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K\u7ebf\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u8bfb\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>K\u7ebf\u8981\u7d20\u4f20\u7edf\u89e3\u8bfb\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u89e3\u8bfb<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f00\u76d8\u4ef7<\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u5929\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u53c2\u8003<\/td>\n<td>\u96c6\u5408\u7ade\u4ef7\u9636\u6bb5\u591a\u7a7a\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269&#xff1b;\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u9694\u591c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d88\u5316\u540e\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7<\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u5929\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u591a\u65b9\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u53d6\u5f97\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff1b;\u4e5f\u662f\u7a7a\u65b9\u5b88\u4f4f\u9632\u7ebf\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6807\u8bb0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6700\u4f4e\u4ef7<\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u5929\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u4e0b\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u7a7a\u65b9\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u53d6\u5f97\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff1b;\u4e5f\u662f\u591a\u65b9\u5b88\u4f4f\u9632\u7ebf\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6807\u8bb0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6536\u76d8\u4ef7<\/td>\n<td>\u5f53\u5929\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c<\/td>\n<td>\u5168\u5929\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u51bb\u7ed3\u5f62\u6001&#xff1b;\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6700\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9\u201d&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u6b21\u65e5\u5f00\u76d8&#xff09;\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6280\u672f\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5de5\u5177\u2014\u2014\u5747\u7ebf\u3001\u6210\u4ea4\u91cf\u3001\u7a81\u7834\u3001\u652f\u6491\u4f4d\u4e0e\u963b\u529b\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5747\u7ebf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u5316\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5b83\u62b9\u53bb\u4e86\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u566a\u58f0&#xff0c;\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u5411\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u4ea4\u91cf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u70c8\u5ea6\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002\u9ad8\u6210\u4ea4\u91cf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u591a\u7a7a\u5206\u6b67\u5de8\u5927\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8&#xff1b;\u4f4e\u6210\u4ea4\u91cf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u6682\u65f6\u7f13\u548c\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u8d8b\u4e8e\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u652f\u6491\u4f4d\u548c\u963b\u529b\u4f4d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7ade\u4e89\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u6218\u573a\u6807\u8bb0\u201d\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u4ef7\u4f4d\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u593a&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ef7\u4f4d\u5c31\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u53c2\u7167\u2014\u2014\u5f62\u6210\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7a81\u7834\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u5f53\u4ef7\u683c\u7a81\u7834\u524d\u671f\u7684\u963b\u529b\u4f4d&#xff0c;\u610f\u5473\u7740\u591a\u65b9\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u968f\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u7ffb\u8f6c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>1.3 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\/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u00b7\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316&#xff1a;\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/h3>\n<p>1859\u5e74&#xff0c;\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u672a\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u6316\u6398&#xff1a;\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u5728\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.1 \u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6df1\u5316&#xff1a;\u4ece\u201c\u7269\u79cd\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u5230\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u751f\u5b58\u6597\u4e89\u201d&#xff08;struggle for existence&#xff09;\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e2d\u88ab\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4eff\u4f5b\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u8bfb\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u7b97\u9519\u8bef&#xff0c;\u4f46\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u591f\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230&#xff1a;\u751f\u5b58\u6597\u4e89\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7269\u79cd\u5185\u90e8&#xff08;\u540c\u79cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4&#xff08;\u5bf9\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e89\u593a&#xff09;\u3002\u4f46\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6ca1\u6709\u8ffd\u95ee\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u7269\u79cd\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6765\u7684&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u7b54\u6848&#xff1a;\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u9891\u7387\u5728\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u6301\u7eed\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8d77\u59cb\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4f53\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5408\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u8ba9\u4e2a\u4f53\u8dd1\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e9b\u8ba9\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u80fd\u8010\u5bd2&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e9b\u8ba9\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u5929\u654c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u73af\u5883\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u67d0\u4e9b\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5408\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u6216\u7e41\u6b96\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u540e\u4ee3&#xff0c;\u800c\u643a\u5e26\u4e0d\u5229\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5219\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7e41\u6b96\u524d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e34\u754c\u70b9&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee3\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f&#xff0c;\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u9891\u7387\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5982\u679c\u79cd\u7fa4\u88ab\u5730\u7406\u9694\u79bb&#xff08;\u5982\u5c71\u8109\u9686\u8d77\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u6539\u9053&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u4e9a\u7fa4\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u72ec\u7acb\u6f14\u5316&#xff0c;\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269&#xff1a;\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e9a\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5dee\u5f02\u5927\u5230\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea4\u914d\u6216\u4ea4\u914d\u540e\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u53ef\u80b2\u540e\u4ee3\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u5c31\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\u4e86\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ece\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u770b&#xff0c;\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u201c\u7a81\u7136\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5c42\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709&#xff0c;\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5c42\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u9aa8\u9abc\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u7c97\u7cd9\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5e7b\u89c9\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6e10\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u53ea\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5316\u77f3\u4e2d\u7559\u4e0b\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6c89\u6dc0\u7269\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7269\u79cd\u5f97\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.2 \u8fdb\u5316\u6811\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u6bd4\u55bb\u2014\u2014\u201c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u201d&#xff08;Tree of Life&#xff09;\u3002\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u4ece\u6839\u90e8\u5206\u53c9&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u679d&#xff0c;\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u53c9\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u201c\u7269\u79cd\u5f62\u6210\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u7a97\u53e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u6f14\u5316\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5206\u652f\u7684\u7c97\u7ec6\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8be5\u652f\u7cfb\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6210\u529f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u7c97\u7684\u652f\u7cfb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u548c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6574\u4e2a\u6811\u5f62\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cd\u91ca\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;\u201c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u68f5\u201c\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u201d\u7684\u6811&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u68f5\u201c\u88ab\u6253\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u201d\u6811\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u70b9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u7c97\u7ec6&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u65e0\u6570\u8f6e\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.3 \u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u201c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u201d&#xff08;ecological niche&#xff09;\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u5728\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u636e\u7684\u201c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5403\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u4f4f\u54ea\u91cc\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u4e0e\u8c01\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u4f4d\u201d&#xff0c;\u7269\u79cd\u201c\u5360\u636e\u201d\u5b83\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u95f4\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u623f\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bb6\u5177\u6446\u8fdb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u623f\u95f4\u5728\u6446\u653e\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u5bf9\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591&#xff1a;\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u7269\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u4f4d\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7269\u79cd\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u6253\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u6709\u8349\u548c\u5154\u5b50\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5154\u5b50\u5403\u8349&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u5154\u5b50\u5403\u8349\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5154\u5b50\u7956\u5148\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u98df\u7269\u6765\u6e90\u4e2d\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u79cd\u5c0f\u578b\u98df\u8349\u6050\u9f99&#xff09;\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u4e5f\u5728\u5403\u8349&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5154\u5b50\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff08;\u5360\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u4f4d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8981\u4e48\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70&#xff08;\u8ba9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u4f4d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8981\u4e48\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u98df\u7269\u504f\u597d&#xff08;\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u4f4d&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7b49\u7740\u88ab\u5360\u636e\u201d\u7684\u7a7a\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u683c\u5c40\u6539\u53d8&#xff08;\u5982\u6709\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u5165\u4fb5&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.4 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\u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u6700\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u6700\u591a\u6837\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u5728\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fdb\u5316\u6811\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u7269\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u4f4d\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u6253\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5171\u751f\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5f62\u6001&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u76f8\u6bd4&#xff0c;\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u9700\u8981\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u4e43\u81f3\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u4f46\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3 \u2192 \u5b58\u5728<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u00b7\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5&#xff1a;\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005<\/h3>\n<p>1962\u5e74&#xff0c;\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5e93\u6069\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa&#xff1a;\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u771f\u7406\u9010\u6e10\u79ef\u7d2f\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u66f4\u66ff\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u8df3\u8dc3\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u6846\u67b6\u5207\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5e93\u6069\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u7ade\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u8303\u5f0f\u66f4\u66ff\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.1 \u4ece\u201c\u771f\u7406\u79ef\u7d2f\u201d\u5230\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u771f\u7406\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u3001\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u666f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9010\u6e10\u903c\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fe\u666f&#xff1a;\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u80dc\u51fa\u8005\u88ab\u6682\u65f6\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u8bc6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5efa\u6784\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u2014\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u529b\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u543b\u5408\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4f18\u52bf\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u4f18\u52bf\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u3001\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0e\u201c\u771f\u7406\u201d\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8f83\u91cf\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u65e7\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u201c\u6d88\u5931\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u201c\u4f4e\u901f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u71c3\u7d20\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u6c27\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5929\u6587\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u201c\u51e0\u4f55\u7b49\u6548\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d&#xff08;\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u770b&#xff0c;\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\u548c\u65e5\u5fc3\u8bf4\u5728\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201c\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u201c\u65e7\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u4ee3\u201d\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f&#xff1a;\u65e7\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u65b0\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002&#xff08;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u8be6\u7ec6\u5c55\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002&#xff09;<\/p>\n<h4>3.2 \u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u5e93\u6069\u5df2\u7ecf\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u5c06\u5176\u7cbe\u786e\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u88683.1 \u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u9636\u6bb5\u72b6\u6001\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ade\u4e89\u72b6\u6001<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5e38\u89c4\u79d1\u5b66\u671f<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u5f0f\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d&#xff0c;\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8303\u5f0f\u5185\u90e8\u505a\u201c\u586b\u7f1d\u201d\u5de5\u4f5c<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u6291\u5236\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8303\u5f0f\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u6743<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53cd\u5e38\u79ef\u7d2f\u671f<\/td>\n<td>\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8303\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u677e\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u65e7\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u671f<\/td>\n<td>\u591a\u4e2a\u66ff\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa&#xff0c;\u76f8\u4e92\u4e89\u593a\u89e3\u91ca\u6743<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u4e0a\u6b63\u9762\u4ea4\u950b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u671f<\/td>\n<td>\u67d0\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8303\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u51bb\u7ed3\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u8bc6\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684K\u7ebf\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u7740\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u6784\u6027&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5e38\u89c4\u79d1\u5b66\u671f &#061; \u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u6613\u65e5\u7684\u6536\u76d8\u4ef7&#xff08;\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u53cd\u5e38\u79ef\u7d2f\u671f &#061; \u5f00\u76d8\u524d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u79ef\u7d2f&#xff08;\u65e7\u5747\u8861\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u671f &#061; \u4ea4\u6613\u65f6\u6bb5\u7684\u591a\u7a7a\u535a\u5f08&#xff08;\u65b0\u5747\u8861\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u671f &#061; \u65b0\u7684K\u7ebf\u88ab\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff08;\u65b0\u7684\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u786e\u7acb&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3.3 \u79d1\u5b66\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u89e3\u8bfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u9886\u57df\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u9886\u57df\u201d\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u8868\u3001\u57fa\u91d1\u8bc4\u5ba1\u3001\u6559\u804c\u8058\u4efb\u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u73af\u8282\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5236\u5ea6\u8868\u9762\u529f\u80fd\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u89e3\u8bfb<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1<\/td>\n<td>\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5b66\u672f\u8d28\u91cf<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u95e8\u69db\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc4\u5ba1\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868<\/td>\n<td>\u4f20\u64ad\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4eae\u76f8\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u7528\u7387\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u91cf\u5316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u57fa\u91d1\u8bc4\u5ba1<\/td>\n<td>\u914d\u7f6e\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u201c\u5143\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u8d44\u52a9&#xff0c;\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u5f0f\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u6743<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6559\u804c\u8058\u4efb<\/td>\n<td>\u9009\u62d4\u4f18\u79c0\u5b66\u8005<\/td>\n<td>\u4eba\u624d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u57f9\u517b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u6765\u5ef6\u7eed\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956<\/td>\n<td>\u8868\u5f70\u5353\u8d8a\u8d21\u732e<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u5316\u786e\u8ba4\u2014\u2014\u6807\u5fd7\u67d0\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u80dc\u5229<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u88ab\u5f15\u6b21\u6570\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u7528&#xff0c;\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u201d\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8&#xff0c;\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u201c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u201d\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u6216\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.4 \u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8d77\u6e90<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u8bc1\u4f2a\u6027\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u66fe\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u601d\u8fa8\u4f20\u7edf&#xff1a;\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u63a8\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u795e\u79d8\u4f20\u7edf&#xff1a;\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u795e\u79d8\u542f\u793a\u6216\u5185\u5728\u89c9\u77e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u7075\u6027\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f20\u7edf&#xff1a;\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u57f9\u6839\u3001\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7b49\u4eba\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf&#xff1a;\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u725b\u987f\u3001\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7b49\u4eba\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u8bc1\u4f2a\u6027\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u771f\u7406\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u672a\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u91cd\u65b0\u5851\u9020\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u5929&#xff0c;\u67d0\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u66ff\u4ee3\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u66f4\u66ff\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u9010\u6b65\u903c\u8fd1\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u51bb\u7ed3\u7ed3\u6784\u540c\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b66\u672f\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u7528\u7387\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u610f\u4e49&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u6b63\u5728\u7528\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u670d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u6027\u5c06\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u5377\u4e2d\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u786e\u8ba4&#xff1a;\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5f0f\u6848\u4f8b&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u00b7\u795e\u7ecf\u51b3\u7b56&#xff1a;\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f60\u6b64\u523b\u6b63\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u767d\u7eb8\u9ed1\u5b57&#xff0c;\u610f\u4e49\u6e05\u6670&#xff0c;\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u7684\u771f\u76f8&#xff1a;\u4f60\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d&#xff0c;\u662f\u4f60\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u540e\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e4b\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df\u2014\u2014\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u201c\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u7684\u6743\u5229&#xff0c;\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u8fdb\u5165\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.1 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rivalry&#xff09;\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u5de6\u773c\u5448\u73b0\u4e00\u5e45\u56fe\u50cf&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u5f20\u4eba\u8138&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53f3\u773c\u5448\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u5e45\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fe\u50cf&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u5e45\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u53e0\u52a0&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u878d\u5408&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u6df7\u4e71\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u4ea4\u66ff\u3002\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u4f1a\u5728\u4eba\u8138\u548c\u623f\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u6765\u56de\u5207\u6362\u3002\u51e0\u79d2\u949f\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u8138&#xff0c;\u51e0\u79d2\u949f\u770b\u5230\u623f\u5b50&#xff0c;\u518d\u51e0\u79d2\u949f\u53c8\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u8138\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u611f\u5b98\u8f93\u5165&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5de6\u773c\u548c\u53f3\u773c\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8&#xff0c;\u4f46\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e&#xff1a;\u611f\u77e5\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u611f\u5b98\u8f93\u5165\u201c\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u683c\u5c40\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4eba\u8138\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u4f60\u5c31\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u4eba\u8138&#xff1b;\u5f53\u623f\u5b50\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u4f60\u5c31\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u623f\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cc\u773c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u7269\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u3001\u6700\u53ef\u63a7\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.2 \u4ece\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5&#xff1a;\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ade\u4e89<\/h4>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u521d\u7ea7\u611f\u77e5\u5c42\u9762&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u2014\u2014\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u51b3\u7b56&#xff1a;\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89<\/h5>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b3\u7b56\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4e2d\u5348\u5403\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u3001\u6295\u54ea\u4e2a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u7968\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u51b3\u7b56\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u8bc4\u4f30\u2014\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u4f60\u5148\u8bc4\u4f30\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9879\u7684\u5229\u5f0a&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u9009\u9879\u662f\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u4f60\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742&#xff1a;\u5728\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5c42\u9762\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u4e00\u7ec4\u88ab\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u56de\u8def&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u6291\u5236&#xff0c;\u76f4\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u80dc\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b7\u9759\u7684\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9009\u9879\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u8ba1\u7b97\u597d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u201c\u5efa\u6784\u201d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5f00\u59cb\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u4f1a\u88ab\u795e\u7ecf\u56de\u8def\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u653e\u5927&#xff0c;\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u5f3a\u5b83\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u88ab\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8ff0<\/h5>\n<p>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u3001\u6700\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u7684\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u5417&#xff1f;\u8fd8\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u90fd\u88ab\u7269\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u9884\u5148\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6709\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027&#xff08;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u9879&#xff09;\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5c42\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u88ab\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5c5e\u6027&#xff08;\u201c\u6211\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u7531\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4ea7\u751f\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u9a8c\u8bba\u5c5e\u6027&#xff08;\u201c\u6211\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6709\u591a\u5927\u201d&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u7a7a\u95f4\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u3001\u591a\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u90fd\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f60\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d&#xff1b;\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u7a7a\u95f4\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879&#xff08;\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u88ab\u9884\u5148\u9501\u5b9a&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f60\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u6216\u201c\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6709\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u201d\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.3 \u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u4f60\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f60\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u3001\u7ecf\u8fc7\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u7ade\u4e89\u540e&#xff0c;\u5448\u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6765\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u7b5b\u9009\u5668\u201d&#xff0c;\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b5b\u9009\u5668\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u5668&#xff08;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u67b6\u6784&#xff09;\u4f1a\u4ece\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u539f\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8759\u8760\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u58f0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u5b83\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u7684\u662f\u58f0\u6ce2\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1b;\u86c7\u901a\u8fc7\u7ea2\u5916\u611f\u77e5\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u7684\u662f\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\u7684\u5206\u5e03&#xff1b;\u871c\u8702\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf&#xff0c;\u5b83\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u7684\u82b1\u6735\u56fe\u6848\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u6240\u751f\u6210\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u662f\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201d\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u65e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u73b0\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.4 \u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u601d\u8003\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u4e5f\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u201c\u4ea7\u7269\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u201c\u7075\u9b42\u201d\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u591a\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528&#xff0c;\u5f53\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u5f81\u80dc\u51fa\u3001\u88ab\u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u7ade\u4e89\u5230\u51bb\u7ed3\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u5c04\u5c42\u201d\u88ab\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e3a\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f53\u9a8c\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8\u3001\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u4e92\u7f20\u6597\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u201c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u201d&#xff1b;\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u4e00\u65b9\u80dc\u51fa\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u7a33\u5b9a\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u201d&#xff1b;\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u683c\u5c40\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4ecb\u5165\u65f6&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u201c\u601d\u8003\u201d\u6216\u201c\u72b9\u8c6b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u795e\u7ecf\u51b3\u7b56\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6700\u8d34\u8fd1\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u8bc1\u636e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u89c6\u89c9\u611f\u77e5\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u7ade\u4e89\u540e\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u201c\u88ab\u5426\u51b3\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027&#xff0c;\u53ea\u770b\u5230\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u9879\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u80dc\u51fa\u8005\u88ab\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e3a\u201c\u4f60\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u201c\u6709\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u201d\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u795e\u7ecf\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0e\u524d\u4e24\u7ae0&#xff08;\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316&#xff09;\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3 \u2192 \u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec&#xff08;K\u7ebf\u3001\u7269\u79cd\u3001\u8303\u5f0f&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec&#xff08;\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u610f\u8bc6&#xff09;\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5148\u4e8e\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u5148\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5728\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u00b7\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406&#xff1a;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6700\u6df1\u3001\u4e5f\u6700\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff0c;\u6070\u6070\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u9ad8\u5ea6\u543b\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.1 \u53e0\u52a0\u6001&#xff1a;\u591a\u91cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5171\u5b58<\/h4>\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u3002\u5728\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u4e8e\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u201c\u53e0\u52a0\u201d&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u201d\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u5149\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u201d\u6cbf\u591a\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u4f20\u64ad&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u65cb\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u201d\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e0b\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u5904\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5b83\u5904\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6982\u7387\u53e0\u52a0\u2014\u2014\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4&#xff0c;\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u201c\u7ebf\u6027\u7ec4\u5408\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u88ab\u65e0\u6570\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53cd\u590d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff08;\u5982\u53cc\u7f1d\u5e72\u6d89\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u64e6\u9664\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7b49&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.2 \u574d\u7f29&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u6d4b\u91cf\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u201c\u574d\u7f29\u201d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u672c\u5f81\u6001\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u5149\u5b50\u6cbf\u67d0\u6761\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4f20\u64ad&#xff0c;\u81ea\u65cb\u7c92\u5b50\u88ab\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e0b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u574d\u7f29\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u4f20\u7edf\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u89e3\u91ca\u574d\u7f29\u7684\u673a\u5236\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u8bbe\u63a5\u53d7&#xff08;\u201c\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u8be0\u91ca\u201d&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca&#xff1a;\u574d\u7f29\u662f\u591a\u91cd\u91cf\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8d77\u59cb\u72b6\u6001&#xff1a;\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u2014\u2014\u591a\u4e2a\u672c\u5f81\u6001&#xff08;\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027&#xff09;\u540c\u65f6\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6d4b\u91cf\u4ecb\u5165&#xff1a;\u6d4b\u91cf\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u88ab\u52a8\u89c2\u5bdf\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672c\u5f81\u6001\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u201d\u4e2d\u4e89\u593a\u201c\u5b9e\u73b0\u6743\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u672c\u5f81\u6001\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u88c5\u7f6e\u8026\u5408\u66f4\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e9b\u66f4\u5f31&#xff1b;\u6709\u4e9b\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4f18\u52bf&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e9b\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u5f81\u6001\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7c92\u5b50\u201d\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u6d4b\u91cf\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u4e86\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u88ab\u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u9ad8\u5ea6\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u9075\u5faa\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03&#xff08;\u6ce2\u6069\u89c4\u5219&#xff09;\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u91cd\u590d\u6d4b\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u8fd0\u884c\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c&#xff08;\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76f8\u540c&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b&#xff08;\u7b26\u5408\u91cf\u5b50\u6982\u7387&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u60ca\u4eba\u5730\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u53ea\u80a1\u7968\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u3001\u540c\u6837\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\u4e00\u6b21&#xff0c;K\u7ebf\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b8c\u5168\u9884\u8ba1\u6027\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.3 \u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba&#xff1a;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u573a\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001<\/h4>\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba&#xff08;Quantum Field Theory&#xff09;\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6700\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c06\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7c92\u5b50\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u573a\u2014\u2014\u904d\u5e03\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u7269\u7406\u91cf&#xff08;\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u573a\u3001\u5149\u5b50\u573a\u3001\u5938\u514b\u573a&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u573a\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u6c60\u5858\u6c34\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u6ce2\u7eb9\u662f\u6c34\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u7c92\u5b50\u201d\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u573a\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u573a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6270\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u662f&#xff1a;\u573a\u662f\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u201c\u9a7b\u6ce2\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6fc0\u53d1\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff08;\u4e0d\u540c\u80fd\u91cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u52a8\u91cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u91cf\u5b50\u6570&#xff09;\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u4f18\u52bf&#xff08;\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e3a\u7c92\u5b50&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u88ab\u538b\u5236&#xff08;\u4fdd\u6301\u4e3a\u57fa\u6001&#xff09;\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7c92\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u897f\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u573a\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u6fc0\u53d1\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u88ab\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u4e3a\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65&#xff1a;\u5f53\u7c92\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u4e24\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea4\u6362\u865a\u5149\u5b50\u53d1\u751f\u7535\u78c1\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8def\u5f84&#xff08;\u8d39\u66fc\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784&#xff09;\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u62b5\u6d88\u6216\u52a0\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u8def\u5f84\u8d21\u732e\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.4 \u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u9057\u8ff9<\/h4>\n<p>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e0d\u53ef\u64bc\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u5e38\u6570\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5149\u901fc\u3001\u666e\u6717\u514b\u5e38\u6570h\u3001\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7ed3\u6784\u5e38\u6570 \u03b1 \u2248 1\/137\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u503c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u201c\u6070\u597d\u201d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6837\u5b50\u7684&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b87\u5b99\u65e0\u6cd5\u652f\u6301\u751f\u547d&#xff08;\u4eba\u62e9\u539f\u7406&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u771f\u7406\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u9057\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5143\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u521d&#xff08;\u751a\u81f3\u201c\u4e4b\u524d\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e38\u6570\u53d6\u503c\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u67d0\u4e00\u7ec4\u53d6\u503c\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u88ab\u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u201c\u7194\u65ad\u673a\u5236\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u89c4\u5f8b&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u731c\u60f3\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u9a8c\u8bc1&#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u91cd\u542f\u201d\u5b87\u5b99\u6765\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u591a\u91cd\u5b87\u5b99\u201d\u5047\u8bf4\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570\u4e3a\u4f55\u201c\u6070\u597d\u5982\u6b64\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u65e0\u6570\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u6070\u597d\u6d3b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5e38\u6570\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u51bb\u7ed3\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0e\u591a\u91cd\u5b87\u5b99\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u591a\u91cd\u5b87\u5b99\u5047\u8bf4\u7528\u201c\u91cf\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u201d&#xff08;\u65e0\u6570\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99&#xff09;\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u8d28\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u201d&#xff08;\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6070\u597d\u9002\u5408\u751f\u547d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7528\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u201d&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89\u5fc5\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff09;\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u8d28\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u201d\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u65e0\u6570\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.5 \u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h4>\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u8be0\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u8be0\u91ca\u3001\u591a\u4e16\u754c\u8be0\u91ca\u3001\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u610f\u2014\u73bb\u59c6\u8be0\u91ca\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u9000\u76f8\u5e72\u8be0\u91ca\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u6b63\u5982\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5143\u8be0\u91ca&#xff1a;\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8be0\u91ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff08;\u8be6\u89c1\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff09;\u3002\u4ece\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u8be0\u91ca\u90fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u4fa7\u9762&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u8be0\u91ca\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5373\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5c06\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f52\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8&#xff08;\u201c\u89c2\u6d4b\u8005\u201d&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u4e16\u754c\u8be0\u91ca\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6c38\u4e0d\u6d88\u5931\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u90fd\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d&#xff0c;\u53ea\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u91cf\u5b50\u9000\u76f8\u5e72\u8be0\u91ca\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u73af\u5883\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4f7f\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u5219\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fa7\u9762\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765&#xff1a;\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5171\u5b58&#xff0c;\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4ecb\u5165&#xff0c;\u574d\u7f29\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff0c;\u9000\u76f8\u5e72\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0d\u201c\u9a73\u65a5\u201d\u4efb\u4f55\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u8be0\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u5e95\u5c42\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3 \u2192 \u5b58\u5728&#xff09;\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7248\u672c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u662f\u591a\u91cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5171\u5b58\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u574d\u7f29\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u63ed\u793a\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u573a\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u2014\u2014\u573a\u662f\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570\u662f\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u9057\u8ff9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e94\u9886\u57df\u8bc1\u636e\u94fe\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u73af\u3002\u4ece\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684K\u7ebf&#xff0c;\u5230\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7269\u79cd&#xff0c;\u5230\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u8303\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u5230\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u751f\u6210\u7684\u611f\u77e5&#xff0c;\u518d\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u7ade\u4e89\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u90fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5de7\u5408&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u00b7\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u4e94\u7ae0\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3 \u2192 \u5b58\u5728\u3002K\u7ebf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff0c;\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff0c;\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff0c;\u611f\u77e5\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3&#xff0c;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u771f\u7684\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.1 \u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u5b9a\u7684<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u9010\u4e00\u5ba1\u89c6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u88686.1 \u89c4\u5219\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u9886\u57df\u5f53\u524d\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a<\/td>\n<td>\u4ea4\u6613\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u7194\u65ad\u673a\u5236\u3001\u6da8\u8dcc\u505c\u677f<\/td>\n<td>\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005&#xff08;\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u8005\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u673a\u6784&#xff09;\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc<\/td>\n<td>\u4ebf\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u6c89\u6dc0\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5931\u6548\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u7ec4\u5408\u5df2\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70&#xff0c;\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u7b5b\u9009\u8fc7\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5219<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u7b49\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u6807\u51c6<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff08;\u601d\u8fa8\u3001\u795e\u79d8\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u6570\u5b66&#xff09;\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u795e\u7ecf\u51b3\u7b56<\/td>\n<td>\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u7a81\u89e6\u8fde\u63a5\u6743\u91cd\u3001\u6291\u5236\u2014\u5174\u594b\u673a\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u88ab\u4fee\u526a&#xff0c;\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6709\u7528\u6027\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406<\/td>\n<td>\u7269\u7406\u5e38\u6570\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/td>\n<td>\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u5143\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53f2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u89c4\u5219&#xff0c;\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u53c8\u9075\u5b88\u7740\u66f4\u65e9\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u2026\u2026\u5982\u6b64\u8ffd\u6eaf&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u5c3d\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.2 \u65e0\u9650\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2cN\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219N<br \/>\n\u89c4\u5219N\u6784\u6210\u7b2cN&#043;1\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<br \/>\n\u7b2cN&#043;1\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u51bb\u7ed3\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219N&#043;1<br \/>\n\u89c4\u5219N&#043;1\u6784\u6210\u7b2cN&#043;2\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5e95\u5c42\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u9876\u5c42\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u9012\u5f52&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5411\u4e0a&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5411\u4e0b&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219&#xff0c;\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u201d&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u611f\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K\u7ebf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u75d5\u8ff9&#xff0c;\u800c\u57fa\u4e8eK\u7ebf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5206\u6790\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f93\u5165\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u800c\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u800c\u8303\u5f0f\u53c8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u611f\u77e5\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u800c\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u6001&#xff0c;\u800c\u7c92\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u201d\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u201d\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.3 \u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u610f\u4e49&#xff1a;\u4e09\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba<\/h4>\n<h5>\u63a8\u8bba\u4e00&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u201d<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5bfb\u627e\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u5728\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u660e&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u4f60\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e90\u5934\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u201d\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ffd\u95ee\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u6982\u5ff5\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u524d\u63d0&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9003\u907f\u201d\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u8bef\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u63a8\u8bba\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u90fd\u643a\u5e26\u7ade\u4e89\u53f2<\/h5>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u90fd\u643a\u5e26\u4e86\u5b83\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K\u7ebf\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u591a\u7a7a\u53cc\u65b9\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u4ef7\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u4e0d\u662f\u968f\u673a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6218\u573a\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f60\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u504f\u597d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5bf9\u5176\u7ade\u4e89\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u89c6\u91ce\u5177\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027&#xff1a;\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u5f00\u59cb\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u7ade\u4e89\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u5c31\u518d\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u201d\u6765\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u63a8\u8bba\u4e09&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u6076&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6bcd\u4f53<\/h5>\n<p>\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5e26\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u8272\u5f69\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u538b\u529b\u3001\u6076\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c42\u9762&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6bcd\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6709\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u683c\u53d1\u73b0\u2014\u2014K\u7ebf\u4e0d\u4f1a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u547d\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u6f14\u5316\u2014\u2014\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u201d\u5730\u5206\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u79d1\u5b66\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u8303\u5f0f\u8fdb\u6b65\u2014\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u611f\u77e5\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u73b0\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u610f\u8bc6\u9677\u5165\u591a\u91cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u91cf\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7c92\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u505c\u7559\u5728\u672a\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u63a8\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\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\/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u00b7\u5377\u672b\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<h4>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u8bc1<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u901a\u8fc7\u4e94\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728<\/p>\n<p>K\u7ebf\u662f\u591a\u7a7a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6c89\u6dc0&#xff0c;\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005&#xff0c;\u611f\u77e5\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u8868\u5f81\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u8f93\u51fa&#xff0c;\u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u6001\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<hr 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\/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u00b7\u7ade\u4e89&#xff1a;\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u5373\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d&#xff08;meta-process&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u662f\u6307\u4f7f\u4e00\u5207\u5177\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6839\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.1 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\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5168\u57df\u6027\u8868\u73b0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u8303\u7574\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5177\u4f53\u8bf4\u660e<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/td>\n<td>\u7c92\u5b50\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u661f\u7403<\/td>\n<td>\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u90fd\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u6d88\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u7535\u5b50\u4e89\u593a\u80fd\u7ea7\u6700\u4f4e\u6001&#xff0c;\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e89\u593a\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d&#xff0c;\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e89\u593a\u5730\u7f18\u5f71\u54cd\u529b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/td>\n<td>\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab<\/td>\n<td>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d6\u4ee3\u66f4\u6162\u7684&#xff0c;\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d6\u4ee3\u66f4\u4f4e\u6548\u7684&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ade\u4e89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<td>\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u7edf\u4e00<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u54ea\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u88ab\u6392\u9664&#xff0c;\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u529b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u62bd\u8c61\u7269<\/td>\n<td>\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u547d\u9898\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u201c\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u201d\u3001\u201c\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u201d\u3001\u201c\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u679c\u957f\u671f\u65e0\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528&#xff0c;\u5c31\u201c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u201d\u4e86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5143\u5c42\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab<\/td>\n<td>\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u4efb\u4f55\u8303\u7574\u3001\u4efb\u4f55\u57df\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u90fd\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff08;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf\u652f\u6301\u5b83&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u4e8b\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8868\u73b0&#xff0c;\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u6216\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.2 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\/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u00b7\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff1a;\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u65b0\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u88ab\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u88ab\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u201d&#xff0c;\u662f\u6307\u5224\u65ad\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u4f53\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3001\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7b49\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u88f8\u201d\u7684&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5305\u88f9\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.1 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u5168\u57df\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u88688.1 \u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4f9d\u8d56<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5224\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b\u5224\u65ad\u5185\u5bb9\u6846\u67b6\u4f9d\u8d56<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5224\u65ad<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u7c92\u5b50&#xff0c;\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u8c61\u6027&#xff0c;\u5728\u573a\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u573a\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5224\u65ad<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u53cd\u5e94&#xff0c;\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8&#xff0c;\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u201c\u4f53\u9a8c\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5224\u65ad<\/td>\n<td>\u201cA\u662fB\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u4f11\u8c1f\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u4e60\u60ef\u8054\u60f3&#xff0c;\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u5148\u5929\u8303\u7574&#xff0c;\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u7684\u5224\u65ad<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6392\u4e2d\u5f8b\u6210\u7acb\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u903b\u8f91\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u6210\u7acb&#xff0c;\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4e3b\u4e49\u903b\u8f91\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb&#xff08;\u9700\u8981\u6784\u9020\u6027\u8bc1\u660e&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u5143\u5c42\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5224\u65ad<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u4f9d\u8d56\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5177\u6709\u89c6\u89d2\u6027\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u770b\u5230\u6240\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u5e76\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6392\u51fa\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5185&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5916\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.2 