{"id":112116,"date":"2026-10-02T18:24:52","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T10:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/112116.html"},"modified":"2026-10-02T18:24:52","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T10:24:52","slug":"day6-linux%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86io%e4%b8%8e%e6%97%a5%e5%bf%97%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/112116.html","title":{"rendered":"Day6 Linux\u6807\u51c6IO\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7406"},"content":{"rendered":"

Linux \u6807\u51c6 IO（\u8f93\u5165\/\u8f93\u51fa）\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7406<\/h2>\n

\u7ee7\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u300b（pwd\u3001cp \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4）\u4e4b\u540e，\u672c\u7bc7\u8bb2\u89e3 Linux \u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u6807\u51c6 IO，\u4ee5\u53ca\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b83\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u548c\u4e09\u5927\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177（grep \/ sed \/ awk）\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u540e\u7eed\u505a\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u548c Shell \u811a\u672c\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u5730\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e00\u3001\u6807\u51c6 IO：\u4e09\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u6d41<\/h3>\n

\u5728 Linux \u4e2d，\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u6587\u4ef6，\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u4e5f\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a"\u6570\u636e\u6d41"\u3002\u6bcf\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4，\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5176\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6253\u5f00\u4e09\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6d41，\u5e76\u7528**\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26（File Descriptor, fd）**\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u53f7：<\/p>\n\n\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u540d\u79f0\u82f1\u6587\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6307\u5411\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n
0<\/td>\n\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165<\/td>\nstdin (Standard Input)<\/td>\n\u952e\u76d8<\/td>\n\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6765\u6e90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa<\/td>\nstdout (Standard Output)<\/td>\n\u7ec8\u7aef\u5c4f\u5e55<\/td>\n\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6b63\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8f93\u51fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef<\/td>\nstderr (Standard Error)<\/td>\n\u7ec8\u7aef\u5c4f\u5e55<\/td>\n\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8f93\u51fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/p>\n

\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6，\u6b63\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u679c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u90fd\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u5728\u7ec8\u7aef\u4e2d，\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a stdout（1）\u548c stderr（2）\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u90fd\u662f\u7ec8\u7aef\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e24\u6761\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6d41，\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u79bb\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u6392\u67e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9a8c\u8bc1\u793a\u4f8b：<\/p>\n

# \u540c\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
\nls<\/span> \/etc\/passwd \/notexist<\/p>\n

\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d ls: cannot access '\/notexist': No such file or directory \u8d70\u7684\u662f stderr（fd 2），\u800c \/etc\/passwd \u8d70\u7684\u662f stdout（fd 1）\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411：>\u3001>>\u30012><\/h3>\n

\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u7684\u672c\u8d28：\u6539\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u7684\u5730，\u628a\u539f\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8f6c\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

1. >：\u8986\u76d6\u5f0f\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa<\/h4>\n

\u5c06\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u5199\u5165\u6587\u4ef6，\u6587\u4ef6\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u88ab\u6e05\u7a7a\u8986\u76d6\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u3002<\/p>\n

# \u628a\u76ee\u5f55\u6e05\u5355\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
\nls<\/span> -l<\/span> \/etc ><\/span> etc_list.txt<\/p>\n

# \u6e05\u7a7a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6（\u5229\u7528\u7a7a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u8986\u76d6\u7279\u6027）<\/span>
\n><\/span> app.log<\/p>\n

\u26a0\ufe0f > \u662f\u8986\u76d6\u5199，\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u524d\u52a1\u5fc5\u786e\u8ba4，\u907f\u514d\u8bef\u6e05\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

2. >>：\u8ffd\u52a0\u5f0f\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa<\/h4>\n

\u4e0e > \u7684\u552f\u4e00\u533a\u522b：\u4e0d\u6e05\u7a7a\u539f\u5185\u5bb9，\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3002\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u573a\u666f\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u7528 >>\u3002<\/p>\n

# \u6301\u7eed\u8bb0\u5f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8f7d，\u4e0d\u8986\u76d6\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e<\/span>
\nuptime<\/span> >><\/span> \/var\/log\/load_monitor.log<\/p>\n

# \u591a\u6b21\u6267\u884c，\u5185\u5bb9\u9010\u884c\u7d2f\u79ef<\/span>
\ndate<\/span> >><\/span> run.log
\necho<\/span> "\u4efb\u52a1\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6210"<\/span> >><\/span> run.log<\/p>\n

