C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u957f\u671f\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u6bcf\u9694\u6570\u5e74\u4fbf\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d C++11 \u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u66f4\u65b0，\u5b83\u8ba9 C++ \u4ece\u4e00\u95e8\u504f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00，\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u968f\u540e C++14\u3001C++17 \u548c C++20 \u5728 C++11 \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6301\u7eed\u5b8c\u5584，\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5148\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406 C++11 \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027，\u518d\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd C++14\u3001C++17 \u4e0e C++20 \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u589e\u5185\u5bb9，\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3 C++ \u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u7ed3\u5408\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\u52a8\u624b\u5b9e\u8df5，\u4ee5\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u5404\u9879\u7279\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
C++11 \u662f C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891，\u5b83\u8ba9\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bed\u8a00\u4ece\u504f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00，\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u6a21\u677f\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6，\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406 C++11 \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027，\u5e76\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
auto \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6839\u636e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b，\u663e\u8457\u51cf\u5c11\u5197\u957f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，auto x = 42; \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc x \u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b，auto s = std::string("hello"); \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e3a std::string\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01，\u8fd8\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u7c7b\u578b\u5199\u9519\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u914d\u5408 decltype \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u83b7\u53d6\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b，\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u677f\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <vector>
\n#include <iostream>
\nint main() {
\n std::vector<int> nums = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
\n for (auto n : nums) {
\n std::cout << n << " ";
\n }
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
\u8303\u56f4 for \u5faa\u73af（range-based for）\u5219\u8ba9\u904d\u5386\u5bb9\u5668\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u6d01\u76f4\u89c2，\u65e0\u9700\u518d\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3002\u6b64\u5916，C++11 \u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86 nullptr \u53d6\u4ee3 NULL \u548c 0，\u6210\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u5e38\u91cf，\u907f\u514d\u4e86 NULL \u5728\u91cd\u8f7d\u89e3\u6790\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6b67\u4e49；constexpr \u5141\u8bb8\u58f0\u660e\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u53ef\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u5e38\u91cf\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u51fd\u6570，\u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u80fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c，\u63d0\u5347\u8fd0\u884c\u6548\u7387；\u5f3a\u7c7b\u578b\u679a\u4e3e（enum class）\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u548c\u5e95\u5c42\u7c7b\u578b\u63a7\u5236，\u907f\u514d\u679a\u4e3e\u503c\u6c61\u67d3\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4；\u9759\u6001\u65ad\u8a00（static_assert）\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u6761\u4ef6，\u4e00\u65e6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u7acb\u5373\u62a5\u9519，\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u524d\u5230\u7f16\u8bd1\u9636\u6bb5；\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u9762\u91cf \u548c \u6570\u5b57\u5206\u9694\u7b26 \u8ba9\u6570\u503c\u8868\u8fbe\u66f4\u76f4\u89c2，\u4f8b\u5982 0b1010 \u8868\u793a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 10，1'000'000 \u8ba9\u5927\u6570\u5b57\u66f4\u6613\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n
C++11 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 std::shared_ptr\u3001std::unique_ptr \u548c std::weak_ptr \u4e09\u79cd\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488，\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5b58，\u4ece\u6839\u6e90\u4e0a\u51cf\u5c11\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\u548c\u60ac\u5782\u6307\u9488\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u4e2d unique_ptr \u72ec\u5360\u6240\u6709\u6743，\u4e0d\u53ef\u62f7\u8d1d\u4f46\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8，\u9002\u5408\u8d44\u6e90\u72ec\u5360\u573a\u666f；shared_ptr \u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u5171\u4eab\u6240\u6709\u6743，\u591a\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8ba1\u6570\u5f52\u96f6\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e；weak_ptr \u7528\u4e8e\u6253\u7834\u5faa\u73af\u5f15\u7528，\u5b83\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570，\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f31\u5f15\u7528，\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7 lock() \u63d0\u5347\u4e3a shared_ptr\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <memory>