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u5206<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u201d\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8bef\u89e3&#xff0c;\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u6f84\u6e05\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u88688.2 \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u533a\u5206<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6240\u6709\u771f\u7406\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u771f\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u660e\u786e\u771f\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6307\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u662f\u771f\u7406&#xff1f;\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u771f\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u677e\u6563\u7684\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\u90fd\u884c\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u660e\u786e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u660e\u786e\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5728\u5143\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u53d6\u6d88\u5224\u65ad\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5f3a\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u58f0\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u677e\u6563\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.3 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad<\/h4>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u800c\u5224\u65ad\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u521b\u9020\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u611f\u53d7\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u8fdb\u5165\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u503c\u7b54\u6848&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u65f6\u95f4\u81a8\u80c0\u6548\u5e94&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u66f4\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u95ee\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u201d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684&#xff1b;\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u201d\u3002\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u5237\u65b0\u4e86\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5141\u8bb8\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5224\u65ad&#xff08;\u8ba1\u7b97\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f&#xff09;\u548c\u5728\u9053\u4e49\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5224\u65ad&#xff08;\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25&#xff09;\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7b54\u6848&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u201c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u201d\u5230\u201c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9002\u7528\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u8bc1\u660e\u201d\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u542b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u53cd\u8bc1\u6cd5\u6210\u7acb&#xff1b;\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u51fa\u6784\u9020\u3002\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u5b9e&#xff1a;\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u7b54\u6848\u201d&#xff0c;\u66f4\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u7ef4\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53d6\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.4 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u5143\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u5185&#xff0c;\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u4e3a\u771f\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u7684\u201d\u6216\u201c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u6211\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6211\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u6211\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u8bf4\u6211\u662f\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u201d&#xff0c;\u6211\u8bf4\u6211\u5728\u6211\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u653e\u5728\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u81ea\u5c01\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6709\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u5e76\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.5 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u6784\u6210\u529f\u80fd\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u4e09\u89d2&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5185\u5bb9\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u5e8f\u201d\u7684\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5224\u65ad\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u4f9b\u6846\u67b6\u5316\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u5dee\u5f02\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u6574\u5408\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u8c31\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u662f\u788e\u7247&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u566a\u58f0\u201d\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u8ba9\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u201c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u529f\u80fd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5224\u65ad&#xff08;\u660e\u786e\u6846\u67b6&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u53d6\u6d88\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u521b\u9020\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u673a\u5236\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u63d0\u4f9b\u610f\u4e49&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u6574\u5408\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7ffb\u8f6c&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5224\u65ad\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u660e\u786e\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5e7b\u8c61&#xff0c;\u540e\u8005\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u00b7\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff1a;\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u788e\u7247\u5316\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u5408\u673a\u5236&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5dee\u5f02\u5c31\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7ea6\u7684\u788e\u7247\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5408\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.1 \u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u7406\u8bba&#xff1a;(T(p_1,p_2,\\\\dots,p_n))&#xff0c;\u5176\u4e2d (p_i) \u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u503c<br \/>\n\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316&#xff1a;(T(\\\\lambda_1,\\\\lambda_2,\\\\dots,\\\\lambda_n))&#xff0c;\u5176\u4e2d (\\\\lambda_i \\\\in \\\\Lambda_i \\\\subseteq \\\\mathbb{R}) \u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf<br \/>\n\u539f\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9&#xff1a;(T &#061; T(p_1,p_2,\\\\dots,p_n))<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u201d\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u201d\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u201d\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u540e\u679c\u662f\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6d88\u89e3\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u76f4\u89c2\u6848\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u6b63\u6bd4\u4f8b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316<\/h5>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u6bd4\u4f8b\u51fd\u6570 (y &#061; x)\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f1a\u95ee&#xff1a;\u5b83\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5e42\u51fd\u6570\u65cf (y &#061; x^a) \u5728 (a &#061; 1) \u65f6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u53c2\u6570 (a) \u4ece0\u8fde\u7eed\u589e\u52a0\u5230 (&#043;\\\\infty) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u6001\u5e73\u6ed1\u5730\u53d8\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(a \\\\to 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;(y &#061; x^a \\\\to 1)&#xff08;\u5e38\u6570\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>(a &#061; 1) \u65f6&#xff0c;(y &#061; x)&#xff08;\u6b63\u6bd4\u4f8b\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>(a &#061; 2) \u65f6&#xff0c;(y &#061; x^2)&#xff08;\u5e73\u65b9\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>(a \\\\to &#043;\\\\infty) \u65f6&#xff0c;(y &#061; x^a) \u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u9636\u8dc3\u51fd\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684 (a) \u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u539f\u6765\u7684 (y &#061; x) \u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f (a &#061; 1) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u70b9\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65&#xff0c;\u5e42\u51fd\u6570\u65cf (y &#061; x^a) \u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u4e3a\u53cc\u53c2\u6570\u65cf (y &#061; b \\\\cdot x^a)&#xff08;\u5176\u4e2d (b &gt; 0)&#xff09;\u5728 (b &#061; 1) \u65f6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e8c\u7ef4\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e09\u7ef4\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.2 \u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6570\u5b66\u64cd\u4f5c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u5f81&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u6027&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u3001\u4e92\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u4e92\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u6570\u6bcf\u53d8\u5316\u4e00\u70b9&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u53d8\u5316\u4e00\u70b9&#xff1b;\u6ca1\u6709\u8df3\u8dc3&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u65ad\u88c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u5316&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u90fd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d6\u503c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u53c2\u6570&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u968f\u4e4b\u5e73\u6ed1\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fb9\u754c\u6027&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u8fb9\u754c\u2014\u2014\u53c2\u6570\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u6781\u9650\u503c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u8fb9\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u4ed6\u8005\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a&#xff09;\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a&#xff09;\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u53d1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4f46\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u63ed\u793a&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u725b\u987f\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u7531\u53c2\u6570 (\\\\beta &#061; v\/c)&#xff08;\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5149\u901f\u4e4b\u6bd4&#xff09;\u6807\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53 (\\\\beta \\\\to 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u6d88\u5931&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u7cbe\u786e\u6210\u7acb&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u4ece0\u589e\u52a0\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u9010\u6e10\u663e\u73b0&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta \\\\to 1) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u9650\u5927\u3002\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d\u4e86&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f4e\u901f\u6781\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff09;\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u6982\u7387\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff09;\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u51fd\u6570\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>[<br \/>\nF(X) &#061; e^{1 \/ X^3} &#8211; e^{1 \/ X^2}<br \/>\n]<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d (X &#061; ) \u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\/\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3002\u5f53 (X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3b\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1b;\u5f53 (X \\\\to 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u968f\u673a\u6027\u4e3b\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1b;\u5f53 (X) \u9002\u4e2d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u5b58\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.3 \u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u9012\u5f52&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u672c\u8eab&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u9012\u5f52\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e0\u9650\u5f00\u653e&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc1\u660e\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe (T) \u4e3a\u4efb\u610f\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff0c;(T) \u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf (C_1) \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002\u4f46 (C_1) \u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64 (C_1) \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf (C_2) \u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002\u4f9d\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u9012\u5f52\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5411\u4e0a\u9012\u5f52&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba (T) \u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u7ec4\u5305\u542b (T) \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002(T) \u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65e0\u9650\u5f00\u653e&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf (C)&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff1a;(C) \u672c\u8eab\u5904\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff1f;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6c38\u8fdc\u6709\u7b54\u6848&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6c38\u8fdc\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u6027&#xff1a;\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0d\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>9.4 \u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u5e76\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u6574\u5408&#xff0c;\u800c\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6846\u67b6\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u62b9\u5e73\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u8bba\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\u6210\u201c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u201d\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5dee\u5f02\u2014\u2014\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684&#xff0c;\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 (\\\\beta) \u503c\u5904\u53d6\u503c\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u6027&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u4f60\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u788e\u7247&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u6709\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.5 \u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u5b83\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u67d0\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7ad9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u9080\u8bf7\u540e\u6765\u8005&#xff1a;\u627e\u5230\u5305\u542b\u6211\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u9012\u5f52\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>9.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6574\u5408\u529f\u80fd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u56fa\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5c06\u770b\u4f3c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7eb3\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u8c31\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u5316\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e0\u9650\u5f00\u653e&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u62b9\u5e73\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u662f\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u2014\u2014\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4ece\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u5dee\u5f02\u201d&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;\u548c\u201c\u5224\u65ad\u5dee\u5f02\u201d&#xff08;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff09;\u8d70\u5411\u201c\u6574\u5408\u5dee\u5f02\u201d&#xff08;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff09;\u3002\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u81f3\u6b64\u9f50\u805a&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u00b7\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u4e09\u7ae0\u5206\u522b\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u5177\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.1 \u4e09\u4e2a\u201c\u4ea7\u751f\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5404\u81ea\u627f\u62c5\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u529f\u80fd&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5206\u5de5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ea7\u751f<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab<\/td>\n<td>\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u65b0\u5b9e\u4f53\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u52a8\u529b\u6e90&#xff0c;\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6<\/td>\n<td>\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5316\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u6846\u67b6\u8f6c\u6362\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u6846\u67b6\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/td>\n<td>\u5305\u542b\u4e8e\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/td>\n<td>\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u6574\u5408\u5230\u7edf\u4e00\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3001\u63ed\u793a\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u9012\u5f52\u6df1\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u662f\u6574\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>10.2 \u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u201c\u4ea7\u751f\u201d\u5f62\u6210\u95ed\u73af&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u5faa\u73af&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u591a\u6837\u6027\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5224\u65ad<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u800c\u5224\u65ad\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ecb\u5165\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4f9d\u8d56\u610f\u5473\u7740\u591a\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u5e76\u5b58<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ecb\u5165\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u518d\u6b21\u4ecb\u5165&#xff0c;\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u87ba\u65cb<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u7edf\u4e00\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u87ba\u65cb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u5faa\u73af\u662fA\u8bc1\u660eA&#xff0c;\u539f\u5730\u6253\u8f6c&#xff1b;\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u5347\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u7ecf\u8fc7\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u4e0e\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u2014\u2014\u5faa\u73af\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u3001\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u7684&#xff1b;\u87ba\u65cb\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.3 \u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u652f\u6491\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u652f\u6491\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff1a;\u6846\u67b6\u4f9d\u8d56\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u6781\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u540c\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u652f\u6491\u7ade\u4e89&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u70b9\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u540c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u5173\u7cfb\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u5224\u65ad&#xff1b;\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u6574\u5408&#xff1b;\u6ca1\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u53ea\u662f\u788e\u7247\u3002\u4e09\u8005\u7f3a\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.4 \u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8<\/h4>\n<p>\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ad9\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u87ba\u65cb\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5728\u87ba\u65cb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8&#xff1a;\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ad9\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ad9\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8&#xff1a;\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ad9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u6211\u7ad9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5916\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8&#xff1a;\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ad9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5ba3\u79f0\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u201d\u7684\u7279\u5f81&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e0d\u8bc1\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u516c\u7406\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5148\u9a8c\u8303\u7574\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u516c\u8bbe\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u6cbb\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u6765\u652f\u6491\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff1f;<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u662f&#xff1a;\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u5417&#xff1f;\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u7b54\u662f&#xff1a;\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u201cA\u8bc1\u660eA\u201d\u2014\u2014\u540c\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u662f\u201cA\u652f\u6491B&#xff0c;B\u652f\u6491C&#xff0c;C\u652f\u6491A\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u652f\u6491\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u201d\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u886810.2 \u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ed3\u6784<\/td>\n<td>A\u8bc1\u660eA&#xff08;\u540c\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>A\u2192B\u2192C\u2192A\u2019&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9ad8\u5ea6&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0&#xff08;\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u6709&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53ef\u6253\u7834\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u88ab\u5916\u90e8\u6253\u7834<\/td>\n<td>\u5916\u90e8\u65e0\u6cd5\u6253\u7834&#xff08;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5916\u90e8&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f62\u72b6<\/td>\n<td>\u5e73\u9762\u5faa\u73af<\/td>\n<td>\u7acb\u4f53\u87ba\u65cb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u662fA\u5230A\u7684\u539f\u5730\u6253\u8f6c&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662fA\u5230B\u5230C\u5230A\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u87ba\u65cb&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u6b21\u7ecf\u8fc7\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e00\u8f6e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.5 \u4e0e\u7a7a\u6d1e\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u547d\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u8bf4\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u53d8\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u5411\u4f55\u5904\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4e09\u89d2\u5219\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u94fe\u6761&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u52a8\u529b&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u53d8\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f<\/li>\n<li>\u5224\u65ad&#xff1a;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u2014\u2014\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>\u6574\u5408&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u548c\u7ed3\u6784<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7a7a\u6d1e\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u81ea\u6211\u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e09\u89d2\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u5de5\u534f\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u73af\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6574\u5408\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5f62\u6210\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5206\u5de5&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u8005\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e0a\u5347\u87ba\u65cb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u8005\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6491\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u652f\u6491\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u652f\u6491\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u652f\u6491\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ad9\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u87ba\u65cb\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0e\u7a7a\u6d1e\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u94fe\u6761&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u5ba3\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5960\u57fa\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff09;\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u7684\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u547d\u9898\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u00b7\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00<\/h2>\n<h3>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8f6c\u5316<\/h4>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u3002\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u201d&#xff0c;\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e24\u5957\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u9762\u5411\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u65f6&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u6784\u5efa\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5bf9\u7acb\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u9762\u5411\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5206\u88c2\u65f6&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u63ed\u793a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u6062\u590d\u88ab\u5207\u5272\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u5bf9\u7acb\u81ea\u884c\u6d88\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316&#xff1a;\u5c06\u56fa\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf&#xff0c;\u5c06\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u8303\u7574\u6062\u590d\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u5c55\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e24\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u00b7\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5316\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5728\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u770b\u4f3c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u6570\u53d6\u503c\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u8868\u73b0\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.1 \u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7acb\u65f6&#xff0c;\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5047\u5b9a\u65f6\u7a7a\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66\u5047\u5b9a\u5149\u901f\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e8c\u8005\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u5047\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684&#xff0c;\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5047\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u6982\u7387\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e8c\u8005\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u5047\u5b9a\u5e73\u884c\u7ebf\u516c\u8bbe\u6210\u7acb&#xff0c;\u975e\u6b27\u51e0\u4f55\u5047\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u4e8c\u8005\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u65b9&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u5bfb\u627e\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u6298\u4e2d\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3&#xff1a;\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u6570\u53d6\u503c\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u8868\u73b0\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u79bb\u6563\u5316&#xff1f;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u5206\u7c7b\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u5ea6\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f&#xff0c;\u4f1a\u5728\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e0a\u201c\u5207\u4e00\u5200\u201d&#xff0c;\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5200\u5207\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u5207\u5272\u70b9\u4e24\u4fa7\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u201d&#xff0c;\u4eff\u4f5b\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u79cd\u7c7b\u201d\u800c\u975e\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f&#xff1a;\u627e\u5230\u90a3\u4e00\u5200\u5207\u5728\u4e86\u54ea\u91cc&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u79fb\u9664\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.2 \u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u56db\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c06\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570<\/h5>\n<p>\u627e\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u6839\u6e90&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u503c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u886811.1 \u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u6027\u8d28<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66 vs \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>(\\\\beta &#061; v\/c)&#xff08;\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5149\u901f\u4e4b\u6bd4&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u6bd4\u503c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u20140\u52301\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u503c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66 vs \u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>(X &#061; ) \u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\/\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u6bd4\u503c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u20140\u5230\u221e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u503c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6b27\u6c0f\u51e0\u4f55 vs \u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55<\/td>\n<td>\u66f2\u7387 (K)<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u6b63\u53ef\u8d1f\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u503c\u2014\u2014(K&#061;0) \u4e3a\u6b27\u6c0f&#xff0c;(K \\\\neq 0) \u4e3a\u975e\u6b27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6bd4\u503c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9879\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u6bcd\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u503c&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u503c&#xff0c;\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u5bf9\u7acb\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/h5>\n<p>\u5c06\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u533a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u6784\u5efa\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66&#xff0c;\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u662f (\\\\beta &#061; v\/c \\\\in [0,1))\u3002\u5f53 (\\\\beta \\\\to 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u6d88\u5931&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u7cbe\u786e\u6210\u7acb&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u4ece0\u589e\u52a0\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u9010\u6e10\u663e\u73b0&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta \\\\to 1) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u9650\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6784\u5efa\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u9884\u8bbe\u201c\u6b63\u7edf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002(\\\\beta &#061; 0.1) \u5904\u548c (\\\\beta &#061; 0.9) \u5904\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u6216\u66f4\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u4f4d\u539f\u7406\u8bba<\/h5>\n<p>\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u6807\u51fa\u539f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e8e (\\\\beta \\\\to 0) \u7684\u6781\u9650\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6781\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66\u8986\u76d6\u6574\u4e2a (\\\\beta \\\\in [0,1)) \u533a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u5728 (\\\\beta) \u63a5\u8fd11\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u4f4d\u4e8e (K &#061; 0) \u7684\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u66f2\u7387\u4e3a\u96f6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e8e (X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u7684\u6781\u9650\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u6781\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u88ab\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6d88\u706d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u4e0b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u56db\u6b65&#xff1a;\u63ed\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21<\/h5>\n<p>\u5c55\u793a\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u5f62\u6001\u5982\u4f55\u5e73\u6ed1\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u4ece0\u589e\u52a0\u52300.1\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u4fee\u6b63\u5f88\u5c0f&#xff08;(\\\\gamma \\\\approx 1.005)&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4ecd\u662f\u826f\u597d\u8fd1\u4f3c&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u589e\u52a0\u52300.5\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u663e\u8457&#xff08;(\\\\gamma \\\\approx 1.155)&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u5931\u6548&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u589e\u52a0\u52300.9\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u4e3b\u5bfc&#xff08;(\\\\gamma \\\\approx 2.294)&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u6548\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7a81\u53d8\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u6e10\u53d8\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684\u5c55\u793a&#xff0c;\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u65ad\u88c2\u201d\u7684\u5e7b\u8c61\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7a81\u7136\u201d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5e73\u6ed1\u5730\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684&#xff0c;\u5c31\u50cf\u6e29\u5ea6\u4ece0\u5ea6\u5347\u5230100\u5ea6\u662f\u5e73\u6ed1\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.3 \u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b<\/h4>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff1a;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a&#xff09;\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a&#xff09;\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u53d1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u725b\u987f\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u7531\u53c2\u6570 (\\\\beta &#061; v\/c) \u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u5f53 (\\\\beta \\\\ll 1) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565&#xff0c;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u6781\u597d\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c&#xff1b;\u5f53 (\\\\beta) \u63a5\u8fd11\u65f6&#xff0c;\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u663e\u8457\u3002\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u63a8\u7ffb\u201d\u4e86&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f4e\u901f\u6781\u9650\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u529b\u5b66\u5728 (v\/c \\\\to 0) \u65f6\u7684\u6781\u9650\u3002\u6240\u6709\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u6cf0\u52d2\u5c55\u5f00\u5728 (\\\\beta &#061; 0) \u5904\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5176\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff09;\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66&#xff08;\u6982\u7387\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027&#xff09;\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u6570 (X &#061; ) \u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\/\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u3002\u5f53 (X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3b\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1b;\u5f53 (X \\\\to 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u968f\u673a\u6027\u4e3b\u5bfc&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u884c\u4e3a&#xff1b;\u5f53 (X) \u9002\u4e2d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u5b58\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5728 (h \\\\to 0)&#xff08;\u6216\u4f5c\u7528\u91cf\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e (h)&#xff09;\u65f6\u7684\u6781\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8def\u5f84\u79ef\u5206\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5f53 (h) \u8d8b\u4e8e (0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u8def\u5f84\u79ef\u5206\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u5178\u8def\u5f84&#xff08;\u4f7f\u7528\u7528\u91cf\u53d6\u6781\u503c\u7684\u8def\u5f84&#xff09;\u8d21\u732e\u663e\u8457\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u53d6\u4ee3\u201d\u4e86&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u9650\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e09&#xff1a;\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0e\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff1a;\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55&#xff08;\u5e73\u884c\u7ebf\u516c\u8bbe&#xff09;\u4e0e\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55&#xff08;\u65e0\u5e73\u884c\u7ebf&#xff09;\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u53d1\u6570\u5b66\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u66f2\u7387\u53c2\u6570 (K) \u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u3002\u5f53 (K &#061; 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u7cbe\u786e\u6210\u7acb&#xff1b;\u5f53 (K &lt; 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u53cc\u66f2\u51e0\u4f55&#xff1b;\u5f53 (K &gt; 0) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u692d\u5706\u51e0\u4f55\u3002(K) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u51e0\u4f55\u5f62\u6001\u968f\u4e4b\u5e73\u6ed1\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u53d6\u4ee3\u201d\u4e86&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f2\u7387\u4e3a\u96f6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u6240\u6709\u975e\u6b27\u51e0\u4f55\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u7edf\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u6b27\u6c0f\u51e0\u4f55\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u66f2\u7387\u6052\u4e3a\u96f6\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u6846\u67b6\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.4 \u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u8fb9\u754c<\/h4>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u5e76\u975e\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u660e\u786e\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7ea6\u7684\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6df7\u5408\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u6548\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7ea6\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0&#xff09;\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6d88\u89e3\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u88ab\u201c\u5207\u4e86\u4e00\u5200\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56db\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570 \u2192 \u6784\u5efa\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf \u2192 \u5b9a\u4f4d\u539f\u7406\u8bba \u2192 \u63ed\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9002\u7528\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u6570\u5b66\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u8c03\u548c\u201d\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6d88\u89e3\u201d\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5b83\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5957\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u00b7\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u6d88\u89e3\u6839\u672c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u6df1\u6df1\u5d4c\u5165\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5207\u5272&#xff1a;\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u7537\u6027\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6d1e\u89c1\u662f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5206\u88c2&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.1 \u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u7eaf\u7cb9\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5230\u7eaf\u7cb9\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7684&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u65ad\u88c2\u3002\u4ece\u6700\u5e95\u5c42&#xff08;\u91cf\u5b50\u6da8\u843d&#xff09;\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42&#xff08;\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u5f3a\u884c\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3001\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u5927\u8111\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5316\u624d\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u7b80\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u2014\u2014\u628a\u8fde\u7eed\u5207\u5272\u6210\u51e0\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5207\u5272\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5207\u5272\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9&#xff0c;\u628a\u201c\u5207\u5272\u540e\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u201d\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8303\u7574\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u7acb\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f&#xff1a;\u627e\u56de\u90a3\u9053\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u5207\u5272\u7ebf&#xff0c;\u63ed\u793a\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u6062\u590d\u88ab\u5207\u5272\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.2 \u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u4e94\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n<p>\u6d88\u89e3\u4efb\u4f55\u6839\u672c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e94\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u5bf9\u7acb\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570<\/h5>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u7acbA vs B&#xff0c;\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u542b\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5728A\u533a\u57df\u53d6\u67d0\u4e2a\u503c&#xff0c;\u5728B\u533a\u57df\u53d6\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u886812.1 \u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6027\u8d28<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91cf\u5b50 vs \u7ecf\u5178<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u6570 (X &#061; ) \u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6\/\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>(X \\\\to 0) \u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u6781\u7aef&#xff0c;(X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u6781\u7aef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u7531 vs \u51b3\u5b9a<\/td>\n<td>\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u6570 (X)<\/td>\n<td>(X) \u9002\u4e2d\u65f6\u81ea\u7531\u611f\u5f3a&#xff0c;(X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u65f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u6210\u7acb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u610f\u8bc6 vs \u7269\u8d28<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u5f3a\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7537\u6027 vs \u5973\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28\u8c31\u7cfb<\/td>\n<td>\u4ece\u201c\u5178\u578b\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u201d\u5230\u201c\u5178\u578b\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6bd4\u503c\u7684\u63ed\u793a\u662f\u5173\u952e\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u7acb\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u503c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9879\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u6bcd\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u503c&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u81ea\u7531vs\u51b3\u5b9a\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u6027\u7684\u6bd4\u503c (X)&#xff1b;\u7537\u6027vs\u5973\u6027\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28\u6d4b\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7ea6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65&#xff1a;\u63ed\u793a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h5>\n<p>\u627e\u51fa\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u201c\u5207\u4e86\u4e00\u5200\u201d\u3002\u95ee&#xff1a;\u662f\u8c01\u3001\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u3001\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0&#xff0c;\u628a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u5207\u5272\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u79bb\u6563\u6807\u7b7e&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8bed\u8a00\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5207\u5272\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u51b7\u201d\u548c\u201c\u70ed\u201d\u5207\u5272\u4e86\u6e29\u5ea6\u8c31&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u5207\u5272\u4e86\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02&#xff08;\u201c\u662f\u6216\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u5207\u5272\u4e86\u201c\u591a\u5c11\u201d&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\u5207\u5272\u4e86\u591a\u6837\u6027&#xff08;\u5982\u6027\u522b\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5206\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6548\u7387\u800c\u727a\u7272\u7cbe\u5ea6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8fd9\u727a\u7272\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86&#xff0c;\u4e8e\u662f\u6807\u7b7e\u88ab\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65&#xff1a;\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7ebf\u4e0a\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h5>\n<p>\u628aA\u548cB\u653e\u56de\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31&#xff0c;\u6807\u8bb0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u95ee&#xff1a;A\u548cB\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f62\u6001&#xff1f;\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7ecf\u5178\u4e16\u754c\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4ece (X \\\\to 0) \u5230 (X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u7684\u8fde\u7eedX\u8f74\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u548c\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4ece (X) \u9002\u4e2d\u5230 (X \\\\to \\\\infty) \u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7537\u4eba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5973\u4eba\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u56db\u6b65&#xff1a;\u63d0\u5347\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/h5>\n<p>\u4ece\u201cA\u8fd8\u662fB\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u9009\u4e00\u601d\u7ef4&#xff0c;\u8dc3\u8fc1\u5230\u201c\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u95ee&#xff1a;\u4e0e\u5176\u4e89\u8bbaA\u5bf9\u8fd8\u662fB\u5bf9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5982\u95ee&#xff1a;\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u662f\u591a\u5c11&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8dc3\u8fc1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f&#xff1a;\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u4ece\u201c\u7c7b\u522b\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6d4b\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u662fA\u8fd8\u662fB\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u5728A-B\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b65&#xff1a;\u6d88\u89e3&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u8c03\u548c<\/h5>\n<p>\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u8c03\u548cA\u548cB\u201d\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u9884\u8bbeA\u548cB\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6d88\u89e3A\u548cB\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d&#xff1a;\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff0c;\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u8c03\u548c\u201d\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7136\u540e\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u3002\u201c\u6d88\u89e3\u201d\u662f\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5207\u5272\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.3 \u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b<\/h4>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e00&#xff1a;\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5343\u5e74\u96be\u89e3\u7684\u6b7b\u7ed3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d&#xff0c;\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u7531\u7269\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u6d88\u89e3\u8def\u5f84&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c42\u2014\u2014(X) \u5982\u4f55\u6f14\u5316&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u524d\u4e00\u72b6\u6001\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5c42\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5f53 (X) \u53d6\u503c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u533a\u57df&#xff08;(X) \u9002\u4e2d&#xff09;\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u6211\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u5728\u51b2\u7a81&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u6bb5\u65cb\u5f8b&#xff1a;\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u5c42\u770b&#xff0c;\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u632f\u52a8&#xff08;\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u4ece\u4f53\u9a8c\u5c42\u770b&#xff0c;\u662f\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u97f3\u4e50&#xff08;\u81ea\u7531\u7684&#xff09;\u3002\u201c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u6e90\u4e8e\u628a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u653e\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u662f\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u5728 (X) \u9002\u4e2d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f53\u9a8c\u201d&#xff0c;\u5c06\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u5728 (X) \u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e (\\\\infty) \u65f6&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u7acb\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u6d88\u89e3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u4e4b\u95f4\u6a2a\u4e98\u7740\u201c\u786c\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u610f\u8bc6&#xff1f;\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u6d88\u89e3\u8def\u5f84&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u53c2\u6570 (X) \u5b58\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f53 (X) \u53d6\u67d0\u4e9b\u503c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u610f\u8bc6\u5f3a\u5ea6\u9ad8&#xff08;\u5982\u4eba\u7c7b\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;(X) \u9002\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u6307\u80fd\u529b&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u5f53 (X) \u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u503c\u65f6&#xff0c;\u610f\u8bc6\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4f4e\u6216\u4e3a\u96f6&#xff08;\u5982\u7b80\u5355\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;(X) \u6781\u5927\u6216\u6781\u5c0f&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u88ab\u7ebf\u6027\u8fd1\u4f3c&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u201d&#xff0c;\u7269\u8d28\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6295\u5f71\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c (X) \u533a\u57df\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f (X) \u5927\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u9ad8\u7684\u533a\u57df&#xff1b;\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f (X) \u9002\u4e2d\u3001\u6d3b\u6027\u80fd\u91cf\u9ad8\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u9e3f\u6c9f&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u3001\u4e14 (X) \u53d6\u503c\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u6df7\u6c8c\u8fb9\u7f18\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u201d\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u73b0\u8c61&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6848\u4f8b\u4e09&#xff1a;\u6027\u522b\u5bf9\u7acb<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u6d88\u89e3\u8def\u5f84&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5c42\u9762&#xff0c;\u6027\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u662f\u79bb\u6563\u7684&#xff08;XX\/XY&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28&#xff08;\u6027\u683c\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u98ce\u683c\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u504f\u597d&#xff09;\u5728\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u5448\u8fde\u7eed\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u201d\u3001\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u201d&#xff0c;\u6216\u8005\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u6570\u79cd\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u628a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u5f3a\u884c\u5207\u5272\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u76d2\u5b50&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u628a\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u7537\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u5973\u6027\u201d&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u60ca\u53f9\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u8ba4\u77e5&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u6765\u6807\u8bb0&#xff0c;\u70b9\u5728\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u7537\u4eba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5973\u4eba\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u201d\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5bf9\u7acb\u6d88\u5931&#xff0c;\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6d6e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5426\u8ba4\u6027\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u201c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u7c7b\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u6027\u522b\u7279\u8d28\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u8ddd\u5f88\u8fdc&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u9053\u8def&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u9053\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.4 \u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u8d21\u732e<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u76f8\u6bd4&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b83\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb&#xff1b;\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u79bb\u6563\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u201c\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u8868\u5c42\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u3002\u81ea\u7531vs\u51b3\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u8bc6vs\u7269\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7acb\u6bd4\u725b\u987fvs\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u66f4\u6839\u672c&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u89e3\u653e\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u8c31\u7cfb\u201d&#xff1b;\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u6240\u56f0\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>12.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6839\u672c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u88ab\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u201d\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e94\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570 \u2192 \u63ed\u793a\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c \u2192 \u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d \u2192 \u63d0\u5347\u7ef4\u5ea6 \u2192 \u6d88\u89e3\u800c\u975e\u8c03\u548c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ecf\u5178\u6848\u4f8b\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u8ba4\u77e5\u64cd\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6574\u5408\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u5747\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c06\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\u00b7\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5728\u4e24\u7c7b\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u63a2\u8ba8\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u57fa\u7840&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.1 \u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e0e\u4e92\u8865<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u4e92\u8865\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u603b\u7ed3\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u886813.1 \u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9762\u5411\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u5982\u725b\u987fvs\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u5982\u81ea\u7531vs\u51b3\u5b9a&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c<\/td>\n<td>\u6784\u5efa\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/td>\n<td>\u63ed\u793a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<td>\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5207\u5272\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u7b56\u7565<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u76ee\u6807<\/td>\n<td>\u5c06\u5bf9\u7acb\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02<\/td>\n<td>\u6d88\u89e3\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5bf9\u7acb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5178\u578b\u8f93\u51fa<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4<\/td>\n<td>\u6062\u590d\u88ab\u5207\u5272\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31&#xff0c;\u5c55\u793a\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f62\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u6d1e\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u540e&#xff0c;\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u770b\u4f3c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u6062\u590d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u7acb\u81ea\u884c\u6d88\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.2 \u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316<\/h4>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u8fd8\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66&#xff0c;\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u6027&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;\u770b\u4f3c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;\u770b\u4f3c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8c31\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e24\u8005\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u662f\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7a7a\u95f4\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u662f\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8c31\u7cfb\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u201c\u6807\u7b7e\u201d\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u9006\u79bb\u6563\u5316&#xff1a;\u6062\u590d\u88ab\u5207\u5272\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u65ad\u88c2\u91cd\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u5bf9\u7acb\u81ea\u884c\u6d88\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u534f\u540c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u79d1\u5b66vs\u4eba\u6587\u201d&#xff09;\u65f6&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u5206\u6790\u4e8c\u8005\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u5207\u5272\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u654c\u5bf9\u9635\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.3 \u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u5c06\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u6574\u5408\u8d77\u6765&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u95ee\u9898\u7c7b\u578b<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u5982\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u201c\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49vs\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u65e2\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u4e24\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb&#xff08;\u7269\u8d28vs\u610f\u8bc6&#xff09;\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5148\u7528\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u6d88\u89e3\u201c\u7269\u8d28vs\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5207\u5272&#xff0c;\u518d\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u5c06\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42&#xff1a;\u5e94\u7528\u5bf9\u5e94\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u6838\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570&#xff08;\u6bd4\u503c&#xff09;\u2192 \u6784\u5efa\u53c2\u6570\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf \u2192 \u5b9a\u4f4d\u539f\u7406\u8bba \u2192 \u63ed\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u8fde\u7eed\u53c2\u6570&#xff08;\u6bd4\u503c&#xff09;\u2192 \u63ed\u793a\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c \u2192 \u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e0a\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d \u2192 \u63d0\u5347\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ef4\u5ea6 \u2192 \u6d88\u89e3\u800c\u975e\u8c03\u548c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c42&#xff1a;\u8fbe\u5230\u6d88\u89e3<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e24\u79cd\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02\u6216\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u622a\u56fe\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u622a\u56fe\u6548\u5e94\u201d&#xff0c;\u662f\u6307&#xff1a;\u5f53\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u8fdb\u884c\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u5207\u5272\u65f6&#xff0c;\u5207\u5272\u540e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7c7b\u522b\u201d\u90fd\u50cf\u662f\u4ece\u8fde\u7eed\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u622a\u53d6\u7684\u4e00\u5e27\u753b\u9762\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u5e27\u753b\u9762\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684&#xff08;\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u72b6\u6001&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5c06\u4e00\u5e27\u753b\u9762\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u4e86\u3002\u540c\u6837&#xff0c;\u5207\u5272\u540e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840\u7684&#xff08;\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u7684\u7279\u5f81&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5c06\u7c7b\u522b\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5212\u5206\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.4 \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u5426\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1f;\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba&#xff08;\u5982\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66&#xff09;\u5904\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u672c\u8eab&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d&#xff0c;\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u6307\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6709\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u4e5f\u6709\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u4e5f\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7f3a\u9677&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bda\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u6761\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6574\u5408\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u9762\u5411\u7406\u8bba\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u540e\u8005\u9762\u5411\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e24\u8005\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316&#xff08;\u9006\u79bb\u6563\u5316&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u5c42&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u95ee\u9898\u7c7b\u578b \u2192 \u5e94\u7528\u5bf9\u5e94\u65b9\u6cd5 \u2192 \u8fbe\u5230\u6d88\u89e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e&#xff08;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff08;\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff08;\u7406\u8bba\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u5316\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66&#xff09;\u3002\u4e09\u5377\u5408\u4e00&#xff0c;\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d\u5b8c\u6574\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7528\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u96be\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\u00b7\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1<\/h2>\n<h3>\u4ece\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u5230\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6295\u5f71<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u4e09\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u201d\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5960\u57fa&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377&#xff09;\u3001\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5960\u57fa&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377&#xff09;\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377&#xff09;\u3002\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u5fc5\u7136\u4f34\u968f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u540e\u679c&#xff1a;\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e09\u4e2a\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u96be\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u201c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e0b\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e3a\u201c\u4ece\u865a\u65e0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u201d&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u751f\u5b58\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u89c9&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u53cd\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u7edf\u4e00&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6d1e\u89c1\u662f&#xff1a;\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u53cd\u6620&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6307\u8ba4\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e16\u754c\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr 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\u5171\u540c\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u628a\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5c42&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c&#xff08;\u5206\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u88c2&#xff09;<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5c42&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u201d&#xff08;\u65e5\u7ebf\u3001\u51b0\u6676\u3001\u7269\u79cd\u3001\u5a74\u513f&#xff09;<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u4e0a\u5c42&#xff0c;\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u4e0b\u5c42<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u4e8e\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u60ca\u547c\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u89c6\u89d2\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u67d0\u7269\u201c\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u770b\u5230\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u7684\u4e0b\u5c42\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.4 \u63a8\u5230\u6700\u6df1\u5904&#xff1a;\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b58\u5728<\/h4>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728&#xff0c;\u628a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u5230\u6700\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u7269\u7406\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u662f\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\u7684&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u6309\u7167\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u88ab\u903c\u5230\u5899\u89d2&#xff1a;\u8981\u4e48\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d&#xff08;\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u795e\u79d8&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8981\u4e48\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u5b58\u5728\u201d&#xff08;\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u6709\u5f00\u7aef&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8981\u4e48\u8bc9\u8bf8\u795e&#xff08;\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u540e\u4e00\u5c42&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u7b54\u6848&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u65f6&#xff0c;\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5\u770b\u5230\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u540c\u6837\u6210\u7acb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d&#xff08;\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u4e4b\u524d&#xff09;&#061; \u65e5\u7ebf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5f00\u76d8\u524d\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u201d&#061; \u65e5\u7ebf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u201cK\u7ebf\u51ed\u7a7a\u51fa\u73b0\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u4f60\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7684&#xff08;\u5143\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff09;&#061; \u65e5\u7ebf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u5206\u65f6\u535a\u5f08<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b87\u5b99\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0a\u5c42\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0b\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5c42\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709&#xff09;\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u65f6\u95f4&#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709&#xff09;\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8d28&#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709&#xff09;\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u5b83\u662f\u5143\u7ade\u4e89\u903b\u8f91\u80cc\u666f\u573a&#xff0c;\u662f\u6240\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5168\u57df\u573a&#xff0c;\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u6700\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5c42&#xff0c;\u5c31\u50cf\u65e5\u7ebf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u5206\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b87\u5b99\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.5 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\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u7684\u6d88\u89e3<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff0c;\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bf4\u201c\u90a3\u91cc\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u8fde\u201c\u90a3\u91cc\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u90a3\u91cc\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bf4\u201c\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u4e4b\u524d\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u906d\u9047\u8fc7\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u906d\u9047\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u65e0\u201d&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u201c\u4e0b\u5c42\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65e5\u7ebf\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u5206\u65f6\u535a\u5f08<\/li>\n<li>\u51b0\u6676\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8<\/li>\n<li>\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02<\/li>\n<li>\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u5b55\u671f\u53d1\u80b2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u2018\u65e0\u2019\u201d\u662f\u4f8b\u5916&#xff1f;\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u770b\u5230\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u4e0b\u5c42\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u6211\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u201d\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u90a3\u91cc\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c6\u89d2\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u662f&#xff1a;\u6211\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u5c42\u7ea7&#xff0c;\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u7a7f\u900f\u5b83\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.7 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u4ece\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u8c1c\u9898\u5165\u624b&#xff0c;\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c6\u89d2\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u7ea7\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u900f\u89c6\u4e0b\u5c42\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65f6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u611f\u53d7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56db\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4&#xff08;\u65e5\u7ebf\u3001\u51b0\u6676\u3001\u7269\u79cd\u3001\u5a74\u513f&#xff09;\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u8bde\u751f\u201d\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u903b\u8f91\u2014\u2014\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u201d\u88ab\u6d88\u89e3\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u7574\u9519\u8bef&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u628a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53ef\u5206\u6790\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u9650\u5236&#xff0c;\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u795e\u79d8&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u9192\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\u00b7\u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8c31\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u719f\u6089\u201d\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6&#xff0c;\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f14\u5316\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53f2&#xff0c;\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u7f29\u5f71\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u4eba\u7c7b\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u65ad\u6df1\u5316\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u5904\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u751f\u5b58\u73b0\u8c61\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u5e95\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f14\u5316\u65e2\u662f\u201c\u9010\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u201d&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u65ad\u88c2\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u542b\u4e49&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>15.1 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7684\u5185\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u8d44\u672c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4ee5\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0&#xff0c;\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5e26\u6765\u5f02\u5316\u3001\u5265\u524a\u548c\u5371\u673a&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65af\u5bbe\u585e&#xff1a;\u793e\u4f1a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u751f\u7269\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u201c\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5177\u6709\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u529f\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u4ef7\u503c&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u5206\u914d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6df1\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u673a\u5236\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u5316&#xff08;\u9a6c\u514b\u601d&#xff09;\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316&#xff08;\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7834\u574f\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8be5\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76f2\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9886\u57df\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df&#xff08;\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a&#xff09;\u7684\u673a\u5236&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e3b\u4f53\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u5148\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d85\u8d8a\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u6216\u201c\u540e\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u72b6\u6001&#xff08;\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u56db\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u73b0\u8c61&#xff08;20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u540e\u671f&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236\u201d\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u540e\u671f&#xff0c;\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u7ade\u4e89\u6982\u5ff5\u63a8\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u518d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u535a\u5f08\u8bba&#xff08;\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u3001\u7eb3\u4ec0&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u6570\u5b66\u5316&#xff0c;\u6210\u4e3a\u7b56\u7565\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5408\u4f5c\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5408\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7406\u6027\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u8bba&#xff08;\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u2014\u2014ESS&#xff08;\u6f14\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565&#xff09;\u6210\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u751f\u7269\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u540c\u6784\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba&#xff08;\u666e\u91cc\u6208\u91d1&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u6d8c\u73b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6df1\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316&#xff08;\u6570\u5b66&#xff09;\u3001\u666e\u904d\u5316&#xff08;\u8de8\u9886\u57df&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u88ab\u6d88\u89e3\u2014\u2014\u5408\u4f5c\u6210\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u201c\u5747\u8861\u6001\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8be5\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76f2\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u673a\u5236\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u201c\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u5148\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u63cf\u8ff0\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6839\u672c\u5c40\u9650&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u7b49\u5f85\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u88ab\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u524d\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5171\u540c\u76f2\u70b9&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u8981\u7206\u7834\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5c42\u5929\u82b1\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba&#xff08;\u5f53\u524d&#xff09;<\/h5>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u201c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6839\u672c\u63a8\u8fdb\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4f7f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6df1\u5316&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u673a\u5236\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f7f\u673a\u5236\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u4ee5\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u201c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u201d&#xff0c;\u89c2\u5bdf\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u5916\u90e8\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e00\u5207\u5173\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u88ab\u6d88\u89e3\u7684\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u548c\u6682\u65f6\u7a33\u5b9a\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u73af\u5883\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u73af\u5883\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u573a\u57df\u5316\u663e\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76ee\u7684\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6682\u65f6\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9886\u57df\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u9886\u57df\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u9884\u8bbe \u2192 \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5316\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>15.3 \u9636\u6bb5\u603b\u89c8<\/h4>\n<p>\u886815.1 \u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u6f14\u5316<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u9636\u6bb5\u6838\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8be5\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u76f2\u70b9<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u5b58\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u610f\u8bc6\u5230<\/td>\n<td>\u9053\u5fb7\/\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898<\/td>\n<td>\u53ea\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0d\u53cd\u601d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u7269\u673a\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u79d1\u5b66\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u7136\u673a\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u3001\u73af\u5883\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u5f8b<\/td>\n<td>\u9886\u57df\u3001\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u5e95<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u88ab\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u8ba4<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0&#xff08;\u81ea\u6211\u6d88\u89e3&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>15.4 \u65e2\u662f\u6df1\u5316&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u65ad\u88c2<\/h4>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u5230\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5728\u6269\u5927\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6&#xff1a;\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u5230\u673a\u5236\u5230\u5f62\u5f0f\u5230\u57fa\u5e95\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8109\u7edc\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5438\u6536\u5176\u6210\u679c&#xff0c;\u66b4\u9732\u5176\u76f2\u70b9&#xff0c;\u63a8\u8fdb\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u7b2c\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u5230\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u8dc3\u8fc1&#xff0c;\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u524d\u56db\u6b65\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u524d\u56db\u6b65\u662f\u201c\u91cf\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u8986\u76d6\u66f4\u591a\u9886\u57df\u3001\u66f4\u591a\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1b;\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b65\u662f\u201c\u8d28\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d8\u6210\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u886815.2 \u7b2c\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u5230\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u65ad\u88c2<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u65ad\u88c2\u70b9\u53d8\u5316<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u201c\u53ef\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u4f7f\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u6d89<\/td>\n<td>\u524d\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u81ea\u6307&#xff1b;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5fc5\u7136\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u524d\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u53ef\u88ab\u201c\u5b8c\u6210\u201d&#xff1b;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>15.5 \u6f14\u5316\u7ebf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6761\u6f14\u5316\u7ebf\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u660e&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u6784\u9020\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e4b\u5916\u201c\u7a7a\u964d\u201d\u7684\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5185\u90e8\u201c\u751f\u957f\u201d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u660e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u8303\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;\u9a71\u52a8\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u660e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6765\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u5f0f\u80fd\u5c06\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u8d85\u8d8a\u5e76\u5438\u6536&#xff0c;\u90a3\u6070\u6070\u518d\u6b21\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>15.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6f14\u5316\u8c31\u7cfb\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u68b3\u7406&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u751f\u5b58\u73b0\u8c61 \u2192 \u751f\u7269\u673a\u5236 \u2192 \u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u5236 \u2192 \u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61 \u2192 \u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6f14\u5316\u65e2\u662f\u201c\u9010\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u201d&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u65ad\u88c2\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u542b\u4e49&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u524d\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5171\u540c\u76f2\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8bbe\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u7206\u7834\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u81ea\u6211\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u4e0e\u524d\u4e00\u7ae0&#xff08;\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709&#xff09;\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1\u2014\u2014\u524d\u7ae0\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c6\u89d2\u8fb9\u754c&#xff0c;\u672c\u7ae0\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u201d\u5230\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7ffb\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0\u00b7\u81ea\u53cd\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u201c\u81ea\u53cd\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9012\u5f52\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u662f\u56db\u4e2a\u9891\u7e41\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6df7\u7528&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5404\u81ea\u627f\u8f7d\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f&#xff1a;\u5728\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u6574\u5408\u8fdb\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u6f14\u5316\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16.1 \u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/td>\n<td>\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u524d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8f7d\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u201d\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u672c\u8eab<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u53cd\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u56de\u8fc7\u5934\u6765\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u80fd\u529b<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u6f14\u5316\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u7c92\u5b50\u3001\u5206\u5b50&#xff09;\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u53cd\u6027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u523b\u88ab\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u547d\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9012\u5f52<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u6307\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd\u590d\u3001\u6df1\u5316\u3001\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6df1\u5316\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>16.2 \u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u662f\u5e76\u5217\u7684\u8303\u7574&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u663e\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u6211\u4f5c\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u65f6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c5e\u6027\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u523b\u88ab\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9012\u5f52\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u6307\u52a8\u4f5c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd\u590d\u3001\u6df1\u5316\u3001\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u81ea\u53cd\u6027&#xff0c;\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u5728\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u88ab\u6267\u884c&#xff08;\u81ea\u6307&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u6df1\u5316&#xff08;\u9012\u5f52&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16.3 \u5355\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5<\/h4>\n<p>\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6574\u5408\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e00&#xff1a;\u524d\u81ea\u53cd\u7684\u7ade\u4e89<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u8fd0\u884c&#xff08;\u7269\u7406\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u751f\u7269\u7ade\u4e89&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u5c31\u50cfK\u7ebf\u5728\u88ab\u6253\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u5019&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201cK\u7ebf\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4ea4\u6613\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u7684\u83b7\u5f97<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e3b\u4f53&#xff08;\u4eba\u7c7b&#xff09;\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7406\u8bba&#xff08;\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u2026\u2026&#xff09;\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u662f&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u9636\u6bb5\u4e09&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f<\/h5>\n<p>\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b&#xff0c;\u67d0\u4e2a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e3b\u4f53\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u201c\u601d\u8003\u201d\u81ea\u5df1&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6295\u5f71\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u201d&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u8fdb\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63\u3001\u88ab\u6df1\u5316&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u9636\u6bb5\u56db&#xff1a;\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u5c55\u5f00<\/h5>\n<p>\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u8fdb\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7406\u8bba&#xff08;\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u7b49&#xff09;\u7ade\u4e89\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u547d\u9898&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u653e\u81ea\u6307\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7b49&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u547d\u9898\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u9012\u5f52&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u590d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16.4 \u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5408\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b&#xff0c;\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6295\u5f71&#xff08;\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u547d\u9898&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u6df1\u5316\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u201d\u662f\u6307&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5c42\u7ea7&#xff08;\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7&#xff09;\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6295\u5f71&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6295\u5f71\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6070\u597d\u662f\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u6839K\u7ebf\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u201d\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014K\u7ebf\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4ea4\u6613\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6295\u5f71&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u6070\u597d\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4ea4\u6613\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u540c\u6837&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u547d\u9898\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u201d\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u521b\u9020\u201d\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6295\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16.5 \u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u51fa\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8bbe (S) \u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6307\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002(S) \u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S) \u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S) \u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4f5c\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u72b6\u6001 (S\u2019)&#xff0c;\u4e14 (S\u2019 \\\\neq S)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9012\u5f52\u5f00\u653e\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S\u2019) \u540c\u6837\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u6307\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u4e0d\u540c\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u886816.2 \u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7ed3\u6784\u7ed3\u679c<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to \\\\neg S)<\/td>\n<td>\u6096\u8bba&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u5047\u7684\u201d&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to S)<\/td>\n<td>\u7a7a\u6d1e\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u771f\u7684\u201d&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to S\u2019 \\\\to S\u2019\u2019 \\\\to \\\\dots)<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u9650\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e09\u89d2\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u7edf\u4e00&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>16.