7528 apt \u88c5\u4e1c\u897f<\/h3>\n

apt \u662f Debian \u7cfb（Ubuntu \u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u652f）\u7684\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177，\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3001\u89e3\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u6761\u9f99\u3002\u65e5\u5e38\u5c31\u7528\u8fd9\u51e0\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n

sudo apt update # \u62c9\u65b0"\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u5305\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u7248\u672c"\u7684\u6e05\u5355
\nsudo apt install net-tools # \u88c5\u5305，\u52a0 -y \u8df3\u8fc7\u786e\u8ba4
\nsudo apt remove net-tools # \u5378\u8f7d，\u4fdd\u7559\u914d\u7f6e
\nsudo apt search net-tools # \u641c\u5305
\nsudo apt show net-tools # \u770b\u5305\u8be6\u60c5<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e24\u5904\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u7406\u89e3\u9519\u4e86\u3002apt update \u53ea\u662f\u628a\u6e05\u5355\u62c9\u65b0，\u4e0d\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u88c5\u597d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6；\u8981\u5347\u7ea7\u5f97\u7528 apt upgrade，\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88c5\u73af\u5883\u65f6\u6211\u62ff update \u5f53\u5347\u7ea7，\u767d\u7b49\u534a\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u5982\u679c ifconfig \u63d0\u793a command not found，\u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u88ab\u5220\u4e86，\u662f\u65b0\u7248 Ubuntu \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u5e26 net-tools，\u88c5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u6709\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6211\u81f3\u5c11\u5e2e\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u67e5\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n

remove \u548c purge \u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837：remove \u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6，purge \u8fde\u914d\u7f6e\u4e00\u8d77\u5220\u3002\u8981\u5f7b\u5e95\u91cd\u88c5\u67d0\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1，\u53ea remove \u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u5e26\u7740\u65e7\u914d\u7f6e\u8d77\u6765，\u52a0\u4e0a purge \u624d\u5e72\u51c0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u5fd8\u4e86\u600e\u4e48\u67e5<\/h3>\n

\u547d\u4ee4\u8bb0\u4e0d\u4f4f\u5f88\u6b63\u5e38，\u4f1a\u67e5\u5c31\u884c\u3002man \u67e5\u624b\u518c，\u624b\u518c\u6309\u7ae0\u8282\u5206：\u7b2c 1 \u8282\u662f\u7528\u6237\u547d\u4ee4，\u7b2c 2 \u8282\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528，\u7b2c 3 \u8282\u662f\u5e93\u51fd\u6570，\u7b2c 7 \u8282\u662f\u6742\u9879\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u540c\u540d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u80fd\u6563\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7ae0\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n

man ls # \u67e5 ls
\nman 2 write # \u67e5\u7b2c 2 \u8282\u7684 write；man write \u67e5\u7684\u662f\u7b2c 1 \u8282\u7684\u7528\u6237\u547d\u4ee4
\nman -k \u5173\u952e\u8bcd # \u6309\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u627e\u76f8\u5173\u624b\u518c<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u63d0\u793a"\u5728\u7b2c 2 \u8282\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u4e8e write \u7684\u624b\u518c\u6761\u76ee"，\u4e0d\u662f\u6572\u9519\u4e86，\u662f\u624b\u518c\u9875\u5305\u4e0d\u5168，\u88c5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n

sudo apt install manpages manpages-dev<\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f shell \u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u547d\u4ee4，\u6bd4\u5982 cd\u3001echo，\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6，\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u624b\u518c\u9875，\u5f97\u7528 help \u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n

help # \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5efa\u547d\u4ee4
\nhelp cd # \u67e5 cd<\/p>\n

\u51e0\u4e2a\u5feb\u6377\u952e\u503c\u5f97\u65e9\u70b9\u517b\u6210\u808c\u8089\u8bb0\u5fc6：Ctrl+L \u6e05\u5c4f，Ctrl+C \u4e2d\u65ad\u5f53\u524d\u8fdb\u7a0b，Ctrl+U \u628a\u6572\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u6574\u884c\u5220\u6389，Tab \u8865\u5168\u8def\u5f84，\u4e0a\u4e0b\u65b9\u5411\u952e\u7ffb\u5386\u53f2\u3002Tab \u7528\u5f97\u6700\u591a，\u8def\u5f84\u6572\u4e00\u534a\u6309\u4e00\u4e0b，\u8865\u4e0d\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e\u524d\u9762\u54ea\u91cc\u9519\u4e86，\u7b49\u4e8e\u514d\u8d39\u67e5\u4e00\u6b21\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h3>\n

\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u54ea<\/h4>\n

pwd # \u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84
\nls # \u5217\u76ee\u5f55
\nls -a # \u8fde\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6\u4e00\u8d77\u5217，. \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u6587\u4ef6
\nls -l # \u957f\u683c\u5f0f：\u6743\u9650\u3001\u5c5e\u4e3b\u3001\u5c5e\u7ec4\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u540d\u79f0
\nls -lh # \u5927\u5c0f\u6362\u6210 K\/M\/G，\u770b\u7740\u8212\u670d
\nls -R # \u9012\u5f52\u5f80\u4e0b\u5217<\/p>\n