\nvoid demo() {
\n auto p = std::make_shared<int>(42);
\n std::unique_ptr<int> q = std::make_unique<int>(10);
\n}<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u9762，C++11 \u652f\u6301 \u59d4\u6258\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570，\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u540c\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570，\u907f\u514d\u4ee3\u7801\u91cd\u590d；\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u8ba9 explicit \u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26，\u9632\u6b62\u9690\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u610f\u5916；\u9ed8\u8ba4\u548c\u5220\u9664\u51fd\u6570（=default\u3001=delete）\u5141\u8bb8\u663e\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u7279\u6b8a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u751f\u6210，\u4f8b\u5982\u7981\u7528\u62f7\u8d1d\u6784\u9020；override \u548c final \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027，override \u8ba9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u91cd\u5199\u4e86\u57fa\u7c7b\u865a\u51fd\u6570，final \u5219\u7981\u6b62\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6d3e\u751f\u6216\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528（&&）\u548c\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u5f15\u5165，\u662f C++11 \u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5de6\u503c\u662f\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u3001\u53ef\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61，\u53f3\u503c\u662f\u4e34\u65f6\u503c\u6216\u5373\u5c06\u9500\u6bc1\u7684\u503c\u3002\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u53f3\u503c，\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6548\u8f6c\u79fb\u800c\u975e\u6df1\u62f7\u8d1d，\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u914d\u5408 std::move \u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u5f0f\u628a\u5de6\u503c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u53f3\u503c，\u89e6\u53d1\u79fb\u52a8\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a vector \u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a vector，\u53ea\u9700\u8f6c\u79fb\u5185\u90e8\u6307\u9488，\u65e0\u9700\u590d\u5236\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <string>
\n#include <utility>
\nstd::string a = "hello";
\nstd::string b = std::move(a); \/\/ \u8f6c\u79fb\u8d44\u6e90，\u800c\u975e\u62f7\u8d1d<\/p>\n
\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u8fd8\u50ac\u751f\u4e86"\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020 + \u62f7\u8d1d\u6784\u9020"\u7684\u6210\u5bf9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f，\u8ba9\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u5bb9\u5668\u5728\u6269\u5bb9\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d，\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u4e49\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61，\u914d\u5408\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f [\u6355\u83b7\u5217\u8868](\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868) -> \u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b { \u51fd\u6570\u4f53 }\u3002\u6355\u83b7\u5217\u8868\u652f\u6301\u503c\u6355\u83b7（[=]）\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7（[&]）\u4ee5\u53ca\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6355\u83b7（C++14 \u8d77），\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u9700\u6355\u83b7\u7279\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf，\u5982 [x, &y] \u8868\u793a\u6309\u503c\u6355\u83b7 x\u3001\u6309\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7 y\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <vector>
\n#include <algorithm>
\nstd::vector<int> v = {5, 2, 8, 1};
\nstd::sort(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int x, int y) { return x < y; });<\/p>\n
\u540c\u65f6，std::function \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u901a\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5305\u88c5\u5668，\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u4efb\u610f\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61（\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3001Lambda\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49），std::bind \u652f\u6301\u53c2\u6570\u7ed1\u5b9a，\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u7ed1\u5b9a\u90e8\u5206\u53c2\u6570\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61，\u8ba9\u51fd\u6570\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u98ce\u683c\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n