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u53cd\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u73af\u8282\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u57fa\u7840&#xff0c;\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u5c5e\u6027&#xff0c;\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u6267\u884c\u52a8\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u9012\u5f52\u662f\u5c55\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56db\u8005\u88ab\u6574\u5408\u8fdb\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u6f14\u5316\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u6307\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u79d8\u4e8b\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6&#xff08;\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u5f00\u653e&#xff09;\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5168\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u4ece\u201c\u65e0\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0&#xff09;\u5230\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0&#xff09;\u5230\u201c\u81ea\u53cd\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u201d\u5230\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8de8\u8d8a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e94\u5377\u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7528\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e94\u5377\u00b7\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca<\/h2>\n<h3>\u4ece\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u5230\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u56db\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5960\u57fa\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377&#xff09;\u3001\u201c\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5960\u57fa\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377&#xff09;\u3001\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377&#xff09;\u548c\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1\u201d&#xff08;\u7b2c\u56db\u5377&#xff09;\u3002\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u56de\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9884\u8bbe\u662f&#xff1a;\u6e90\u5934\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8bbe\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4ece\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u865a\u5984&#xff0c;\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e00\u76f4\u73b0\u573a\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u751f\u6210\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u6f14\u5316\u201d\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u628a\u201c\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u201d\u4e5f\u5438\u6536\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u73af&#xff1b;\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7ad9\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u523b\u90fd\u5728\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u4e09\u7ae0\u5206\u522b\u5b8c\u6210&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u7684\u6279\u5224&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3001\u5bf9\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5960\u57fa&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u5bf9\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0\u00b7\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u2014\u2014\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/h3>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u59cb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee\u3002\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u95ee\u201c\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u672c\u539f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff0c;\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u95ee\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff0c;\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u95ee\u201c\u7406\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\u5982\u4f55\u89c4\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ffd\u95ee\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411&#xff1a;\u5bfb\u627e\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f7f\u4e00\u5207\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u6839\u672c\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5728\u201c\u5bfb\u627e\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u7684\u80cc\u540e&#xff0c;\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u9884\u8bbe&#xff1a;\u6e90\u5934\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4ee5\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>17.1 \u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u4ece\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14&#xff0c;\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4f20\u7edf\u59cb\u7ec8\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u5c42\u6b32\u671b\u652f\u914d&#xff1a;\u627e\u5230\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u7684\u652f\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u7279\u5f81<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u4e0d\u52a8\u3001\u5706\u6ee1&#xff0c;\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7403\u4ece\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u770b\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6210\u3001\u6d88\u4ea1\u90fd\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u7406\u5ff5\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u589e\u4e0d\u51cf\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u867d\u7136\u6d41\u53d8&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7406\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\u5fc5\u987b\u7eb9\u4e1d\u4e0d\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5426\u5219\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u914d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u8005\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u63a8\u52a8\u8005&#xff0c;\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u52a8\u5374\u63a8\u52a8\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u52a8\u4e86&#xff0c;\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u52a8\u8005&#xff0c;\u9677\u5165\u65e0\u9650\u5012\u9000\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u3001\u5168\u5584&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u6311\u6218&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u5f71\u54cd&#xff0c;\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u6c38\u6052\u81ea\u8db3\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u770b\u4f3c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u8fd0\u52a8&#xff08;\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u6307\u5411\u201c\u56de\u5f52\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u98ce\u9669&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5931\u8d25&#xff1b;\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e86\u5426\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5426\u5b9a\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u6536\u7f16\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>17.2 \u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u9501\u63a8\u7406&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6e90\u5934\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d8\u5316&#xff08;\u53d8\u5316\u610f\u5473\u7740\u88ab\u4ed6\u8005\u5f71\u54cd&#xff09;<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4<br \/>\n\u2193<br \/>\n\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u6e90\u5934 &#061; \u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8 &#061; \u4e0d\u8d25<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u94fe\u6761\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u201c\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u201c\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5386\u4efb\u4f55\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u3002\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u64bc\u52a8\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>17.3 \u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u7f3a\u9677&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;\u6e90\u5934\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5272\u88c2<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d8\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u6d41\u53d8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u9700\u8981\u201c\u5206\u6709\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7406\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u5165\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u201c\u5206\u6709\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u7ecf\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9700\u8981\u201c\u9053\u6210\u8089\u8eab\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5947\u8ff9\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u201c\u5947\u8ff9\u201d\u6b63\u662f\u7528\u795e\u79d8\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u795e\u79d8\u3002\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u65e0\u6cd5\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u751f\u6210&#xff0c;\u53ea\u80fd\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u9057\u5fd8\u201d&#xff1a;\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff0c;\u5374\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u505c\u6ede<\/h5>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6e90\u5934\u5df2\u7ecf\u5706\u6ee1&#xff0c;\u601d\u8003\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7406\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u2014\u2014\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u9610\u91ca\u3001\u6ce8\u7ecf\u3001\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u201c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb\u8005\u201d\u3002\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u201c\u56de\u5fc6\u201d\u7406\u5ff5&#xff1b;\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u201c\u9610\u91ca\u201d\u542f\u793a&#xff1b;\u5728\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u89e3\u8bfb\u201d\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u2014\u2014\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u88ab\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u6240\u538b\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u751f\u5b58\u8bba\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5426\u5b9a<\/h5>\n<p>\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u6210&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u6323\u624e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u7ad9\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u751f\u547d\u6a21\u4eff\u5b83\u7684\u9759\u6b62&#xff0c;\u8981\u6c42\u7075\u9b42\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b83\u7684\u6c38\u6052&#xff0c;\u8981\u6c42\u5c18\u4e16\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u8bca\u65ad\u5f97\u7cbe\u51c6&#xff1a;\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u590d\u4ec7\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u653e\u5728\u5f7c\u5cb8&#xff0c;\u628a\u6b64\u5cb8\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4e3a\u5e7b\u5f71\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5426\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66&#xff0c;\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>17.4 \u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u8bca\u65ad<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u8bca\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ff7\u601d&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<h5>\u8bca\u65ad\u4e00&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u6027\u63ed\u793a\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u865a\u5984<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba3\u79f0\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u547d\u9898\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u751f\u6210\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898&#xff09;\u3002\u5b83\u8bd5\u56fe\u786e\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u786e\u7acb\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u8d62\u5f97\u4e89\u8bba\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u51fb\u8d25\u5bf9\u624b\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4&#xff1a;\u5b83\u7528\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u6070\u6070\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\u8bd5\u56fe\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u5b83\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u547c\u5438\u201d\u7684\u4eba&#xff0c;\u5374\u6b63\u5728\u547c\u5438\u7740\u8bf4\u51fa\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u8bca\u65ad\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u662f\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u751f\u6210\u201d<\/h5>\n<p>\u4ece\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b&#xff0c;\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u6e90\u5934&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u751f\u6210\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8d8b\u5411\u6781\u9650\u65f6&#xff0c;\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d8b\u5411\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u88ab\u9501\u6b7b\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001&#xff0c;\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u8d28&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u751f\u6210&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u751f\u6210\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u5230\u6781\u9650\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8bef\u628a\u201c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6781\u9650\u201d\u5f53\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u201d&#xff0c;\u8bef\u628a\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u201d\u5f53\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u5230\u6cb3\u6d41\u7ed3\u51b0\u7684\u4eba&#xff0c;\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6c34\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u56fa\u4f53\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u8bca\u65ad\u4e09&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8d25\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u56f0\u5883<\/h5>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6e90\u5934\u662f\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e07\u7269\u751f\u6210&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u751f\u6210<br \/>\n\u4e07\u7269\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d8\u5316<br \/>\n\u4e07\u7269\u4f9d\u8d56\u4ed6\u8005&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f<br \/>\n\u4e07\u7269\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u5730\u4f4d\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u7591\u7684&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6e90\u5934\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f8b\u5916&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u201c\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684&#xff0c;\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u90fd\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u5faa\u73af\u2014\u2014\u7528\u4f8b\u5916\u89e3\u91ca\u666e\u904d&#xff0c;\u7528\u666e\u904d\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7ade\u4e89&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u7eb3\u5165&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4f8b\u5916&#xff1b;\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u7eb3\u5165&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u5272\u88c2\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u5728\u6b64\u9677\u5165\u4e24\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>17.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6279\u5224&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4ece\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\u662f&#xff1a;\u6700\u6839\u672c \u2192 \u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56 \u2192 \u4e0d\u53d8\u5316 \u2192 \u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4 \u2192 \u4e0d\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ff7\u601d\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u91cd\u4ee3\u4ef7&#xff1a;\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5272\u88c2\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u505c\u6ede\u3001\u751f\u5b58\u8bba\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e09\u91cd\u8bca\u65ad&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u6027\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u865a\u5984\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u662f\u201c\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u751f\u6210\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u56f0\u5883\u66b4\u9732\u5176\u4e0d\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u6279\u5224&#xff0c;\u4e3a\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5960\u57fa\u626b\u6e05\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c06\u63d0\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0\u00b7\u6e90\u5934\u91cd\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6<\/h3>\n<p>\u6279\u5224\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u4e4b\u540e&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u52a1&#xff1a;\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e00\u76f4\u73b0\u573a\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u751f\u6210\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u6f14\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>18.1 \u65b0\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u63d0\u51fa<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u6807\u51c6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6807\u51c6\u542b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u76f4\u73b0\u573a<\/td>\n<td>\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u662f\u8eb2\u5728\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u8005\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u573a\u7684<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u5728\u573a&#xff0c;\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6323\u624e\u4e2d\u5728\u573a&#xff0c;\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5728\u573a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u76f4\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n<td>\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u201c\u5706\u6ee1\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u662f\u201d&#xff08;being&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u201d&#xff08;becoming&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1b;\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8def\u9014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u76f4\u6f14\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u8c03\u7684\u91cd\u590d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6f14\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u5c55\u5f00\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f&#xff08;\u7269\u7406\u2014\u5316\u5b66\u2014\u751f\u7269\u2014\u4eba\u7c7b\u2014AI&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>18.2 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6bd4\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u66f4\u6839\u672c<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u6bd4\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u66f4\u6839\u672c&#xff0c;\u7406\u7531\u6709\u4e09&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u7406\u7531\u4e00&#xff1a;\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u6027<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u5bb3\u6015\u6709\u9650&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3002\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u9650\u6027\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u2014\u2014\u800c\u5177\u4f53\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u2014\u2014\u800c\u65f6\u523b\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6682\u65f6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6f14\u5316\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u2014\u2014\u800c\u5f62\u6001\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u9003\u907f\u6709\u9650&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5728\u6709\u9650\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u65e0\u9650\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u6e90\u5934\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7406\u7531\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u98ce\u9669<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u5bb3\u6015\u98ce\u9669&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u901a\u8fc7\u98ce\u9669\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6f14\u5316\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u8d70\u9519\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u80dc\u5229\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u573a\u8d62\u5f97\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u5148\u5199\u597d\u7684\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u201c\u6e90\u5934\u201d\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u751f\u6210\u201d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u5192\u9669\u201d\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7406\u7531\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a<\/h5>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8d25\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u5bb3\u6015\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u201d\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u5b58\u5728&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5f62\u5f0f\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u6210\u5c42\u6b21\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u5141\u8bb8\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fc7\u65f6&#xff0c;\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u6e90\u5934\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>18.3 \u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u7684\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6e90\u5934&#xff0c;\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u73b0\u573a\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u8eb2\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u751f\u547d\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201c\u4e4b\u540e\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u6210\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u5c31\u662f\u521b\u751f&#xff1a;\u5f3a\u5ea6\u9002\u5f53\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u6d8c\u73b0&#xff0c;\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8d8b\u8fd1\u6781\u9650\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u6d88\u901d\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u201c\u5bfc\u81f4\u201d\u751f\u6210&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u6210\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5c42\u6b21\u5c55\u5f00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u6da8\u843d\u5230\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316&#xff0c;\u4ece\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u5230\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u950b\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5c42\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>18.4 \u6df1\u523b\u7684\u91cd\u91ca<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5bf9\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6df1\u523b &#061; \u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447 &#061; \u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4 &#061; \u6c38\u6052\u771f\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5bb3\u6015\u6d41\u53d8&#xff0c;\u5bb3\u6015\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u5bb3\u6015\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u901d\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u6295\u5c04\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&#xff0c;\u5e7b\u60f3\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u5b89\u606f\u4e4b\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u9003\u907f&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6807\u51c6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6df1\u523b &#061; \u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a &#061; \u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4 &#061; \u6c38\u6052\u751f\u6210<\/p>\n<p>\u6df1\u523b\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u9a73\u5012\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u65b0\u8d62\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u6d8c\u6d41\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u8eb2\u5728\u98ce\u66b4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5c9b&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u98ce\u66b4\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e2a\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4f20\u7edf\u6df1\u523b\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6df1\u523b<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u6c38\u6052\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u6c38\u6052\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u5360\u6709\u771f\u7406<\/td>\n<td>\u8ffd\u5bfb\u771f\u7406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u5b58\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4<\/td>\n<td>\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u5b8c\u6ee1<\/td>\n<td>\u6b64\u5cb8\u7684\u6d8c\u52a8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u56de\u907f<\/td>\n<td>\u63a5\u7eb3\u3001\u62e5\u62b1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u9650\u5b9e\u73b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>18.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5960\u57fa&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u76f4\u73b0\u573a\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u751f\u6210\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u6f14\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6bd4\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u66f4\u6839\u672c&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u6027\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ee1\u8db3\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u73b0\u573a\u6027\u3001\u751f\u6210\u6027\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u63d0\u51fa&#xff0c;\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c06\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e24\u79cd\u8d77\u70b9\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u8bba\u8bc1\u540e\u8005\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0\u00b7\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a vs \u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u4e24\u7ae0\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d&#xff0c;\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u4f20\u7edf\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff0c;\u8bba\u8bc1\u540e\u8005\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u6df1\u523b\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6c38\u6052\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u5177\u6709\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>19.1 \u4e24\u79cd\u8d77\u70b9\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u56de\u7b54\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u8d77\u70b9\u5728\u5f00\u7aef\u5904\u521b\u9020\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u9000\u573a&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u884c\u3002 \u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u7a46\u9769\u201d\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u201c\u521b\u4e16\u201d&#xff0c;\u4ece\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u8005\u201d\u5230\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u5947\u70b9\u201d&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u8d2f\u7a7f\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 \u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u521b\u9020\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u540e\u9000\u573a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u573a\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u751f\u6210\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5b58\u5728\u540e\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u884c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u523b\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65f6\u95f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u65ad\u88c2\u2014\u2014\u8d77\u70b9\u5728\u5f00\u7aef\u5904&#xff0c;\u4e4b\u540e\u9000\u573a<\/td>\n<td>\u8fde\u7eed\u2014\u2014\u8d77\u70b9\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u573a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7ed9\u4e88<\/td>\n<td>\u6301\u7eed\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u7ef4\u6301<\/td>\n<td>\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u89e3\u91ca&#xff08;\u60ef\u6027\/\u7737\u987e&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u52a8\u529b\u6765\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>\u5916\u5728\u5316\u6216\u5206\u88c2<\/td>\n<td>\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9a71\u52a8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5173\u7cfb\u5730\u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>\u6d3e\u751f\u3001\u540e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53<\/td>\n<td>\u6839\u672c\u3001\u5148\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<td>\u6392\u9664\u6216\u795e\u79d8\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u865a\u65e0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6781\u9650\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u98ce\u9669\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u65e0\u98ce\u9669&#xff08;\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u521b\u9020&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u5373\u98ce\u9669&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u523b\u91cd\u65b0\u8d62\u5f97&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>19.2 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&#xff1a;\u5173\u7cfb\u6d3e\u751f\u6027\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4f18\u5148\u8ff7\u601d<\/h5>\n<p>\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56f0\u5883\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6d3e\u751f\u6027&#xff1a;\u5b83\u9884\u8bbe\u5b9e\u4f53\u5148\u4e8e\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5148\u6709\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u5173\u7cfb\u59cb\u7ec8\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u9644\u52a0\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\u9762\u4e34\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6311\u6218&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u73b0\u8c61\u8868\u660e&#xff0c;\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u573a\u8bba\u63ed\u793a\u201c\u573a\u6bd4\u7c92\u5b50\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u201d\u2014\u2014\u573a\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u6784\u6210\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5173\u7cfb\u6d3e\u751f\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u6df1\u523b\u5851\u9020\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u964d\u4e3a\u6b21\u7b49\u7684\u3001\u4f9d\u9644\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u5374\u56e0\u6b64\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>19.3 \u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4f18\u52bf<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56f0\u5883&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u4f18\u52bf\u4e00&#xff1a;\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u8fde\u7eed\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u65ad\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1b;\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u751f\u6210\u201d&#xff1b;\u6bcf\u4e00\u523b\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6d1e\u89c1\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u523b\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\u3002 \u5c31\u50cf\u6ce2\u6d6a\u4e00\u523b\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u6c34&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e00\u523b\u4e0d\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u201d\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u770b\u4f3c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5747\u8861\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u9057\u4ea7&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u62c5\u5fe7\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u8017\u5c3d\u201d\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u7ade\u4e89\u6301\u7eed&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u6301\u7eed\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u9884\u8bbe\u201c\u60ef\u6027\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u7737\u987e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5728\u573a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u4f18\u52bf\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5185\u5728\u5316\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u9a71\u52a8<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c06\u52a8\u529b\u5185\u5316\u4e8e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u63a8\u52a8\u201d\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e2\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6f14\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u7684\u201c\u6f14\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6f14\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7edf\u4e00&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u51b3\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u9a71\u52a8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u9a71\u52a8\u6027\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u52a8\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\u5bfb\u627e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u529b\u6e90&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u4f18\u52bf\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5173\u7cfb\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c06\u5173\u7cfb\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u9879\u201d&#xff0c;\u5173\u7cfb\u5148\u4e8e\u5173\u7cfb\u9879&#xff0c;\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5148\u4e8e\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c06\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u201d\u63a8\u5230\u6781\u81f4&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u63a2\u7d22\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e00\u81f4&#xff1a;\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7ea0\u7f20\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53&#xff0c;\u573a\u8bba\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u573a\u6bd4\u7c92\u5b50\u66f4\u57fa\u672c&#xff0c;\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u751f\u6001\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8f68\u8ff9&#xff0c;\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8868\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u6784\u6210\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d1e\u89c1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3001\u5f7b\u5e95\u5316\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>19.4 \u6700\u7ec8\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u9057\u4ea7&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u573a<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00&#xff0c;\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u9057\u4ea7\u3002 \u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u73b0\u573a&#xff0c;\u662f\u6b64\u523b\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u628a\u5b58\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u9057\u4ea7&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6839\u672c\u8bef\u89e3\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u628a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u56fa\u5316\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7&#xff0c;\u628a\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c&#xff0c;\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002 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\u6df1\u523b\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u6df1\u523b\u662f\u52a8\u6001&#xff0c;\u662f\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u662f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4f2a\u88c5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u628a\u4e0d\u53d8\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u628a\u50f5\u5316\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c38\u6052\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5728\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u573a&#xff0c;\u5728\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u751f\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\u3002 \u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u672c\u8d28&#xff0c;\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u628a\u7ade\u4e89\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6839\u636e&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6df1\u523b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u540e\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u6c38\u6052\u521b\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>19.