Ubuntu \u4e0a ll \u662f ls -al \u7684\u522b\u540d，\u6211\u5e73\u65f6\u57fa\u672c\u53ea\u7528 ll \u548c ls -lh\u3002\u957f\u683c\u5f0f\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u4ece\u5de6\u5f80\u53f3\u770b：\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u6743\u9650\u3001\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u3001\u5c5e\u4e3b\u3001\u5c5e\u7ec4\u3001\u5927\u5c0f（\u5b57\u8282）\u3001\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u540d\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6362\u76ee\u5f55<\/h4>\n

cd \/bin # \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84
\ncd \u516c\u5171\u7684\/ # \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84
\ncd # \u6216 cd ~，\u56de\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55
\ncd – # \u56de\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u5f85\u7684\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6765\u56de\u8df3\u5f88\u7701\u4e8b
\ncd .. # \u4e0a\u4e00\u7ea7
\ncd -P \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5 # \u8fdb\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8def\u5f84<\/p>\n

\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u3001\u590d\u5236\u3001\u79fb\u52a8<\/h4>\n

mkdir test # \u5efa\u76ee\u5f55
\nmkdir -p test\/b\/bb\/bbb # \u4e00\u6b21\u5efa\u591a\u5c42，\u7236\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u62a5\u9519
\ntouch test\/a\/note.txt # \u5efa\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6，\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u66f4\u65b0\u65f6\u95f4\u6233
\ncp note.txt test\/b\/ # \u590d\u5236\u6587\u4ef6
\ncp -r test\/b\/ .\/ # \u590d\u5236\u76ee\u5f55\u5f97\u52a0 -r
\nmv old.txt new.txt # \u91cd\u547d\u540d
\nmv new.txt .\/ # \u79fb\u52a8
\nrm b\/note.txt # \u5220\u6587\u4ef6
\nrm -r b\/ # \u9012\u5f52\u5220\u76ee\u5f55
\nrm -rf b\/ # \u5f3a\u5236\u9012\u5f52\u5220，\u614e\u7528<\/p>\n

rm \u6ca1\u6709\u56de\u6536\u7ad9，\u5220\u6389\u57fa\u672c\u627e\u4e0d\u56de\u6765\u3002\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u662f\u5220\u76ee\u5f55\u4e4b\u524d\u5148 ls \u770b\u4e00\u773c，\u8def\u5f84\u5199\u5168，\u4e0d\u5728\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u5e95\u4e0b\u968f\u624b\u7528 -rf\u3002\u771f\u8981\u505a\u5371\u9669\u64cd\u4f5c，\u5148\u5199\u8fdb\u811a\u672c\u8bfb\u4e00\u904d\u518d\u8dd1，\u6bd4\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e0a\u51b2\u52a8\u56de\u8f66\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9<\/h4>\n

cat -n \/etc\/passwd # \u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u5b83，-n \u5e26\u884c\u53f7
\ntail -n 2 \u6587\u4ef6 # \u6700\u540e 2 \u884c，\u9ed8\u8ba4 10 \u884c
\ntail -F \u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6 # \u5b9e\u65f6\u663e\u793a\u65b0\u8ffd\u52a0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n

tail -F \u6211\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u5929\u5728\u7528，\u6ce8\u610f\u662f\u5927\u5199 F\u3002\u5b83\u8ddf -f \u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u8f6e\u8f6c\u3001\u91cd\u547d\u540d\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u80fd\u63a5\u7740\u8ddf，-f \u5c31\u65ad\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u4e86\u3002\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u5f88\u8981\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n

echo \u548c\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/h4>\n

echo "hello world"
\necho -e "hello world" # \u52a0 -e \u624d\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u53cd\u659c\u7ebf\u8f6c\u4e49
\nls -l > note.txt # \u8986\u76d6\u5199\u5165
\nls -l >> note.txt # \u8ffd\u52a0\u5199\u5165
\necho hello >> note.txt<\/p>\n

\u52a0 -e \u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u7528\u6362\u884c\u3001\u5236\u8868\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8f6c\u4e49\u5199\u6cd5，\u4e0d\u52a0\u5c31\u539f\u6837\u6253\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5355\u7bad\u5934\u8986\u76d6，\u53cc\u7bad\u5934\u8ffd\u52a0\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u8ffd\u52a0\u7ed3\u679c\u7528\u4e86\u5355\u7bad\u5934，\u4e00\u6574\u4efd\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u88ab\u4e00\u884c ls \u8f93\u51fa\u9876\u6389，\u90a3\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u9760\u5907\u4efd\u624d\u6551\u56de\u6765\u3002\u6539\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\u5148 cp \u4e00\u4efd，\u4e00\u79d2\u949f\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5<\/h4>\n

ln -s test\/a\/note.txt .\/ # \u7ed9\u6587\u4ef6\u5efa
\nln -s test\/b .\/ # \u7ed9\u76ee\u5f55\u5efa<\/p>\n