C++11 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86 \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u6a21\u677f，\u652f\u6301\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u7c7b，\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168 printf \u7b49\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cdb\u578b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u7840；extern template \u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u6a21\u677f，\u51cf\u5c11\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u95f4，\u907f\u514d\u540c\u4e00\u6a21\u677f\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5355\u5143\u91cd\u590d\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316；\u6a21\u677f\u522b\u540d（using \u8bed\u6cd5）\u8ba9\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u578b\u522b\u540d\u66f4\u6e05\u6670，\u4f8b\u5982 template<typename T> using Vec = std::vector<T>;，\u6bd4 typedef \u66f4\u5f3a\u5927；\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570 \u5141\u8bb8\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u677f\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7c7b\u578b，\u8ba9\u8c03\u7528\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/p>\n
C++11 \u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u5e76\u53d1\u652f\u6301\u7eb3\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u5e93，\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 std::thread \u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7ebf\u7a0b，std::mutex \u7528\u4e8e\u4e92\u65a5\u9501\u4fdd\u62a4\u5171\u4eab\u6570\u636e，std::atomic \u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\u907f\u514d\u6570\u636e\u7ade\u4e89，std::condition_variable \u7528\u4e8e\u7ebf\u7a0b\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u7b49\u5f85，\u4ee5\u53ca std::async\u3001std::future\u3001std::promise \u7b49\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1\u673a\u5236，\u8ba9\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7f16\u7a0b\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd，\u65e0\u9700\u518d\u4f9d\u8d56\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ebf\u7a0b API\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <thread>
\n#include <iostream>
\nvoid hello() {
\n std::cout << "Hello from thread" << std::endl;
\n}
\nint main() {
\n std::thread t(hello);
\n t.join();
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528 std::thread \u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f：\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5bf9\u8c61\u6790\u6784\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u8c03\u7528 join() \u6216 detach()，\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1 std::terminate\u3002std::async \u5219\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u6216\u5f02\u5e38\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u4efb\u52a1\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n
C++11 \u5bf9\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u5e45\u6269\u5145，\u65b0\u589e\u4e86 std::regex \u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5e93，\u652f\u6301 ECMAScript \u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u6b63\u5219\u8bed\u6cd5；std::random \u73b0\u4ee3\u968f\u673a\u6570\u5e93（std::random_device\u3001std::mt19937 \u7b49），\u6bd4\u65e7\u7684 rand() \u66f4\u5747\u5300\u3001\u53ef\u590d\u73b0；std::chrono \u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u65f6\u95f4\u5e93，\u63d0\u4f9b\u7eb3\u79d2\u7ea7\u65f6\u95f4\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u65f6\u949f\u62bd\u8c61；std::tuple \u5143\u7ec4\u7c7b\u578b，\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u5305\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c；std::unordered_map \u548c std::unordered_set \u54c8\u5e0c\u5bb9\u5668，\u5e73\u5747 O(1) \u67e5\u627e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6；\u4ee5\u53ca std::array \u5b9a\u957f\u6570\u7ec4\u5bb9\u5668，\u517c\u5177 C \u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c STL \u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u6f14\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <vector>
\n#include <iostream>
\nint main() {
\n\/\/ \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868 + \u7edf\u4e00\u521d\u59cb\u5316
\nstd::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
\nint arr[]{4, 5, 6}; \/\/ \u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u521d\u59cb\u5316，\u9632\u6b62\u7a84\u5316\u8f6c\u6362
\n\/\/ std::begin \/ std::end \u7edf\u4e00\u904d\u5386\u6570\u7ec4\u548c\u5bb9\u5668
\nfor (auto it = std::begin(arr); it != std::end(arr); ++it) {
\n std::cout << *it << " ";
\n}
\nstd::cout << std::endl;
\n\/\/ std::to_string \u6570\u503c\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\nstd::string s = std::to_string(42);
\nstd::cout << s << std::endl;
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <iostream>
\n\/\/ \u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b57\u9762\u91cf：\u5b9a\u4e49\u5343\u7c73\u540e\u7f00
\nlong double operator"" _km(long double val) {
\nreturn val * 1000.0; \/\/ \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7c73
\n}
\n\/\/ noexcept \u8bf4\u660e\u7b26：\u58f0\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u629b\u5f02\u5e38
\nint divide(int a, int b) noexcept {
\nreturn a \/ b;
\n}
\nint main() {
\nauto dist = 100.0_km; \/\/ 100 \u5343\u7c73
\nstd::cout << dist << " meters" << std::endl;
\n\/\/ \u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u91cf：\u65e0\u9700\u8f6c\u4e49
\nconst char* path = R"(C:\\\\Users\\\\name\\\\file.txt)";
\nstd::cout << path << std::endl;
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <iostream><\/p>\n
\/\/ alignas \u63a7\u5236\u5bf9\u9f50，alignof \u67e5\u8be2\u5bf9\u9f50
\nstruct alignas(16) AlignedData {