3. 2> \/ 2>>：\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef<\/h4>\n

\u7b26\u53f7\u524d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u30022> \u53ea\u6355\u83b7\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa，\u6b63\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u663e\u793a\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u3002<\/p>\n

# \u628a\u62a5\u9519\u4fe1\u606f\u5355\u72ec\u5b58\u5230\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7<\/span>
\nls<\/span> \/notexist 2<\/span>><\/span> error.log<\/p>\n

# find \u904d\u5386\u5168\u76d8\u65f6\u6743\u9650\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u62a5\u9519\u5f88\u591a，\u4e22\u5f03\u5230"\u9ed1\u6d1e"<\/span>
\nfind<\/span> \/ -name<\/span> "nginx.conf"<\/span> 2<\/span>><\/span> \/dev\/null<\/p>\n

\/dev\/null \u662f Linux \u7684"\u9ed1\u6d1e\u8bbe\u5907"，\u5199\u5165\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u4e22\u5f03，\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5c4f\u853d\u65e0\u7528\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

\u91cd\u70b9\u7406\u89e3 2>&1：\u5b83\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f"\u8ba9 fd 2 \u6307\u5411 fd 1 \u5f53\u524d\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5730\u65b9"\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u4e24\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0d\u540c，\u7ed3\u679c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c：<\/p>\n

.\/app.sh ><\/span> all.log 2<\/span>><\/span>&1<\/span> # \u2705 \u6b63\u786e：stdout \u5148\u8fdb\u6587\u4ef6，stderr \u518d\u8ddf\u968f\u8fdb\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>
\n.\/app.sh 2<\/span>><\/span>&1<\/span> ><\/span> all.log # \u274c \u9519\u8bef：stderr \u5148\u8ddf\u968f stdout（\u6b64\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u5c4f\u5e55），\u4e4b\u540e stdout \u624d\u8fdb\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e09\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411：<<\/h3>\n

> A\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u662f\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u53bb\u5411，< \u5219\u76f8\u53cd：\u8ba9\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u518d\u4ece\u952e\u76d8\u8bfb\u53d6\u8f93\u5165，\u6539\u4e3a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/p>\n

# \u7edf\u8ba1\u6587\u4ef6\u884c\u6570（\u6ce8\u610f：wc -l file \u4e0e wc -l < file \u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02）<\/span>
\nwc<\/span> -l<\/span> <<\/span> \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

# \u628a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u90ae\u4ef6\u6b63\u6587\u53d1\u9001<\/span>
\nmail -s<\/span> "\u65e5\u62a5"<\/span> admin@example.com <<\/span> report.txt<\/p>\n

# \u6279\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u65f6，\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u5165\u7528\u6237\u5217\u8868<\/span>
\nwhile<\/span> read<\/span> user;<\/span> do<\/span> useradd<\/span> "$user<\/span>"<\/span>;<\/span> done<\/span> <<\/span> users.txt<\/p>\n

\u8865\u5145：<<（Here Document，\u6b64\u5904\u6587\u6863），\u5728\u811a\u672c\u4e2d\u5185\u8054\u63d0\u4f9b\u591a\u884c\u8f93\u5165：<\/p>\n

cat<\/span> <<<\/span> EOF ><\/span> \/etc\/motd<\/span>
\n==============================
\n \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5df2\u52a0\u56fa，\u8bf7\u52ff\u8fdd\u89c4\u64cd\u4f5c
\n==============================
\nEOF<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u56db\u3001\u7ba1\u9053 | \u4e0e tee<\/h3>\n

1. \u7ba1\u9053 |：\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684"\u4f20\u9001\u5e26"<\/h4>\n

\u7ba1\u9053\u5c06\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165，\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4e32\u8054\u534f\u4f5c\u3002\u6ce8\u610f：\u7ba1\u9053\u53ea\u4f20\u9012 stdout（fd 1），stderr \u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4f20\u9012\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/p>\n

# \u67e5\u770b\u76d1\u542c\u4e2d\u7684 TCP \u7aef\u53e3<\/span>
\nss -tlnp<\/span> |<\/span> grep<\/span> LISTEN<\/p>\n

# \u7edf\u8ba1\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a bash \u767b\u5f55\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/span>
\nwho<\/span> |<\/span> wc<\/span> -l<\/span><\/p>\n