\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u5c31\u662f Windows \u7684\u5feb\u6377\u65b9\u5f0f，ll \u770b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f l，\u5c3e\u5df4\u4e0a\u6709\u4e2a\u7bad\u5934\u6307\u5411\u771f\u5b9e\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5730\u65b9：\u5220\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7528 rm \u94fe\u63a5\u540d\u6216\u8005 unlink，\u522b\u5728\u94fe\u63a5\u540d\u540e\u9762\u6302 \/，\u6302\u4e0a\u5c31\u5220\u4e0d\u6389\u4e86；\u60f3\u8fdb\u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8def\u5f84\u7528 cd -P\u3002<\/p>\n

history<\/h4>\n

history<\/p>\n

\u914d\u5408\u4e0a\u4e0b\u65b9\u5411\u952e\u548c !\u7f16\u53f7，\u957f\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u7528\u91cd\u6572\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e03\u3001vi \/ vim<\/h3>\n

vim \u662f vi \u7684\u589e\u5f3a\u7248，\u80fd\u6309\u8bed\u6cd5\u7740\u8272，\u6539\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5199\u811a\u672c\u90fd\u591f\u7528\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7528\u6211\u662f\u61f5\u7684：\u6253\u5b57\u6253\u4e0d\u4e0a\u53bb，\u60f3\u9000\u51fa\u4e5f\u9000\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u591a，\u662f\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u5f0f，\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u5b57\u6bcd\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u5b57，\u7ba1\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u590d\u5236\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u64a4\u9500\u3002\u6309 i\u3001a\u3001o \u8fd9\u7c7b\u952e\u8fdb\u7f16\u8f91\u6a21\u5f0f，\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u51fa\u73b0 — INSERT — \u624d\u80fd\u6253\u5b57\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u6309 : \u6216\u8005 \/ \u8fdb\u547d\u4ee4\u6a21\u5f0f，\u5b58\u76d8\u3001\u9000\u51fa\u3001\u66ff\u6362\u3001\u663e\u884c\u53f7\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u8bb0\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u53e5：\u614c\u5c31\u6309 Esc\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6a21\u5f0f\u90fd\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u5f0f，\u591a\u6570"\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f04\u574f\u4e86"\u7684\u614c，\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u8fd8\u505c\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a：<\/p>\n

yy \u590d\u5236\u5f53\u524d\u884c y\u6570\u5b57y \u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u5f80\u4e0b\u590d\u5236 n \u884c
\np \u7c98\u8d34 u \u64a4\u9500
\ndd \u5220\u5f53\u524d\u884c d\u6570\u5b57d \u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u5f80\u4e0b\u5220 n \u884c
\nx \/ X \u5220\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u7b26 \/ \u5220\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26
\nyw \/ dw \u590d\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd \/ \u5220\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd
\n^ \/ $ \u8df3\u5230\u884c\u9996 \/ \u884c\u5c3e gg \/ G \u6587\u4ef6\u5934 \/ \u6587\u4ef6\u5c3e
\n\u6570\u5b57N + G \u8df3\u5230\u7b2c N \u884c
\n\/\u5173\u952e\u8bcd \u641c\u7d22，n \u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a，N \u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/p>\n

\u8fdb\u7f16\u8f91\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5165\u53e3：i \u5149\u6807\u524d，a \u5149\u6807\u540e，o \u5f53\u524d\u884c\u4e0b\u9762\u65b0\u8d77\u4e00\u884c，I \u884c\u9996，A \u884c\u5c3e，O \u5f53\u524d\u884c\u4e0a\u9762\u65b0\u8d77\u4e00\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b58\u76d8\u548c\u9000\u51fa：<\/p>\n

:w \u4fdd\u5b58 :q \u9000\u51fa，\u6ca1\u6539\u8fc7\u624d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u9000
\n:q! \u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f3a\u5236\u9000 :wq \u4fdd\u5b58\u9000\u51fa，:x \u4e5f\u884c
\n:set nu \u663e\u884c\u53f7 :set nonu \u5173\u884c\u53f7
\n:%s\/old\/new\/g \u5168\u6587\u66ff\u6362
\n:noh \u53d6\u6d88\u641c\u7d22\u9ad8\u4eae<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e2a\u6551\u573a\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u503c\u5f97\u8bb0：\u6539\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5fd8\u4e86\u52a0 sudo，\u6539\u5b8c\u5b58\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u7528\u9000\u51fa\u91cd\u6765，\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cc\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u53e5，\u8f93\u4e00\u6b21\u5bc6\u7801\u5c31\u80fd\u628a\u6539\u52a8\u5199\u56de\u53bb，\u7136\u540e :q! \u9000\u6389\u3002<\/p>\n

