{"id":113322,"date":"2026-10-06T00:25:20","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T16:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/113322.html"},"modified":"2026-10-06T00:25:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T16:25:20","slug":"linux%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9c%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/113322.html","title":{"rendered":"linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>1. Linux \u57fa\u7840<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Linux \u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5185\u6838&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u53d1\u884c\u7248&#xff1a;Debian\/Ubuntu\u3001RHEL\/CentOS\/Fedora\u3001SUSE\u3001Arch \u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7279\u70b9&#xff1a;\u5f00\u6e90\u3001\u591a\u7528\u6237\u3001\u591a\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5c0f\u5de5\u5177\u7ec4\u5408\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u534f\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ec4\u6210&#xff1a;\u5185\u6838 &#043; Shell &#043; \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf &#043; GNU \u5de5\u5177 &#043; \u5305\u7ba1\u7406 &#043; \u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1 Shell&#xff1a;bash\u3001zsh\u3001sh\u3001fish\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55 FHS&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\/bin\u3001\/sbin&#xff1a;\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \/etc&#xff1a;\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\/home\u3001\/root&#xff1a;\u7528\u6237\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \/var&#xff1a;\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u7b49\u53d8\u5316\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \/tmp&#xff1a;\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\/usr&#xff1a;\u7528\u6237\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \/dev&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\/proc\u3001\/sys&#xff1a;\u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u865a\u62df\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\/boot&#xff1a;\u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u542f\u52a8\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;ext4\u3001xfs\u3001btrfs\u3001zfs\u3002<\/p>\n<p>inode \u5b58\u5143\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u540d&#xff1b;\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5230 inode \u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u786c\u94fe\u63a5 vs \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0\u786c\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00 inode&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u8de8\u5206\u533a&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u94fe\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5&#xff1a;\u6307\u5411\u8def\u5f84&#xff0c;\u53ef\u8de8\u5206\u533a&#xff0c;\u53ef\u94fe\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>3. \u6743\u9650\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u6743\u9650&#xff1a;r&#061;4\u3001w&#061;2\u3001x&#061;1&#xff0c;\u5206 u\/g\/o\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;chmod\u3001chown\u3001chgrp\u3001umask\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u9650&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0SUID&#xff1a;\u4ee5\u6587\u4ef6\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6743\u9650\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 SGID&#xff1a;\u4ee5\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u6743\u9650\u6267\u884c&#xff0c;\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7ee7\u627f\u7ec4<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 Sticky&#xff1a;\u5982 \/tmp&#xff0c;\u53ea\u80fd\u5220\u9664\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>ACL&#xff1a;setfacl\u3001getfacl\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793a\u4f8b&#xff1a;chmod 755 file\u3001chown user:group file\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>4. \u5e38\u7528\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;ls\u3001cd\u3001pwd\u3001cp\u3001mv\u3001rm\u3001mkdir\u3001touch\u3001ln\u3001stat\u3001file\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b&#xff1a;cat\u3001less\u3001head\u3001tail\u3001grep\u3001find\u3001xargs\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u538b\u7f29&#xff1a;tar\u3001gzip\u3001zip\u3001unzip\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u78c1\u76d8&#xff1a;df -h\u3001du -sh\u3001mount\u3001umount\u3001fdisk\u3001parted\u3001mkfs\u3001blkid\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u672c&#xff1a;sed\u3001awk\u3001sort\u3001uniq\u3001wc\u3001cut\u3001tr\u3001diff\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>5. \u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6&#xff1a;\/etc\/passwd\u3001\/etc\/shadow\u3001\/etc\/group\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;useradd\u3001usermod\u3001userdel\u3001groupadd\u3001passwd\u3001id\u3001who\u3001w\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5207\u6362\u4e0e\u63d0\u6743&#xff1a;su\u3001sudo\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5c0f\u6743\u9650\u539f\u5219&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 root\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>6. \u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b&#xff1a;ps\u3001top\u3001htop\u3001pgrep\u3001pidof\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a7\u5236&#xff1a;kill\u3001pkill\u3001killall\u3001jobs\u3001bg\u3001fg\u3001nohup\u3001&amp;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7&#xff1a;nice\u3001renice\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;R \u8fd0\u884c\u3001S \u7761\u7720\u3001D \u4e0d\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u3001T \u505c\u6b62\u3001Z \u50f5\u5c38\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u53f7&#xff1a;SIGTERM(15)\u3001SIGKILL(9)\u3001SIGHUP(1)\u3001SIGINT(2)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa&#xff0c;\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u672a\u56de\u6536\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b64\u513f\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5148\u9000\u51fa&#xff0c;\u88ab init\/systemd \u6536\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>7. \u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b&#xff1a;BIOS\/UEFI \u2192 GRUB \u2192 \u5185\u6838 \u2192 initramfs \u2192 systemd \u2192 target\u3002<\/p>\n<p>systemd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0systemctl start\/stop\/restart\/status\/enable\/disable<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0journalctl -u \u670d\u52a1\u540d<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 target&#xff1a;multi-user.target\u3001graphical.target<\/p>\n<p>\u65e7\u5f0f&#xff1a;service\u3001chkconfig\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>8. \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Debian\/Ubuntu&#xff1a;apt update\u3001apt install\u3001dpkg -i\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RHEL\/CentOS&#xff1a;yum\u3001dnf\u3001rpm -ivh\u3002<\/p>\n<p>SUSE&#xff1a;zypper\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Arch&#xff1a;pacman\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6e90\u7801\u5b89\u88c5&#xff1a;.