\n char data[16];
\n};<\/p>\n
int main() {
\n std::cout << "alignof(AlignedData) = " << alignof(AlignedData) << std::endl;<\/p>\n
\/\/ [[noreturn]] \u5c5e\u6027：\u6807\u8bb0\u4e0d\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570
\n [[noreturn]] void fail() {
\n throw std::runtime_error("fatal error");
\n }
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
C++14 \u662f\u5bf9 C++11 \u7684\u8865\u5145\u548c\u5b8c\u5584，\u6539\u52a8\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f，\u4f46\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u6613\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
auto add = [](auto a, auto b) { return a + b; };<\/p>\n
auto square(int x) { return x * x; }<\/p>\n
template<typename T> constexpr T pi = T(3.1415926535897932385);<\/p>\n
constexpr int factorial(int n) {
\n int result = 1;
\n for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) result *= i;
\n return result;
\n}<\/p>\n
auto p = std::make_unique<int>(42);<\/p>\n
[[deprecated("use new_func instead")]] void old_func();<\/p>\n
C++17 \u5728 C++14 \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u8fdb，\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u6807\u51c6\u5e93，\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u68b3\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a（structured bindings）\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u89e3\u5305\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e2d，\u8ba9\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u6d01\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u4ece std::map \u4e2d\u904d\u5386\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u65f6，\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7528 auto [key, value] \u89e3\u5305\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <map>
\n#include <iostream>
\nstd::map<std::string, int> scores = {{"Alice", 90}, {"Bob", 85}};
\nfor (const auto& [name, score] : scores) {
\n std::cout << name << ": " << score << std::endl;
\n}<\/p>\n
C++17 \u5141\u8bb8\u5728 if \u548c switch \u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u58f0\u660e\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u53d8\u91cf，\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u5728\u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u5185，\u907f\u514d\u6c61\u67d3\u5916\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df，\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6761\u4ef6\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e\u66f4\u52a0\u7d27\u51d1\u3002<\/p>\n
if (auto it = container.find(key); it != container.end()) {
\n \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528 it
\n} else {
\n \/\/ \u672a\u627e\u5230
\n}<\/p>\n
\u5185\u8054\u53d8\u91cf（inline variable）\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u591a\u91cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef，\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 C++ \u4e2d\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u957f\u671f\u75db\u70b9，\u5c24\u5176\u9002\u5408\u6a21\u677f\u548c\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u5e93\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49
\ninline int global_counter = 0;<\/p>\n
\u6298\u53e0\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f（fold expressions）\u8ba9\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u6a21\u677f\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u6d01，\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u53c2\u6570\u5305\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u5143\u6216\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97，\u5927\u5e45\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
template<typename… Args>
\nauto sum(Args… args) {
\n return (args + …); \/\/ \u4e00\u5143\u53f3\u6298\u53e0
\n}<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u6f14\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u589e\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <optional>
\n#include <iostream>
\nstd::optional<int> divide(int a, int b) {
\nif (b == 0) return std::nullopt;
\nreturn a \/ b;
\n}
\nint main() {
\nauto result = divide(10, 2);
\nif (result) {
\nstd::cout << "result: " << *result << std::endl;
\n} else {
\nstd::cout << "division by zero" << std::endl;
\n}
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <variant>
\n#include <iostream>
\nint main() {
\nstd::variant<int, double, std::string> v;
\nv = 42;
\nstd::cout << std::get<int>(v) << std::endl;
\nv = "hello";
\nstd::visit([](auto&& arg) {
\n std::cout << arg << std::endl;
\n}, v);
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <any>
\n#include <iostream>
\nint main() {
\nstd::any value = 42;
\nstd::cout << std::any_cast<int>(value) << std::endl;
\nvalue = std::string("hello");
\nstd::cout << std::any_cast<std::string>(value) << std::endl;
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <string_view>
\n#include <iostream>
\nvoid print(std::string_view sv) {
\nstd::cout << sv << std::endl;
\n}
\nint main() {
\nstd::string s = "hello world";
\nprint(s); \/\/ \u4ece std::string \u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362
\nprint("literal"); \/\/ \u4ece\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u6784\u9020
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <filesystem>
\n#include <iostream>
\nnamespace fs = std::filesystem;
\nint main() {
\nfs::path p = "example.txt";