# \u591a\u7ea7\u7ba1\u9053：\u627e\u51fa\u5360\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u524d 5 \u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span>
\nps<\/span> aux –sort<\/span>=<\/span>-%mem |<\/span> head<\/span> -6<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u9700\u8ba9\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u7ba1\u9053，\u5148\u5408\u5e76\u6570\u636e\u6d41：<\/p>\n

.\/app.sh 2<\/span>><\/span>&1<\/span> |<\/span> grep<\/span> "ERROR"<\/span><\/p>\n

2. tee：\u4e00\u4efd\u6570\u636e，\u4e24\u5904\u53bb\u5411<\/h4>\n

tee \u547d\u4ee4\u8bfb\u53d6\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165，\u540c\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u6c34\u7ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u4e09\u901a\u63a5\u5934\u3002\u9700\u8981"\u65e2\u770b\u5b9e\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa\u3001\u53c8\u7559\u6863\u8bb0\u5f55"\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/p>\n

# \u5b89\u88c5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e2\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u663e\u793a，\u53c8\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u65e5\u5fd7<\/span>
\nyum install<\/span> nginx -y<\/span> |<\/span> tee<\/span> install.log<\/p>\n

# -a \u9009\u9879：\u8ffd\u52a0\u800c\u975e\u8986\u76d6<\/span>
\n.\/deploy.sh |<\/span> tee<\/span> -a<\/span> deploy_history.log<\/p>\n

# \u914d\u5408 sudo \u5199\u5165\u65e0\u6743\u9650\u7684\u6587\u4ef6（\u7ecf\u5178\u7528\u6cd5：echo \u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u9650，\u9760 tee \u63d0\u6743\u5199\u5165）<\/span>
\necho<\/span> "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1"<\/span> |<\/span> sudo<\/span> tee<\/span> -a<\/span> \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e94\u3001grep \u4e0e\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f：\u65e5\u5fd7\u68c0\u7d22\u7684\u5229\u5668<\/h3>\n

grep（Global Regular Expression Print）\u6309\u6a21\u5f0f\u9010\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6587\u672c，\u662f\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002
\n\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/p>\n

1. \u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\u9009\u9879\u4f5c\u7528\u793a\u4f8b<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
-i<\/td>\n\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199<\/td>\ngrep -i "error" app.log<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-v<\/td>\n\u53cd\u5411\u5339\u914d（\u663e\u793a\u4e0d\u542b\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u884c）<\/td>\ngrep -v "^#" nginx.conf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-n<\/td>\n\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u7684\u884c\u53f7<\/td>\ngrep -n "failed" secure.log<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-c<\/td>\n\u53ea\u7edf\u8ba1\u5339\u914d\u7684\u884c\u6570<\/td>\ngrep -c "404" access.log<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-r<\/td>\n\u9012\u5f52\u641c\u7d22\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\ngrep -r "password" \/etc\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-w<\/td>\n\u6574\u8bcd\u5339\u914d<\/td>\ngrep -w "root" \/etc\/passwd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-A n<\/td>\n\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u540e n \u884c (After)<\/td>\ngrep -A 3 "ERROR" app.log<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-B n<\/td>\n\u663e\u793a\u5339\u914d\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u524d n \u884c (Before)<\/td>\ngrep -B 3 "ERROR" app.log<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-E<\/td>\n\u542f\u7528\u6269\u5c55\u6b63\u5219（\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e egrep）<\/td>\n`grep -E "404<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. \u57fa\u7840\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f（BRE）\u5e38\u7528\u5143\u5b57\u7b26<\/h4>\n\n\u7b26\u53f7\u542b\u4e49\u793a\u4f8b<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
^<\/td>\n\u884c\u9996\u951a\u5b9a<\/td>\ngrep "^root" \/etc\/passwd \u5339\u914d\u4ee5 root \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u884c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$<\/td>\n\u884c\u5c3e\u951a\u5b9a<\/td>\ngrep "bash$" \/etc\/passwd \u5339\u914d\u4ee5 bash \u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u884c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
.<\/td>\n\u5339\u914d\u4efb\u610f\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26<\/td>\ngrep "r..t" file \u53ef\u5339\u914d root\u3001rust<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*<\/td>\n\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u51fa\u73b0 0 \u6b21\u6216\u591a\u6b21<\/td>\ngrep "ab*c" file<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[…]<\/td>\n\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408<\/td>\ngrep "[0-9]" file \u5339\u914d\u542b\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u884c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[^…]<\/td>\n\u5b57\u7b26\u96c6\u5408\u53d6\u53cd<\/td>\ngrep -v "^#" nginx.conf | grep -v "^$" \u8fc7\u6ee4\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u7a7a\u884c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u5b9e\u6218\u793a\u4f8b\u2014\u2014\u5206\u6790 Nginx \u8bbf\u95ee\u65e5\u5fd7：<\/p>\n

