{"id":117378,"date":"2026-10-24T18:16:38","date_gmt":"2026-10-24T10:16:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/117378.html"},"modified":"2026-10-24T18:16:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T10:16:38","slug":"%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8-nis-%e5%88%a4%e6%96%ad%e8%a7%82%e6%b5%8b%e6%98%af%e5%90%a6%e5%8f%af%e9%9d%a0%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e5%8d%a1%e5%b0%94%e6%9b%bc%e6%bb%a4%e6%b3%a2%e6%8e%a8%e5%af%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/117378.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 NIS \u5224\u65ad\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u9760\uff1a\u4ece\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b9e\u8df5"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 NIS \u5224\u65ad\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u9760&#xff1a;\u4ece\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h2>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u672c\u6b21\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u662f\u5426\u5927\u5f97\u4e0d\u5408\u7406&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>NIS&#xff08;Normalized Innovation Squared&#xff0c;\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u5e73\u65b9&#xff09;\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u662f\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5224\u65ad\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5b9e\u503c\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u5728\u7ebf\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1b;\u4f46\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u503c&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u51ed\u4e00\u6b21\u68c0\u9a8c\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u9519\u4e86&#xff0c;\u9884\u6d4b\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fa\u53d1&#xff0c;\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u5bfc NIS \u4e0e\u5361\u65b9\u95e8\u9650&#xff1b;\u968f\u540e\u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u6570\u5b57\u8d70\u5b8c\u6574\u4e2a\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u95e8\u63a7\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u518d\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u8bef\u5dee\u3001\u63a5\u89e6\u7ea6\u675f\u3001\u8d70\u5eca\u9000\u5316\u3001\u591a\u5e27\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0e ESKF \u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6570\u503c\u4f8b\u5b50\u5747\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u6784\u9020&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u67d0\u4e00\u5177\u4f53\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7684\u6807\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>1. NIS \u5230\u5e95\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<p>\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7 IMU\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u8005\u4e0a\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u5f97\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9884\u6d4b&#xff1b;\u76f8\u673a\u3001\u6fc0\u5149\u96f7\u8fbe\u3001\u8f6e\u901f\u8ba1\u7b49\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u53c8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u5dee\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a&#xff0c;\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u9057\u6f0f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u9884\u6d4b\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u591a\u51c6&#xff0c;\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u672c\u8eab\u53c8\u6709\u591a\u51c6&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u540c\u6837\u662f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u4e86 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.5<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       0.5\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9884\u6d4b\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u53ea\u6709 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\n<p>         0.01<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.01\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.01<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.01\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5dee\u5f02\u975e\u5e38\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9884\u6d4b\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\n<p>         2<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        2\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5dee\u4e86 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.5<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.5\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u6bd4\u8f83\u539f\u59cb\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff0c;\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u8f83&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n<p>         \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/p>\n<p>         \u8fd9\u4e00\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\text{\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f} \\\\quad\\\\text{\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e}\\\\quad \\\\text{\u8fd9\u4e00\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f NIS \u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u95ee\u9898NIS \u80fd\u5426\u5355\u72ec\u56de\u7b54&#xff1f;<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u53ca\u5176\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5b9e\u503c&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u80fd&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u771f\u5b9e\u503c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u80fd\u5426\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u6240\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6&#xff1f;<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u80fd&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u8981\u770b\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4\u3001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u3001\u53ef\u89c2\u6027\u4e0e\u589e\u76ca<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7 NIS \u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u89c2\u6d4b\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9ad8&#xff1b;NIS \u8d85\u9650&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6545\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>2. \u5148\u5206\u6e05\u695a&#xff1a;\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u548c\u521b\u65b0<\/h3>\n<h4>2.1 \u7b26\u53f7\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b26\u53f7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7b26\u53f7\u542b\u4e49<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>             ^<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\hat x^-<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            P<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          P^-<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           z<\/p>\n<p>          z<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u524d\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           h<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          h(x)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           n<\/p>\n<p>          n<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           R<\/p>\n<p>          R<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           J<\/p>\n<p>          J<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u4e00\u9636\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\nu<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;\u5373\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u51cf\u53bb\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u521b\u65b0\u5411\u91cf\u7684\u7ef4\u6570&#xff0c;\u5728\u6b63\u5b9a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u4e5f\u662f NIS \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\epsilon<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>NIS \u6570\u503c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\tau<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>NIS \u95e8\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4e0a\u6807 \u201c<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u66f4\u65b0\u4e4b\u524d&#xff1b;\u4e0a\u6807 \u201c<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        &#043;<\/p>\n<p>       &#043;<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d \u8868\u793a\u66f4\u65b0\u4e4b\u540e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7528 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>       J<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u8868\u793a\u89c2\u6d4b\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u9000\u5316\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u77e9\u9635 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        H<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         T<\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>       H&#061;J^T J<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0813em\">H<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.2 \u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u83b7\u5f97\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat x^- <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bef\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\tilde x&#061;x-\\\\hat x^- <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u9884\u6d4b\u65e0\u504f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ~<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\tilde x]&#061;0, \\\\qquad E[\\\\tilde x\\\\tilde x^T]&#061;P^- <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e ESKF&#xff0c;\u4e0a\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u51cf\u6cd5\u5e94\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8bef\u5dee\u72b6\u6001\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u59ff\u6001\u72b6\u6001\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7528\u56db\u5143\u6570\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u91cf\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u51cf&#xff1b;\u672c\u6587\u5148\u7528\u6b27\u6c0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5199\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u672c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.3 \u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         z&#061;h(x)&#043;n, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>          n<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>         E[n]&#061;0, \\\\qquad E[nn^T]&#061;R <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         n&#061;z-h(x) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>       x<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u5230\u6bcf\u6b21\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.4 \u521b\u65b0<\/h4>\n<p>\u7528\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u8ba1\u7b97\u201c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u5e94\u8be5\u6d4b\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           z<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat z^-&#061;h(\\\\hat x^-) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.1944em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              z<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              h<\/p>\n<p>              (<\/p>\n<p>                x<\/p>\n<p>                ^<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{\\\\nu&#061;z-h(\\\\hat x^-)} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7513em;vertical-align: -0.59em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.1613em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.7513em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7513em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1613em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7513em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.7513em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.59em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u53eb\u505a\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;innovation\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u7ebf\u80fd\u5426\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u5f97&#xff1f;<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            x<\/p>\n<p>            ~<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>             ^<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\tilde x&#061;x-\\\\hat x^-<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           n<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           z<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           h<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          n&#061;z-h(x)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u521b\u65b0<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           z<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           h<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>             ^<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\nu&#061;z-h(\\\\hat x^-)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0213em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u89c2\u6d4b\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u90fd\u6709<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>NIS \u4f7f\u7528\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ebf\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.5 \u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u5230\u5e95\u5305\u542b\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bef\u5dee&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u505a\u4e00\u9636\u5c55\u5f00&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         h(x) &#061;h(\\\\hat x^-&#043;\\\\tilde x) \\\\approx h(\\\\hat x^-)&#043;J\\\\tilde x, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             \u2202<\/p>\n<p>             h<\/p>\n<p>             \u2202<\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>           \u2223<\/p>\n<p>            x<\/p>\n<p>            ^<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J&#061;\\\\left.\\\\frac{\\\\partial h}{\\\\partial x}\\\\right|_{\\\\hat x^-} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4497em;vertical-align: -0.9997em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3714em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0556em\">\u2202<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0556em\">\u2202<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.45em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 4.4em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.333em;height: 2.4em\"><\/p>\n<p>               <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.7003em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord accent mtight\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.7em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.7em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7027em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.786em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9997em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee3\u5165\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             z<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             h<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>               x<\/p>\n<p>               ^<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             h<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             h<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>               x<\/p>\n<p>               ^<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             \u2248<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ~<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} \\\\nu &amp;&#061;z-h(\\\\hat x^-)\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;h(x)&#043;n-h(\\\\hat x^-)\\\\\\\\ &amp;\\\\approx J\\\\tilde x&#043;n \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.5em;vertical-align: -2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.16em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.16em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              \u521b\u65b0<\/p>\n<p>              \u2248<\/p>\n<p>              \u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u89c2\u6d4b\u7a7a\u95f4<\/p>\n<p>              &#043;<\/p>\n<p>              \u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\text{\u521b\u65b0} \\\\approx \\\\text{\u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u89c2\u6d4b\u7a7a\u95f4} &#043; \\\\text{\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.4467em;vertical-align: -0.4233em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0233em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.4467em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.4467em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u521b\u65b0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u89c2\u6d4b\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.0233em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.4467em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.4467em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.4233em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e&#xff1a;\u521b\u65b0\u5927&#xff0c;\u65e2\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>3. \u63a8\u5bfc\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         T<\/p>\n<p>        &#043;<\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9247em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<h4>3.1 \u4ece\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c55\u5f00<\/h4>\n<p>\u7531&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu\\\\approx J\\\\tilde x&#043;n, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u96f6\u5747\u503c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;E[\\\\nu\\\\nu^T] <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5c55\u5f00\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>             \u2248<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ~<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ~<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ~<\/p>\n<p>               x<\/p>\n<p>               ~<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ~<\/p>\n<p>              n<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>               x<\/p>\n<p>               ~<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>             n<\/p>\n<p>              n<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} S &amp;\\\\approx E[(J\\\\tilde x&#043;n)(J\\\\tilde x&#043;n)^T]\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;JE[\\\\tilde x\\\\tilde x^T]J^T &#043;JE[\\\\tilde x n^T]\\\\\\\\ &amp;\\\\quad&#043;E[n\\\\tilde x^T]J^T &#043;E[nn^T] \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.654em;vertical-align: -2.077em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.577em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.6857em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.583em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.077em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.577em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.6857em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.583em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.077em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u524d\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>          n<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\tilde x n^T]&#061;0, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5219\u4ea4\u53c9\u9879\u6d88\u5931&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>               P<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               J<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>              &#043;<\/p>\n<p>              R<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.6547em;vertical-align: -0.4233em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2313em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.6547em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6547em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2313em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6547em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.6547em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.4233em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u5206\u522b\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            J<\/p>\n<p>             P<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>             T<\/p>\n<p>           \u23df<\/p>\n<p>          \u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           R<\/p>\n<p>           \u23df<\/p>\n<p>          \u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\underbrace{JP^-J^T}_{\\\\text{\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027}} &#043; \\\\underbrace{R}_{\\\\text{\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027}} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.2177em;vertical-align: -1.3263em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord munder\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.6737em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback mtight\">\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord munder\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -2.352em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy\" style=\"height: 0.548em;min-width: 1.6em\"><span class=\"brace-left\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><span class=\"brace-center\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><span class=\"brace-right\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.648em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3263em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0097em;vertical-align: -1.3263em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord munder\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.6737em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord text mtight\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback mtight\">\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord munder\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -2.352em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy\" style=\"height: 0.548em;min-width: 1.6em\"><span class=\"brace-left\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><span class=\"brace-center\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><span class=\"brace-right\" style=\"height: 0.548em\"><\/p>\n<p>                  <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.648em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3263em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3.2 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u4e58 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>       J<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u521b\u65b0\u5374\u5728\u89c2\u6d4b\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u72b6\u6001\u6709 15 \u7ef4&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5f53\u524d\u53ea\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e09\u7ef4\u901f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         \u2208<\/p>\n<p>          R<\/p>\n<p>           15<\/p>\n<p>           \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>           15<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         \u2208<\/p>\n<p>          R<\/p>\n<p>           3<\/p>\n<p>           \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>           15<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         \u2208<\/p>\n<p>          R<\/p>\n<p>           3<\/p>\n<p>           \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>           3<\/p>\n<p>         P^-\\\\in\\\\mathbb R^{15\\\\times15}, \\\\qquad J\\\\in\\\\mathbb R^{3\\\\times15}, \\\\qquad S\\\\in\\\\mathbb R^{3\\\\times3} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8604em;vertical-align: -0.0391em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2208<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0585em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathbb\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">15<\/span><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2208<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0585em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathbb\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2208<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathbb\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>       J<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u4f5c\u7528&#xff0c;\u662f\u5c06\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u4e00\u9636\u5f71\u54cd\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u53c2\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u4e2a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u52a0\u548c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          J<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         JP^-J^T <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>3.3 \u4e00\u7ef4\u6570\u503c\u4f8b\u5b50<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u9884\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           r<\/p>\n<p>           e<\/p>\n<p>           d<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.2<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sigma_{\\\\mathrm{pred}}&#061;0.2\\\\,\\\\mathrm m, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7167em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">pred<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>           s<\/p>\n<p>           e<\/p>\n<p>           n<\/p>\n<p>           s<\/p>\n<p>           o<\/p>\n<p>           r<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.1<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sigma_{\\\\mathrm{sensor}}&#061;0.1\\\\,\\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">sensor<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u6545 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>        1<\/p>\n<p>       J&#061;1<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.2<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          0.1<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.05<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;0.2^2&#043;0.1^2&#061;0.05\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m^2} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9474em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>               \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>               \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>               0.05<\/p>\n<p>              \u2248<\/p>\n<p>              0.2236<br \/>\n             \u2009<\/p>\n<p>              m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\sigma_\\\\nu&#061;\\\\sqrt{0.05}\\\\approx0.2236\\\\,\\\\mathrm m } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7861em;vertical-align: -0.49em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2961em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.7861em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7861em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9561em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9161em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>                    <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.0839em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2236<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2961em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7861em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.7861em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.49em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u3002\u5224\u65ad\u5dee\u5f02\u5927\u4e0d\u5927&#xff0c;\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u65b9\u8bef\u5dee\u5408\u6210\u540e\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.2236<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.2236\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2236<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.1<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.1\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u6807\u51c6\u9884\u6d4b\u521b\u65b0\u68c0\u9a8c\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          R<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^TR^{-1}\\\\nu <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff0c;\u9664\u975e\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ee1\u8db3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u8be5\u9879\u7b49\u989d\u5916\u6761\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3 NIS\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>4. \u4ece\u201c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u201d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa NIS<\/h3>\n<h4>4.1 \u4e00\u7ef4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff1a;\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5e73\u65b9<\/h4>\n<p>\u8bbe\u4e00\u7ef4\u521b\u65b0\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\nu<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;\\\\sigma_\\\\nu^2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u9664\u4ee5\u6807\u51c6\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         w&#061;\\\\frac{\\\\nu}{\\\\sigma_\\\\nu} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.9436em;vertical-align: -0.836em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.1076em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.836em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        w<\/p>\n<p>       w<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u521b\u65b0\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u5e73\u65b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>               \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>                N<\/p>\n<p>                I<\/p>\n<p>                S<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>               w<\/p>\n<p>               2<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>                2<\/p>\n<p>               S<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&#061;w^2&#061;\\\\frac{\\\\nu^2}{S} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.8571em;vertical-align: -1.026em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8311em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.8571em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 4.8571em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.8311em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 4.8571em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 2.8571em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.026em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.6<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.05<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061;0.6\\\\,\\\\mathrm m, \\\\qquad S&#061;0.05\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m^2} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.6<\/p>\n<p>          0.2236<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         2.683<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         w&#061;\\\\frac{0.6}{0.2236}\\\\approx2.683, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.2236<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2.683<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          2.683<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&#061;2.683^2&#061;7.