\nstd::cout << "exists: " << fs::exists(p) << std::endl;
\nstd::cout << "extension: " << p.extension() << std::endl;
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <vector>
\n#include <algorithm>
\n#include <execution>
\n#include <iostream><\/p>\n
int main() {
\n std::vector<int> v = {5, 2, 8, 1, 9, 3};
\n std::sort(std::execution::par, v.begin(), v.end());
\n for (int x : v) {
\n std::cout << x << " ";
\n }
\n std::cout << std::endl;
\n return 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
C++20 \u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21"\u5927\u7248\u672c"\u66f4\u65b0，\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u7b49\u91cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u7279\u6027，\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u5347\u4e86 C++ \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6982\u5ff5（concepts）\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3a\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6，\u8ba9\u6a21\u677f\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u66f4\u6e05\u6670，\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6cdb\u578b\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u786e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982，\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea6\u675f\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u79cd\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <concepts>
\ntemplate<typename T>
\nrequires std::integral<T>
\nT add(T a, T b) {
\n return a + b;
\n}<\/p>\n
\u534f\u7a0b（coroutines）\u662f C++20 \u5f15\u5165\u7684\u5f02\u6b65\u7f16\u7a0b\u5229\u5668，\u5141\u8bb8\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u4e2d\u95f4\u6302\u8d77\u548c\u6062\u590d，\u8ba9\u5f02\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u540c\u6b65\u4ee3\u7801\u4e00\u6837\u7f16\u5199，\u6781\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u5f02\u6b65\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <coroutine>
\n\/\/ \u534f\u7a0b\u793a\u4f8b（\u7b80\u5316）
\ngenerator<int> counter() {
\n for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
\n co_yield i;
\n }
\n}<\/p>\n
\u8303\u56f4（ranges）\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u7ec4\u5408\u5f0f\u3001\u60f0\u6027\u6c42\u503c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u63a5\u53e3，\u8ba9\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u66f4\u52a0\u4f18\u96c5\u3002\u914d\u5408\u89c6\u56fe（views）\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u94fe\u5f0f\u64cd\u4f5c，\u907f\u514d\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <ranges>
\n#include <vector>
\nstd::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
\nauto even_squares = v | std::views::filter([](int x) { return x % 2 == 0; })
\n | std::views::transform([](int x) { return x * x; });<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u6f14\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
#include <iostream>
\n#include <compare>
\nstruct Point {
\nint x, y;
\nauto operator<=>(const Point& other) const = default;
\n};
\nint main() {
\nPoint a{1, 2}, b{1, 3};
\nstd::cout << (a < b) << std::endl; \/\/ 1
\nstd::cout << (a == b) << std::endl; \/\/ 0
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <span>
\n#include <vector>
\n#include <iostream>
\nvoid print_sum(std::span<const int> data) {
\nint sum = 0;
\nfor (int v : data) sum += v;
\nstd::cout << "sum: " << sum << std::endl;
\n}
\nint main() {
\nstd::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
\nint arr[] = {10, 20, 30};
\nprint_sum(vec); \/\/ \u5bb9\u5668
\nprint_sum(arr); \/\/ \u539f\u751f\u6570\u7ec4
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
#include <thread>
\n#include <iostream>
\nint main() {
\nstd::jthread t([] {
\nstd::cout << "Hello from jthread" << std::endl;
\n});
\n\/\/ \u6790\u6784\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8 join，\u65e0\u9700\u624b\u52a8\u8c03\u7528 t.join()
\nreturn 0;
\n}<\/p>\n
struct Config {
\n int width = 800;
\n int height = 600;
\n std::string title = "default";
\n};
\nConfig cfg = {
\n.title = "My App",
\n.width = 1024
\n};<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u5feb\u901f\u628a\u63e1 C++11\u3001C++14\u3001C++17 \u548c C++20 \u56db\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u7248\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02，\u4e0b\u9762\u7528\u4e00\u5f20\u8868\u683c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n
| C++11<\/td>\n | 2011 \u5e74<\/td>\n | auto \u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0e\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u3001Lambda \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001\u8303\u56f4 for \u5faa\u73af\u3001nullptr\u3001constexpr\u3001\u5f3a\u7c7b\u578b\u679a\u4e3e\u3001\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u6a21\u677f\u3001std::thread \u5e76\u53d1\u652f\u6301\u3001std::regex\u3001std::chrono<\/td>\n | \u73b0\u4ee3 C++ \u57fa\u7840\u91cd\u6784\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u5b89\u5168\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406\u3001\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7f16\u7a0b\u3001\u6b63\u5219\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u5904\u7406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