\/configure &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; make install\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>9. \u7f51\u7edc<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;ip addr\u3001ip route\u3001ping\u3001traceroute\u3001ss -tulnp\u3001netstat\u3001curl\u3001wget\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdc\u7a0b&#xff1a;ssh\u3001scp\u3001rsync\u3001ssh-keygen\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u914d\u7f6e&#xff1a;\/etc\/hosts\u3001\/etc\/resolv.conf\u3001\/etc\/sysconfig\/network-scripts\u3001netplan\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u9632\u706b\u5899&#xff1a;iptables\u3001firewalld\u3001ufw\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>10. Shell \u4e0e\u811a\u672c<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3001PATH\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411&#xff1a;&gt;\u3001&gt;&gt;\u3001&lt;\u30012&gt;\u3001&amp;&gt;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ba1\u9053&#xff1a;|\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u914d\u7b26&#xff1a;*\u3001?\u3001[]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u811a\u672c&#xff1a;#!\/bin\/bash\u3001\u6761\u4ef6 if\u3001\u5faa\u73af for\/while\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u9000\u51fa\u7801 $?\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528&#xff1a;set -e\u3001$(\u547d\u4ee4\u66ff\u6362)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>11. \u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e\u76d1\u63a7<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u5fd7&#xff1a;\/var\/log\/messages\u3001\/var\/log\/syslog\u3001\/var\/log\/auth.log\u3001dmesg\u3001journalctl\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76d1\u63a7&#xff1a;top\u3001htop\u3001free\u3001vmstat\u3001iostat\u3001sar\u3001mpstat\u3001iotop\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u65e5\u5fd7\u8f6e\u8f6c&#xff1a;logrotate\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>12. \u5b89\u5168<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u6700\u5c0f\u6743\u9650\u3001sudo\u3001SSH \u5bc6\u94a5\u767b\u5f55\u3001\u7981\u7528 root \u8fdc\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9632\u706b\u5899\u3001SELinux\/AppArmor\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3001ACL\u3001chattr\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bc6\u7801\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u5ba1\u8ba1\u3001\u8865\u4e01\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>13. \u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u6838&#xff1a;uname -a\u3001lsmod\u3001modprobe\u3001sysctl\u3001\/proc\u3001\/sys\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6027\u80fd&#xff1a;CPU\u3001\u5185\u5b58\u3001\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u8d1f\u8f7d load average\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u5b58&#xff1a;page cache\u3001swap\u3001OOM\u3002<\/p>\n<p>I\/O \u6a21\u578b&#xff1a;\u963b\u585e\u3001\u975e\u963b\u585e\u3001\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528 select\/poll\/epoll\u3001\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>14. \u78c1\u76d8\u4e0e\u5b58\u50a8<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u533a\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u3001\u6302\u8f7d\u3001\/etc\/fstab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>LVM&#xff1a;pvcreate\u3001vgcreate\u3001lvcreate\u3001lvextend\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RAID&#xff1a;0\u30011\u30015\u300110\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u78c1\u76d8\u914d\u989d\u3001\u5feb\u7167\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>15. \u5bb9\u5668\u4e0e\u865a\u62df\u5316<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u6838\u5fc3&#xff1a;namespace \u9694\u79bb\u3001cgroup \u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Docker\u3001Podman\u3001Kubernetes\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u865a\u62df\u5316&#xff1a;KVM\u3001QEMU\u3001Xen\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u9762\u8bd5\u9ad8\u9891\u91cd\u70b9<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0e\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5b64\u513f\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0e\u7ebf\u7a0b\u3001fork\/exec<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u3001IO \u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u3001epoll<\/p>\n<p>\u6743\u9650\u3001SUID\/SGID\/Sticky<\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b\u3001systemd<\/p>\n<p>LVM\u3001RAID\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u7528\u6392\u9519\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;top\u3001df\u3001du\u3001ss\u3001journalctl\u3001dmesg<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Linux \u57fa\u7840Linux \u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5185\u6838&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u53d1\u884c\u7248&#xff1a;Debian\/Ubuntu\u3001RHEL\/CentOS\/Fedora\u3001SUSE\u3001Arch \u7b49\u3002\u7279\u70b9&#xff1a;\u5f00\u6e90\u3001\u591a\u7528\u6237\u3001\u591a\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5c0f\u5de5\u5177\u7ec4\u5408\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u534f\u4f5c\u3002\u7ec4\u6210&#xff1a;\u5185\u6838  Shell  \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf  GNU \u5de5\u5177  \u5305\u7ba1\u7406  \u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5e38\u89c1 Shell&#xff1a;bash\u3001zsh\u3001sh\u3001fish\u30022. \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55 FHS&#xff1a;\/bin\u3001\/s<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[58],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-113322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-linux"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/113322.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"linux\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf - \u7f51\u7855\u4e92\u8054\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u5fc3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. 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