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2.68<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>        7.2<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u504f\u4e86 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>        7.2\\\\sigma<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff1b;\u5728\u4e00\u7ef4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u7ea6 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         2.683<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>        2.683\\\\sigma<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2.683<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.2 NIS \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u4f4d&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u5e73\u65b9&#xff0c;\u5206\u6bcd\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u65b9\u5dee&#xff0c;\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u62b5\u6d88\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u628a\u524d\u9762\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u7c73\u6362\u6210\u5398\u7c73&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         60<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          c<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         500<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          c<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061;60\\\\,\\\\mathrm{cm}, \\\\qquad S&#061;500\\\\,\\\\mathrm{cm^2}, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">60<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">cm<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0585em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">500<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">c<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ecd\u7136\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           60<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          500<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{60^2}{500}&#061;7.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">500<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;NIS \u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u957f\u5ea6\u5355\u4f4d\u4ece\u7c73\u6539\u6210\u5398\u7c73\u5c31\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u8d77\u8fdb\u884c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u53d8\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.3 \u591a\u7ef4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u9010\u9879\u9664\u4ee5\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u521b\u65b0\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u3001<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e3a\u5bf9\u89d2\u77e9\u9635\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>           11<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>           22<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         \u22ef<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>            m<\/p>\n<p>            m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;\\\\frac{\\\\nu_1^2}{S_{11}} &#043;\\\\frac{\\\\nu_2^2}{S_{22}} &#043;\\\\cdots &#043;\\\\frac{\\\\nu_m^2}{S_{mm}} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.3271em;vertical-align: -0.836em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0576em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4519em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2481em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.836em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.3271em;vertical-align: -0.836em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0576em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">22<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4519em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2481em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.836em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\">\u22ef<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.3271em;vertical-align: -0.836em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0576em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">mm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.836em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027&#xff0c;\u4e0a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u9057\u6f0f\u975e\u5bf9\u89d2\u9879\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u767d\u5316&#xff1a;\u65e2\u7edf\u4e00\u5c3a\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u53c8\u53bb\u9664\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.4 \u7528 Cholesky \u5206\u89e3\u63a8\u5bfc\u767d\u5316<\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9\u6b63\u5b9a\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         L<\/p>\n<p>          L<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;LL^T, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        L<\/p>\n<p>       L<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u662f\u4e0b\u4e09\u89d2\u77e9\u9635\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          L<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         w&#061;L^{-1}\\\\nu <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             Cov<\/p>\n<p>             \u2061<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>             w<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             S<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             L<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             I<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} \\\\operatorname{Cov}(w) &amp;&#061;L^{-1}SL^{-T}\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;L^{-1}LL^TL^{-T}\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;I \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.6027em;vertical-align: -2.0513em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.5513em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0139em\">Cov<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1087em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.6087em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.0513em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.5513em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.66em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1087em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.6087em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.0513em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu\\\\sim\\\\mathcal N(0,S), <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1474em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5219&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         w\\\\sim\\\\mathcal N(0,I) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1474em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8054\u5408\u9ad8\u65af\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u767d\u5316\u540e\u7684\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u9635\u3001\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u5408\u9ad8\u65af\u7b49\u989d\u5916\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u51ed\u201c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u201d\u5c31\u65ad\u8a00\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u957f\u5ea6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              w<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             w<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>              L<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} w^Tw &amp;&#061;(L^{-1}\\\\nu)^T(L^{-1}\\\\nu)\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\nu^TL^{-T}L^{-1}\\\\nu\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.654em;vertical-align: -2.077em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.577em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.6857em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.583em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.077em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.577em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.6857em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.583em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.077em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>               \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>                N<\/p>\n<p>                I<\/p>\n<p>                S<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>               \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>               S<\/p>\n<p>                \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&#061;\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7213em;vertical-align: -0.49em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2313em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.7213em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7213em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2313em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7213em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.7213em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.49em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u5c31\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u9a6c\u6c0f\u8ddd\u79bb\u5e73\u65b9&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>5. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 NIS \u8981\u548c\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u6bd4\u8f83&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<h4>5.1 \u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u8bbe\u521b\u65b0\u6709 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7ef4\u3002\u767d\u5316\u540e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           [<\/p>\n<p>                w<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>               \u22ef<\/p>\n<p>                w<\/p>\n<p>                m<\/p>\n<p>           ]<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         w&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}w_1&amp;\\\\cdots&amp;w_m\\\\end{bmatrix}^T, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.4312em;vertical-align: -0.35em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"minner\">\u22ef<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0812em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.3029em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb&#xff0c;\u5e76\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          i<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         1<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         w_i\\\\sim\\\\mathcal N(0,1) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3117em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1474em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         \u22ef<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;w_1^2&#043;w_2^2&#043;\\\\cdots&#043;w_m^2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\">\u22ef<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u6807\u51c6\u6b63\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u548c&#xff0c;\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;[1]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>               \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>                N<\/p>\n<p>                I<\/p>\n<p>                S<\/p>\n<p>              \u223c<\/p>\n<p>               \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>               m<\/p>\n<p>               2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}\\\\sim\\\\chi_m^2} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7911em;vertical-align: -0.587em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2041em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.7911em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7911em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2041em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.7911em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.7911em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.587em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5747\u503c\u4e0e\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         Var<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         2<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}]&#061;m, \\\\qquad \\\\operatorname{Var}(\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}})&#061;2m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">Var<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5e38 NIS \u7684\u957f\u671f\u5747\u503c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5f8b\u63a5\u8fd1 1&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ef4\u6570 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>            N<\/p>\n<p>            I<\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}}{m}, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7936em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.1076em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u671f\u671b\u624d\u662f 1\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u95e8\u9650\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u8ba4\u65e5\u5fd7\u91cc\u7684\u6307\u6807\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9664\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.2 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u54ea\u4e9b\u524d\u63d0&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u524d\u63d0\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu\\\\sim\\\\mathcal N(0,S), <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1474em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e76\u4e14\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u786e\u5b9e\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ebf\u6027\u9ad8\u65af\u3001\u6b63\u786e\u5efa\u6a21\u3001\u6b63\u786e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5361\u65b9\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5bf9 EKF\/ESKF&#xff0c;\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6765\u81ea\u7ebf\u6027\u5316&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u80fd\u628a NIS \u89c6\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f3a\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u5173\u8054\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u3001\u672a\u5904\u7406\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7b49&#xff0c;\u90fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7406\u8bba\u95e8\u9650\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u4e49\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u95e8\u9650\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u516c\u5f0f\u5199\u5bf9\u4e86\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u9879&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u5206\u5e03\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.3 \u5355\u5e27\u5f02\u5e38\u95e8\u63a7&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u5c3e\u68c0\u9a8c<\/h4>\n<p>\u5efa\u7acb\u539f\u5047\u8bbe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          H<\/p>\n<p>          0<\/p>\n<p>         :<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         H_0:\\\\quad\\\\nu\\\\sim\\\\mathcal N(0,S) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8333em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0813em\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0813em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">:<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1474em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u8bef\u62a5\u6982\u7387 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\alpha<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\alpha&#061;0.01 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u95e8\u9650\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>               F<\/p>\n<p>                \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>                m<\/p>\n<p>                2<\/p>\n<p>                \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>              (<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\tau&#061;F_{\\\\chi_m^2}^{-1}(1-\\\\alpha) } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0721em;vertical-align: -0.868em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2041em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.0721em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 4.0721em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.3722em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7463em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.214em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.786em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.286em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.528em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2041em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 4.0721em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 2.0721em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.868em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         F<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>       F^{-1}<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u662f\u5206\u4f4d\u6570\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5224\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              {<\/p>\n<p>                    \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>                     N<\/p>\n<p>                     I<\/p>\n<p>                     S<\/p>\n<p>                   \u2264<\/p>\n<p>                   \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                   ,<\/p>\n<p>                  \u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u8bc1\u636e&#xff1b;<\/p>\n<p>                    \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>                     N<\/p>\n<p>                     I<\/p>\n<p>                     S<\/p>\n<p>                   &gt;<\/p>\n<p>                   \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                   ,<\/p>\n<p>                  \u5224\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\begin{cases} \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}\\\\le\\\\tau, &amp;\\\\text{\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u8bc1\u636e&#xff1b;}\\\\\\\\ \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&gt;\\\\tau, &amp;\\\\text{\u5224\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4} \\\\end{cases} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.68em;vertical-align: -1.59em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.09em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.68em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.68em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size4\">{<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.69em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.69em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.008em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.25em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.008em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.19em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.69em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.69em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.008em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u8bc1\u636e&#xff1b;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.25em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.008em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u5224\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.19em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.09em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.68em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 3.68em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.59em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e73\u65b9&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u6b63\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u8d1f\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8fc7\u5927\u521b\u65b0\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u68c0\u6d4b&#xff1b;\u201c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u68c0\u9a8c\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u53ea\u68c0\u67e5\u6b63\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.4 \u5e38\u7528\u5361\u65b9\u95e8\u9650<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0b\u8868\u8868\u5934\u8868\u793a\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8986\u76d6\u7387&#xff1b;\u6570\u503c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0a\u5206\u4f4d\u70b9\u3002[2]<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ef4\u6570 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>95%99%99.9%<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.841<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">6.635<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">10.828<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">5.991<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">9.210<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">13.816<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">7.815<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">11.345<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.266<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\">6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">12.592<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.812<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">22.458<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u4e09\u7ef4\u901f\u5ea6\u89c2\u6d4b\u4f7f\u7528 99% \u95e8\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &gt;<\/p>\n<p>         11.345<\/p>\n<p>         \u21d2<\/p>\n<p>         \u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u95e8\u63a7<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&gt;11.345 \\\\quad\\\\Rightarrow\\\\quad \\\\text{\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u95e8\u63a7} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6891em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">11.345<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u21d2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u95e8\u63a7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f ESKF \u6709 15 \u7ef4\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecd\u7136\u4f7f\u7528 3 \u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f 15 \u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.5 \u901a\u8fc7 99% \u95e8\u9650&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u6709 99% \u6982\u7387\u6b63\u786e<\/h4>\n<p>\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6982\u7387\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &gt;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>          H<\/p>\n<p>          0<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         1<\/p>\n<p>         %<\/p>\n<p>         P(\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&gt;\\\\tau\\\\mid H_0)&#061;1\\\\% <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0813em\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0813em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8056em;vertical-align: -0.0556em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1%<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5373&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u5982\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u89c2\u6d4b\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6a21\u578b\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u5047\u8bbe&#xff0c;\u4ecd\u7136\u7ea6\u6709 1% \u7684\u6837\u672c\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95e8\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         \u6570\u636e\u9519\u8bef<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &gt;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         99<\/p>\n<p>         %<\/p>\n<p>         P(\\\\text{\u6570\u636e\u9519\u8bef}\\\\mid\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&gt;\\\\tau)&#061;99\\\\% <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u6570\u636e\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6891em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8056em;vertical-align: -0.0556em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">99%<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u6982\u7387\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8981\u5224\u65ad\u201c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u540e&#xff0c;\u6570\u636e\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6982\u7387\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6545\u969c\u5148\u9a8c\u548c\u6545\u969c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u5206\u5e03\u7b49\u989d\u5916\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u7406&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u53ea\u80fd\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u8bc1\u636e\u62d2\u7edd\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u89c2\u6d4b\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.6 