{"id":11664,"date":"2025-04-18T18:54:54","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T10:54:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/11664.html"},"modified":"2025-04-18T18:54:54","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T10:54:54","slug":"opengl%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%e5%8d%81%e4%b8%83%e4%b9%8b%e6%ad%a3%e4%ba%a4%e6%8a%95%e5%bd%b1%e5%8f%98%e6%8d%a2%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c-glmortho%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/11664.html","title":{"rendered":"OpenGL\u7b14\u8bb0\u5341\u4e03\u4e4b\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u53d8\u6362\u5b9e\u9a8c-glm::ortho\u51fd\u6570"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>OpenGL\u7b14\u8bb0\u5341\u4e03\u4e4b\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u53d8\u6362\u5b9e\u9a8c-glm::ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\">\u2014\u2014 2024-07-30 \u665a\u4e0a<\/p>\n<p>bilibili\u8d75\u65b0\u653f\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u6559\u7a0b\u770b\u540e\u7b14\u8bb0<\/p>\n<p>code review!<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h4>\u6587\u7ae0\u76ee\u5f55<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>OpenGL\u7b14\u8bb0\u5341\u4e03\u4e4b\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u53d8\u6362\u5b9e\u9a8c-glm::ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>1.glm::ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u8be6\u89e3<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/li>\n<li>\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406<\/li>\n<li>\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u516c\u5f0f<\/li>\n<li>\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801<\/li>\n<li>\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c<\/li>\n<li>\u89e3\u91ca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e00&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528glm\u7684ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<li>2.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528\u975eNDC\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n<li>3.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5c06\u9876\u70b9\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684-z\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb\u8f83\u5927\u8303\u56f4&#xff08;-5&#xff09;(\u526a\u88c1&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>4.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56db&#xff1a;\u5c06\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u5411\u76f8\u673a\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684&#043;x\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb1\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li>5.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e94&#xff1a;\u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u52a8\u76f8\u673a(1.0,0.0,0.1)<\/li>\n<li>5.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u516d&#xff1a;\u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u52a8\u76f8\u673a(1.0,0.0,1.0-\u526a\u88c1)<\/li>\n<li>6.vs<\/li>\n<li>7.fs<\/li>\n<li>8.main.cpp<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>1.glm::ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>glm::ortho \u51fd\u6570\u662f OpenGL \u6570\u5b66\u5e93 GLM (OpenGL Mathematics) \u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u5728\u6e32\u67d32D\u573a\u666f\u6216\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u8c61\u771f\u5b9e\u5c3a\u5bf8\u76843D\u573a\u666f\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002glm::ortho \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>mat4 glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> left<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> right<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> bottom<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> top<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> zNear<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> zFar<br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u53c2\u6570\u8be6\u89e3<\/h4>\n<li>left: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u5de6\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>right: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>bottom: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u4e0b\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>top: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u4e0a\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>zNear: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u8fd1\u526a\u88c1\u9762\u3002<\/li>\n<li>zFar: \u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u8fdc\u526a\u88c1\u9762\u3002<\/li>\n<h4>\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/h4>\n<p>glm::ortho \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a glm::mat4 \u7c7b\u578b\u7684 4&#215;4 \u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u7528\u4e8e\u5c063D\u5750\u6807\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a2D\u5c4f\u5e55\u5750\u6807&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf\u900f\u89c6\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u90a3\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u8ddd\u79bb\u7f29\u653e\u6548\u679c\u3002\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u751f\u6210\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6b65\u9aa4\u5b9e\u73b0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\n<p>\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5750\u6807\u4ece\u89c6\u9525\u4f53\u7684\u8303\u56f4 [left, right] \u6620\u5c04\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u8bbe\u5907\u5750\u6807\u7684\u8303\u56f4 [-1, 1]\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u540c\u7406&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5750\u6807\u4ece [bottom, top] \u548c [zNear, zFar] \u6620\u5c04\u5230 [-1, 1]\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u5e73\u79fb\u53d8\u6362&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u79fb\u5230\u539f\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<h4>\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u516c\u5f0f<\/h4>\n<p>\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105451-68022f7b39259.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"650\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801<\/h4>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528 glm::ortho \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;glm\/glm.hpp&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;glm\/gtc\/matrix_transform.hpp&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> left <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> right <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> bottom <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> top <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> zNear <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.1f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> zFar <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">100.