# \u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709 5xx \u670d\u52a1\u7aef\u9519\u8bef<\/span>
\ngrep<\/span> -E<\/span> '" 5[0-9]{2} '<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log<\/p>\n

# \u7edf\u8ba1\u4eca\u5929 404 \u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/span>
\ngrep<\/span> -c<\/span> "404"<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log<\/p>\n

# \u67e5\u770b\u67d0\u4e2a IP \u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8bbf\u95ee\u8bb0\u5f55<\/span>
\ngrep<\/span> "192.168.10.100"<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log<\/p>\n

\n

\u516d\u3001sed：\u6d41\u5f0f\u6587\u672c\u7f16\u8f91\u5668<\/h3>\n

sed（Stream Editor）\u9010\u884c\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u672c，\u6309\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u589e\u3001\u5220\u3001\u6539\u3001\u67e5，\u9002\u5408\u6279\u91cf\u3001\u975e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/p>\n

1. \u6838\u5fc3\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n

sed [\u9009\u9879] '\u52a8\u4f5c' \u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

2. \u66ff\u6362（\u6700\u5e38\u7528）<\/h4>\n

# \u683c\u5f0f：s\/\u65e7\u5185\u5bb9\/\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\/\u6807\u5fd7<\/span>
\n# \u53ea\u66ff\u6362\u6bcf\u884c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u9879（\u9ed8\u8ba4）<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> 's\/error\/ERROR\/'<\/span> app.log<\/p>\n

# g \u6807\u5fd7：\u66ff\u6362\u6bcf\u884c\u6240\u6709\u5339\u914d\u9879<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> 's\/8080\/9090\/g'<\/span> nginx.conf<\/p>\n

# -i：\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9（\u4e0d\u5e26 -i \u65f6\u53ea\u5728\u5c4f\u5e55\u9884\u89c8，\u4e0d\u6539\u539f\u6587\u4ef6，\u5efa\u8bae\u5148\u9884\u89c8\u518d\u52a0 -i）<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> -i<\/span> 's\/SELINUX=enforcing\/SELINUX=disabled\/'<\/span> \/etc\/selinux\/config<\/p>\n

# \u4fee\u6539\u524d\u81ea\u52a8\u5907\u4efd\u539f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a .bak<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> -i.bak<\/span> 's\/8080\/9090\/g'<\/span> nginx.conf<\/p>\n

3. \u5220\u9664\u4e0e\u6309\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

# \u5220\u9664\u7b2c 5 \u884c<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> '5d'<\/span> file<\/span><\/p>\n

# \u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u884c<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> '\/^$\/d'<\/span> file<\/span><\/p>\n

# \u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u6ce8\u91ca\u884c<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> '\/^#\/d'<\/span> nginx.conf<\/p>\n

# \u53ea\u6253\u5370\u7b2c 10~20 \u884c（\u914d\u5408 -n \u6291\u5236\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa）<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> -n<\/span> '10,20p'<\/span> app.log<\/p>\n

4. \u5b9e\u6218\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n

# \u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u770b\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6709\u6548\u5185\u5bb9（\u53bb\u6389\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u7a7a\u884c）<\/span>
\ngrep<\/span> -v<\/span> "^#"<\/span> nginx.conf |<\/span> grep<\/span> -v<\/span> "^$"<\/span> |<\/span> sed<\/span> 's\/^[ \\\\t]*\/\/'<\/span><\/p>\n