:w !sudo tee % >\/dev\/null<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u5982\u679c\u8bef\u6309 Ctrl+S \u53d1\u73b0\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e0d\u52a8\u4e86，\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u88ab\u6682\u505c\u8f93\u51fa，\u6309 Ctrl+Q \u5c31\u6062\u590d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u78b0\u5230\u6211\u4ee5\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u6302\u4e86，\u5dee\u70b9\u91cd\u542f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516b\u3001\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7528\u6237\u7ec4<\/h3>\n

\u88c5\u5b8c Ubuntu \u53ea\u8ba9\u6211\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801，\u6ca1\u6709 root \u5bc6\u7801，\u6211\u7591\u60d1\u4e86\u4e00\u9635\u3002\u540e\u6765\u77e5\u9053 Ubuntu \u9ed8\u8ba4\u628a root \u9501\u7740，\u4e0d\u7ed9\u5bc6\u7801，\u903c\u4f60\u7528\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55，\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u6743\u9650\u65f6\u7528 sudo \u4e34\u65f6\u63d0\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5168\u7a0b root \u7a33\u59a5，\u81f3\u5c11\u52a8\u624b\u4e4b\u524d\u8981\u8fc7\u4e00\u9053\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981 root \u73af\u5883\u7684\u65f6\u5019，\u6bd4\u5982\u8981\u8dd1\u4f9d\u8d56\u67d0\u4e9b\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u811a\u672c，\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u7ed9 root \u8bbe\u5bc6\u7801\u518d\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n

sudo passwd root # \u7ed9 root \u8bbe\u5bc6\u7801
\nsu root # \u5207\u6362，\u4fdd\u7559\u5f53\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883
\nsu – root # \u5207\u6362\u5e76\u52a0\u8f7d root \u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf
\nexit # \u9000\u51fa
\nsudo passwd -l root # \u518d\u9501\u4e0a
\nsudo passwd -u root # \u89e3\u9501<\/p>\n

su \u548c su – \u7684\u5dee\u522b\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6ca1\u5728\u610f，\u76f4\u5230\u8dd1\u811a\u672c\u62a5\u547d\u4ee4\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u624d\u660e\u767d：su – \u4f1a\u8fde\u76ee\u6807\u7528\u6237\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u548c PATH \u4e00\u8d77\u5e26\u8fc7\u6765，su \u53ea\u501f\u6743\u9650\u4e0d\u501f\u73af\u5883\u3002\u8981\u505a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e8b，\u76f4\u63a5 su – \u5c11\u8e29\u5751\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n

useradd -m tangseng # \u52a0 -m \u624d\u4f1a\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55
\npasswd tangseng # \u8bbe\u5bc6\u7801
\nid tangseng # \u770b uid\u3001gid \u548c\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4
\ncat \/etc\/passwd # \u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u90fd\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7528\u6237
\nuserdel tangseng # \u5220\u7528\u6237，\u7559\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55
\nuserdel -r tangseng # \u8fde\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u4e00\u8d77\u5220
\nusermod -l \u65b0\u540d \u8001\u540d # \u6539\u7528\u6237\u540d
\nusermod -d \/home\/\u65b0\u76ee\u5f55 -m \u7528\u6237\u540d # \u6539\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

useradd \u4e0d\u52a0 -m \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55，\u767b\u8fdb\u53bb\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u65b9，\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u61f5\u3002Ubuntu \u4e0a\u6211\u66f4\u559c\u6b22 adduser，\u5b83\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u95ee，\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u9aa8\u67b6\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u4e00\u8d77\u914d\u597d；useradd \u66f4\u5e95\u5c42，\u9002\u5408\u5199\u8fdb\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ec4<\/h4>\n

groupadd xitianqujing # \u65b0\u589e\u7ec4
\ngroupdel xitianqujing # \u5220\u7ec4
\ngroupmod -n xitian xitianqujing # \u6539\u7ec4\u540d
\nusermod -g xitian zhubajie # \u6362\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4
\ncat \/etc\/group # \u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u90fd\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7ec4<\/p>\n

\u7ec4\u7684\u589e\u5220\u6539\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u5728\u6539 \/etc\/group\u3002\u60f3\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u70b9，"\u6743\u9650\u8be5\u7ed9\u8c01"\u5c31\u6709\u7b54\u6848\u4e86：\u624b\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5bb9\u6613\u6539\u574f，\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u6539，\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u66ff\u4f60\u68c0\u67e5\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ed9\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u5f00 sudo<\/h4>\n

\u8981\u4e34\u65f6\u7ed9\u67d0\u4e2a\u8d26\u53f7\u63d0\u6743，\u5728 \/etc\/sudoers \u91cc\u52a0\u4e00\u884c：<\/p>\n

root ALL=(ALL) ALL
\ntestu ALL=(ALL) ALL # \u6bcf\u6b21\u8981\u8f93\u5bc6\u7801
\ntestu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL # \u4e0d\u8f93\u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n

