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\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f\u5927\u591a\u64c5\u957f\u4ee3\u7801&#xff0c;\u786c\u4ef6\u57fa\u7840\u8584\u5f31&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408&#xff1a;\u7ed3\u6784\u6210\u719f\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u76d1\u6d4b\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;\u8f6f\u786c\u7ed3\u5408&#xff0c;\u7b54\u8fa9\u4f18\u52bf\u6781\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u5355\u7247\u673a\u786c\u4ef6\u6bd5\u8bbe&#xff1f;<\/h3>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u3002 \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u7eaf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u7b97\u6cd5\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u4eff\u771f\u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u7269\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u5de5\u79d1\u9662\u6821\u6700\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u6bd5\u8bbe\u5f62\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u5168\u8d34\u5408\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u5e08\u8ba4\u53ef\u5ea6\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u7b54\u8fa9\u8001\u5e08\u63d0\u95ee\u70b9\u56fa\u5b9a\u3001\u53ef\u63a7\u3001\u6781\u6613\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c&#xff0c;\u8d44\u6599\u6700\u5168\u3001\u6700\u597d\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u3002 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\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8dd1\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6781\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u96f6\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u5c11\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u8de8\u4e13\u4e1a\u540c\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9009\u9898\u907f\u5751\u6307\u5357<\/h3>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u9009\u592a\u51b7\u95e8\u8bfe\u9898&#xff1a;\u8d44\u6599\u5c11\u3001\u6ca1\u4eba\u53c2\u8003\u3001\u7b54\u8fa9\u63d0\u95ee\u5201\u94bb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u9009\u592a\u590d\u6742\u81ea\u7814\u8bfe\u9898&#xff1a;\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765&#xff0c;\u4e34\u8fd1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u70c2\u5c3e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u9009\u7eaf\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5927\u6570\u636e AI \u8bfe\u9898&#xff1a;\u4ee3\u7801\u91cf\u5927\u3001\u8c03\u53c2\u56f0\u96be\u3001\u67e5\u91cd\u6781\u9ad8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u9009\u91cd\u590d\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u8001\u65e7\u9898\u76ee&#xff1a;\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5b66\u6821\u6253\u56de\u91cd\u9009\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u6574\u7406\u7684\u5341\u5957\u9009\u9898&#xff0c;\u5747\u4e3a\u8fd1\u5e74\u70ed\u5ea6\u9002\u4e2d\u3001\u96be\u5ea6\u9002\u4e2d\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u5ea6\u9002\u4e2d\u3001\u9002\u914d\u6240\u6709\u5de5\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4f18\u8d28\u786c\u4ef6\u6bd5\u8bbe\u65b9\u6848&#xff0c;\u517c\u987e\u7a33\u59a5\u6027\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u6027&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u6240\u6709\u540c\u5b66\u53c2\u8003\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5f00\u9898\u5b9a\u9898\u3001\u843d\u5730\u5236\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>\u5355\u7247\u673a\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff0c;\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5de5\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u5411&#xff0c;\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u6210\u719f\u3001\u6613\u5b8c\u6210\u3001\u6613\u7b54\u8fa9\u3001\u6613\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f 51 \u5165\u95e8\u7b80\u5355\u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f STM32 \u9ad8\u9636\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;\u53ea\u8981\u8d34\u5408\u672c\u4e13\u4e1a\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807&#xff0c;\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u5b9e\u7269\u5b8c\u6574&#xff0c;\u5747\u53ef\u987a\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7b54\u8fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u6301\u7eed\u66f4\u65b0\u5404\u7c7b\u5355\u7247\u673a\u3001\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u3001\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u786c\u4ef6\u6bd5\u8bbe\u65b9\u6848&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u5f00\u9898\u3001\u5b9a\u9898\u3001\u505a\u5b9e\u7269\u3001\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5de5\u79d1\u540c\u5b66\u53c2\u8003\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Abstract<\/h3>\n<p>Single-chip microcontrollers (MCUs) have become the core hardware carrier for the graduation design of engineering majors such as electronic information, automation, Internet of Things, mechatronics and rail transit. MCU-based hardware design projects require students to complete sensor signal acquisition, logic programming, circuit building, system commissioning and result testing. This paper reviews the application status of 51 series and STM32 series microcontrollers in graduation projects, analyzes the classification of common hardware topics, discusses the difficulties and common pitfalls encountered by students in the design process, and explores the matching rules between different engineering majors and embedded hardware projects. The purpose of this review is to provide reference for college students to select appropriate topics, build hardware systems and complete thesis writing, and help students combine the theoretical knowledge learned in university with practical engineering practice.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>Graduation project is a comprehensive practical link of undergraduate engineering education, which is used to assess students\u2019 ability to solve practical engineering problems after four years of professional study. Unlike theoretical papers or simulation projects, hardware graduation projects emphasize physical prototypes, executable codes and measurable system functions. Among all available technical platforms, single-chip microcontrollers occupy a dominant position due to low hardware cost, abundant open-source materials, flexible peripheral expansion and simple debugging process.<\/p>\n<p>The most widely used MCUs for student projects are STC 51 series and STM32 series. The 51 microcontroller is a classic 8-bit core chip with simple architecture and low learning threshold, which is suitable for beginners to complete basic control and data collection tasks. STM32 is a 32-bit ARM-based microcontroller with rich on-chip peripherals, supporting wireless communication, high-speed data acquisition and multi-sensor collaborative work. It can realize more complex system functions and is favored by students who pursue project innovation and excellent defense performance. A large number of engineering students choose these two platforms to complete their graduation work every year. However, many students face common troubles at the topic selection stage, such as high repetition rate of traditional topics, mismatching between project functions and professional training objectives, and overestimating or underestimating the difficulty of hardware development. These problems may lead to delays in prototype production and poor defense results.