# \u6279\u91cf\u628a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u624b\u673a\u53f7\u8131\u654f（\u6269\u5c55\u6b63\u5219\u7528 -r \u6216 -E）<\/span>
\nsed<\/span> -r<\/span> 's\/(1[0-9]{2})[0-9]{4}([0-9]{4})\/\\\\1****\\\\2\/g'<\/span> user.log<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e03\u3001awk：\u5b57\u6bb5\u7ea7\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1<\/h3>\n

awk \u628a\u6bcf\u884c\u6587\u672c\u6309\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u5207\u5206\u6210\u5b57\u6bb5（\u5217），\u53ef\u7cbe\u786e\u53d6\u5217\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u6c47\u603b，\u662f\u5904\u7406\u65e5\u5fd7\u548c\u62a5\u8868\u7684"\u745e\u58eb\u519b\u5200"\u3002<\/p>\n

![\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0](https:\/\/i-blog.csdnimg.cn\/direct\/5f071630c22d484d8883ab73c142643b.png<\/p>\n

1. \u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/h4>\n

awk [\u9009\u9879] '\u6a21\u5f0f {\u52a8\u4f5c}' \u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4ee5**\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u7b26（\u7a7a\u683c\/Tab）**\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26，-F \u53ef\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n
  • $0 \u8868\u793a\u6574\u884c，$1\u3001$2\u2026 \u8868\u793a\u7b2c 1\u30012\u2026 \u5217，$NF \u8868\u793a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5217<\/li>\n
  • NR \u5f53\u524d\u884c\u53f7，NF \u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u6570
    \n\"\u8bf7\u6dfb\u52a0\u56fe\u7247\u63cf\u8ff0\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2. \u53d6\u5217（\u6700\u5e38\u7528）<\/h4>\n

    # \u6253\u5370\u7b2c 1 \u5217：\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u540d<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> -F: '{print $1}'<\/span> \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

    # \u6253\u5370\u7b2c 1 \u5217\u548c\u7b2c 3 \u5217，\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> -F: '{print "\u7528\u6237:" $1, "UID:" $3}'<\/span> \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

    # \u627e\u51fa UID \u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e 1000 \u7684\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237（\u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4）<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> -F: '$3 >= 1000 {print $1}'<\/span> \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

    3. \u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790（\u65e5\u5fd7\u573a\u666f）<\/h4>\n

    # \u7edf\u8ba1 access.log \u4e2d\u5404 HTTP \u72b6\u6001\u7801\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> '{print $9}'<\/span> access.log |<\/span> sort<\/span> |<\/span> uniq<\/span> -c<\/span> |<\/span> sort<\/span> -rn<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u7edf\u8ba1\u8bbf\u95ee\u91cf\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u524d 10 \u4e2a IP（awk \u5185\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u76f4\u63a5\u5b8c\u6210）<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> '{count[$1]++} END {for (ip in count) print count[ip], ip}'<\/span> access.log |<\/span> sort<\/span> -rn<\/span> |<\/span> head<\/span> -10<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u8ba1\u7b97\u67d0\u5217\u603b\u548c：\u7edf\u8ba1\u78c1\u76d8\u5404\u5206\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u4e4b\u548c<\/span>
    \ndf<\/span> -m<\/span> |<\/span> awk<\/span> 'NR>1 {sum += $3} END {print "\u603b\u4f7f\u7528: " sum " MB"}'<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u627e\u51fa\u54cd\u5e94\u5927\u5c0f\u8d85\u8fc7 1MB \u7684\u8bf7\u6c42<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> '$10 > 1048576 {print $7, $10}'<\/span> access.log<\/p>\n

    4. BEGIN \/ END \u5757<\/h4>\n

    # BEGIN \u5728\u5904\u7406\u524d\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21，END \u5728\u5904\u7406\u5b8c\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21 \u2014\u2014 \u9002\u5408\u505a\u8868\u5934\u548c\u6c47\u603b<\/span>
    \nawk<\/span> -F: 'BEGIN {print "===== \u7528\u6237\u5217\u8868 ====="} {print NR". "$1} END {print "\u5171 " NR " \u4e2a\u7528\u6237"}'<\/span> \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u516b\u3001\u7ec4\u5408\u5b9e\u6218：\u4e00\u6b21\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u6392\u67e5<\/h3>\n

    \u5047\u8bbe\u7ebf\u4e0a\u63a5\u53e3\u62a5\u9519，\u9700\u8981\u6392\u67e5 Nginx \u65e5\u5fd7，\u5178\u578b\u6392\u67e5\u94fe\u8def\u5982\u4e0b：<\/p>\n

    # 1. \u5148\u770b\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 50 \u6761\u8bb0\u5f55<\/span>
    \ntail<\/span> -50<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/error.log<\/p>\n