\u6539\u5b8c\u5b58\u76d8，\u7528 testu \u91cd\u65b0\u767b\u5f55\u5c31\u80fd sudo \u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u66f4\u63a8\u8350\u7528 visudo \u6253\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6，\u5b83\u4f1a\u505a\u8bed\u6cd5\u68c0\u67e5，\u5199\u9519\u4e86\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4f60\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002sudoers \u8bed\u6cd5\u5199\u574f\u5bfc\u81f4 sudo \u76f4\u63a5\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u3001\u53ea\u80fd\u8fdb\u6062\u590d\u6a21\u5f0f，\u6211\u89c1\u8fc7\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e5d\u3001\u6743\u9650<\/h3>\n

\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u5f85\u9047，\u9760\u7684\u5c31\u662f ll \u6700\u5de6\u8fb9\u90a3 10 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u7b2c 0 \u4f4d\u662f\u7c7b\u578b：- \u662f\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6，d \u662f\u76ee\u5f55，l \u662f\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u7b2c 1 \u5230 3 \u4f4d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b，4 \u5230 6 \u4f4d\u662f\u5c5e\u7ec4，7 \u5230 9 \u4f4d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

r\u3001w\u3001x \u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837，\u8fd9\u70b9\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\u6743\u9650\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u76ee\u5f55<\/tr>\n\n\n\n
r<\/td>\n\u80fd\u8bfb\u5185\u5bb9<\/td>\n\u80fd ls \u5217\u51fa\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
w<\/td>\n\u80fd\u6539\u5185\u5bb9，\u4f46\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u80fd\u5220\u6389\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n\u80fd\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u65b0\u5efa\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u6539\u540d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
x<\/td>\n\u80fd\u88ab\u6267\u884c<\/td>\n\u80fd cd \u8fdb\u53bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u90a3\u4e2a w \u8981\u7559\u610f：\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5220\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6，\u770b\u7684\u662f\u4f60\u5bf9\u5b83\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u6709\u6ca1\u6709 w，\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u6211\u76ef\u7740\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u770b\u4e86\u534a\u5929\u624d\u60f3\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n

chmod<\/h4>\n

chmod u+x passwd # \u5c5e\u4e3b\u52a0\u6267\u884c
\nchmod g+x passwd # \u5c5e\u7ec4\u52a0\u6267\u884c
\nchmod u-x,o+x passwd # \u7ec4\u5408\u5199
\nchmod 765 passwd # 7=rwx，6=rw-，5=r-x
\nchmod -R 777 test # \u9012\u5f52\u5168\u5f00，\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5efa\u8bae<\/p>\n

\u6570\u5b57\u6cd5\u662f r=4\u3001w=2\u3001x=1 \u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u3002u\u3001g\u3001o \u5206\u522b\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b\u3001\u5c5e\u7ec4\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba，a \u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

777 \u6211\u5f97\u591a\u8bf4\u4e00\u53e5\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u672c\u7b49\u4e8e"\u6211\u641e\u4e0d\u5b9a\u6743\u9650\u4e86"，\u4e0d\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5：\u628a\u76ee\u5f55\u5f00\u6210 777，\u4efb\u4f55\u80fd\u767b\u8fdb\u8fd9\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u6539\u4f60\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6，\u5171\u4eab\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u8ddf\u5728\u95e8\u53e3\u8e72\u7740\u6ca1\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u5148\u7528 id \u770b\u6e05\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8c01\u3001\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u7ec4，\u518d\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8c01，\u7136\u540e\u8981\u4e48 chown \u6539\u6210\u81ea\u5df1，\u8981\u4e48\u7528 usermod -aG \u7ec4\u540d \u7528\u6237\u540d \u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u52a0\u8fdb\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7ec4，docker\u3001www-data \u5e38\u8fd9\u4e48\u5904\u7406，\u8981\u4e48\u53ea\u7ed9\u521a\u591f\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u70b9\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n

chown \u548c chgrp<\/h4>\n

sudo chown root note.txt # \u6539\u5c5e\u4e3b
\nsudo chown -R root:root test\/ # \u9012\u5f52\u6539\u5c5e\u4e3b\u548c\u5c5e\u7ec4
\nsudo chgrp zxf tt.txt # \u53ea\u6539\u5c5e\u7ec4
\nsudo chown $USER:$USER \u6587\u4ef6\u540d # \u6539\u6210\u81ea\u5df1<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u90a3\u6761\u662f\u4e2a\u6298\u4e2d\u7528\u6cd5：\u67d0\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5929\u5929\u8981\u6539，\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd sudo \u5f88\u70e6，\u53c8\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f00 777，\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5c5e\u4e3b\u6539\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4f46\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u952e\u6587\u4ef6，\u6bd4\u5982 \/etc\/passwd\u3001\/etc\/sudoers，\u522b\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72，\u6539\u5c5e\u4e3b\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u670d\u52a1\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u3001find \u548c grep<\/h3>\n