| C++14<\/td>\n | 2014 \u5e74<\/td>\n | \u6cdb\u578b Lambda\u3001\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u5bfc\u3001\u53d8\u91cf\u6a21\u677f\u3001constexpr \u589e\u5f3a（\u652f\u6301\u5faa\u73af\u4e0e\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf）\u3001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3001std::make_unique\u3001[[deprecated]] \u5c5e\u6027<\/td>\n | \u5bf9 C++11 \u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6613\u7528\u6027\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u6a21\u677f\u5143\u7f16\u7a0b\u7b80\u5316\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97\u589e\u5f3a\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u5f03\u7528\u6807\u8bb0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
| C++17<\/td>\n | 2017 \u5e74<\/td>\n | \u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3001if\/switch \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bed\u53e5\u3001\u5185\u8054\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u6298\u53e0\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001std::optional\u3001std::variant\u3001std::any\u3001std::string_view\u3001std::filesystem\u3001\u5e76\u884c\u7b97\u6cd5<\/td>\n | \u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8868\u8fbe\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u503c\u4e0e\u591a\u6001\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u96f6\u62f7\u8d1d\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406\u3001\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
| C++20<\/td>\n | 2020 \u5e74<\/td>\n | \u6982\u5ff5（Concepts）\u3001\u534f\u7a0b（Coroutines）\u3001\u8303\u56f4（Ranges）\u3001\u4e09\u8def\u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3001constexpr \u589e\u5f3a\u3001std::span\u3001std::jthread\u3001\u6a21\u5757（Modules）\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5668<\/td>\n | \u6cdb\u578b\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u4f18\u5316\u3001\u5f02\u6b65\u4e0e\u5e76\u53d1\u7f16\u7a0b\u3001\u60f0\u6027\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u9053\u5904\u7406\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u6784\u5efa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u4ece\u8868\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa，C++11 \u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3 C++ \u7684\u57fa\u77f3，C++14 \u4e0e C++17 \u9010\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93，\u800c C++20 \u5219\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u7b49\u91cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u80fd\u529b，\u63a8\u52a8 C++ \u5411\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6301\u7eed\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n 7. \u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\u4ece C++11 \u5230 C++20，C++ \u8bed\u8a00\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece"\u4f20\u7edf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00"\u5230"\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u9ad8\u6548"\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u53d8\u9769\u3002C++11 \u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3 C++ \u7684\u57fa\u7840，\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u3001Lambda \u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027；C++14 \u505a\u4e86\u8865\u5145\u5b8c\u5584；C++17 \u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7b80\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5\u5e76\u589e\u5f3a\u6807\u51c6\u5e93；C++20 \u5219\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u534f\u7a0b\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u7b49\u91cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7279\u6027，\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u5199\u51fa\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u4ee3\u7801，\u4e5f\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3 C++ \u751f\u6001\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u9879\u76ee，\u9010\u6b65\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u65e5\u5e38\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1. \u5f15\u8a00C \u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u957f\u671f\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d，\u6bcf\u9694\u6570\u5e74\u4fbf\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d C11 \u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u66f4\u65b0，\u5b83\u8ba9 C \u4ece\u4e00\u95e8\u504f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00，\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u66f4\u6613\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u968f\u540e C14\u3001C17 \u548c C20 \u5728 C11 \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6301\u7eed\u5b8c\u5584，\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7279\u6027\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5148\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406 C11 \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027，\u518d\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd C14\u3001C17 \u4e0e C20 \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b0\u589e\u5185\u5bb9，\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3 C \u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8ba4\u77e5<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[55,190],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-115555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-c","tag-190"],"yoast_head":"\n |