99.9% \u95e8\u9650\u53cd\u800c\u6bd4 99% \u66f4\u5bbd\u677e<\/h4>\n<p>\u8986\u76d6\u7387\u8d8a\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u95e8\u9650\u8d8a\u5927&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>$$ F_{\\\\chi_m<sup>2}<\/sup>{-1}(0.999)<\/p>\n<p>F_{\\\\chi_m<sup>2}<\/sup>{-1}(0.99) $$<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b\u8bef\u62d2\u6b63\u5e38\u89c2\u6d4b\u66f4\u5c11&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u653e\u8fc7\u66f4\u591a\u5f02\u5e38\u89c2\u6d4b\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u201c99.9%\u201d\u66f4\u5927&#xff0c;\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f02\u5e38\u7b5b\u9009\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>6. \u5b8c\u6574\u6570\u503c\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u4ece\u9884\u6d4b\u5230\u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u518d\u5230\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u66f4\u65b0<\/h3>\n<p>\u672c\u8282\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u901f\u5ea6\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u9010\u9879\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.1 \u72b6\u6001\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u72b6\u6001\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              p<\/p>\n<p>              v<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         x&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}p\\\\\\\\v\\\\end{bmatrix} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">v<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              10<\/p>\n<p>              2<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat x^-&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix} 10\\\\\\\\2 \\\\end{bmatrix}, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f4d\u7f6e <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        10<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       10\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3001\u901f\u5ea6 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        2<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \/<\/p>\n<p>         s<\/p>\n<p>       2\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m\/s}<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u6d4b\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.04<\/p>\n<p>              0.015<\/p>\n<p>              0.015<\/p>\n<p>              0.09<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         P^-&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.04&amp;0.015\\\\\\\\ 0.015&amp;0.09 \\\\end{bmatrix} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.09<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5404\u9879\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\n<p>         0.04<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>        0.04\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m^2}<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u5e94\u6807\u51c6\u5dee <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.2<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>        0.2\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u901f\u5ea6\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\n<p>         0.09<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>        0.09\\\\,(\\\\mathrm{m\/s})^2<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0641em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.09<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u5e94\u6807\u51c6\u5dee <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.3<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>        0.3\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m\/s}<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4ea4\u53c9\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\n<p>         0.015<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>        0.015\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m^2\/s}<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0641em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u8868\u793a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\u8bef\u5dee\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u53ea\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         p<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         n<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         z&#061;p&#043;n, \\\\qquad J&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\end{bmatrix} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2em;vertical-align: -0.35em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6d4b\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.1<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       0.1\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         R&#061;0.01 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             R<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  1<\/p>\n<p>                  0<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.04<\/p>\n<p>                  0.015<\/p>\n<p>                  0.015<\/p>\n<p>                  0.09<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  1<\/p>\n<p>                  0<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             0.01<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             0.05<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} S &amp;&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.04&amp;0.015\\\\\\\\ 0.015&amp;0.09 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\\\\\\\0\\\\end{bmatrix} &#043;0.01\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;0.05 \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 5.7514em;vertical-align: -2.6257em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.1257em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.6843em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5743em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.4843em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.6257em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.1257em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.6843em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5743em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.85em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.35em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.09<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.4843em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.6257em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4e8c\u7ef4&#xff0c;\u672c\u6b21\u521b\u65b0\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.2 \u60c5\u51b5 A&#xff1a;\u89c2\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        10.2<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       10.2\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10.2<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         10<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061;10.2-10&#061;0.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.05<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.8<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;\\\\frac{0.2^2}{0.05} &#061;0.8 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u7ef4 99% \u95e8\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         0.8<\/p>\n<p>         &lt;<\/p>\n<p>         6.635<\/p>\n<p>         0.8&lt;6.635 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6835em;vertical-align: -0.0391em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.635<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u540e\u624d\u8ba1\u7b97\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u589e\u76ca\u5e76\u66f4\u65b0\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            K<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.04<\/p>\n<p>                  0.015<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>              0.05<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.8<\/p>\n<p>                  0.3<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} K &amp;&#061;P^-J^TS^{-1}\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0.04\\\\\\\\0.015\\\\end{bmatrix}\\\\frac1{0.05}\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0.8\\\\\\\\0.3\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 6.9514em;vertical-align: -3.2257em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.7257em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.2844em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.1744em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.4743em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.2257em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.7257em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.2844em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.1744em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.015<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.4743em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.2257em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u72b6\u6001\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              x<\/p>\n<p>              ^<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>               x<\/p>\n<p>               ^<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             K<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  10<\/p>\n<p>                  2<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.8<\/p>\n<p>                  0.3<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>             0.2<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                  [<\/p>\n<p>                      10.16<\/p>\n<p>                      2.06<\/p>\n<p>                  ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} \\\\hat x^&#043; &amp;&#061;\\\\hat x^-&#043;K\\\\nu\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}10\\\\\\\\2\\\\end{bmatrix} &#043;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0.8\\\\\\\\0.3\\\\end{bmatrix}0.2\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\boxed{\\\\begin{bmatrix}10.16\\\\\\\\2.06\\\\end{bmatrix}} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 7.5801em;vertical-align: -3.54em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 4.04em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.99em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.88em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.84em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.54em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 4.04em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.99em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.88em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.84em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.79em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.79em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.08em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.08em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">10.16<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2.06<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.79em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.08em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 3.08em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.29em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.54em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u9a8c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             P<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             J<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.008<\/p>\n<p>                  0.003<\/p>\n<p>                  0.003<\/p>\n<p>                  0.0855<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} P^&#043; &amp;&#061;P^&#8211;P^-J^TS^{-1}JP^-\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.008&amp;0.003\\\\\\\\ 0.003&amp;0.0855 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.2514em;vertical-align: -1.8757em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.3757em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.9343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8243em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8757em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.3757em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.9343em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8243em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.008<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.003<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.003<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.0855<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8757em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>NIS \u95e8\u63a7\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u4efd\u89c2\u6d4b\u8fdb\u5165\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1b;\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u589e\u76ca\u51b3\u5b9a\u5141\u8bb8\u66f4\u65b0\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u5404\u72b6\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u591a\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u53ea\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89c2\u6d4b\u4ecd\u7136\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e2d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.3 \u60c5\u51b5 B&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u5148\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u89c2\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        10.6<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       10.6\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u662f\u63a5\u7740\u60c5\u51b5 A \u66f4\u65b0&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u4ece\u76f8\u540c\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ^<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>        ,<\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\hat x^-,P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9658em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u51fa\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10.6<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         10<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.6<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061;10.6-10&#061;0.6 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           0.6<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.05<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;\\\\frac{0.6^2}{0.05} &#061;7.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         &gt;<\/p>\n<p>         6.635<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         7.2&gt;6.635, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6835em;vertical-align: -0.0391em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.635<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u95e8\u63a7\u3002\u5728\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u786c\u95e8\u63a7\u7b56\u7565\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u6d4b\u6267\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u7ef4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a NIS \u95e8\u9650\u8f6c\u6362\u56de\u539f\u59cb\u8ddd\u79bb\u95e8\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>         \u2264<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         \u27fa<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>         \u2264<\/p>\n<p>           \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{\\\\nu^2}{S}\\\\le\\\\tau \\\\quad\\\\Longleftrightarrow\\\\quad |\\\\nu|\\\\le\\\\sqrt{\\\\tau S} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.549em;vertical-align: -0.024em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u27fa<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.04em;vertical-align: -0.0645em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9755em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9355em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>            <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.0645em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee3\u5165\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>         \u2264<\/p>\n<p>           6.634897<\/p>\n<p>           \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>           0.05<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.575973<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         |\\\\nu| \\\\le\\\\sqrt{6.634897\\\\times0.05} \\\\approx0.575973\\\\,\\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.04em;vertical-align: -0.1256em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9144em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord\">6.634897<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8744em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>            <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1256em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.575973<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.6<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       0.6\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u521b\u65b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d8a\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u7684\u4e0a\u5c3e <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        p<\/p>\n<p>       p<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u503c\u7ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          p<\/p>\n<p>           u<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           e<\/p>\n<p>           r<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \u2265<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.007290<\/p>\n<p>         p_{\\\\mathrm{upper}} &#061;P(\\\\chi_1^2\\\\ge7.2) \\\\approx0.007290 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7167em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">upper<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1141em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2265<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.007290<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;\u5728\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\u65f6&#xff0c;\u51fa\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd9\u4e48\u5927 NIS \u7684\u6982\u7387\u7ea6\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.729<\/p>\n<p>        %<\/p>\n<p>       0.729\\\\%<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8056em;vertical-align: -0.0556em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.729%<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u4efd\u6570\u636e\u53ea\u6709 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.729<\/p>\n<p>        %<\/p>\n<p>       0.729\\\\%<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8056em;vertical-align: -0.0556em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.729%<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u6982\u7387\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.4 \u60c5\u51b5 C&#xff1a;\u8fd8\u662f\u5dee <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.6<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       0.6\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u4f46\u9884\u6d4b\u66f4\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c06\u9884\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65b9\u5dee\u6539\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.25<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         P_{pp}^-&#061;0.25, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2044em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">pp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.25<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u9884\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.5<br \/>\n       \u2009<\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       0.5\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ecd\u7136\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.6<\/p>\n<p>         R&#061;0.01, \\\\qquad \\\\nu&#061;0.6 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.25<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.26<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;0.25&#043;0.01&#061;0.26, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.25<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.26<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.36<\/p>\n<p>          0.26<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         1.385<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;\\\\frac{0.36}{0.26} \\\\approx1.385 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.26<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.36<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1.385<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6b21\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u89c2\u6d4b\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8&#xff0c;\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;NIS \u4e0d\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\u95e8\u9650&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8c03\u6574\u5224\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>7. \u4e8c\u7ef4\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u62d2\u7edd&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<h4>7.1 \u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/h4>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.04<\/p>\n<p>              0.036<\/p>\n<p>              0.036<\/p>\n<p>              0.04<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.04&amp;0.036\\\\\\\\ 0.036&amp;0.04 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm{m^2} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.036<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.036<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u4e0a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u90fd\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>          y<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.2<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sigma_x&#061;\\\\sigma_y&#061;0.2\\\\,\\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7167em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03c1<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.036<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.9<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\rho&#061;\\\\frac{0.036}{0.2\\\\times0.2}&#061;0.9 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0908em;vertical-align: -0.7693em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.036<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7693em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u4e24\u7ef4\u521b\u65b0\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u6027&#xff0c;\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u8d77\u53d8\u5927\u3001\u4e00\u8d77\u53d8\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u7ec4\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          A<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.2<\/p>\n<p>              0.2<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          B<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.2<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               0.2<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu_A&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0.2\\\\\\\\0.2\\\\end{bmatrix}, \\\\qquad \\\\nu_B&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0.2\\\\\\\\-0.2\\\\end{bmatrix} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0502em\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6b27\u6c0f\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u540c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u2225<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          A<\/p>\n<p>         \u2225<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         \u2225<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          B<\/p>\n<p>         \u2225<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.08<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.283<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\|\\\\nu_A\\\\|&#061;\\\\|\\\\nu_B\\\\| &#061;\\\\sqrt{0.08} \\\\approx0.283\\\\,\\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2225<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2225<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2225<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0502em\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2225<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.04em;vertical-align: -0.0839em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9561em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord\">0.08<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9161em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>            <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.0839em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.283<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u4e14&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5750\u6807\u5206\u91cf\u90fd\u53ea\u504f\u4e86 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        1<\/p>\n<p>        \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>       1\\\\sigma<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8054\u5408\u6765\u770b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e24\u7ec4\u521b\u65b0\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.2 \u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u5411\u4e0e\u7279\u5f81\u503c<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          u<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bb<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.076<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         u_&#043;&#061;\\\\frac1{\\\\sqrt2}\\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\\\\\\\1\\\\end{bmatrix}, \\\\qquad \\\\lambda_&#043;&#061;0.076, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.2028em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9072em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\">2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8672em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>                   <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1328em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.93em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.076<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          u<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              1<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bb<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.004<\/p>\n<p>         u_-&#061;\\\\frac1{\\\\sqrt2}\\\\begin{bmatrix}1\\\\\\\\-1\\\\end{bmatrix}, \\\\qquad \\\\lambda_-&#061;0.004 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.2028em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9072em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\">2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8672em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>                   <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1328em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.93em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.004<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         u<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>       u_&#043;<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e0e <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         u<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       u_-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u662f\u5355\u4f4d\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cbf\u7740\u201c\u540c\u5411\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5411&#xff0c;\u65b9\u5dee\u8f83\u5927&#xff1b;\u6cbf\u7740\u201c\u53cd\u5411\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5411&#xff0c;\u65b9\u5dee\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u5730&#xff0c;\u82e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         U<\/p>\n<p>         \u039b<\/p>\n<p>          U<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;U\\\\Lambda