    # 2. \u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\u65e5\u5fd7（\u6392\u969c\u5fc5\u5907，Ctrl+C \u9000\u51fa）<\/span>
    \ntail<\/span> -f<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log<\/p>\n

    # 3. \u5b9a\u4f4d\u4eca\u5929 15 \u70b9\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6240\u6709 500 \u9519\u8bef，\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u5907\u67e5<\/span>
    \ngrep<\/span> "30\/Sep\/2026:15"<\/span> access.log |<\/span> grep<\/span> '" 500 '<\/span> |<\/span> tee<\/span> 500_errors.txt<\/p>\n

    # 4. \u7edf\u8ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u7531\u54ea\u4e9b IP \u89e6\u53d1\u7684，\u6309\u6b21\u6570\u6392\u5e8f<\/span>
    \ngrep<\/span> '" 500 '<\/span> access.log |<\/span> awk<\/span> '{print $1}'<\/span> |<\/span> sort<\/span> |<\/span> uniq<\/span> -c<\/span> |<\/span> sort<\/span> -rn<\/span> |<\/span> head<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 5. \u9519\u8bef\u8bf7\u6c42\u548c\u6b63\u5e38\u6d41\u91cf\u5206\u5f00\u5f52\u6863（\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u5206\u79bb）<\/span>
    \ngrep<\/span> '" 500 '<\/span> access.log ><\/span> 500<\/span>.log
    \ngrep<\/span> -v<\/span> '" 500 '<\/span> access.log ><\/span> normal.log<\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u5957\u7ec4\u5408\u62f3\u5c31\u662f Linux \u65e5\u5fd7\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u8def：grep \u8d1f\u8d23"\u627e"，sed \u8d1f\u8d23"\u6539"，awk \u8d1f\u8d23"\u7b97"，\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u548c\u7ba1\u9053\u8d1f\u8d23"\u4e32\u8054\u4e0e\u843d\u76d8"\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u4e5d\u3001\u672c\u7bc7\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\u77e5\u8bc6\u70b9\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u4e09\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u6d41<\/td>\n0 \u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u30011 \u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u30012 \u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef，\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5206\u522b\u6307\u5411\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u7ec8\u7aef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/td>\n> \u8986\u76d6\u3001>> \u8ffd\u52a0\u30012> \u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u9519\u8bef\u3001&> \/ 2>&1 \u5408\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u8f93\u5165\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/td>\n< \u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u8bfb\u5165\u3001<< \u6b64\u5904\u6587\u6863<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u7ba1\u9053\u4e0e tee<\/td>\n`<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    grep<\/td>\n\u6309\u884c\u8fc7\u6ee4，-v\/-n\/-c\/-i\/-E \u9ad8\u9891\u9009\u9879，\u914d\u5408\u6b63\u5219\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    sed<\/td>\n\u6d41\u5f0f\u7f16\u8f91，s\/old\/new\/g \u66ff\u6362，d \u5220\u9664，-i \u843d\u76d8\u524d\u5148\u9884\u89c8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    awk<\/td>\n\u6309\u5217\u5904\u7406，-F \u6307\u5b9a\u5206\u9694\u7b26，$1 \u53d6\u5217，\u652f\u6301\u6570\u7ec4\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0e\u6c47\u603b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u540e，\u9762\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u5b8c\u6210"\u68c0\u7d22 \u2192 \u8fc7\u6ee4 \u2192 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u2192 \u5f52\u6863"\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b，\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f SRE\/\u8fd0\u7ef4\u65e5\u5e38\u6392\u969c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Linux \u6807\u51c6 IO（\u8f93\u5165\/\u8f93\u51fa）\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u7ee7\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u300b（pwd\u3001cp \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4）\u4e4b\u540e，\u672c\u7bc7\u8bb2\u89e3 Linux \u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u6807\u51c6 IO，\u4ee5\u53ca\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b83\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u548c\u4e09\u5927\u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177（grep \/ sed \/ awk）\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u540e\u7eed\u505a\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u548c Shell \u811a\u672c\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u5730\u57fa\u3002\u4e00\u3001\u6807\u51c6 IO：\u4e09\u79cd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":112110,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[11653,58,103,44],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-112116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-server","tag-11653","tag-linux","tag-ubuntu","tag-44"],"yoast_head":"\nDay6 Linux\u6807\u51c6IO\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7406 - 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