find .\/ -name "*.txt" # \u6309\u540d\u5b57\u627e，\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u8981\u52a0\u5f15\u53f7
\nfind .\/ -user zxf # \u6309\u5c5e\u4e3b\u627e
\nfind .\/ -size +200c # \u6309\u5927\u5c0f\u627e，+ \u5927\u4e8e\u3001- \u5c0f\u4e8e；b\/c\/w\/k\/M\/G \u662f\u5355\u4f4d<\/p>\n

find \u662f\u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55\u5f80\u4e0b\u9012\u5f52\u904d\u5386，\u8303\u56f4\u7ed9\u5f97\u8d8a\u5927\u8d8a\u6162，\u522b\u4e00\u4e0a\u624b\u5c31\u4ece \/ \u5f00\u59cb\u626b\u5168\u76d8\u3002<\/p>\n

grep \u627e\u7684\u662f"\u5185\u5bb9\u91cc\u542b\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u884c"，\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u548c\u7ba1\u9053\u7b26\u4e00\u8d77\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

grep -n \u5173\u952e\u8bcd \u6587\u4ef6\u540d # -n \u663e\u793a\u884c\u53f7
\nll | grep zx # \u4ece\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u91cc\u8fc7\u6ee4
\ncat passwd | grep -n wu<\/p>\n

\u7ba1\u9053 | \u5c31\u662f\u628a\u524d\u4e00\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4ea4\u7ed9\u540e\u4e00\u6761\u5f53\u8f93\u5165\u3002\u60f3\u901a\u8fd9\u70b9，\u5f88\u591a\u770b\u7740\u5f88\u957f\u5f88\u552c\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u51e0\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u5de5\u5177\u4e32\u8d77\u6765：ps -ef | grep python \u5c31\u662f\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u518d\u7b5b\u51fa\u5e26 python \u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e00\u3001tar \u538b\u7f29\u89e3\u538b<\/h3>\n

tar -zcvf tt.tar.gz tt.txt tt2.txt # \u538b\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\ntar -zcvf test.tar.gz test\/ # \u538b\u76ee\u5f55
\ntar -zxvf test.tar.gz # \u89e3\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55
\ntar -zxvf test.tar.gz -C .\/work # \u89e3\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u6570\u8bb0\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u5c31\u591f：\u6253\u5305 -zcvf，\u89e3\u5305 -zxvf\u3002c \u662f create，x \u662f extract，z \u662f gzip，v \u662f\u663e\u793a\u8fc7\u7a0b，f \u662f\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u8981\u6ce8\u610f，f \u540e\u9762\u7d27\u8ddf\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u538b\u7f29\u5305\u540d，\u6240\u4ee5 -zcvf \u8981\u5199\u5728\u6700\u524d\u9762\u3001\u5305\u540d\u7d27\u8ddf\u5176\u540e，\u987a\u5e8f\u9519\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c31\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u78c1\u76d8\u548c\u7f51\u7edc<\/h3>\n

df -h # \u5404\u5206\u533a\u7528\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u3001\u8fd8\u5269\u591a\u5c11
\ndu -a \u76ee\u5f55\/\u6587\u4ef6 # \u770b\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u5360\u591a\u5927
\nifconfig # \u770b\u7f51\u7edc\u63a5\u53e3\u548c IP
\nping \u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u673a # \u6d4b\u8fde\u901a\u6027
\nhostname # \u770b\u4e3b\u673a\u540d<\/p>\n

\u670d\u52a1\u8d77\u4e0d\u6765\u6211\u5148\u770b df -h\u3002\u78c1\u76d8\u5199\u6ee1\u4e4b\u540e\u65e5\u5fd7\u5199\u4e0d\u8fdb\u53bb\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62d2\u7edd\u5199\u5165，\u62a5\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u9519\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u50cf\u78c1\u76d8\u95ee\u9898，\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u67e5\u9519\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u786e\u8ba4\u6ee1\u4e86，\u518d\u7528 du -a \u5f80\u4e0b\u627e\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5403\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0d\u901a\u5148 ifconfig \u770b\u6709\u6ca1\u6709 IP，\u518d ping \u7f51\u5173\u548c\u5916\u7f51\u57df\u540d\u3002IP \u80fd\u901a\u3001\u57df\u540d\u4e0d\u901a，\u90a3\u5c31\u662f DNS \u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6539\u4e3b\u673a\u540d：\u4e34\u65f6\u6539\u662f hostnamectl set-hostname，\u8981\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548\u5f97\u6539 \/etc\/hostname，\u6539\u5b8c\u91cd\u542f\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u767b\u5f55\u624d\u770b\u5f97\u5230\u3002\/etc\/hosts \u91cc\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u987a\u624b\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e0b，\u4e0d\u7136\u672c\u5730\u89e3\u6790\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e09\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/h3>\n