U^T, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">U<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u039b<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">U<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5219&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>              N<\/p>\n<p>              I<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             U<\/p>\n<p>              \u039b<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>              U<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                   \u2211<\/p>\n<p>                    i<\/p>\n<p>                    &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                    1<\/p>\n<p>                   m<\/p>\n<p>                    (<\/p>\n<p>                     u<\/p>\n<p>                     i<\/p>\n<p>                     T<\/p>\n<p>                    \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>                     )<\/p>\n<p>                     2<\/p>\n<p>                    \u03bb<\/p>\n<p>                    i<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &amp;&#061;\\\\nu^TU\\\\Lambda^{-1}U^T\\\\nu\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\boxed{\\\\sum_{i&#061;1}^{m}\\\\frac{(u_i^T\\\\nu)^2}{\\\\lambda_i}} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 5.4604em;vertical-align: -2.4802em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.9802em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.0803em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.9914em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.4289em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.9914em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.4802em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.9802em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -6.0803em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.9914em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">U<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">\u039b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">U<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.4289em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.9914em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.9914em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.6091em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6091em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mop op-limits\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.6514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.8723em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><span class=\"mrel mtight\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol large-op\">\u2211<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.3em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2777em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.5183em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3117em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4413em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2587em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.836em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.9914em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6091em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 3.6091em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.6177em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.4802em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u5c06\u521b\u65b0\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u4e3b\u65b9\u5411&#xff0c;\u518d\u9664\u4ee5\u5404\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u65b9\u5dee&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u6c42\u548c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.3 \u5206\u522b\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e24\u7ec4\u521b\u65b0<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         A<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\nu_A<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5b8c\u5168\u6cbf\u7740 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         u<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>       u_&#043;<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          A<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.08<\/p>\n<p>          0.076<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         1.053<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_A&#061;\\\\frac{0.08}{0.076}\\\\approx1.053 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.076<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.08<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1.053<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         B<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\nu_B<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0502em\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5b8c\u5168\u6cbf\u7740 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         u<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       u_-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6389em;vertical-align: -0.2083em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2583em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2083em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          B<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          0.08<\/p>\n<p>          0.004<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         20<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_B&#061;\\\\frac{0.08}{0.004}&#061;20 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0502em\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.004<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.08<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">20<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u7ef4 99% \u95e8\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         9.210<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\tau&#061;9.210, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.210<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>               \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>               A<\/p>\n<p>              \u00a0\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;<\/p>\n<p>               \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>               B<\/p>\n<p>              \u00a0\u62d2\u7edd<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{\\\\nu_A\\\\text{ \u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;}\\\\qquad\\\\nu_B\\\\text{ \u62d2\u7edd}} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.5133em;vertical-align: -0.49em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0233em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5133em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.5133em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0502em\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u62d2\u7edd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.0233em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.5133em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.5133em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.49em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u521b\u65b0\u6b27\u6c0f\u957f\u5ea6NIS\u4e8c\u7ef4 99% \u95e8\u63a7<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           [<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           ,<br \/>\n          \u2009<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>            ]<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>          [0.2,\\\\,0.2]^T<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0913em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           0.283<br \/>\n          \u2009<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          0.283\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.283<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.053<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           [<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           ,<br \/>\n          \u2009<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>            ]<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>          [0.2,\\\\,-0.2]^T<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0913em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           0.283<br \/>\n          \u2009<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          0.283\\\\,\\\\mathrm m<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.283<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">20.000<\/td>\n<td>\u62d2\u7edd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5ffd\u7565\u4ea4\u53c9\u9879&#xff0c;\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u7b97\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.04<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           0.2<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.04<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         2<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{0.2^2}{0.04}&#043;\\\\frac{0.2^2}{0.04}&#061;2, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u800c\u6f0f\u6389\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>NIS \u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u8003\u8651\u201c\u521b\u65b0\u6709\u591a\u5927\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u8003\u8651\u201c\u521b\u65b0\u671d\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u5927\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0a\u770b&#xff0c;\u95e8\u63a7\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u2264<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu\\\\le\\\\tau <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0273em;vertical-align: -0.136em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u692d\u7403\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u7279\u5f81\u5411\u91cf <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         u<\/p>\n<p>         i<\/p>\n<p>       u_i<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3117em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7684\u534a\u8f74\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>            \u03bb<\/p>\n<p>            i<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sqrt{\\\\tau\\\\lambda_i} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.24em;vertical-align: -0.2339em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0061em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3.2em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 1em\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bb<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3117em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9661em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 1.02em;height: 1.28em\"><\/p>\n<p>            <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2339em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u65b9\u5dee\u5927\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5141\u8bb8\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u504f\u5dee&#xff1b;\u65b9\u5dee\u5c0f\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5bf9\u504f\u5dee\u66f4\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>8. \u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;\u63a5\u89e6\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0e\u9000\u5316\u89c2\u6d4b<\/h3>\n<h4>8.1 \u8db3\u7aef\u96f6\u901f\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5408\u878d\u5408&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u5f53\u524d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u67d0\u53ea\u811a\u4e0e\u5730\u9762\u63a5\u89e6&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u63a5\u89e6\u70b9\u6ca1\u6709\u6ed1\u52a8&#xff0c;\u4e8e\u662f\u6784\u9020\u96f6\u901f\u5ea6\u4f2a\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         z&#061;\\\\begin{bmatrix}0\\\\\\\\0\\\\\\\\0\\\\end{bmatrix} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.6em;vertical-align: -1.55em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.21em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.81em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u5173\u8282\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66&#xff0c;\u5f97\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u8db3\u7aef\u901f\u5ea6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           v<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          f<\/p>\n<p>          W<\/p>\n<p>         h(\\\\hat x^-)&#061;\\\\hat v_f^W <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2744em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">v<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1076em\">f<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u521b\u65b0\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           v<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          f<\/p>\n<p>          W<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061;0-\\\\hat v_f^W <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2744em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">v<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1076em\">f<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u67d0\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u51fa\u7684\u8db3\u7aef\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8db3\u7aef\u96f6\u901f\u5ea6\u5047\u8bbe&#xff0c;\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u5bb9&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.0009<\/p>\n<p>          I<\/p>\n<p>          3<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;0.0009I_3 \\\\quad[(\\\\mathrm{m\/s})^2], <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1141em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.0009<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0785em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          0.0009<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.03<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sqrt{0.0009}&#061;0.03\\\\,\\\\mathrm{m\/s} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.04em;vertical-align: -0.0839em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9561em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord\">0.0009<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9161em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>            <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.0839em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.03<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff0c;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5e94\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66\u4e0e\u89c2\u6d4b\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u6784\u9020\u4e86\u96f6\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c31\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u901f\u5ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           v<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>           f<\/p>\n<p>           ,<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>          W<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.02<\/p>\n<p>              0.01<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat v_{f,1}^W&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix}0.02\\\\\\\\0.01\\\\\\\\0\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm{m\/s} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2744em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">v<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1076em\">f<\/span><span class=\"mpunct mtight\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.6em;vertical-align: -1.55em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.21em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.02<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.81em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>            0.02<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>            0.01<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>          0.0009<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.556<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_1 &#061;\\\\frac{0.02^2&#043;0.01^2}{0.0009} \\\\approx0.556 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.0009<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.556<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u901f\u5ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           v<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>           f<\/p>\n<p>           ,<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          W<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.12<\/p>\n<p>              0.01<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          \/<\/p>\n<p>          s<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat v_{f,2}^W&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix}0.12\\\\\\\\0.01\\\\\\\\0\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm{m\/s} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2744em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">v<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1076em\">f<\/span><span class=\"mpunct mtight\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.6em;vertical-align: -1.55em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.21em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.12<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.01em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.81em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"delimsizing mult\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.05em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.6em\"><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"width: 0.667em;height: 3.6em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.55em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>            0.12<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>            0.01<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>          0.0009<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         16.111<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_2 &#061;\\\\frac{0.12^2&#043;0.01^2}{0.0009} \\\\approx16.111 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.0009<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">16.111<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u7ef4 99% \u95e8\u9650\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         11.345<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\tau&#061;11.345 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">11.345<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             \u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\text{\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.3633em;vertical-align: -0.34em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0233em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.3633em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.3633em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u7ea6\u675f\u89e6\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.0233em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.3633em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.3633em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.34em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u8d85\u9650\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u8bc1\u660e\u811a\u5728\u6253\u6ed1\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u5ea7\u901f\u5ea6\u9884\u6d4b\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u5173\u8282\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66\u53c2\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u5916\u53c2\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u8005\u65f6\u95f4\u672a\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5728\u672a\u7ecf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5904\u7406\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u5f3a\u884c\u878d\u5408\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ea\u811a\u7684\u96f6\u901f\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7ed3\u5408\u63a5\u89e6\u529b\u3001\u5173\u8282\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u652f\u6491\u811a\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u901f\u5ea6\u89c2\u6d4b\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u6545\u969c\u533a\u5206\u3002NIS \u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\u81ea\u52a8\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.2 \u8d70\u5eca\u9000\u5316&#xff1a;NIS \u5f88\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ea6\u675f\u80fd\u529b&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u542b <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>        ,<\/p>\n<p>        y<\/p>\n<p>       x,y<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5e73\u79fb\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5339\u914d\u6b8b\u5dee\u5df2\u7ecf\u6309\u566a\u58f0\u767d\u5316&#xff0c;\u5c40\u90e8\u4fe1\u606f\u77e9\u9635\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.01<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>              0<\/p>\n<p>              200<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\mathcal I&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.01&amp;0\\\\\\\\ 0&amp;200 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm{m^{-2}} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathcal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0738em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">200<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ebf\u6027\u9ad8\u65af\u3001\u65e0\u989d\u5916\u5148\u9a8c\u4e14\u5c40\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u9006\u7b49\u7b80\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u5339\u914d\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u53ef\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5199\u6210&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h2>$$ R\\\\approx\\\\mathcal I^{-1}<\/h2>\n<p>\\\\begin{bmatrix} 100&amp;0\\\\ 0&amp;0.005 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm{m^2} $$<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c3<\/p>\n<p>          y<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.0707<br \/>\n        \u2009<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\sigma_x&#061;10\\\\,\\\\mathrm m, \\\\qquad \\\\sigma_y\\\\approx0.0707\\\\,\\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9305em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">\u03c3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0359em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.0707<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4efd\u89c2\u6d4b\u5728 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>       x<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u65b9\u5411\u5f88\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u5728 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        y<\/p>\n<p>       y<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u65b9\u5411\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cbe\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u9884\u6d4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.04<\/p>\n<p>          I<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         P^-&#061;0.04I_2, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.04<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0785em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e76\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u7ed3\u679c\u89c6\u4f5c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          I<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         J&#061;I_2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8333em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3011em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0785em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h2>$$ S&#061;P^-&#043;R<\/h2>\n<p>\\\\begin{bmatrix} 100.04&amp;0\\\\ 0&amp;0.045 \\\\end{bmatrix} $$<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u521b\u65b0\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              2<\/p>\n<p>              0.1<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu&#061; \\\\begin{bmatrix} 2\\\\\\\\0.1 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>       x<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u65b9\u5411\u5dee\u4e86\u4e24\u7c73&#xff0c;\u4f46&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          100.04<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           0.1<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.045<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0.262<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}} &#061;\\\\frac{2^2}{100.04} &#043;\\\\frac{0.1^2}{0.045} \\\\approx0.262 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">100.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.045<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.262<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u5f88\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4efd\u5339\u914d\u7ed3\u679c\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5728\u58f0\u660e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u65b9\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u6709 10 \u7c73&#xff0c;\u5dee\u4e24\u7c73\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u589e\u76ca\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            K<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>              P<\/p>\n<p>              \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             R<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u2248<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>                  0.000400<\/p>\n<p>                  0<\/p>\n<p>                  0<\/p>\n<p>                  0.888889<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} K &amp;&#061;P^-(P^-&#043;R)^{-1}\\\\\\\\ &amp;\\\\approx \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.000400&amp;0\\\\\\\\ 0&amp;0.888889 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 4.2241em;vertical-align: -1.8621em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.3621em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.948em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.838em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8621em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.3621em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.948em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.838em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.45em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.000400<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"arraycolsep\" style=\"width: 0.