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Classification and Application of Typical MCU Hardware Projects<\/h3>\n<p>The existing MCU graduation topics can be divided into several categories according to core functions: environmental data monitoring, intelligent control, safety anti-theft alarm, motor motion control, agricultural intelligent equipment, and Internet-of-Things data transmission.<\/p>\n<p>Environmental monitoring systems use temperature, humidity, air quality and infrared sensors to collect environmental parameters, display real-time data on screen and trigger prompts when values exceed set thresholds. This type of project has stable functions and complete reference materials, so it is the most popular choice for students with weak hardware foundation. Intelligent control projects include automatic light adjustment, window control and timing switch control. These projects focus on closed-loop logic control, which matches the curriculum of automation majors. Safety alarm systems rely on human body induction and infrared sensors to detect abnormal states and output sound and light reminders. Motor control projects use MCUs to drive DC motors or steering gears to realize speed regulation, tracking and obstacle avoidance, which is widely used in intelligent trolley designs.<\/p>\n<p>Some projects can be reconstructed to adapt to professional scenarios. For rail transit majors, ordinary monitoring and control projects can be transformed into applications for freight yards and trackside auxiliary equipment. For example, parking management logic can be modified into stock track occupancy accounting and management system in railway freight yards. The original fire extinguishing trolley project can be redesigned as a track inspection and fire-fighting trolley used in marshalling yards. This reconstruction method effectively reduces topic repetition rate, and the project scenario is highly consistent with the professional background of rail transit.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Platform Comparison between 51 MCU and STM32<\/h3>\n<p>The 51 series microcontroller is the first choice for low-difficulty graduation projects. Its circuit design is simple, the code structure is easy to understand, and the cost of peripheral components is low. Students can quickly build a functional prototype within a limited time. Its limitation lies in weak computing power and fewer internal resources, so it is only suitable for systems with simple logic and small data volume.<\/p>\n<p>STM32 microcontrollers have obvious advantages in function expansion. It supports Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, serial port communication, data storage and multi-sensor fusion. Students can add data uploading and upper computer visualization functions to enrich project content. The shortcoming of STM32 is the higher learning cost. Students need to master register or HAL library development, and the debugging of hardware faults takes more time. Therefore, STM32 is more suitable for students with solid C language and circuit foundation, or those who want to get high scores in defense.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Common Challenges and Pitfalls in Topic Selection and Implementation<\/h3>\n<p>Topic selection is the primary and most critical step. Many students blindly select overly innovative topics without checking the availability of hardware materials. Too cutting-edge projects often lack reference documents, and hardware faults are difficult to troubleshoot, which may cause unfinished prototypes before defense. On the contrary, some students choose extremely traditional topics with extremely high repetition rate, and supervisors may require topic revision.<\/p>\n<p>Another common mistake is the mismatch between project content and professional requirements. For rail transit majors, pure household smart home projects may seem disconnected from professional knowledge. Students need to transform the project into railway freight yard or trackside auxiliary application scenarios to reflect professional characteristics. In the hardware production phase, common problems include poor circuit welding, unstable sensor reading, program logic bugs and power supply interference. Most of these faults can be avoided by standardized wiring, component pre-test and modular programming.<\/p>\n<p>In thesis writing, students often only describe hardware connection and code introduction, lacking system testing, data analysis and engineering discussion. A qualified graduation thesis needs to record test data, analyze system errors, discuss the limitations of the prototype and put forward improvement schemes, so as to meet the assessment standards of engineering graduation design.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Conclusion<\/h3>\n<p>MCU embedded hardware design remains the mainstream direction of engineering graduation projects. 51 and STM32 microcontrollers can meet the development requirements of projects with different difficulty levels. When selecting topics, students should balance the feasibility of physical production, repetition rate and professional matching degree. It is a practical innovation method to transform mature common hardware projects into industry-specific scenarios, especially suitable for rail transit majors.<\/p>\n<p>The graduation project is not only a task to obtain graduation qualification, but also a comprehensive training of circuit design, C programming, system debugging and technical document writing. Through completing an MCU hardware project, students can turn textbook knowledge into practical engineering ability, laying a foundation for future work in embedded, automation and intelligent equipment industries. In the follow-up research, more lightweight and low-cost embedded schemes can be introduced to enrich the optional topics of engineering graduation design.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>51\/STM32 \u5168\u8986\u76d6&#xff0c;\u9002\u914d\u5168\u7535\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e13\u4e1a\u672c\u6587\u6c47\u603b\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u843d\u5730\u3001\u5e26\u5b9e\u7269\u3001\u53ef\u7b54\u8fa9\u7684\u5355\u7247\u673a\u786c\u4ef6\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9009\u9898\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u9879\u76ee\u57fa\u4e8e51 \u5355\u7247\u673a\u3001STM32\u4e24\u5927\u4e3b\u6d41\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0&#xff0c;\u6db5\u76d6&#xff1a;\u5355\u673a\u91c7\u96c6\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u73af\u5883\u76d1\u6d4b\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u5bb6\u5c45\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u7ec4\u7f51\u7b49\u5168\u5957\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u9002\u914d\u7535\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u3001\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u3001\u673a\u7535\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3001\u8f68\u9053\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u6240\u6709\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9898\u5747\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u5b9e\u7269\u65b9\u6848&#xff0c;\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u9898\u3001\u5b9a\u9898\u3001\u8bba\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u3001\u5b9e\u7269\u5236\u4f5c\u3001\u7b54\u8fa9\u5c55\u793a&amp;#xff0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":116763,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[13243,13244,217,270,938],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-116773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-server","tag-13243","tag-13244","tag-stm32","tag-270","tag-938"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - 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