{"id":108935,"date":"2026-09-23T01:48:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T17:48:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/108935.html"},"modified":"2026-09-23T01:48:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T17:48:48","slug":"%e5%a4%a7%e4%bf%83%e5%89%8d%e5%a4%95%e5%85%a8%e9%9b%86%e7%be%a4%e9%ab%98%e5%8f%af%e7%94%a8%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%e4%bd%93%e6%a3%80%e4%b8%8e%e9%9a%90%e6%82%a3%e6%8e%92%e6%9f%a5%e5%ae%9e%e6%88%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/108935.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5927\u4fc3\u524d\u5915\u5168\u96c6\u7fa4\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f53\u68c0\u4e0e\u9690\u60a3\u6392\u67e5\u5b9e\u6218"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u5927\u4fc3\u524d\u5915\u5168\u96c6\u7fa4\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f53\u68c0\u4e0e\u9690\u60a3\u6392\u67e5\u5b9e\u6218<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/20260922174846-6ab2bf7ed2353.webp\" alt=\"\u5c01\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u56fe\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5168\u7f51\u6570\u5341\u4e07 QPS \u91cd\u4fdd\u5927\u4fc3\u6b63\u5f0f\u9e23\u67aa\u5f00\u8dd1\u524d\u7684\u6700\u540e 7 \u5929&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u6df1\u57cb\u5728 Kubernetes \u96c6\u7fa4\u5e95\u5c42\u3001\u5e73\u65f6\u88ab\u4f4e\u8d1f\u8f7d\u63a9\u76d6\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u914d\u7f6e\u7f3a\u9677&#xff0c;\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5927\u4fc3\u6d2a\u5cf0\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u77ac\u95f4\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u707e\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u4fc3\u4e8b\u6545\u590d\u76d8\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u592a\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u75db\u5fc3\u7684\u60e8\u75db\u6559\u8bad&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u4e00&#xff1a;\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u8bc1\u4e66\u5728\u5927\u4fc3\u5f53\u5929\u51cc\u6668\u6084\u6084\u8fc7\u671f&#xff08;TLS Expired&#xff09;\u3002Kubernetes \u96c6\u7fa4\u642d\u5efa\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 1 \u5e74\u671f\u8bc1\u4e66&#xff0c;\u7ed3\u679c\u6070\u597d\u5728\u5927\u4fc3\u96f6\u70b9\u5230\u671f&#xff0c;kube-apiserver \u62d2\u7edd\u4e00\u5207\u7ec4\u4ef6\u8fde\u63a5&#xff0c;\u5168\u96c6\u7fa4\u8c03\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5f39\u6027\u6269\u5bb9\u5f53\u573a\u66b4\u6bd9&#xff01;<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u4e8c&#xff1a;etcd \u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u5ef6\u8fdf\u8fc7\u5927\u89e6\u53d1\u9891\u7e41 Leader \u9009\u4e3e&#xff08;Leader Flapping&#xff09;\u3002\u7531\u4e8e etcd \u4e0e\u9ad8 I\/O \u5199\u5165\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1 Pod \u6df7\u8dd1\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5757\u4f4e\u901f\u4e91\u76d8\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5927\u4fc3\u5199\u5165\u6fc0\u589e\u5bfc\u81f4 etcd \u5237\u76d8\u8d85\u65f6&#xff0c;\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u53d1\u751f\u8111\u88c2\u9707\u8361&#xff1b;<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u4e09&#xff1a;\u6838\u5fc3\u65e0\u72b6\u6001\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u7f3a\u5c11 PodDisruptionBudget&#xff08;PDB&#xff09;\u786c\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5728\u5927\u4fc3\u5f39\u6027\u7f29\u5bb9\u6216\u8282\u70b9\u7ef4\u62a4\u65f6&#xff0c;Deployment \u7684\u5168\u90e8 Pod \u88ab\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5168\u90e8\u6740\u6b7b&#xff0c;\u9020\u6210\u5168\u7f51\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e2d\u65ad&#xff01;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u5728\u6218\u524d\u5f7b\u5e95\u6392\u51c0&#xff0c;SRE \u67b6\u6784\u56e2\u961f\u5fc5\u987b\u5c55\u5f00\u4e00\u573a\u5730\u6bef\u5f0f\u7684**\u201c\u5168\u96c6\u7fa4\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f53\u68c0\u4e0e\u9690\u60a3\u6392\u67e5\u6218\u5f79\u201d**\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u5927\u4fc3\u524d\u5915\u5fc5\u987b\u6267\u884c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001etcd \u6027\u80fd\u3001PDB \u62d3\u6251\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0e\u51c6\u5165\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u56db\u5927\u9ec4\u91d1\u4f53\u68c0\u6e05\u5355\u4e0e\u6392\u67e5\u5b9e\u64cd\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u5927\u4fc3\u96c6\u7fa4\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f53\u68c0\u56db\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u9886\u57df\u5168\u666f\u77e9\u9635<\/h4>\n<p>\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510<br \/>\n\u2502 1. \u63a7\u5236\u9762\u6838\u5fc3\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u8bc1\u4e66\u4f53\u68c0 (Control Plane TLS Certificates) \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u626b\u63cf: apiserver \/ etcd \/ kubelet \u8bc1\u4e66\u5269\u4f59\u6709\u6548\u5929\u6570       \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u7ea2\u7ebf: \u5269\u4f59\u6709\u6548\u671f\u5fc5\u987b &gt; 90 \u5929&#xff0c;\u4f4e\u4e8e 90 \u5929\u7acb\u5373\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6e\u6362!    \u2502<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524<br \/>\n\u2502 2. etcd \u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5e95\u5ea7\u4f53\u68c0 (etcd Storage &amp; WAL Benchmark)       \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u626b\u63cf: fsync \u5ef6\u8fdf\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u788e\u7247\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e Compact \u7b56\u7565     \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u7ea2\u7ebf: 99% \u7684 fsync \u5199\u5165\u8017\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b &lt; 10ms&#xff0c;\u4e25\u7981\u78c1\u76d8\u6df7\u8dd1!   \u2502<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524<br \/>\n\u2502 3. \u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u9632\u62a4\u7b56\u7565\u4f53\u68c0 (PDB &amp; Anti-Affinity &amp; HPA)     \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u626b\u63cf: \u662f\u5426\u914d\u7f6e PodDisruptionBudget \u4fdd\u62a4\u6700\u5c0f\u5b58\u6d3b\u526f\u672c     \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u626b\u63cf: \u662f\u5426\u914d\u7f6e\u8de8\u53ef\u7528\u533a\u786c\u53cd\u4eb2\u548c\u6027 (topologySpreadConstraints)\u2502<br \/>\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524<br \/>\n\u2502 4. \u8282\u70b9\u5185\u6838\u4e0e cgroup \u9690\u60a3\u6392\u67e5 (Node Problem Detector)        \u2502<br \/>\n\u2502    &#8211; \u626b\u63cf: conntrack \u8868\u5bb9\u91cf\u3001pid_max \u4e0a\u9650\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u786c\u914d\u989d  \u2502<br \/>\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<\/p>\n<h4>\u751f\u4ea7\u73b0\u573a\u5b9e\u6218\u4f53\u68c0\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0e\u4fee\u590d\u6e05\u5355<\/h4>\n<h5>\u4f53\u68c0\u9879\u4e00&#xff1a;Kubernetes \u63a7\u5236\u9762\u5168\u91cf\u8bc1\u4e66\u6709\u6548\u671f\u626b\u63cf<\/h5>\n<p>\u5728 Master \u8282\u70b9\u6267\u884c kubeadm \u8bc1\u4e66\u5de1\u68c0\u547d\u4ee4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p># \u68c0\u67e5\u96c6\u7fa4\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u6240\u6709\u8bc1\u4e66\u8fc7\u671f\u65f6\u95f4<br \/>\nkubeadm certs check-expiration<\/p>\n<p># \u5178\u578b\u5065\u5eb7\u8f93\u51fa:<br \/>\n# CERTIFICATE                EXPIRES                  RESIDUAL TIME   CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY   EXTERNALLY MANAGED<br \/>\n# admin.conf                 Sep 15, 2027 08:30 UTC   364d            ca                      no<br \/>\n# apiserver                  Sep 15, 2027 08:30 UTC   364d            ca                      no<br \/>\n# apiserver-etcd-client      Sep 15, 2027 08:30 UTC   364d            etcd-ca                 no<br \/>\n# apiserver-kubelet-client  Sep 15, 2027 08:30 UTC   364d            ca                      no<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5e94\u6025\u4fee\u590d&#xff1a;\u82e5\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u4e66\u5269\u4f59\u5929\u6570 $&lt; 60$ \u5929&#xff0c;\u7acb\u5373\u6267\u884c kubeadm certs renew all \u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u952e\u70ed\u8f6e\u6362&#xff0c;\u5e76\u91cd\u542f kube-apiserver \u7b49\u9759\u6001 Pod\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u4f53\u68c0\u9879\u4e8c&#xff1a;etcd \u5b58\u50a8\u788e\u7247\u4e0e fsync \u5ef6\u8fdf\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f53\u68c0<\/h5>\n<p># 1. \u68c0\u67e5 etcd \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7269\u7406\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u788e\u7247\u7387 (Fragmentation)<br \/>\netcdctl &#8211;cacert&#061;\/etc\/kubernetes\/pki\/etcd\/ca.crt \\\\<br \/>\n        &#8211;cert&#061;\/etc\/kubernetes\/pki\/etcd\/server.crt \\\\<br \/>\n        &#8211;key&#061;\/etc\/kubernetes\/pki\/etcd\/server.key \\\\<br \/>\n        &#8211;endpoints&#061;127.0.0.1:2379 \\\\<br \/>\n        endpoint status &#8211;write-out&#061;table<\/p>\n<p># 2. \u9488\u5bf9\u788e\u7247\u4e25\u91cd\u7684 etcd \u8282\u70b9\u6267\u884c\u5728\u7ebf\u6574\u7406 (Defragmentation)<br \/>\netcdctl &#8211;cacert&#061;&#8230; &#8211;cert&#061;&#8230; &#8211;key&#061;&#8230; endpoint defrag &#8211;cluster<\/p>\n<p># 3. \u76d1\u63a7 etcd WAL \u78c1\u76d8\u5199\u5165\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6307\u6807 (PromQL \u9a8c\u8bc1 P99 &lt; 10ms)<br \/>\n# histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(etcd_disk_wal_fsync_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))<\/p>\n<h5>\u4f53\u68c0\u9879\u4e09&#xff1a;\u68c0\u67e5 P0 \u6838\u5fc3\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u5168\u90e8\u914d\u7f6e PodDisruptionBudget&#xff08;PDB&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u5728\u5927\u4fc3\u671f\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u7531\u4e8e\u8282\u70b9\u9a71\u9010\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684 Pod \u7f29\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u5230 PDB \u7684\u521a\u6027\u4fdd\u62a4&#xff0c;\u786e\u4fdd\u5168\u7ad9\u81f3\u5c11\u4fdd\u7559 80% \u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u526f\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>apiVersion: policy\/v1<br \/>\nkind: PodDisruptionBudget<br \/>\nmetadata:<br \/>\n  name: order-settle-pdb<br \/>\n  namespace: prod<br \/>\nspec:<br \/>\n  # \u6838\u5fc3\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ea2\u7ebf: \u4efb\u4f55\u7ef4\u62a4\u64cd\u4f5c\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8 1 \u4e2a Pod \u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u72b6\u6001!<br \/>\n  maxUnavailable: 1<br \/>\n  selector:<br \/>\n    matchLabels:<br \/>\n      app: order-settle<\/p>\n<p>\u6267\u884c\u5168\u96c6\u7fa4\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4f53\u68c0\u811a\u672c&#xff0c;\u626b\u63cf\u54ea\u4e9b Deployment \u6f0f\u914d\u4e86 PDB&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>kubectl get deployments -n prod -o jsonpath&#061;&#039;{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{&#034;\\\\n&#034;}{end}&#039; | while read app; do<br \/>\n  pdb&#061;$(kubectl get pdb -n prod -l app&#061;$app &#8211;no-headers 2&gt;\/dev\/null)<br \/>\n  if [ -z &#034;$pdb&#034; ]; then<br \/>\n    echo &#034;&#x1f6a8; [\u5927\u4fc3\u9690\u60a3\u8b66\u544a] \u5fae\u670d\u52a1 [$app] \u7f3a\u5c11 PDB \u4fdd\u62a4&#xff0c;\u6781\u6613\u5728\u5f39\u6027\u9a71\u9010\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e2d\u65ad&#xff01;&#034;<br \/>\n  fi<br \/>\ndone<\/p>\n<h5>\u4f53\u68c0\u9879\u56db&#xff1a;\u5f3a\u5236\u8de8\u53ef\u7528\u533a\u62d3\u6251\u5747\u5300\u6563\u5217&#xff08;Topology Spread Constraints&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e25\u7981\u5c06\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u7684 20 \u4e2a\u526f\u672c\u5168\u90e8\u8c03\u5ea6\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u623f\u6216\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002\u5728 Pod Spec \u4e2d\u5f3a\u5236\u6ce8\u5165\u62d3\u6251\u5206\u5e03\u7ea6\u675f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>spec:<br \/>\n  topologySpreadConstraints:<br \/>\n    # \u8de8\u53ef\u7528\u533a\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03<br \/>\n    &#8211; maxSkew: 1<br \/>\n      topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io\/zone<br \/>\n      whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule<br \/>\n      labelSelector:<br \/>\n        matchLabels:<br \/>\n          app: order-settle<\/p>\n<h4>\u751f\u4ea7\u4f53\u68c0\u6536\u76ca\u5927\u76d8<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u672c\u6b21\u5927\u4fc3\u6218\u524d\u5168\u91cf\u4f53\u68c0\u4e2d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5168\u7f51\u6392\u67e5\u4e86 4 \u5957\u6838\u5fc3 Kubernetes \u96c6\u7fa4\u3001\u603b\u8ba1 320 \u4e2a\u5fae\u670d\u52a1 Deployment&#xff1b;<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u63d0\u524d\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u6d88\u9664\u4e86 2 \u8d77 etcd \u7a7a\u95f4\u8d85\u9650\u9690\u60a3\u3001\u4e3a 18 \u4e2a\u6f0f\u914d\u7684\u5fae\u670d\u52a1\u8865\u9f50\u4e86 PDB \u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u5e76\u4fee\u590d\u4e86 1 \u5904\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fc7\u671f\u7684 Client 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