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.888889<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8621em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4fee\u6b63\u7ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u0394<\/p>\n<p>         p<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>          [<\/p>\n<p>              0.000800<\/p>\n<p>              0.088889<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\Delta p&#061;K\\\\nu \\\\approx \\\\begin{bmatrix} 0.000800\\\\\\\\0.088889 \\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\mathrm m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.4em;vertical-align: -0.95em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">[<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-c\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.45em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.61em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.000800<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.41em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.088889<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.95em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathrm\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4fee\u6b63 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        x<\/p>\n<p>       x<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u5374\u4f1a\u660e\u663e\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4fee\u6b63 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        y<\/p>\n<p>       y<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0359em\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              \u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c<\/p>\n<p>              \u2260<\/p>\n<p>              \u89c2\u6d4b\u5f88\u7cbe\u786e<\/p>\n<p>              \u2260<\/p>\n<p>              \u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u53ef\u89c2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\text{\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c} \\\\neq \\\\text{\u89c2\u6d4b\u5f88\u7cbe\u786e} \\\\neq \\\\text{\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u53ef\u89c2} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.5689em;vertical-align: -0.5344em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.0344em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5689em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.5689em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mord vbox\"><span class=\"thinbox\"><span class=\"rlap\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"inner\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mrel\">\ue020<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"fix\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace nobreak\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u89c2\u6d4b\u5f88\u7cbe\u786e<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mord vbox\"><span class=\"thinbox\"><span class=\"rlap\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"inner\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mrel\">\ue020<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"fix\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace nobreak\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u53ef\u89c2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.0344em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.5689em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.5689em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.5344em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u56de\u7b54\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5dee\u5f02\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u201d&#xff1b;\u4fe1\u606f\u77e9\u9635\u3001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u548c\u589e\u76ca\u5219\u56de\u7b54\u201c\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u3001\u7ea6\u675f\u6709\u591a\u5f3a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>**\u5b9e\u9645\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u989d\u5916\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;**\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4efb\u610f\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684 Hessian \u76f4\u63a5\u6c42\u9006\u540e&#xff0c;\u5f53\u4f5c\u72ec\u7acb\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u68c0\u67e5\u767d\u5316\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3001\u9c81\u68d2\u6743\u91cd\u3001\u5730\u56fe\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f18\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u5305\u542b\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u72b6\u6001\u5148\u9a8c\u3002\u82e5\u5339\u914d\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u9884\u6d4b\u76f8\u5173&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u6027&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ea\u5c55\u793a\u5728\u6240\u5217\u7b80\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>9. NIS \u504f\u5927\u3001\u504f\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u5206\u522b\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<h4>9.1 \u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u89e3<\/h4>\n<p>\u8bbe\u5b9e\u9645\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5747\u503c\u4e0e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         b<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         Cov<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\nu]&#061;b, \\\\qquad \\\\operatorname{Cov}(\\\\nu)&#061;\\\\Sigma, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0139em\">Cov<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u7b97\u6cd5\u7528\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97 NIS \u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u662f <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         b<\/p>\n<p>          b<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\nu\\\\nu^T]&#061;\\\\Sigma&#043;bb^T, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>              \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>               N<\/p>\n<p>               I<\/p>\n<p>               S<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             tr<\/p>\n<p>             \u2061<\/p>\n<p>              (<\/p>\n<p>               S<\/p>\n<p>                \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>              E<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>              \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>               \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>              )<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             tr<\/p>\n<p>             \u2061<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#043;<\/p>\n<p>             tr<\/p>\n<p>             \u2061<\/p>\n<p>             (<\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>             b<\/p>\n<p>              b<\/p>\n<p>              T<\/p>\n<p>             )<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                  tr<\/p>\n<p>                  \u2061<\/p>\n<p>                  (<\/p>\n<p>                   S<\/p>\n<p>                    \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                    1<\/p>\n<p>                  \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>                  )<\/p>\n<p>                  &#043;<\/p>\n<p>                   b<\/p>\n<p>                   T<\/p>\n<p>                   S<\/p>\n<p>                    \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                    1<\/p>\n<p>                  b<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} E[\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}] &amp;&#061;E[\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu]\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\operatorname{tr}\\\\left(S^{-1}E[\\\\nu\\\\nu^T]\\\\right)\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\operatorname{tr}(S^{-1}\\\\Sigma) &#043;\\\\operatorname{tr}(S^{-1}bb^T)\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;\\\\boxed{ \\\\operatorname{tr}(S^{-1}\\\\Sigma) &#043;b^TS^{-1}b } \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 6.7753em;vertical-align: -3.1377em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.6377em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.9777em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.4263em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.875em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -0.9837em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.1377em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.6377em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.9777em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.4263em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\" style=\"top: 0em\"><span class=\"delimsizing size1\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.875em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -0.9837em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.2313em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2313em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.8213em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2313em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.8213em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.59em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 3.1377em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u5047\u8bbe <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u662f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684&#xff1b;\u82e5 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u968f\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5728\u76f8\u5e94\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7406\u89e3\u8be5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         b<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         b&#061;0, \\\\qquad \\\\Sigma&#061;S, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         tr<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}] &#061;\\\\operatorname{tr}(I)&#061;m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f0f\u5b50\u76f4\u63a5\u63ed\u793a\u4e86 NIS \u504f\u5927\u7684\u4e24\u7c7b\u4e0d\u540c\u6765\u6e90&#xff1a;\u5b9e\u9645\u968f\u673a\u6563\u5e03\u8fc7\u5927&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u96f6\u504f\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.2 \u957f\u671f NIS \u504f\u5927&#xff1a;\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u566a\u58f0\u53d8\u5927<\/h4>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5&#xff0c;\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u6563\u5e03&#xff0c;\u6bd4\u7b97\u6cd5\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u504f\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u504f\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u9884\u6d4b\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u53c8\u53d7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u566a\u58f0\u5f71\u54cd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         F<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          F<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         G<\/p>\n<p>         Q<\/p>\n<p>          G<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         P^-&#061;FP^&#043;F^T&#043;GQG^T <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9747em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">GQ<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">G<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u4f4e\u4f30 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        Q<\/p>\n<p>       Q<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4 NIS \u6301\u7eed\u504f\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5&#xff0c;\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u96f6\u5747\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         b<\/p>\n<p>         \u2260<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         b\\\\neq0 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mord vbox\"><span class=\"thinbox\"><span class=\"rlap\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"inner\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mrel\">\ue020<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"fix\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace nobreak\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u540c\u6b65\u3001\u5916\u53c2\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u672a\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u504f\u7f6e\u7b49&#xff0c;\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u521b\u65b0\u6301\u7eed\u504f\u79bb\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u770b\u5230 NIS \u504f\u5927&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5f97\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u8be5\u589e\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u5224\u65ad&#xff1a;\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u504f\u5dee&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5173\u8054\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.3 \u957f\u671f NIS \u504f\u5c0f&#xff1a;\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u4f30\u8ba1\u5f88\u51c6<\/h4>\n<p>\u4fdd\u6301\u5b9e\u9645\u521b\u65b0\u4e0d\u53d8&#xff0c;\u53ea\u5c06\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u653e\u5927\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>          \u2032<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         100<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         S&#039;&#061;100S <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8019em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8019em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2032<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">100<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \u2032<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         100<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          100<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon&#039; &#061;\\\\nu^T(100S)^{-1}\\\\nu &#061;\\\\frac{\\\\epsilon}{100} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8019em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8019em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2032<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">100<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.7936em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.1076em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">100<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>NIS \u5c0f\u4e86 100 \u500d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u6570\u636e\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u4f30\u8ba1\u8bef\u5dee\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u5584\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u201c\u5c3d\u91cf\u964d\u4f4e NIS\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u957f\u671f\u504f\u5c0f\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u58f0\u660e\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b88&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u6837\u672c\u7b5b\u9009\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u6b8b\u5dee\u8bef\u7528\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u672a\u5efa\u6a21\u7b49\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916&#xff0c;\u5355\u5e27 NIS \u5f88\u5c0f\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u968f\u673a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e00\u6b21\u89c2\u6d4b\u201c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u63a5\u8fd1\u9884\u6d4b\u201d\u5c31\u5224\u4e3a\u6545\u969c&#xff1b;\u68c0\u67e5\u4e0b\u5c3e\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u8bca\u65ad&#xff0c;\u4e14\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u591a\u5e27\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.4 NIS \u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u9519\u8bef<\/h4>\n<p>\u8bbe\u67d0\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        d<\/p>\n<p>       d<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         d<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         Jd&#061;0, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4e00\u9636\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u8be5\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f\u72b6\u6001\u6cbf <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        d<\/p>\n<p>       d<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684 NIS \u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c2\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6f02\u79fb\u4e0d\u80fd\u9760\u5f53\u524d\u521b\u65b0\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u89c2\u6d4b\u5171\u4eab\u67d0\u79cd\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u4e24\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u8d77\u9519&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ecd\u7136\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.5 \u4e0e NEES \u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h4>\n<p>NIS \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u89c2\u6d4b\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           I<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NIS}}&#061;\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NIS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9&#xff0c;\u82e5\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u9020\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u6307\u6807&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           E<\/p>\n<p>           E<\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ^<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         x<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ^<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_{\\\\mathrm{NEES}} &#061;(x-\\\\hat x)^TP^{-1}(x-\\\\hat x) <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">NEES<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\u201d&#xff0c;\u540e\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u5b9e\u9645\u72b6\u6001\u8bef\u5dee\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u72b6\u6001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\u3002\u540e\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4eff\u771f\u771f\u503c\u6216\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4e24\u8005\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u59ff\u6001\u7b49\u6d41\u5f62\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;NEES \u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5dee\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u8bef\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>10. \u8fde\u7eed\u6570\u636e\u600e\u4e48\u5224\u65ad&#xff1a;\u5e73\u5747 NIS\u3001\u504f\u7f6e\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6027<\/h3>\n<h4>10.1 \u5355\u6b21\u8d85\u9650\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5931\u6548<\/h4>\n<p>NIS \u662f\u968f\u673a\u91cf\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u6b63\u786e&#xff0c;\u4ecd\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u6240\u9009\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u8d85\u9650\u6837\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u89c2\u6d4b\u9891\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u5076\u5c14\u8d85\u9650\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u8d85\u9650\u201d\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5e94\u5f53\u540c\u65f6\u5173\u6ce8\u6bcf\u6b21 NIS\u3001\u8d85\u9650\u9891\u7387\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u8d85\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u4ee5\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u6b21\u8d85\u9650\u5c31\u5ba3\u5e03\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6545\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.2 \u63a8\u5bfc\u5e73\u5747 NIS \u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u533a\u95f4<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u6709 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        N<\/p>\n<p>       N<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u7684 NIS&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u6b21\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ef4\u6570\u90fd\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_k\\\\sim\\\\chi_m^2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         T<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u2211<\/p>\n<p>           k<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>           N<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         T&#061;\\\\sum_{k&#061;1}^{N}\\\\epsilon_k \\\\sim\\\\chi_{Nm}^2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.1304em;vertical-align: -1.3021em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop op-limits\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.8479em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel mtight\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol large-op\">\u2211<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.3em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3021em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e73\u5747 NIS&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \u203e<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          \u2211<\/p>\n<p>           k<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\overline\\\\epsilon &#061;\\\\frac1N\\\\sum_{k&#061;1}^{N}\\\\epsilon_k <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord overline\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5506em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"overline-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.1304em;vertical-align: -1.3021em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop op-limits\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.8479em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel mtight\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol large-op\">\u2211<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.3em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3021em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \u203e<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         Var<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \u203e<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\overline\\\\epsilon]&#061;m, \\\\qquad \\\\operatorname{Var}(\\\\overline\\\\epsilon)&#061;\\\\frac{2m}{N} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord overline\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5506em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"overline-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">Var<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord overline\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5506em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"overline-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u957f\u671f\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u4fa7\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>                 F<\/p>\n<p>                  \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>                   N<\/p>\n<p>                   m<\/p>\n<p>                  2<\/p>\n<p>                  \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                  1<\/p>\n<p>                (<\/p>\n<p>                \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>                \/<\/p>\n<p>                2<\/p>\n<p>                )<\/p>\n<p>               N<\/p>\n<p>              \u2264<\/p>\n<p>               \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>               \u203e<\/p>\n<p>              \u2264<\/p>\n<p>                 F<\/p>\n<p>                  \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>                   N<\/p>\n<p>                   m<\/p>\n<p>                  2<\/p>\n<p>                  \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                  1<\/p>\n<p>                (<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>                \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>                \/<\/p>\n<p>                2<\/p>\n<p>                )<\/p>\n<p>               N<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ \\\\frac{F_{\\\\chi_{Nm}^2}^{-1}(\\\\alpha\/2)}{N} \\\\le\\\\overline\\\\epsilon\\\\le \\\\frac{F_{\\\\chi_{Nm}^2}^{-1}(1-\\\\alpha\/2)}{N} } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.2265em;vertical-align: -1.026em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.2005em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -5.2265em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.2265em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8605em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.0063em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8542em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.3212em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8051em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.1607em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8448em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3393em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1031em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6163em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\/2<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord overline\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5506em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"overline-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8605em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.0063em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8542em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.3212em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8051em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.1607em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8448em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3393em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1031em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6163em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\/2<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.2005em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 5.2265em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 3.2265em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.026em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5355\u5e27\u5f02\u5e38\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0a\u5c3e\u95e8\u63a7\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u9014&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5355\u5e27\u4e0a\u5c3e\u95e8\u63a7<\/td>\n<td>\u68c0\u67e5\u5f53\u524d\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u5426\u5f02\u5e38\u504f\u5927<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u591a\u5e27\u53cc\u4fa7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>\u68c0\u67e5\u6574\u4f53 NIS \u662f\u5426\u6301\u7eed\u504f\u5927\u6216\u504f\u5c0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5206\u4f4d\u70b9\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5361\u65b9\u53cc\u4fa7\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e00\u81f4\u3002[2]<\/p>\n<h4>10.3 \u6570\u503c\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;100 \u5e27\u4e09\u7ef4\u89c2\u6d4b<\/h4>\n<p>\u8bbe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         3<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         N<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         100<\/p>\n<p>         m&#061;3, \\\\qquad N&#061;100 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">3<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">100<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u7b49\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528 95% \u53cc\u4fa7\u533a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u5373&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.05<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\alpha&#061;0.05 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              2.539123<\/p>\n<p>              \u2264<\/p>\n<p>               \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>               \u203e<\/p>\n<p>              \u2264<\/p>\n<p>              3.498745<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ 2.539123 \\\\le\\\\overline\\\\epsilon\\\\le 3.498745 } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.4604em;vertical-align: -0.476em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9844em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.4604em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.4604em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2.539123<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord overline\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6306em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.5506em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"overline-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">3.498745<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.9844em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.4604em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.4604em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.476em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u5e73\u5747 NIS \u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        3.1<\/p>\n<p>       3.1<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">3.