ps -aux # \u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u91cd\u70b9\u770b %CPU\u3001%MEM
\nps -ef # \u5e26\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b PPID，\u770b\u8c01\u62c9\u8d77\u4e86\u8c01
\nfree -m # \u5185\u5b58\u603b\u89c8
\ntop # \u5b9e\u65f6\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001
\ntop -d 1 # \u6bcf 1 \u79d2\u5237\u65b0
\ntop -p 3933 # \u53ea\u76ef\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b
\nkill -9 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7 # \u5f3a\u5236\u6740
\nkillall \u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d # \u6309\u540d\u5b57\u6740，\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d
\nnetstat -nlp | grep \u7aef\u53e3\u53f7 # \u7aef\u53e3\u88ab\u8c01\u5360\u7528
\nnetstat -anp | grep \u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7 # \u67d0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5<\/p>\n

ps -aux \u770b\u8d44\u6e90\u5360\u7528，ps -ef \u770b\u7236\u5b50\u5173\u7cfb\u3002ps -aux \u91cc STAT \u90a3\u5217\u503c\u5f97\u626b\u4e00\u773c：R \u8fd0\u884c\u3001S \u7761\u7720\u3001T \u505c\u6b62\u3001s \u542b\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001+ \u5728\u524d\u53f0\u3001I \u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u5360 CPU\u3002\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u5806 D，\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720，\u6216\u8005\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b，\u8bf4\u660e I\/O \u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b\u56de\u6536\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

top \u91cc\u6211\u5148\u770b\u4e09\u5904：\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684 load average，1\u30015\u300115 \u5206\u949f\u5e73\u5747\u8d1f\u8f7d，\u957f\u671f\u9ad8\u8fc7\u6838\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u8fc7\u8f7d；\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f2\u7387 %id；\u7b2c\u56db\u884c Mem \u7684 available\u3002\u6309 P \u4f9d CPU \u6392，M \u4f9d\u5185\u5b58\u6392，q \u9000\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6740\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5148\u53d1\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4fe1\u53f7，\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f 15，\u901a\u77e5\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u9000\u51fa，\u7b49\u51e0\u79d2\u8fd8\u5728\u518d -9\u3002\u76f4\u63a5 -9 \u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u673a\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u548c\u6e05\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6，\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7c7b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c24\u5176\u5371\u9669\u3002killall \u6309\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d，\u540d\u5b57\u9519\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c31\u6ca1\u53cd\u5e94，\u53cd\u5012\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8bef\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u56db\u3001basename \u548c dirname<\/h3>\n

basename \/home\/zxf\/note.txt # \u5f97\u5230 note.txt
\nbasename \/home\/zxf\/tt.txt .txt # \u53bb\u6389\u540e\u7f00，\u5f97\u5230 tt
\ndirname \/home\/zxf\/banzhang.txt # \u5f97\u5230 \/home\/zxf<\/p>\n

\u5355\u72ec\u7528\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d，\u5199\u811a\u672c\u65f6\u987a\u624b\u3002\u811a\u672c\u91cc\u8981\u53d6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u5c31\u4e00\u884c：<\/p>\n

DIR=$(dirname "$0")<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ece\u54ea\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u8c03\u7528，\u811a\u672c\u90fd\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e，\u540e\u9762\u5f15\u7528\u540c\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e94\u3001crontab<\/h3>\n

cron \u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1，Ubuntu \u4e0a\u53eb cron，CentOS \u4e0a\u53eb crond\u3002\u5148\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u4e0d\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

sudo systemctl restart cron
\nsystemctl status cron<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u4e2a\u661f\u53f7\u4f9d\u6b21\u662f\u5206\u949f（0-59）\u3001\u5c0f\u65f6（0-23）\u3001\u65e5（1-31）\u3001\u6708（1-12）\u3001\u661f\u671f（0-7，0 \u548c 7 \u90fd\u662f\u5468\u65e5）\u3002<\/p>\n

crontab -e # \u7f16\u8f91
\ncrontab -l # \u67e5\u770b
\ncrontab -r # \u5220\u6389\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u4efb\u52a1<\/p>\n\n\n\u7b26\u53f7\u542b\u4e49\u4f8b\u5b50<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n
*<\/td>\n\u4efb\u610f\u65f6\u95f4<\/td>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a * \u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u5206\u949f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
,<\/td>\n\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u70b9<\/td>\n0 8,12,16 * * * \u6bcf\u5929 8\u300112\u300116 \u70b9\u6574<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\n\u8fde\u7eed\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n0 5 * * 1-6 \u5468\u4e00\u5230\u5468\u516d\u51cc\u6668 5 \u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*\/n<\/td>\n\u6bcf\u9694\u591a\u4e45<\/td>\n*\/10 * * * * \u6bcf 10 \u5206\u949f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6bd4\u5982\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u5f80\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u8ffd\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a 11：<\/p>\n

*\/1 * * * * \/bin\/echo "11" >> \/opt\/module\/bailongma.txt<\/p>\n

\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u96be，\u96be\u7684\u662f\u5199\u5b8c\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e8b\u6211\u8e29\u8fc7，\u4e5f\u5e2e\u522b\u4eba\u67e5\u8fc7\u51e0\u6b21，\u539f\u56e0\u57fa\u672c\u5c31\u90a3\u51e0\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n