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>mat4 orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>left<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> right<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> bottom<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> top<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> zNear<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> zFar<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ \u6253\u5370\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> j <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> j <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#043;&#043;<\/span>j<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n            std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> orthoMatrix<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span>j<span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034; &#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><br \/>\n        std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>    <span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u5c06\u751f\u6210\u5e76\u6253\u5370\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635&#xff0c;\u8f93\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>1 0 0 0<br \/>\n0 1 0 0<br \/>\n0 0 -0.0200202 -1.002<br \/>\n0 0 0 1 <\/p>\n<h4>\u89e3\u91ca<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c: \u6620\u5c04 x \u548c y \u5750\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u4ece [-1, 1] \u5230 [-1, 1]&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a left &#061; -1, right &#061; 1, bottom &#061; -1, top &#061; 1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u884c: \u6620\u5c04 z \u5750\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u4ece 0.1 \u5230 100 \u5230 -1 \u5230 1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7b2c\u56db\u884c: \u9f50\u6b21\u5750\u6807\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u89e3 glm::ortho \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u539f\u7406\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u5728 OpenGL \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u6e32\u67d3\u51fa\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\u76842D\u62163D\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e00&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528glm\u7684ortho\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<p>NDC\u5750\u6807<\/p>\n<p>viewMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lookAt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105451-68022f7b5eee0.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>2.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528\u975eNDC\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105451-68022f7b8dd91.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"650\" \/><\/p>\n<p>viewMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lookAt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105452-68022f7c18c48.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>3.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5c06\u9876\u70b9\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684-z\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb\u8f83\u5927\u8303\u56f4&#xff08;-5&#xff09;(\u526a\u88c1&#xff09;<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105452-68022f7c4738b.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>4.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56db&#xff1a;\u5c06\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u5411\u76f8\u673a\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684&#043;x\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb1\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d<\/h3>\n<p>orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">5.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105452-68022f7c73793.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>5.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e94&#xff1a;\u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u52a8\u76f8\u673a(1.0,0.0,0.1)<\/h3>\n<p>viewMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lookAt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.1f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105452-68022f7ca3290.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>5.\u5b9e\u9a8c\u516d&#xff1a;\u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u52a8\u76f8\u673a(1.0,0.0,1.0-\u526a\u88c1)<\/h3>\n<p>viewMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lookAt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>orthoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u884c <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20250418105452-68022f7ccfaa6.png\" alt=\"\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\" width=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>6.vs<\/h3>\n<p>#version 330 core<br \/>\nlayout (location &#061; 0) in vec3 aPos;<br \/>\nlayout (location &#061; 1) in vec3 aColor;<br \/>\nlayout (location &#061; 2) in vec2 aUV;<\/p>\n<p>out vec3 color;<br \/>\nout vec2 uv;<\/p>\n<p>uniform mat4 transform;<br \/>\nuniform mat4 viewMatrix;<br \/>\nuniform mat4 projectionMatrix;<\/p>\n<p>\/\/aPos\u4f5c\u4e3aattribute&#xff08;\u5c5e\u6027&#xff09;\u4f20\u5165shader<br \/>\n\/\/\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u66f4\u6539\u7684<br \/>\nvoid main()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nvec4 position &#061; vec4(aPos, 1.0);<br \/>\nposition &#061; projectionMatrix * viewMatrix * transform * position;<br \/>\ngl_Position &#061; position;<br \/>\ncolor &#061; aColor;<br \/>\nuv &#061; aUV;<br \/>\n}<\/p>\n<h3>7.fs<\/h3>\n<p>#version 330 core<br \/>\nout vec4 FragColor;<\/p>\n<p>in vec3 color;<br \/>\nin vec2 uv;<\/p>\n<p>uniform sampler2D sampler;<\/p>\n<p>void main()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\n  FragColor &#061; texture(sampler, uv);<br \/>\n}<\/p>\n<h3>8.main.cpp<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;glframework\/core.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;glframework\/shader.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;string&gt;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&lt;assert.h&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u65ad\u8a00<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;wrapper\/checkError.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;application\/Application.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token macro property\"><span class=\"token directive-hash\">#<\/span><span class=\"token directive keyword\">include<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;glframework\/texture.h&#034;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/*<br \/>\n*\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510<br \/>\n*\u2502\u3000\u76ee   \u6807&#xff1a; \u5b66\u4e60\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635<br \/>\n*\u2502\u3000\u8bb2    \u5e08&#xff1a; \u8d75\u65b0\u653f(Carma Zhao)<br \/>\n*\u2502\u3000\u62c6\u5206\u76ee\u6807&#xff1a;<br \/>\n*-1 \u5b66\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528glm\u7684ortho\u51fd\u6570 &#xff08;orthographic&#xff09;<br \/>\n***ortho\u7684\u6570\u636e\u662f\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0b***<br \/>\n1.1 \u4f7f\u7528glm\u7684ortho\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u4ea4\u6295\u5f71\u77e9\u9635<br \/>\n\u6b64\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f&#xff1a;\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6295\u5f71\u76d2\u5b50&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5185\u90e8\u9876\u70b9\u8f6c\u5316\u5230NDC\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<br \/>\n1.2 \u5728vertexShader\u5f53\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86projectionMatrix\u7684uniform\u53d8\u91cf<br \/>\n1.3 \u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u5e27\u6e32\u67d3\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u66f4\u65b0projectionMatrix\u8fd9\u4e2auniform<\/p>\n<p>*-2 \u5b66\u4e60\u4f7f\u7528\u975eNDC\u6570\u636e<br \/>\n*1 \u6309\u7167\u6807\u51c6\u6848\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u6784\u5efa&#xff08;ppt\u4e0a&#xff09;<br \/>\n*2 \u5c06\u9876\u70b9\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684-z\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb\u8f83\u5927\u8303\u56f4&#xff08;-5&#xff09;(\u526a\u88c1&#xff09;<br \/>\n*3 \u5c06\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u5411\u76f8\u673a\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684&#043;x\u65b9\u5411\u63a8\u8fdb1\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d<br \/>\n*4 \u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c6\u8303\u56f4\u76d2\u5b50\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u52a8\u76f8\u673a(1.0,0.0,0.1)(1.0,0.0,1.0-\u526a\u88c1)<br \/>\n*<br \/>\n*-3 \u7406\u89e3\u526a\u88c1<br \/>\n*\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<br \/>\n*\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p>GLuint vao<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nShader<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> shader <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nTexture<span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> texture <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nglm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>mat4 <span class=\"token function\">transform<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nglm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>mat4 <span class=\"token function\">viewMatrix<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nglm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>mat4 <span class=\"token function\">orthoMatrix<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">OnResize<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> width<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> height<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glViewport<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> width<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> height<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"token string\">&#034;OnResize&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">OnKey<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> key<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> action<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> mods<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\nstd<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>cout <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> key <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> std<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span>endl<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">prepareVAO<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/1 \u51c6\u5907positions colors<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ float positions[] &#061; {<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ 0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ };<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>  <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> colors<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span> uvs<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0.5f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">unsigned<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> indices<span class=\"token punctuation\">[<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/2 VBO\u521b\u5efa<\/span><br \/>\nGLuint posVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> colorVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> uvVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glGenBuffers<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>posVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> posVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBufferData<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> positions<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_STATIC_DRAW<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">glGenBuffers<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>colorVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> colorVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBufferData<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>colors<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> colors<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_STATIC_DRAW<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">glGenBuffers<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>uvVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> uvVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBufferData<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>uvs<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> uvs<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_STATIC_DRAW<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/3 EBO\u521b\u5efa<\/span><br \/>\nGLuint ebo<span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glGenBuffers<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>ebo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ebo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBufferData<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>indices<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> indices<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_STATIC_DRAW<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/4 VAO\u521b\u5efa<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glGenVertexArrays<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&amp;<\/span>vao<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindVertexArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>vao<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/5 \u7ed1\u5b9avbo ebo \u52a0\u5165\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/5.1 \u52a0\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> posVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glEnableVertexAttribArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glVertexAttribPointer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FLOAT<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FALSE<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/5.2 \u52a0\u5165\u989c\u8272\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u6570\u636e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> colorVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glEnableVertexAttribArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glVertexAttribPointer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FLOAT<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FALSE<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/5.3 \u52a0\u5165uv\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u6570\u636e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> uvVbo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glEnableVertexAttribArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glVertexAttribPointer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FLOAT<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_FALSE<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">sizeof<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">float<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">*<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/5.4 \u52a0\u5165ebo\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">glBindBuffer<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> ebo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">glBindVertexArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">prepareShader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\nshader <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Shader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;assets\/shaders\/vertex.glsl&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;assets\/shaders\/fragment.glsl&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">prepareTexture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\ntexture <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> <span class=\"token keyword\">new<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">Texture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;assets\/textures\/goku.jpg&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">prepareCamera<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/lookat:\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2aviewMatrix<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/eye:\u5f53\u524d\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/center:\u5f53\u524d\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u770b\u5411\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u70b9<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/up:\u7a79\u9876\u5411\u91cf<\/span><br \/>\nviewMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">lookAt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span>glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">vec3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ viewMatrix &#061; glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(1.0f,0.0f,0.1f),glm::vec3(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f),glm::vec3(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f));<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/ viewMatrix &#061; glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f),glm::vec3(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f),glm::vec3(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f));<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">prepareOrtho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\northoMatrix <span class=\"token operator\">&#061;<\/span> glm<span class=\"token double-colon punctuation\">::<\/span><span class=\"token function\">ortho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">2.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">void<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">render<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u6267\u884copengl\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glClear<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684program<\/span><br \/>\nshader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">begin<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nshader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setInt<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;sampler&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nshader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setMatrix4x4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;transform&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> transform<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nshader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setMatrix4x4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;viewMatrix&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> viewMatrix<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\nshader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setMatrix4x4<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token string\">&#034;projectionMatrix&#034;<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> orthoMatrix<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glBindVertexArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>vao<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u53d1\u51fa\u7ed8\u5236\u6307\u4ee4<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glDrawElements<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>GL_TRIANGLES<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">3<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> GL_UNSIGNED_INT<span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glBindVertexArray<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>shader<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">end<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">int<\/span> <span class=\"token function\">main<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token operator\">!<\/span>app<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">init<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">800<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">600<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">return<\/span> <span class=\"token operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"token number\">1<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}<\/span><\/p>\n<p>app<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setResizeCallback<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>OnResize<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\napp<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">setKeyBoardCallback<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>OnKey<span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token comment\">\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6eopengl\u89c6\u53e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glViewport<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">800<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">600<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">GL_CALL<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token function\">glClearColor<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token number\">0.2f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">0.3f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,<\/span> <span class=\"token number\">1.0f<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token function\">prepareShader<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">prepareVAO<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">prepareTexture<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">prepareCamera<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">prepareOrtho<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"token keyword\">while<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span>app<span class=\"token operator\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"token function\">update<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)<\/span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"token function\">render<\/span><span class=\"token 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