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u8fd9\u9879\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff1b;\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        8<\/p>\n<p>       8<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u6216 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        0.5<\/p>\n<p>       0.5<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u5219\u5e94\u68c0\u67e5\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6216\u6837\u672c\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5747\u503c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u9879\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u7edf\u8ba1\u6027\u8d28\u90fd\u6b63\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.4 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u8981\u770b\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u548c\u5747\u503c&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u7ef4\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u957f\u671f\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         1<\/p>\n<p>         w_k\\\\approx1 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6331em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u6709&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         1<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon_k&#061;w_k^2\\\\approx1 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1111em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e73\u5747 NIS \u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6070\u597d\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ef4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5747\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u521b\u65b0\u6301\u7eed\u4e3a\u6b63&#xff0c;\u8bf4\u660e\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u671f\u504f\u4f4e\u3002\u53ea\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u65b9\u5e76\u6c42\u5e73\u5747&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u4e22\u6389\u7b26\u53f7\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E[w_k]\\\\approx0, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         Cov<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         \u2248<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\operatorname{Cov}(w_k)\\\\approx I, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0139em\">Cov<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u8bb0\u5f55\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6837\u672c\u5747\u503c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          \u02c9<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          \u2211<\/p>\n<p>           k<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\bar w&#061;\\\\frac1N\\\\sum_{k&#061;1}^{N}w_k, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5678em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.5678em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.1667em\"><span class=\"mord\">\u02c9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 3.1304em;vertical-align: -1.3021em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop op-limits\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.8283em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -1.8479em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel mtight\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol large-op\">\u2211<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.3em;margin-left: 0em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.05em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3021em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u957f\u671f\u504f\u79bb\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.5 \u767d\u5316\u7a7a\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6027&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u6d88\u9664\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         k<\/p>\n<p>       S_k<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8333em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0576em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;\u662f\u5728\u5904\u7406\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u5404\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          L<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>         w_k&#061;L_k^{-1}\\\\nu_k <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5806em;vertical-align: -0.15em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1555em;vertical-align: -0.2914em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4086em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2914em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0637em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u4fdd\u8bc1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          k<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>           k<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           \u2113<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \u2113<\/p>\n<p>         \u2260<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         E[w_kw_{k-\\\\ell}^T]&#061;0, \\\\qquad\\\\ell\\\\neq0 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1967em;vertical-align: -0.3053em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.0269em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2113<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3053em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u2113<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mord vbox\"><span class=\"thinbox\"><span class=\"rlap\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"inner\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mrel\">\ue020<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"fix\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace nobreak\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u76f8\u90bb\u5e27\u5171\u4eab\u6570\u636e\u3001\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u9057\u6f0f\u52a8\u6001\u9879\u3001\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u6837\u672c\u88ab\u67d0\u79cd\u6d41\u7a0b\u7b5b\u9009&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u7ebf\u6027\u9ad8\u65af\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u521b\u65b0\u5177\u6709\u767d\u566a\u58f0\u6027\u8d28&#xff1b;\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7ed3\u8bba\u76f4\u63a5\u5957\u5230\u4efb\u610f EKF\u3001\u6ed1\u52a8\u7a97\u53e3\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u7ecf\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u7b5b\u9009\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>**\u7a97\u53e3\u6837\u672c\u660e\u663e\u76f8\u5173\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u628a NIS \u7684\u548c\u5f53\u6210 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>          N<\/p>\n<p>          m<\/p>\n<p>         2<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\chi^2_{Nm}<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0894em;vertical-align: -0.2753em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4247em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2753em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002**\u5426\u5219\u7406\u8bba\u7f6e\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8986\u76d6\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.6 \u4e0d\u8981\u53ea\u7edf\u8ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u7684\u6837\u672c<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u5148\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         &gt;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon&gt;\\\\tau <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.5782em;vertical-align: -0.0391em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&gt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u6837\u672c&#xff0c;\u518d\u5bf9\u5269\u4e0b\u7684 NIS \u6c42\u5e73\u5747\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u622a\u65ad\u540e\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5e03&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         \u2223<\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         \u2264<\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon\\\\mid\\\\epsilon\\\\le\\\\tau <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7719em;vertical-align: -0.136em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9ad8\u503c\u88ab\u5220\u9664&#xff0c;\u5747\u503c\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e8c\u7ef4 NIS \u4e3a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         \u223c<\/p>\n<p>          \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon\\\\sim\\\\chi_2^2, \\\\qquad E[\\\\epsilon]&#061;2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1141em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e3a&#xff1a;[1]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         f<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         t<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>          e<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           t<\/p>\n<p>           \/<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         t<\/p>\n<p>         \u2265<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         f(t)&#061;\\\\frac12e^{-t\/2}, \\\\qquad t\\\\ge0 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1076em\">f<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.0074em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.3214em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.938em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">t<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2265<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>        \u2264<\/p>\n<p>        \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>       \\\\epsilon\\\\le\\\\tau<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7719em;vertical-align: -0.136em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u540e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>             E<\/p>\n<p>             [<\/p>\n<p>             \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>             \u2223<\/p>\n<p>             \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>             \u2264<\/p>\n<p>             \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>             ]<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>                \u222b<\/p>\n<p>                0<\/p>\n<p>                \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>               t<\/p>\n<p>                1<\/p>\n<p>                2<\/p>\n<p>                e<\/p>\n<p>                 \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                 t<\/p>\n<p>                 \/<\/p>\n<p>                 2<\/p>\n<p>              \u2009<\/p>\n<p>               d<\/p>\n<p>               t<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                e<\/p>\n<p>                 \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                 \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                 \/<\/p>\n<p>                 2<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             2<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                e<\/p>\n<p>                 \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                 \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                 \/<\/p>\n<p>                 2<\/p>\n<p>               1<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                e<\/p>\n<p>                 \u2212<\/p>\n<p>                 \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>                 \/<\/p>\n<p>                 2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\begin{aligned} E[\\\\epsilon\\\\mid\\\\epsilon\\\\le\\\\tau] &amp;&#061;\\\\frac{\\\\int_0^\\\\tau t\\\\frac12e^{-t\/2}\\\\,dt}{1-e^{-\\\\tau\/2}}\\\\\\\\ &amp;&#061;2-\\\\frac{\\\\tau e^{-\\\\tau\/2}}{1-e^{-\\\\tau\/2}} \\\\end{aligned} <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 5.3735em;vertical-align: -2.4367em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mtable\"><span class=\"col-align-r\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.9367em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.9367em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6338em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.2844em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6338em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.4367em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"col-align-l\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.9367em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -4.9367em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6338em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.6338em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.296em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.814em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.989em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.7458em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol small-op\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1945em;position: relative;top: -0.0006em\">\u222b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8593em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.3442em;margin-left: -0.1945em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2579em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3558em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8451em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.655em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.394em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.345em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.888em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">t<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7873em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.2844em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6338em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.565em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.296em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.814em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.989em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.888em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7873em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 2.4367em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u7ef4 99% \u95e8\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         9.210340<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>          e<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>           \/<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\tau&#061;9.210340, \\\\qquad e^{-\\\\tau\/2}&#061;0.01, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1324em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.210340<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.938em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              E<\/p>\n<p>              [<\/p>\n<p>              \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>              \u2223<\/p>\n<p>              \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>              \u2264<\/p>\n<p>              \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>              ]<\/p>\n<p>              \u2248<\/p>\n<p>              1.906966<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ E[\\\\epsilon\\\\mid\\\\epsilon\\\\le\\\\tau] \\\\approx1.906966 } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.68em;vertical-align: -0.59em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.09em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.68em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.68em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">1.906966<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.09em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.68em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.68em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.59em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4fbf\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u6a21\u578b&#xff0c;\u95e8\u63a7\u901a\u8fc7\u6837\u672c\u7684\u5747\u503c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f 2&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ea6 1.907\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u5173\u8054\u4e2d\u201c\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u5019\u9009\u91cc\u6311\u6b8b\u5dee\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u7b5b\u9009\u540e\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u52a0\u533a\u5206\u5730\u7ee7\u7eed\u6309\u539f\u59cb\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.7 \u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u5f55\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u636e&#xff1f;<\/h4>\n<p>\u5efa\u8bae\u4fdd\u7559\u95e8\u63a7\u524d\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6216\u5176\u5206\u89e3\u3001NIS\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3001\u95e8\u9650\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\/\u62d2\u7edd\u6807\u8bb0&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u6d4b\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u786e\u5b9e\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\u548c\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u6b8b\u5dee\u90fd\u88ab\u5220\u4e86&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u597d\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e5f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;**\u95e8\u63a7\u524d\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u9ad8\u65af\u6837\u672c\u3002**\u9519\u8bef\u5173\u8054\u3001\u6742\u6ce2\u5019\u9009\u4ee5\u53ca\u95e8\u63a7\u5bf9\u540e\u7eed\u6ee4\u6ce2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd&#xff0c;\u4ecd\u9700\u5355\u72ec\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>11. \u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/h3>\n<h4>11.1 \u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/h4>\n<p>\u6807\u51c6\u9884\u6d4b\u521b\u65b0 NIS \u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^-&#061;z-h(\\\\hat x^-), <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          J<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>         S^-&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9747em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u878d\u5408\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>          ]<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>          J<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>         z<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         h<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>           x<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         [z-h(\\\\hat x^&#043;)]^T (JP^&#043;J^T&#043;R)^{-1} [z-h(\\\\hat x^&#043;)] <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1141em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5e76\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u6210\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a NIS\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ecd\u4ee5\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u89c2\u6d4b <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        z<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>        10.6<\/p>\n<p>       z&#061;10.6<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u524d NIS \u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon^-&#061;7.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u5148\u7528\u4f4d\u7f6e\u589e\u76ca <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         p<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>        0.8<\/p>\n<p>       K_p&#061;0.8<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9694em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: -0.0715em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           ^<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         0.8<\/p>\n<p>         \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>         0.6<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10.48<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\hat p^&#043;&#061;10&#043;0.8\\\\times0.6&#061;10.48 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0158em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.1667em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1944em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.48<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u6b8b\u5dee\u53ea\u5269&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         10.6<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         10.48<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.12<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^&#043;&#061;10.6-10.48&#061;0.12 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.6<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">10.48<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.12<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>           p<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.008<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         0.01<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.018<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         P_{pp}^&#043;&#043;R&#061;0.008&#043;0.01&#061;0.018, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2044em;vertical-align: -0.3831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">pp<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3831em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7278em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.008<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.018<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           0.12<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.018<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.8<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{0.12^2}{0.018}&#061;0.8 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.018<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u672c\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff0c;\u7adf\u7136\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u540e\u9a8c\u72b6\u6001\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4efd\u6d4b\u91cf&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4e0e\u8be5\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u4e0d\u518d\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ebf\u6027\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u540e\u9a8c\u6b8b\u5dee\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\nu^&#043;&#061;(I-JK)\\\\nu^- <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b63\u786e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         Cov<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\operatorname{Cov}(\\\\nu^&#043;) &#061;(I-JK)S^-(I-JK)^T <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0139em\">Cov<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         Var<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         1<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         0.8<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          2<\/p>\n<p>         \u00d7<\/p>\n<p>         0.05<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0.002<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\operatorname{Var}(\\\\nu^&#043;) &#061;(1-0.8)^2\\\\times0.05 &#061;0.002 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">Var<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1141em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.8<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.05<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0.002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff0c;\u5f97\u5230&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           0.12<\/p>\n<p>           2<\/p>\n<p>          0.002<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         7.2<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\frac{0.12^2}{0.002}&#061;7.2 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 2.1771em;vertical-align: -0.686em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mopen nulldelimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.4911em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.314em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.002<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.23em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"frac-line\" style=\"border-bottom-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.677em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">0.1<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.686em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose nulldelimiter\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">7.