PATH \u592a\u5e72\u51c0\u3002cron \u8dd1\u8d77\u6765\u7684 PATH \u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709 \/usr\/bin:\/bin，\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bfb .bashrc，\u4f60\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u91cc\u968f\u624b\u80fd\u6572\u7684 python\u3001conda\u3001docker，\u5728 cron \u91cc\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u8981\u4e48\u547d\u4ee4\u5168\u5199\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84，\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u9876\u4e0a\u663e\u5f0f\u58f0\u660e PATH\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u3002cron \u7684\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e0d\u662f\u811a\u672c\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9，\u811a\u672c\u91cc\u5199\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u8bfb\u5199\u6587\u4ef6\u4e00\u5b9a\u627e\u4e0d\u5230，\u5f00\u5934\u5148 cd \u8fc7\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8f93\u51fa\u88ab\u4e22\u4e86\u3002cron \u4f1a\u628a\u8f93\u51fa\u53d1\u7ed9\u672c\u5730\u90ae\u4ef6，\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5927\u591a\u6ca1\u914d\u90ae\u4ef6，\u4e8e\u662f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6bcf\u6761\u4efb\u52a1\u540e\u9762\u52a0 >> \/var\/log\/xxx.log 2>&1，\u51fa\u9519\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6743\u9650\u548c\u5c5e\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002\u811a\u672c\u8981 chmod +x，\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u8981\u6709\u5bf9\u7684 shebang，\u4efb\u52a1\u8981\u5199\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u8981\u6267\u884c\u5b83\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684 crontab \u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n

% \u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002crontab \u91cc % \u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6362\u884c，date +%F \u5f97\u5199\u6210 date +\\\\%F\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u9634，\u65e5\u5fd7\u91cc\u53ea\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u547d\u4ee4\u88ab\u622a\u65ad\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65f6\u533a\u6216\u8005\u670d\u52a1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e91\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u5bb9\u5668\u91cc\u7684\u65f6\u533a\u5e38\u548c\u672c\u5730\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837；cron \u670d\u52a1\u6ca1\u542f\u52a8\u66f4\u662f\u5565\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u8c03\u8bd5\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e09\u6b65：\u5148\u653e\u4e00\u6761 * * * * * date >> \/tmp\/cron_test.log，\u786e\u8ba4 cron \u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u89e6\u53d1；\u518d\u770b \/var\/log\/syslog \u91cc\u6709\u6ca1\u6709 CRON \u7684 CMD \u8bb0\u5f55；\u6700\u540e\u624d\u628a\u771f\u811a\u672c\u653e\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002\u5148\u8bc1\u660e\u8c03\u5ea6\u5230\u4e86，\u518d\u67e5\u811a\u672c\u91cc\u9762\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5931\u8d25，\u7701\u5f88\u591a\u778e\u731c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u51e0\u4ef6\u6211\u60f3\u65e9\u70b9\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b<\/h3>\n

\u4e0d\u8981\u957f\u671f\u7528 root \u5e72\u6d3b\u3002sudo \u591a\u6572\u51e0\u4e0b\u4e0d\u9ebb\u70e6，\u5220\u9519\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u624d\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6539\u914d\u7f6e\u4e4b\u524d\u5148 cp \u4e00\u4efd，\u4e00\u79d2\u949f\u7684\u4e8b，\u80fd\u7701\u4e00\u6574\u5929\u3002\u6539 sudoers \u7528 visudo，\u522b\u76f4\u63a5 vi\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u770b\u6e05\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7bad\u5934\u8fd8\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u3002vi \u91cc\u51fa\u4e0d\u6765\u5148\u6309 Esc \u518d :q!，\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9000\u4e0d\u51fa\u53bb\u8fd9\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u6743\u9650\u62a5\u9519\u5148\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8c01\u3001\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u7ec4，\u522b\u7528 777 \u7cca\u3002\u670d\u52a1\u83ab\u540d\u8d77\u4e0d\u6765，\u5148 df -h \u770b\u4e00\u773c\u3002kill -9 \u7559\u5230\u6700\u540e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56de\u5934\u770b，\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7528\u80cc\u3002\u7528\u5f97\u591a\u4e86\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e60\u60ef：\u52a8\u624b\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u6539\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5f52\u8c01\u3001\u4e07\u4e00\u6539\u574f\u4e86\u4ece\u54ea\u513f\u9000\u56de\u53bb\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u80fd\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u522b\u53ea\u5728\u865a\u62df\u673a\u91cc\u770b\u6559\u7a0b，\u627e\u4ef6\u771f\u4e8b\u505a：\u88c5\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u3001\u8d77\u4e2a\u5c0f\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u914d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bcf\u5929\u5907\u4efd\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684，\u5751\u662f\u8e29\u8fc7\u624d\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u67e5\u624b\u518c：https:\/\/manpages.ubuntu.com\/
\n\u5199 cron \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b：https:\/\/crontab.guru\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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