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u540e\u9a8c\u6b8b\u5dee\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u68c0\u9a8c\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u540e\u9a8c\u6b8b\u5dee\u76f4\u63a5\u5957\u7528\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u516c\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.2 \u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u566a\u58f0\u76f8\u5173\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u4ea4\u53c9\u9879<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u9ed8\u8ba4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>          n<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         E[\\\\tilde x n^T]&#061;0 <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6444em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         C<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         E<\/p>\n<p>         [<\/p>\n<p>          x<\/p>\n<p>          ~<\/p>\n<p>          n<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ]<\/p>\n<p>         \u2260<\/p>\n<p>         0<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         C&#061;E[\\\\tilde x n^T]\\\\neq0, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">C<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mrel\"><span class=\"mord vbox\"><span class=\"thinbox\"><span class=\"rlap\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8889em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"inner\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mrel\">\ue020<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"fix\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace nobreak\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8389em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5219\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>              S<\/p>\n<p>              &#061;<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>               P<\/p>\n<p>               \u2212<\/p>\n<p>               J<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>              &#043;<\/p>\n<p>              R<\/p>\n<p>              &#043;<\/p>\n<p>              J<\/p>\n<p>              C<\/p>\n<p>              &#043;<\/p>\n<p>               C<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>               J<\/p>\n<p>               T<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\boxed{ S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R&#043;JC&#043;C^TJ^T } <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.6547em;vertical-align: -0.4233em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 1.2313em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.6547em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6547em\"><\/span><span class=\"boxpad\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">C<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">C<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2313em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3.6547em\"><\/span><span class=\"stretchy fbox\" style=\"height: 1.6547em;border-style: solid;border-width: 0.04em\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.4233em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6b63\u8d1f\u53f7\u6765\u81ea\u672c\u6587\u8bef\u5dee\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff1b;\u82e5\u66f4\u6362\u8bef\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u65e2\u53c2\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u53c8\u53c2\u4e0e\u6784\u9020\u89c2\u6d4b\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5c24\u5176\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u67d0\u4e2a\u4f30\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u878d\u5408\u4e86 IMU&#xff0c;\u5374\u53c8\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u56de\u704c\u5230\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00 IMU \u7684\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5047\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.3 \u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3001\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0e\u8bef\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u81f4<\/h4>\n<p>\u5bf9 ESKF&#xff0c;\u5e94\u4fdd\u8bc1\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4\u3001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u8bef\u5dee\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5178\u578b\u95ee\u9898\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u4f46\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4ecd\u5728\u673a\u4f53\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u521b\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u89d2\u5ea6\u5236&#xff0c;\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5374\u4f7f\u7528\u5f27\u5ea6\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4\u6309\u53f3\u6270\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5374\u6309\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u59ff\u6001\u89c2\u6d4b\u4ee5\u56db\u5143\u6570\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u91cf\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u51cf&#xff0c;\u53c8\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 4 \u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u4e09\u7ef4\u59ff\u6001\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u5e94\u8be5\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u6784\u9020\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u521b\u65b0\u53ca\u5176\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ef4\u6570&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6309\u5b58\u50a8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4e2a\u6570\u673a\u68b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.4 \u4e0d\u8981\u4e3a\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u63a7\u800c\u53cd\u590d\u589e\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u589e\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4f1a\u6269\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e NIS\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u58f0\u660e&#xff0c;\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u660e\u89c2\u6d4b\u53d8\u597d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u6210\u50cf\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u7279\u5f81\u51e0\u4f55\u3001\u63a5\u89e6\u6761\u4ef6\u7b49\u5916\u90e8\u8d28\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u6784\u5efa <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u7edf\u8ba1\u89e3\u91ca\u4f9d\u7136\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8be5\u6761\u4ef6\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u770b\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u6b8b\u5dee\u8fc7\u5927&#xff0c;\u5c31\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u76f4\u5230\u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u539f\u5148\u56fa\u5b9a\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6807\u51c6 NIS \u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837&#xff0c;\u7ecf\u8fc7\u88c1\u526a\u3001\u9c81\u68d2\u52a0\u6743\u6216\u6570\u636e\u4f9d\u8d56\u53d8\u6362\u540e\u7684\u6b8b\u5dee&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u672a\u7ecf\u63a8\u5bfc\u5c31\u6cbf\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u5361\u65b9\u95e8\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.5 \u6301\u7eed\u62d2\u7edd\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u5df2\u7ecf\u9519\u8bef\u4e14\u8fc7\u5ea6\u81ea\u4fe1<\/h4>\n<p>\u5047\u5982\u9884\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u5df2\u7ecf\u504f\u79bb\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u4f46 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5f88\u5927\u7684 NIS\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6\u82e5\u53ea\u4f1a\u6c38\u4e45\u62d2\u7edd\u89c2\u6d4b&#xff0c;\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u53bb\u6062\u590d\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u5de5\u7a0b\u6d41\u7a0b\u5e94\u533a\u5206\u201c\u5076\u53d1\u5916\u70b9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u6a21\u578b\u5931\u914d\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u5f02\u5e38&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u72ec\u7acb\u89c2\u6d4b\u3001\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u8bca\u65ad&#xff0c;\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u91cd\u65b0\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u5efa\u6a21\u6216\u8fdb\u5165\u6062\u590d\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u51ed NIS \u8ba4\u5b9a\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u957f\u671f\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.6 \u4e0d\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u77e9\u9635\u9006<\/h4>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u516c\u5f0f\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>          S<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\epsilon&#061;\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu, <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8641em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u73b0\u65f6\u66f4\u9002\u5408&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         L<\/p>\n<p>          L<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         L<\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>         ,<\/p>\n<p>         \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>          w<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         w<\/p>\n<p>         S&#061;LL^T, \\\\qquad Lw&#061;\\\\nu, \\\\qquad \\\\epsilon&#061;w^Tw <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0858em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 2em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>          1<\/p>\n<p>       S^{-1}<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002NumPy \u7684 Cholesky \u5206\u89e3\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6b63\u5b9a\u77e9\u9635\u3002[4]<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5206\u89e3\u5931\u8d25&#xff0c;\u5e94\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6784\u9020\u3001\u5355\u4f4d\u548c\u6570\u503c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5bf9\u89d2\u9879&#xff0c;\u628a\u6a21\u578b\u95ee\u9898\u63a9\u76d6\u6389\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.7 \u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7ef4\u6570&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7b49\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u9879\u6570<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u9ed8\u8ba4 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u6b63\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u6b64\u65f6\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u7ef4\u6570 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        m<\/p>\n<p>       m<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u7cbe\u786e\u5197\u4f59\u3001<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u5947\u5f02&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5e94\u5728\u6709\u6548\u5b50\u7a7a\u95f4\u5185\u6784\u9020\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u8bbe\u6709\u6548\u79e9\u4e3a <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        r<\/p>\n<p>       r<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0278em\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u786e\u5b9e\u843d\u5728\u8be5\u5b50\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e14\u76f8\u5e94\u9ad8\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u6b63\u786e\u7b49\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u624d\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        r<\/p>\n<p>       r<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0278em\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u7ef4\u5361\u65b9\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u4fbf\u4f7f\u7528\u4f2a\u9006&#xff0c;\u518d\u5ffd\u7565\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u96f6\u65b9\u5dee\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u975e\u96f6\u5206\u91cf\u3002\u82e5\u6a21\u578b\u58f0\u79f0\u67d0\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u4e25\u683c\u4e3a\u96f6&#xff0c;\u800c\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u8be5\u65b9\u5411\u5374\u975e\u96f6&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u8981\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         rank<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &lt;<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/p>\n<p>         rank<\/p>\n<p>         \u2061<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         S<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>         &lt;<\/p>\n<p>         m<\/p>\n<p>         \\\\operatorname{rank}(J)&lt;m \\\\quad\\\\text{\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740}\\\\quad \\\\operatorname{rank}(S)&lt;m <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">rank<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord cjk_fallback\">\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 1em\"><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">rank<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&lt;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u6b63\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>       J<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u79e9\u4e0d\u8db3&#xff0c;<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>        &#061;<\/p>\n<p>        J<\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         T<\/p>\n<p>        &#043;<\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9247em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5b9a\u6ee1\u79e9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>12. \u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 Python \u5b9e\u73b0<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u8d1f\u8d23\u8ba1\u7b97 NIS \u548c\u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u4fee\u6539\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8f93\u5165\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u786e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u3002\u4ee3\u7801\u4f7f\u7528 Cholesky \u5206\u89e3\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u663e\u5f0f\u6c42\u9006\u3002<\/p>\n<p>chi2.ppf \u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u4f4d\u70b9&#xff0c;chi2.sf \u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u5c3e\u6982\u7387\u3002\u5728\u5c3e\u90e8\u6982\u7387\u5f88\u5c0f\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u5b58\u51fd\u6570 sf \u6bd4\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba1\u7b97 1 &#8211; cdf \u66f4\u5408\u9002\u3002[3]<\/p>\n<p>\u4f9d\u8d56\u5b89\u88c5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>pip <span class=\"token function\">install<\/span> numpy scipy<\/p>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6574\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> numpy <span class=\"token keyword\">as<\/span> np<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> scipy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>linalg <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> solve_triangular<br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> scipy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>stats <span class=\"token keyword\">import<\/span> chi2<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">nis_gate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    innovation<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ndarray<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    S<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ndarray<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    confidence<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.99<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u8ba1\u7b97\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u521b\u65b0\u7684 NIS&#xff0c;\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u95e8\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>    Parameters<br \/>\n    &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n    innovation : np.ndarray<br \/>\n        \u4e00\u7ef4\u521b\u65b0\u5411\u91cf&#xff0c;shape&#061;(m,)\u3002<br \/>\n    S : np.ndarray<br \/>\n        \u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff0c;shape&#061;(m, m)&#xff0c;\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u79f0\u6b63\u5b9a\u3002<br \/>\n    confidence : float<br \/>\n        \u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8986\u76d6\u7387&#xff0c;\u4f8b\u5982 0.99\u3002<\/p>\n<p>    Returns<br \/>\n    &#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n    dict<br \/>\n        NIS\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3001\u95e8\u9650\u3001\u4e0a\u5c3e\u6982\u7387\u3001\u95e8\u63a7\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u3002<br \/>\n        accepted&#061;True \u53ea\u8868\u793a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e00\u5b9a\u6b63\u786e\u3002<br \/>\n    &#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    nu <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>asarray<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>innovation<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> dtype<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    S <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>asarray<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> dtype<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> confidence <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;confidence \u5fc5\u987b\u4f4d\u4e8e (0, 1)\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ndim <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>size <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;innovation \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u975e\u7a7a\u4e00\u7ef4\u5411\u91cf\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> S<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>shape <span class=\"token operator\">!&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>size<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>size<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;S \u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u4e8e\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ef4\u6570 \u00d7 \u89c2\u6d4b\u7ef4\u6570\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>isfinite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">all<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>isfinite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">all<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u521b\u65b0\u6216\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5305\u542b NaN \/ Inf\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>allclose<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> S<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> rtol<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1e-7<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> atol<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1e-12<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;S \u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u68c0\u67e5\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u4ec5\u6d88\u9664\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u6d6e\u70b9\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7528\u4e8e\u4fee\u590d\u9519\u8bef\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    S <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> S<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">try<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        L <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>linalg<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>cholesky<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">except<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>linalg<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>LinAlgError <span class=\"token keyword\">as<\/span> exc<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string\">&#034;S \u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5b9a\u77e9\u9635&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6b64 NIS \u68c0\u9a8c\u3002&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">from<\/span> exc<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u767d\u5316&#xff1a;\u89e3 L &#064; w &#061; nu&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u663e\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97 S \u7684\u9006\u77e9\u9635\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    whitened <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> solve_triangular<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>L<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> lower<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token boolean\">True<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    value <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>whitened &#064; whitened<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>isfinite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;NIS \u6570\u503c\u6ea2\u51fa&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u68c0\u67e5\u91cf\u7eb2\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    dof <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>nu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>size<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    threshold <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>chi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ppf<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>confidence<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> df<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;nis&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> value<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;dof&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;threshold&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> threshold<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;p_upper&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>chi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>sf<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> df<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;accepted&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span> threshold<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token string\">&#034;whitened_innovation&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> whitened<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">mean_nis_interval<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    count<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    confidence<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.95<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">&#034;&#034;&#034;\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u56fa\u5b9a\u7ef4\u6570\u7684 NIS \u6837\u672c\u5747\u503c\u7684\u53cc\u4fa7\u63a5\u53d7\u533a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>    \u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4fdd\u7559\u95e8\u63a7\u901a\u8fc7\u6837\u672c\u7684\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u6216\u660e\u663e\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<br \/>\n    \u6b64\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba\u533a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f93\u5165\u6837\u672c\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u8db3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<br \/>\n    &#034;&#034;&#034;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> value <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;dof&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;count&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> count<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">isinstance<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>value<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>integer<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">or<\/span> value <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\"> \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6b63\u6574\u6570\u3002&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> confidence <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise<\/span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;confidence \u5fc5\u987b\u4f4d\u4e8e (0, 1)\u3002&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    alpha <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> confidence<br \/>\n    total_dof <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    lower <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> chi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ppf<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>alpha <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> df<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>total_dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> count<br \/>\n    upper <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> chi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>ppf<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> alpha <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> df<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span>total_dof<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">\/<\/span> count<br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&gt;<\/span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># 1. \u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u901f\u5ea6\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u53ea\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    x_pred <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    P_pred <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.04<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.015<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.09<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    J <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    R <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    S <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> J &#064; P_pred &#064; J<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> R<\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># \u4e24\u4e2a\u89c2\u6d4b\u5206\u522b\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u5148\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> z <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">10.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">10.6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        innovation <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>z<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> J &#064; x_pred<br \/>\n        result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> nis_gate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>innovation<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> S<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> confidence<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.99<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;z&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>z<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.1f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, NIS&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;nis&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u95e8\u9650&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;threshold&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u901a\u8fc7&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;accepted&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;p_upper&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;p_upper&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.6f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>        <span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;accepted&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># \u89e3 S &#064; K.T &#061; J &#064; P_pred&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u663e\u5f0f\u6c42\u9006\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n            K <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>linalg<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>solve<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>S<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> J &#064; P_pred<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T<br \/>\n            x_post <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> x_pred <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> K &#064; innovation<\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token comment\"># Joseph \u5f62\u5f0f&#xff1b;\u6b64\u5904\u662f\u6b27\u6c0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7ebf\u6027 KF \u793a\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n            A <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>eye<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x_pred<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>size<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span> K &#064; J<br \/>\n            P_post <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> A &#064; P_pred &#064; A<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> K &#064; R &#064; K<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T<br \/>\n            P_post <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.5<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>P_post <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;<\/span> P_post<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>T<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>            <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;  \u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u7684\u72b6\u6001:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span><span class=\"token builtin\">round<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>x_post<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">6<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;  \u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee:&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>P_post<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># 2. \u4e8c\u7ef4\u5f3a\u76f8\u5173\u521b\u65b0&#xff1a;\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u540c&#xff0c;\u4f46\u65b9\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    S_correlated <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.04<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.036<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.036<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.04<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    cases <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u540c\u5411\u521b\u65b0&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;\u53cd\u5411\u521b\u65b0&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> name<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> innovation <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> cases<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> nis_gate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>innovation<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> S_correlated<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>name<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">: NIS&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;nis&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u901a\u8fc7&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;accepted&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># 3. \u4e24\u53ea\u811a\u5206\u522b\u8fdb\u884c\u96f6\u901f\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u95e8\u63a7\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    S_foot <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0009<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>eye<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    foot_velocities <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n        np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.02<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n        np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.<\/span>array<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.12<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.01<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> index<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> velocity <span class=\"token keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"token builtin\">enumerate<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>foot_velocities<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> start<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n        innovation <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span>velocity  <span class=\"token comment\"># \u89c2\u6d4b\u4e3a\u96f6&#xff0c;\u51cf\u53bb\u9884\u6d4b\u8db3\u7aef\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n        result <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> nis_gate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>innovation<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> S_foot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u8db3\u7aef<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>index<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">: NIS&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;nis&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, &#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n            <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u901a\u8fc7&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>result<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#039;accepted&#039;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\"># 4. 100 \u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e09\u7ef4 NIS \u6837\u672c\u7684\u5747\u503c\u63a5\u53d7\u533a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n    lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> upper <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> mean_nis_interval<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>dof<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> count<span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">100<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f&#034;\u5e73\u5747 NIS \u7684 95% \u53cc\u4fa7\u533a\u95f4: [<\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.6f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">, <\/span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.6f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token string\">]&#034;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;__main__&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:<\/span><br \/>\n    main<span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u671f\u8f93\u51fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>z&#061;10.2, NIS&#061;0.800, \u95e8\u9650&#061;6.635, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;True, p_upper&#061;0.371093<br \/>\n  \u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u7684\u72b6\u6001: [10.16  2.06]<br \/>\n  \u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee:<br \/>\n[[0.008  0.003 ]<br \/>\n [0.003  0.0855]]<br \/>\nz&#061;10.6, NIS&#061;7.200, \u95e8\u9650&#061;6.635, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;False, p_upper&#061;0.007290<br \/>\n\u540c\u5411\u521b\u65b0: NIS&#061;1.053, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;True<br \/>\n\u53cd\u5411\u521b\u65b0: NIS&#061;20.000, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;False<br \/>\n\u8db3\u7aef1: NIS&#061;0.556, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;True<br \/>\n\u8db3\u7aef2: NIS&#061;16.111, \u901a\u8fc7&#061;False<br \/>\n\u5e73\u5747 NIS \u7684 95% \u53cc\u4fa7\u533a\u95f4: [2.539123, 3.498745]<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4efd\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u95e8\u63a7\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u66f4\u65b0\u72b6\u6001&#xff1b;\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e92\u76f8\u6539\u53d8\u5148\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Joseph \u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex--display\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         &#061;<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>         )<\/p>\n<p>          P<\/p>\n<p>          \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         (<\/p>\n<p>         I<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         J<\/p>\n<p>          )<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         &#043;<\/p>\n<p>         K<\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>          K<\/p>\n<p>          T<\/p>\n<p>         P^&#043;&#061;(I-KJ)P^-(I-KJ)^T&#043;KRK^T <\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">&#043;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0713em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8213em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0785em\">I<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.1413em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mclose\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">K<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8913em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.113em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u4e0b\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u66f4\u65b0\u5f0f\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002\u82e5\u5b58\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u2014\u89c2\u6d4b\u566a\u58f0\u76f8\u5173\u6027&#xff0c;\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u589e\u76ca\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u66f4\u65b0\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5e94\u4fee\u6539&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u6539 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        S<\/p>\n<p>       S<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5f0f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9 ESKF&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u6ce8\u5165\u540d\u4e49\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u5e76\u6309\u7167\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u5b9a\u4e49\u6267\u884c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u91cd\u7f6e\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u6b27\u6c0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u66f4\u65b0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u539f\u5c01\u4e0d\u52a8\u66ff\u4ee3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>13. \u63a5\u5165 ESKF \u7684\u63a8\u8350\u6d41\u7a0b<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u7684\u5904\u7406\u987a\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>IMU \/ \u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b<br \/>\n    \u5f97\u5230\u540d\u4e49\u72b6\u6001 x\u207b\u3001\u8bef\u5dee\u534f\u65b9\u5dee P\u207b<br \/>\n                 \u2193<br \/>\n\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u89c2\u6d4b\u65f6\u523b\u6784\u9020\u89c2\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b<br \/>\n    \u8ba1\u7b97\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u6d4b\u3001\u521b\u65b0 \u03bd\u3001\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4 J\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee R<br \/>\n                 \u2193<br \/>\n\u6784\u9020\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee S<br \/>\n    \u68c0\u67e5\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3001\u5355\u4f4d\u3001\u6b63\u5b9a\u6027\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5047\u8bbe<br \/>\n                 \u2193<br \/>\n\u8ba1\u7b97\u767d\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u95e8\u63a7\u524d NIS<br \/>\n    \u8bb0\u5f55 \u03bd\u3001S\u3001NIS\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3001\u95e8\u9650\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u6233<br \/>\n                 \u2193<br \/>\n\u6267\u884c NIS \u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u51e0\u4f55\u68c0\u67e5<br \/>\n                 \u2193<br \/>\n\u901a\u8fc7&#xff1a;\u8ba1\u7b97\u589e\u76ca&#xff0c;\u4f30\u8ba1\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u6ce8\u5165\u540d\u4e49\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u66f4\u65b0\u5e76\u91cd\u7f6e\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<br \/>\n\u62d2\u7edd&#xff1a;\u4fdd\u7559\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b&#xff0c;\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38&#xff1b;\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u8fdb\u5165\u6545\u969c\u8bca\u65ad\u6216\u6062\u590d\u903b\u8f91<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u62d2\u7edd\u540e\u4fdd\u7559\u9884\u6d4b\u201d\u5bf9\u5e94\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u786c\u95e8\u63a7\u3002\u964d\u6743\u3001\u591a\u6a21\u578b\u5224\u65ad\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5c5e\u4e8e\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff1b;\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5e94\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u8651\u539f\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u95e8\u9650\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u7136\u9002\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c06 NIS \u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u878d\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u9000\u5316\u7684\u5339\u914d&#xff0c;\u5373\u4f7f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7ed9\u4e88\u5f88\u9ad8\u6743\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>14. \u516c\u5f0f\u901f\u67e5\u4e0e\u6700\u7ec8\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<h4>14.1 \u516c\u5f0f\u901f\u67e5<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5185\u5bb9\u516c\u5f0f\u6216\u7ed3\u8bba<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u521b\u65b0<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           z<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           h<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>             x<\/p>\n<p>             ^<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\nu&#061;z-h(\\\\hat x^-)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.044em\">z<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0213em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">h<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6944em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u521b\u65b0\u4e00\u9636\u6a21\u578b<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           \u2248<\/p>\n<p>           J<\/p>\n<p>            x<\/p>\n<p>            ~<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           n<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\nu\\\\approx J\\\\tilde x&#043;n<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4831em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord accent\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.6679em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">x<\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.35em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"accent-body\" style=\"left: -0.2222em\"><span class=\"mord\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65e0\u4ea4\u53c9\u76f8\u5173\u65f6\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           J<\/p>\n<p>            P<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>            J<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           R<\/p>\n<p>          S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9247em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6709\u4ea4\u53c9\u76f8\u5173\u65f6\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           J<\/p>\n<p>            P<\/p>\n<p>            \u2212<\/p>\n<p>            J<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           R<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>           J<\/p>\n<p>           C<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>            C<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>            J<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>          S&#061;JP^-J^T&#043;R&#043;JC&#043;C^TJ^T<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.9247em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7667em;vertical-align: -0.0833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">C<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0715em\">C<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0962em\">J<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>NIS<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>            \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             1<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\epsilon&#061;\\\\nu^TS^{-1}\\\\nu<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u767d\u5316\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           S<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           L<\/p>\n<p>            L<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>           ,<\/p>\n<p>           \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>           L<\/p>\n<p>           w<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           ,<\/p>\n<p>           \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>            w<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>           w<\/p>\n<p>          S&#061;LL^T,\\\\ Lw&#061;\\\\nu,\\\\ \\\\epsilon&#061;w^Tw<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0358em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">L<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.625em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mspace\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0269em\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u60f3\u5206\u5e03<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           \u223c<\/p>\n<p>            \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>            m<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\epsilon\\\\sim\\\\chi_m^2<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0611em;vertical-align: -0.247em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u60f3\u5747\u503c<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           E<\/p>\n<p>           [<\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           ]<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           m<\/p>\n<p>          E[\\\\epsilon]&#061;m<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5355\u5e27\u4e0a\u5c3e\u95e8\u9650<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>            F<\/p>\n<p>             \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>             m<\/p>\n<p>             2<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             1<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>           1<\/p>\n<p>           \u2212<\/p>\n<p>           \u03b1<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\tau&#061;F^{-1}_{\\\\chi_m^2}(1-\\\\alpha)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.4306em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.3921em;vertical-align: -0.5378em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">F<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8542em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.3624em;margin-left: -0.1389em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7463em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.214em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.786em;margin-right: 0.0714em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.5em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.286em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.1031em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.5378em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0037em\">\u03b1<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0a\u5c3e\u6982\u7387<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            p<\/p>\n<p>             u<\/p>\n<p>             p<\/p>\n<p>             p<\/p>\n<p>             e<\/p>\n<p>             r<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           P<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>            \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>            m<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>           \u2265<\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>          p_{\\\\mathrm{upper}}&#061;P(\\\\chi_m^2\\\\ge\\\\epsilon)<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7167em;vertical-align: -0.2861em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">p<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1514em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathrm mtight\">upper<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2861em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0641em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.453em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.247em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2265<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u7ef4\u539f\u59cb\u521b\u65b0\u95e8\u9650<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           \u2223<\/p>\n<p>           \u03bd<\/p>\n<p>           \u2223<\/p>\n<p>           \u2264<\/p>\n<p>             \u03c4<\/p>\n<p>             S<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\lvert\\\\nu\\\\rvert\\\\le\\\\sqrt{\\\\tau S}<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0637em\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">\u2223<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2264<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.04em;vertical-align: -0.1133em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord sqrt\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9267em\"><span class=\"svg-align\" style=\"top: -3em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\" style=\"padding-left: 0.833em\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1132em\">\u03c4<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.8867em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 3em\"><\/span><span class=\"hide-tail\" style=\"min-width: 0.853em;height: 1.08em\"><\/p>\n<p>              <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.1133em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u72ec\u7acb\u6837\u672c\u6c42\u548c<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>            \u2211<\/p>\n<p>             k<\/p>\n<p>             &#061;<\/p>\n<p>             1<\/p>\n<p>            N<\/p>\n<p>            \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>            k<\/p>\n<p>           \u223c<\/p>\n<p>            \u03c7<\/p>\n<p>             N<\/p>\n<p>             m<\/p>\n<p>            2<\/p>\n<p>          \\\\sum_{k&#061;1}^{N}\\\\epsilon_k\\\\sim\\\\chi_{Nm}^2<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.2809em;vertical-align: -0.2997em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mop op-symbol small-op\" style=\"position: relative;top: 0em\">\u2211<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.9812em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4003em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel mtight\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.2029em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2997em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1667em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.3361em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.55em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0315em\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.15em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u223c<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0894em;vertical-align: -0.2753em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c7<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -2.4247em;margin-left: 0em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.109em\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.2753em\"><span class=\"\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u822c\u521b\u65b0\u5747\u503c\u4e0b\u7684\u671f\u671b<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>           E<\/p>\n<p>           [<\/p>\n<p>           \u03f5<\/p>\n<p>           ]<\/p>\n<p>           &#061;<\/p>\n<p>           tr<\/p>\n<p>           \u2061<\/p>\n<p>           (<\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             1<\/p>\n<p>           \u03a3<\/p>\n<p>           )<\/p>\n<p>           &#043;<\/p>\n<p>            b<\/p>\n<p>            T<\/p>\n<p>            S<\/p>\n<p>             \u2212<\/p>\n<p>             1<\/p>\n<p>           b<\/p>\n<p>          E[\\\\epsilon]&#061;\\\\operatorname{tr}(S^{-1}\\\\Sigma)&#043;b^TS^{-1}b<\/p>\n<p>       <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">E<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">&#061;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2778em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 1.0641em;vertical-align: -0.25em\"><\/span><span class=\"mop\"><span class=\"mord mathrm\">tr<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">\u03a3<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">&#043;<\/span><span class=\"mspace\" style=\"margin-right: 0.2222em\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8413em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0576em\">S<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.8141em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u95e8\u9650\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff0c;\u90fd\u4ee5\u6587\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u9ad8\u65af\u6027\u3001\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3001\u7ef4\u6570\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.2 \u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u56db\u53e5\u8bdd<\/h4>\n<p>\u201cNIS \u5c0f&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u51c6\u786e\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u6216 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>       R<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u58f0\u660e\u5f97\u5f88\u5927&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u89c2\u6d4b\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNIS \u5927&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u5e94\u8be5\u589e\u5927 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         R<\/p>\n<p>        R<\/p>\n<p>     <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.6833em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.0077em\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u5728 <span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>        Q<\/p>\n<p>       Q<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.8778em;vertical-align: -0.1944em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3001<span class=\"katex--inline\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\"><\/p>\n<p>         P<\/p>\n<p>         \u2212<\/p>\n<p>       P^-<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"strut\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\" style=\"margin-right: 0.1389em\">P<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\" style=\"height: 0.7713em\"><span class=\"\" style=\"top: -3.063em;margin-right: 0.05em\"><span class=\"pstrut\" style=\"height: 2.7em\"><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3001\u5916\u53c2\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u6570\u636e\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u901a\u8fc7 99% \u95e8\u63a7&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u89c2\u6d4b\u6709 99% \u7684\u6982\u7387\u6b63\u786e\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u300299% \u662f\u539f\u5047\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8986\u76d6\u7387&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u89c2\u6d4b\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u540e\u9a8c\u6982\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNIS \u901a\u8fc7&#xff0c;\u6240\u4ee5\u6240\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u6709\u6548\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u3002NIS \u4e0e\u53ef\u89c2\u6027\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5f3a\u5f31\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.3 \u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bb0\u4f4f NIS<\/h4>\n<h2>$$ \\\\boxed{ \\\\text{NIS}<\/h2>\n<p>\\\\text{\u8003\u8651\u5b8c\u6574\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7a0b\u5ea6} } $$<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u76f8\u5dee\u591a\u5c11\u7c73&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u662f\u95ee&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u5404\u81ea\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e48\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528 NIS \u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f&#xff1a;\u7528\u66f4\u65b0\u524d\u521b\u65b0&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u534f\u65b9\u5dee&#xff0c;\u6309\u5b9e\u9645\u521b\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\u5361\u65b9\u95e8\u9650&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5c06\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6545\u969c\u201d\u201c\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8db3\u201d\u201c\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c2\u201d\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599<\/h3>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8d44\u6599\u5bf9\u5e94\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u95e8\u9650\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53e3&#xff1b;\u6559\u5b66\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u503c\u7531\u6587\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[1] NIST\/SEMATECH, Chi-Square Distribution&#xff1a;\u5361\u65b9\u5206\u5e03\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u5747\u503c\u548c\u65b9\u5dee\u3002 https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/eda\/section3\/eda3666.htm<\/p>\n<p>[2] NIST\/SEMATECH, Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution&#xff1a;\u5361\u65b9\u4e34\u754c\u503c\u4e0e\u5206\u4f4d\u70b9\u3002 https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/eda\/section3\/eda3674.htm<\/p>\n<p>[3] SciPy \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863&#xff0c;scipy.stats.chi2&#xff1a;ppf\u3001cdf \u548c sf \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53e3\u3002 https:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/scipy\/reference\/generated\/scipy.stats.chi2.html<\/p>\n<p>[4] NumPy \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863&#xff0c;numpy.linalg.cholesky&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u79f0\u6b63\u5b9a\u77e9\u9635\u7684 Cholesky \u5206\u89e3\u3002 https:\/\/numpy.org\/doc\/stable\/reference\/generated\/numpy.linalg.cholesky.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 NIS \u5224\u65ad\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u9760&#xff1a;\u4ece\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b9e\u8df5 \u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u672c\u6b21\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u662f\u5426\u5927\u5f97\u4e0d\u5408\u7406&#xff1f; NIS&#xff08;Normalized Innovation Squared&#xff0c;\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u5e73\u65b9&#xff09;\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u662f\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5224\u65ad\u89c2\u6d4b\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5b9e\u503c\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u771f\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001&amp;#xff0c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[13318,13317,4266,384],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-117378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-13318","tag-13317","tag-nis","tag-384"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 NIS 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