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u8d77\u70b9\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u9762\u4e34\u4e09\u91cd\u56f0\u5883&#xff1a;\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u65ad\u88c2\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5916\u5728\u5316\u3001\u5173\u7cfb\u6d3e\u751f\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573a\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56f0\u5883&#xff1a;\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u8fde\u7eed\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5185\u5728\u5316\u3001\u5173\u7cfb\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u7ec8\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u9057\u4ea7&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u573a\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6b64\u523b\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca\u5df2\u7ecf\u5168\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u4ece\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u7684\u6279\u5224&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0&#xff09;\u5230\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u76f4\u201d\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u63d0\u51fa&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0&#xff09;\u5230\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u573avs\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff08;\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5230\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b2c\u516d\u5377\u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u5960\u57fa\u201d\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u516d\u5377\u00b7\u6700\u7ec8\u5960\u57fa<\/h2>\n<h3>\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u4e94\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5960\u57fa\u3001\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5960\u57fa\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u5c1a\u672a\u56de\u7b54&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e0d\u8bc1\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u516c\u7406\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5148\u9a8c\u8303\u7574\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u62d2\u7edd\u5916\u90e8\u57fa\u7840&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u5168\u57df\u6027\u201d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u4f53\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u3002 \u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u6307\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u56db\u7ae0\u5206\u522b\u5b8c\u6210&#xff1a;\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u5206\u6790&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3001\u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u786e\u7acb&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0\u00b7\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56f0\u5883<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u679c\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u4f5c\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u5426\u5219&#xff0c;\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u201d\u5c31\u6697\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u4e0d\u81ea\u6307\u5219\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>20.1 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u57df\u5185\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5373\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u2014\u2014\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3001\u5168\u90e8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u5168\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5168\u90e8\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u201d\u2014\u2014\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u975e\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u886820.1 \u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u975e\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u975e\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/td>\n<td>\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u529b\u201d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9&#xff08;\u5982\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6307\u8981\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4f8b\u5916<\/td>\n<td>\u5141\u8bb8\u4f8b\u5916<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f8b\u5916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa<\/td>\n<td>\u4f9d\u8d56\u5916\u90e8\u57fa\u7840<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>20.2 \u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5c40\u9650<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014(F&#061;ma)\u3001\u5149\u901f\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u9886\u57df\u6027\u516c\u8bbe&#xff0c;\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u201d\u6765\u81ea\u5916\u90e8\u8d4b\u4e88&#xff08;\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3001\u516c\u8bbe\u9009\u62e9&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u4eec&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ffd\u95ee\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982&#xff1a;(F&#061;ma) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u8db3 (F&#061;ma)&#xff1f;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u201d\u90fd\u6ee1\u8db3 (F&#061;ma)\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ea\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u7269\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u6ee1\u8db3 (F&#061;ma)\u3002(F&#061;ma) \u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7269\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u79bb\u7b56\u7565\u6709\u6548&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4ee3\u4ef7\u9ad8\u6602&#xff1a;\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u7406\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6&#xff1f;\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u6548&#xff1f;\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u201d\u6765\u81ea\u5916\u90e8&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>20.3 \u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u8bba\u8bc1\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u63d0\u4e00&#xff1a;\u6982\u5ff5 (C) \u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9 (X)\u3002<br \/>\n\u524d\u63d0\u4e8c&#xff1a;(C) \u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206&#xff08;\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u5305\u62ec (C) \u81ea\u8eab&#xff09;\u3002<br \/>\n\u524d\u63d0\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5982\u679c (C) \u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5bb9&#xff08;\u5373 (C) \u672c\u8eab&#xff09;\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3 (C)\u3002<br \/>\n\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e0e\u201c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff1a;\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6307\u3002\u4e0d\u81ea\u6307\u5219\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9003\u907f\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u5982\u679c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u81ea\u6307\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u3002\u4ece\u57c3\u5e87\u7c73\u5c3c\u5f97\u65af\u6096\u8bba\u5230\u7f57\u7d20\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u81ea\u6307\u5386\u6765\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5371\u9669\u7684\u6e90\u5934&#xff0c;\u662f\u9700\u8981\u89c4\u907f\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9677\u9631\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6050\u60e7\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u88ab\u68c0\u89c6\u7684\u524d\u63d0&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u6096\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u8bba\u8bc1\u5c06\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u2014\u2014\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u5bfc\u81f4\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>20.4 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6050\u60e7\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ecf\u5178\u6096\u8bba&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u57c3\u5e87\u7c73\u5c3c\u5f97\u65af\u6096\u8bba&#xff1a;\u201c\u6240\u6709\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8bf4\u8c0e\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u57c3\u5e87\u7c73\u5c3c\u5f97\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u771f\u7684&#xff0c;\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8c0e\u8005&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5047\u7684&#xff1b;\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5047\u7684&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u6240\u6709\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8bf4\u8c0e\u8005\u201d\u4e3a\u5047&#xff0c;\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u4eba\u4e0d\u8bf4\u8c0e\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7f57\u7d20\u6096\u8bba&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u5305\u542b&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u8eab&#xff0c;\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u201c\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u201d&#xff1b;\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u201d&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u5b9a\u7406&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u8db3\u591f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898&#xff0c;\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u2014\u2014\u9664\u975e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u201c\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab&#xff0c;\u5e76\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\u662f\u201c\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u79bb\u201d&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5143\u8bed\u8a00\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206&#xff0c;\u7981\u6b62\u8de8\u5c42\u81ea\u6307\u3002\u5854\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba\u3001\u516c\u7406\u5316\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u5bf9\u6b63\u5219\u516c\u8bbe\u7684\u91c7\u7eb3&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u5904\u7406\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u8de8\u8d8a\u5c42\u6b21\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5143\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u7981\u6b62\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u7981\u6b62\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>20.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u56f0\u5883&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9&#xff0c;\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u662f\u9886\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u6e90\u4e8e\u201c\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u4f46\u201c\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u65e2\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u53c8\u4e0d\u7a7a\u6d1e\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u00b7\u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<p>\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u6307\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u533a\u5206\u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u5e76\u8bba\u8bc1\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u5bfc\u81f4\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7a7a\u6d1e\u65e0\u7269&#xff0c;\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>21.1 \u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;(S \\\\to \\\\neg S)<\/p>\n<p>\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u5047\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u6790&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e3a\u771f&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u5047\u7684\u201d\u4e3a\u771f \u2192 \u5b83\u4e3a\u5047\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e3a\u5047&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u5047\u7684\u201d\u4e3a\u5047 \u2192 \u5b83\u4e3a\u771f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e3a\u771f\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\u5b83\u4e3a\u5047 \u2192 \u6096\u8bba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7279\u5f81&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u6096\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8fd9\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u6050\u60e7\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49&#xff1a;\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u6307\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6096\u8bba\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u6307\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8b66\u544a&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7981\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>21.2 \u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;(S \\\\to S)<\/p>\n<p>\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u6790&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e3a\u771f&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u771f\u7684\u201d\u4e3a\u771f \u2192 \u5b83\u4e3a\u771f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e3a\u5047&#xff0c;\u5219\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u771f\u7684\u201d\u4e3a\u5047 \u2192 \u5b83\u4e3a\u5047\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u8bba&#xff1a;\u771f\u6216\u5047\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u4f20\u9012\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7279\u5f81&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u80af\u5b9a\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u6d41\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u673a\u5236\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49&#xff1a;\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u6096\u8bba&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u7a7a\u8bdd\u3002\u5b83\u201c\u5b89\u5168\u201d\u4f46\u201c\u65e0\u7528\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>21.3 \u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784&#xff1a;(S \\\\to S\u2019 \\\\to S\u2019\u2019 \\\\to \\\\dots)&#xff08;\u65e0\u9650\u6df1\u5316&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50&#xff1a;\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u6790&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8bf4\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1&#xff08;\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d&#xff09;\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1&#xff08;\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u662f\u771f\u7684\u201d&#xff09;\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5b83&#xff0c;\u5b83\u6070\u6070\u88ab\u81ea\u5df1\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u77db\u76fe&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u9080\u8bf7&#xff1b;\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u87ba\u65cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7279\u5f81&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u6307\u5411\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u91cd\u590d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u81ea\u6307\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u886821.1 \u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7ed3\u6784\u7ed3\u679c\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to \\\\neg S)<\/td>\n<td>\u6096\u8bba&#xff08;\u5d29\u6e83&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u4f20\u7edf\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u6839\u6e90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to S)<\/td>\n<td>\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d&#xff08;\u7a7a\u6d1e&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5b89\u5168\u4f46\u65e0\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>(S \\\\to S\u2019 \\\\to S\u2019\u2019 \\\\to \\\\dots)<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u9650\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>21.4 \u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u51fa\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8bbe (S) \u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6307\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002(S) \u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u6ee1\u8db3&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S) \u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u4f5c\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S) \u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4f5c\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u72b6\u6001 (S\u2019)&#xff0c;\u4e14 (S\u2019 \\\\neq S)\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9012\u5f52\u5f00\u653e\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;(S\u2019) \u540c\u6837\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u6307\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e09\u89d2\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9 \u2192 \u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5224\u65ad \u2192 \u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00 \u2192 \u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5dee\u5f02\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89 \u2192 \u2026\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5faa\u73af&#xff08;\u56de\u5230\u539f\u70b9&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u87ba\u65cb&#xff08;\u6bcf\u4e00\u5708\u90fd\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>21.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;(S \\\\to \\\\neg S)&#xff09;\u5bfc\u81f4\u6096\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;(S \\\\to S)&#xff09;\u907f\u514d\u6096\u8bba\u4f46\u7a7a\u6d1e\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u4f46\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307&#xff08;(S \\\\to S\u2019 \\\\to S\u2019\u2019 \\\\to \\\\dots)&#xff09;\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u81ea\u6307\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5185\u5bb9\u6027\u201d\u7684\u539f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6027\u201d\u7684\u539f\u7406&#xff0c;\u5373\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u00b7\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u4e24\u7ae0\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6307&#xff0c;\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u81ea\u6307\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>22.1 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bed\u8a00\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u516c\u8bbe\u2014\u2014(F&#061;ma)\u3001\u5149\u901f\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6307\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5143\u8bed\u8a00\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u539f\u5219&#xff1a;\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406&#xff0c;\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u662f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u81ea\u6307\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u533a\u522b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4f20\u7edf\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219&#xff08;\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406&#xff09;<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5c42\u6b21<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8c61\u8bed\u8a00\u5c42\u9762<\/td>\n<td>\u5143\u8bed\u8a00\u5c42\u9762<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4f5c\u7528\u57df<\/td>\n<td>\u9886\u57df\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5168\u57df\u6027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u9700\u8981&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8<\/td>\n<td>\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6307<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>\u5916\u90e8&#xff08;\u516c\u8bbe\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5185\u90e8&#xff08;\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53ef\u8ffd\u95ee\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff08;\u4fe1\u4ef0&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff0c;\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u56de\u7b54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u53cd\u601d<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u53cd\u601d<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u601d\u5e76\u56de\u7b54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u56de\u907f<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u8f6c\u5316&#xff08;\u5f00\u653e\u81ea\u6307\u2192\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>22.2 \u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9002\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u58f0\u79f0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u5417&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u8868\u73b0&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u7684&#xff0c;\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6096\u8bba&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1&#xff08;\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u6307\u201d&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u201c\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6307\u800c\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u539f\u5219&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e5f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9002\u7528\u662f\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u2014\u2014\u539f\u5219\u81ea\u8eab\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u5370\u8bc1\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>22.3 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u6307\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u6ee1\u8db3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u6c42&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u5bfc&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5143\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u6307\u201d\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ffd\u95ee\u672c\u8eab\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6cbb&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u975e\u4efb\u610f&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6b66\u65ad\u9009\u62e9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u80fd\u5426\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>22.4 \u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728&#xff0c;\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u886822.2 \u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u6307\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u6307\u8868\u73b0\u662f\u5426\u5d29\u6e83\u7ed3\u679c<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ade\u4e89<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u7ade\u4e89\u89e3\u91ca\u529b<\/td>\n<td>\u5426\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u573a\u57df\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u65ad\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6&#xff08;\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u5143\u6846\u67b6&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5426\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6846\u67b6<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u70b9\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff0c;\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u5426\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>\u901a\u8fc7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u81ea\u5c01\u4f8b\u5916&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u56de\u907f\u81ea\u8eab&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u9677\u5165\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u65b0\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u87ba\u65cb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>22.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u786e\u7acb&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u81ea\u6211\u9002\u7528\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u6307\u539f\u5219\u6ee1\u8db3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8981\u6c42&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a8\u5bfc\u3001\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u5927\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u6d4b\u8bd5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u57df\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\u00b7\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u8d77\u70b9<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u51e0\u5377\u5df2\u7ecf\u53cd\u590d\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u201c\u5148\u4e8e\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u201d\u5417&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u662f&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002 \u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>23.1 \u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u6279\u5224<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5ba1\u89c6\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u4e3a\u4f55\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u8d77\u70b9\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f20\u6839\u672c\u56f0\u5883<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u795e\u5b66\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u4e16<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u4e16\u754c&#xff0c;\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u6765\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u7a77\u56de\u6eaf&#xff08;\u8c01\u521b\u9020\u4e0a\u5e1d&#xff1f;&#xff09;\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u7a7a\u6d1e&#xff08;\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u613f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u5207\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u54f2\u5b66\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e&#xff08;\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u5916\u5316\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u5386\u53f2<\/td>\n<td>\u6982\u5ff5\u795e\u79d8\u6027&#xff08;\u201c\u5916\u5316\u201d\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u800c\u975e\u903b\u8f91&#xff09;\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7f3a\u5931&#xff08;\u4e3a\u4f55\u5916\u5316&#xff1f;&#xff09;\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6570\u5b66\u5316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u5947\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u5b87\u5b99\u4ece\u5947\u70b9\u81a8\u80c0\u800c\u6765<\/td>\n<td>\u5947\u70b9\u5904\u7406\u8bba\u5931\u6548&#xff08;\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u5947\u70b9\u5904\u53d1\u6563&#xff09;\u3001\u771f\u7a7a\u9884\u8bbe&#xff08;\u4e3a\u4f55\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u771f\u7a7a&#xff1f;&#xff09;\u3001\u591a\u5b87\u5b99\u5047\u8bf4\u4e0d\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u903b\u8f91\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u903b\u8f91\u516c\u7406<\/td>\n<td>\u516c\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u8d77\u70b9<\/td>\n<td>\u516c\u7406\u4efb\u610f\u6027&#xff08;\u4e3a\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u800c\u975e\u90a3\u4e9b&#xff1f;&#xff09;\u3001\u9759\u6001\u6027&#xff08;\u4ece\u9759\u6001\u516c\u7406\u5982\u4f55\u63a8\u5bfc\u52a8\u6001\u4e16\u754c&#xff1f;&#xff09;\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u6096\u8bba&#xff08;\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u5b9a\u7406&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u5171\u540c\u56f0\u5883\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002 \u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u522b\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>23.2 \u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u5728\u56db\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<h5>\u903b\u8f91\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u524d\u63d0<\/h5>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee&#xff0c;\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u5019\u9009\u8005\u5728\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u4e0a\u5e1dvs\u7406\u5ff5vs\u771f\u7a7avs\u516c\u7406&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5728\u7ade\u4e89&#xff08;\u81ea\u6cbb\u6027vs\u89e3\u91ca\u529bvs\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u6027&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ffd\u95ee\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740&#xff1a;\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u95ee\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u201d&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7ade\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u6982\u5ff5\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u524d\u63d0&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u6570\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u6027<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u51fd\u6570\u2014\u2014(F(X) &#061; e<sup>{1\/X<\/sup>3} &#8211; e<sup>{1\/X<\/sup>2})\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u57df\u89e3\u6790&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u6563\u70b9&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u65ad\u88c2\u70b9\u3002(X) \u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece0\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u5230(\\\\infty)&#xff0c;\u51fd\u6570\u503c\u5e73\u6ed1\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u6ca1\u6709\u5947\u70b9&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u8c31\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u63cf\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u70b9&#xff0c;\u53ea\u662f\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u9884\u8a00<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5ba3\u8a00&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5b83\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u88ab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u9884\u8a00&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7ed3\u6784\u5e38\u6570\u7684\u5012\u6570\u7ea6\u4e3a137.036<\/li>\n<li>\u8f74\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a31.98\u5fae\u7535\u5b50\u4f0f\u7279<\/li>\n<li>\u6697\u7269\u8d28\u7c92\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a2.16\u5343\u7535\u5b50\u4f0f\u7279<\/li>\n<li>\u6697\u7269\u8d28\u8870\u53d8\u7ebf\u7ea6\u4e3a1.08\u5343\u7535\u5b50\u4f0f\u7279<\/li>\n<li>\u5f15\u529b\u5e38\u6570\u4ee5\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ea6(10^{-13})\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u901f\u7387\u53d8\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u8a00\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u82e5\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u5f3a\u652f\u6301&#xff1b;\u82e5\u88ab\u8bc1\u4f2a&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6d1e\u89c1\u4f9d\u7136\u6210\u7acb&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u88ab\u8bc1\u4f2a&#xff0c;\u6b63\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u54f2\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;\u907f\u514d\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f3a\u9677<\/h5>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u56f0\u5883&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65e0\u7a77\u56de\u6eaf\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u51fa\u8def&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u8fc7\u7a0b&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u201c\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u201d&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ffd\u95ee\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u795e\u79d8\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6d88\u89e3&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u900f\u660e\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u795e\u79d8\u4f59\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5947\u70b9\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u907f\u514d&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u57df\u89e3\u6790&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u6563\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u516c\u7406\u4efb\u610f\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u514b\u670d&#xff1a;\u903b\u8f91\u516c\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u2014\u2014\u540c\u4e00\u5f8b\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005&#xff0c;\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>23.3 \u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u8d77\u70b9<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u201d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u6761\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u4ef6&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5148\u5929\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5185\u5728\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u65b0\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u65b0\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u8db3\u6027&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u652f\u6491\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u6700\u5148&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6700\u6839\u672c\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9&#xff1b;\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u5f02&#xff1b;\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u5f02&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<h5>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5148\u540e\u5173\u7cfb<\/h5>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u8303\u7574\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7ffb\u8f6c\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u987a\u5e8f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7136\u540e\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u7136\u540e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ffb\u8f6c\u7684\u6839\u636e\u662f&#xff1a;\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u7b5b\u9009\u8fc7\u7684\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u540c\u4e00&#xff0c;\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>23.4 \u6700\u7ec8\u547d\u9898<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8d77\u70b9&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u65ad&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u751f\u6210\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>23.5 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9&#xff08;\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u3001\u903b\u8f91&#xff09;\u90fd\u56e0\u5171\u540c\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u800c\u5931\u8d25\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u201d&#xff0c;\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u56db\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff1a;\u903b\u8f91\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff08;\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u524d\u63d0&#xff09;\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff08;\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u65e0\u5947\u70b9&#xff09;\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff08;\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u9884\u8a00&#xff09;\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5408\u6cd5\u6027&#xff08;\u907f\u514d\u4f20\u7edf\u8d77\u70b9\u6240\u6709\u7f3a\u9677&#xff09;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5143\u8d77\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8d77\u70b9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8d77\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u7ec8\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u5960\u57fa\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4ece\u81ea\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0&#xff09;\u5230\u7ade\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u8d77\u70b9&#xff08;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\u5706\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e03\u5377\u5f00\u59cb&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4f4d\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e03\u5377\u00b7\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u5f00\u653e<\/h2>\n<h3>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4f4d\u81ea\u8eab<\/h3>\n<h4>\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8dc3<\/h4>\n<p>\u524d\u516d\u5377\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5960\u57fa\u5230\u5143\u6982\u5ff5\u5960\u57fa&#xff0c;\u4ece\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c55\u5f00\u5230\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u91cd\u5ba1&#xff0c;\u4ece\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u91cd\u91ca\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u5960\u57fa\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4efb\u4f55\u4f53\u7cfb\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u3001\u6700\u82db\u523b\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4f4d\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5904\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u4e2d&#xff1f;\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u4e24\u7ae0\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\u8bba\u8ff0\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\u4ee5\u201c\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u5f00\u653e\u81ea\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8dc3&#xff1a;\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bf4\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u4e14\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u524a\u5f31\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\u00b7\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u8003\u9a8c&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba3\u79f0\u662f\u5426\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u628a\u201c\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u201d\u4e5f\u5438\u6536\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>24.1 \u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8ff7\u601d\u201d\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u79cd\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u51b2\u52a8\u3002\u90a3\u4e48&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u5b83\u6240\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8ff7\u601d&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u8b66\u60d5\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u5165\u5b83\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u771f\u7406\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u8fd9\u6837\u5ba3\u79f0&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u80cc\u53db\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u8005\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6d1e\u89c1\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f&#xff1a;\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005&#xff0c;\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u6279\u5224\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u7684\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7ec8\u70b9\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u201d&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u771f\u7406\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>24.2 \u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u5b83\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u53ea\u5ba3\u79f0\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b&#xff1a;\u5b83\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u5728\u573a\u7684&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u5728\u573a\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u9762\u524d\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4fee\u6b63\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6311\u6218\u9762\u524d\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u76f2\u70b9&#xff0c;\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5438\u6536\u5b83\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u5b83\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5c42\u6b21\u9762\u524d\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u9636\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b0\u5c42\u6b21\u5931\u6548&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6269\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6c38\u8fdc\u6b63\u786e\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5728\u573a\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u573a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1&#xff0c;\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff1a;\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7684\u3001\u9632\u5fa1\u7684\u3001\u5bb3\u6015\u5931\u53bb\u7684&#xff1b;\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u62e5\u62b1\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>24.3 \u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u5728\u54ea\u91cc&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;\u5b83\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u5b83\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u628a\u201c\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u201d\u4e5f\u5438\u6536\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u73af\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5931\u8d25\u4e86&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed&#xff1b;\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u6e6e\u706d\u4e86&#xff0c;\u751f\u6210\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed&#xff1b;\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u6d88\u4ea1\u4e86&#xff0c;\u6f14\u5316\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u90fd\u66f4\u6839\u672c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u6311\u6218\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u6050\u60e7\u2014\u2014\u6311\u6218\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25<\/td>\n<td>\u6b22\u8fce\u2014\u2014\u6311\u6218\u662f\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u5426\u8ba4\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u53ef\u80fd<\/td>\n<td>\u5438\u6536\u2014\u2014\u5931\u8d25\u4e5f\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u73af<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u62b5\u6297\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a<\/td>\n<td>\u9080\u8bf7\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u7ad9\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916<\/td>\n<td>\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6700\u7ec8\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u9759\u6001\u7684\u5706\u6ee1<\/td>\n<td>\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u886824.1 \u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<h4>24.4 \u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u4f8b\u5916\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u57df\u6027\u4f53\u7cfb\u6700\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u4f5c\u4f8b\u5916&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u52a8\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7eb3\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7ad9\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u8d56\u6846\u67b6\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7ec8\u70b9\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u7eb3\u5165\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u524a\u5f31&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u6070\u6070\u662f\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u7ade\u4e89\u51fb\u8d25\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u53cd\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa&#xff0c;\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u66f4\u5f3a\u3001\u6db5\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u5e7f\u3001\u66f4\u80fd\u8bf4\u670d\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u90a3\u6070\u6070\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u504f\u7231\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u53ea\u504f\u7231\u201c\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>24.5 \u4e0e\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b<\/h4>\n<p>\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee&#xff1a;\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u90a3\u5b83\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b&#xff1f;\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u886824.2 \u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7ef4\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6240\u6709\u771f\u7406\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6709\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u4f46\u771f\u7406\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u6211\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406\u201d\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u662f\u771f\u7406&#xff1f;\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u677e\u6563\u7684\u2014\u2014\u201c\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\u90fd\u884c\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u201c\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u53cd\u6b63\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8d8a\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\u201c\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6700\u7ec8\u7acb\u573a<\/td>\n<td>\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u771f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u771f\u7406\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e0e\u6c38\u6052\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u7b26\u5408\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u7406\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u80dc\u51fa\u6807\u51c6&#xff08;\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u529b\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u3001\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u543b\u5408\u5ea6&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>24.6 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u62d2\u7edd\u6210\u4e3a\u5b83\u6240\u6279\u5224\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u9759\u6001\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u523b\u201d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e8e\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f&#xff0c;\u800c\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u52a8\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7eb3\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u6765\u907f\u514d\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u4f8b\u5916\u201d\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u771f\u7406&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ad9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u201c\u4fef\u89c6\u201d\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u5185\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\u00b7\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u6574\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u90e8\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ed3\u675f\u624d\u662f\u6700\u6070\u5f53\u7684&#xff1f;\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba3\u5e03\u80dc\u5229&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u63d2\u4e0a\u65d7\u5e1c&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7b54\u6848\u201d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u53d1\u51fa\u9080\u8bf7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u59ff\u6001&#xff0c;\u662f\u5411\u6240\u6709\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u51fa\u9080\u8bf7\u2014\u2014\u6765\u5427&#xff0c;\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u3002\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u6211\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u201c\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7ed3\u5c3e<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e00\u90e8\u54f2\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4ee5\u201c\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7ed3\u5c3e&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u653e\u5f03\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u575a\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5fe0\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6211\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u80cc\u53db\u7ade\u4e89&#xff0c;\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u8bf7\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u201d\u624d\u662f\u5fe0\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u7b54\u6848\u201d\u6765\u7ec8\u6b62\u601d\u60f3&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u9080\u8bf7\u601d\u60f3\u7ee7\u7eed\u524d\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u628a\u201c\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u800c\u975e\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba&#xff0c;\u90a3\u6070\u6070\u8bc1\u660e\u7ade\u4e89\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u3001\u751f\u6210\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u606f\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201c\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f&#xff1a;\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u90a3\u4e48\u8d85\u8d8a\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u5f3a\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u8bf4\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.2 \u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u53d6\u6d88\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>\u201c\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u53d6\u6d88\u201d\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u81ea\u6211\u53d6\u6d88\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u8bf4\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u9519\u7684&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u5fd8\u8bb0\u6211\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u8bf4\u7684\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca&#xff0c;\u4f46\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684&#xff0c;\u8bf7\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u201c\u8bf7\u5fd8\u8bb0\u6211\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u201c\u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\u6211&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53f0\u9636\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6500\u767b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u4e00\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u6b63\u786e&#xff0c;\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u8ba9\u8d85\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u88ab\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u4f46\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53f0\u9636\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u725b\u987f&#xff0c;\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u3002\u540c\u6837&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53f0\u9636\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u80fd\u591f\u7ad9\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u80a9\u8180\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u770b\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.3 \u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a<\/h4>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u79cd&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<li>\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4e00\u5207&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u66f4\u591a\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u6027&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u9012\u5f52\u8fde\u7eed\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u5960\u57fa&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u63ed\u793a\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u201d&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u8bba\u8bc1\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8eab\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e95\u5c42\u7684X\u201d&#xff0c;\u90a3\u5b83\u5c31\u66f4\u6df1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u8ba4&#xff1a;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u6bd4\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408&#xff0c;\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u70b9&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c31\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u3002\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5c06\u662f&#xff1a;\u6b22\u8fce\u4f60\u3002\u4f60\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.4 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\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u547d\u9898<\/h4>\n<p>\u6574\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u9012\u8fdb\u7684\u547d\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u3002 \u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269&#xff0c;\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002 \u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e00&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u4f7f\u4e00\u5207\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f97\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u7574&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u3002 \u7ade\u4e89\u8bba\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e0d\u8d25\u201d&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5728\u573a\u201d\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u81ea\u6307\u662f\u5143\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002 \u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u53f0\u9636\u3002\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed&#xff0c;\u751f\u6210\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed&#xff0c;\u6f14\u5316\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6b21\u8981\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<br \/>\n\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6bcd\u4f53\u3002<br \/>\n\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u9003\u907f\u7684\u547d\u8fd0&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.6 \u6700\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u6307<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b83\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u201c\u53d1\u660e\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2&#xff0c;\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6307\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7&#xff0c;\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u6682\u65f6\u80dc\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u66f4\u5f3a&#xff0c;\u5b83\u7684\u6db5\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u5e7f&#xff0c;\u5b83\u66f4\u80fd\u8bf4\u670d\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u88ab\u53cd\u9a73\u6216\u8d85\u8d8a&#xff0c;\u90a3\u6070\u6070\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0d\u504f\u7231\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba&#xff0c;\u7ade\u4e89\u53ea\u504f\u7231\u201c\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u90fd\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u7ec8\u70b9\u5ba3\u5e03\u80dc\u5229&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\u63d2\u65d7\u3002\u5b83\u7ad9\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5411\u6240\u6709\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u51fa\u9080\u8bf7&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6765\u5427&#xff0c;\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u3002\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u6211\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>25.7 \u672c\u7ae0\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h4>\n<p>\u672c\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6574\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6536\u675f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4ee5\u201c\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u59ff\u6001\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u653e\u5f03&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u575a\u6301\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u3001\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u8ba4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6574\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u87ba\u65cb\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u5377\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5377\u4e4b\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5377\u56de\u6307\u6574\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u547d\u9898\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u9012\u8fdb\u7684\u65ad\u8a00&#xff1a;\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5143\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u6211\u5960\u57fa\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u9080\u8bf7\u88ab\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u6307&#xff1a;\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u5377\u7684\u5b8c\u6210&#xff0c;\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u6574\u90e8\u300a\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5448\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u5168\u4e66\u5b8c<\/h2>\n<h3>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u00b7\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e03\u5377\u00b7\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\u00b7\u7ea6\u5341\u4e8c\u4e07\u5b57<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h3>\n<p>&#xff08;\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u4e3a\u5168\u4e66\u7edf\u4e00\u6c47\u7f16&#xff0c;\u6db5\u76d6\u5404\u5377\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6587\u732e&#xff09;<\/p>\n<h4>\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b66<\/h4>\n<p>[1] \u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7. \u8bba\u81ea\u7136[A]. \/\/ \u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u8457\u9009\u8bfb&#xff08;\u4e0a\u5377&#xff09;. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1981.<br \/>\n[2] \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe. \u7406\u60f3\u56fd[M]. \u90ed\u658c\u548c&#xff0c;\u5f20\u7af9\u660e&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1986.<br \/>\n[3] \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe. \u8482\u8fc8\u6b27\u7bc7[M]. \u8c22\u6587\u90c1&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u4e0a\u6d77&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2003.<br \/>\n[4] \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7. \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66[M]. \u5434\u5bff\u5f6d&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1959.<br \/>\n[5] \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7. \u7269\u7406\u5b66[M]. \u5f20\u7af9\u660e&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1982.<br \/>\n[6] \u5eb7\u5fb7. \u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224[M]. \u9093\u6653\u8292&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2004.<br \/>\n[7] \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14. \u7cbe\u795e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66[M]. \u8d3a\u9e9f&#xff0c;\u738b\u7396\u5174&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1979.<br \/>\n[8] \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14. \u903b\u8f91\u5b66[M]. \u6768\u7956\u9676&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2002.<br \/>\n[9] \u5c3c\u91c7. \u67e5\u62c9\u56fe\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u5982\u662f\u8bf4[M]. \u94b1\u6625\u7eee&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97&#xff0c;2007.<br \/>\n[10] \u5c3c\u91c7. \u5076\u50cf\u7684\u9ec4\u660f[M]. \u5468\u56fd\u5e73&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;1996.<\/p>\n<h4>\u73b0\u5f53\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66<\/h4>\n<p>[11] \u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14. \u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4[M]. \u9648\u5609\u6620&#xff0c;\u738b\u5e86\u8282&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97&#xff0c;2006.<br \/>\n[12] \u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14. \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba[M]. \u718a\u4f1f&#xff0c;\u738b\u5e86\u8282&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1996.<br \/>\n[13] \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766. \u903b\u8f91\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba[M]. \u8d3a\u7ecd\u7532&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1996.<br \/>\n[14] \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766. \u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76[M]. \u9648\u5609\u6620&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u4e0a\u6d77&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2005.<br \/>\n[15] \u6000\u7279\u6d77. \u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728[M]. \u674e\u6b65\u697c&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;2011.<br \/>\n[16] \u5fb7\u52d2\u5179. \u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e\u91cd\u590d[M]. \u5b89\u9756&#xff0c;\u5f20\u5b50\u5cb3&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u4e0a\u6d77&#xff1a;\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2019.<br \/>\n[17] \u798f\u67ef. \u8bcd\u4e0e\u7269[M]. \u83ab\u4f1f\u6c11&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u4e0a\u6d77&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97&#xff0c;2001.<br \/>\n[18] \u4f3d\u8fbe\u9ed8\u5c14. \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5[M]. \u6d2a\u6c49\u9f0e&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;2010.<br \/>\n[19] \u7f57\u7d20. \u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406[M]. \u5f20\u91d1\u8a00&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1982.<br \/>\n[20] \u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14. \u8bba\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5224\u5b9a\u547d\u9898[A]. \/\/ \u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u6587\u96c6. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;2000.<\/p>\n<h4>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8457\u4f5c<\/h4>\n<p>[21] \u8d75\u6c40\u9633. \u7b2c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u652f\u70b9[M]. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97&#xff0c;2013.<br \/>\n[22] \u5f20\u4e16\u82f1. \u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba[M]. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2008.<br \/>\n[23] \u9648\u5609\u6620. \u54f2\u5b66\u00b7\u79d1\u5b66\u00b7\u5e38\u8bc6[M]. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2018.<\/p>\n<h4>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66<\/h4>\n<p>[24] \u8fbe\u5c14\u6587. \u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90[M]. \u5468\u5efa\u4eba&#xff0c;\u53f6\u7b03\u5e84&#xff0c;\u65b9\u5b97\u7199&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;1995.<br \/>\n[25] \u5e93\u6069. \u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784[M]. \u91d1\u543e\u4f26&#xff0c;\u80e1\u65b0\u548c&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2003.<br \/>\n[26] \u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766. \u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u4e49[M]. \u90dd\u5efa\u7eb2&#xff0c;\u5218\u9053\u519b&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u4e0a\u6d77&#xff1a;\u4e0a\u6d77\u79d1\u6280\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2001.<br \/>\n[27] \u725b\u987f. \u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406[M]. \u8d75\u632f\u6c5f&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986&#xff0c;2006.<br \/>\n[28] \u859b\u5b9a\u8c14. \u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48[M]. \u7f57\u6765\u9e25&#xff0c;\u7f57\u8fbd\u590d&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u957f\u6c99&#xff1a;\u6e56\u5357\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2007.<br \/>\n[29] \u8d39\u66fc. \u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u672c\u6027[M]. \u5173\u6d2a&#xff0c;\u8bd1. 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On the Origin of Species[M]. London: John Murray, 1859.<br \/>\n[31] Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.<br \/>\n[32] Damasio, A. The Feeling of What Happens[M]. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999.<br \/>\n[33] Nagel, T. The View from Nowhere[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.<br \/>\n[34] Hofstadter, D. R. G\u00f6del, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1979.<br \/>\n[35] Kim, J. Mind in a Physical World[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.<br \/>\n[36] Feynman, R. P. The Character of Physical Law[M]. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965.<\/p>\n<h4>\u5176\u4ed6<\/h4>\n<p>[37] \u9a6c\u514b\u601d&#xff0c;\u6069\u683c\u65af. \u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00[M]. \u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9a6c\u6069\u5217\u65af\u8457\u4f5c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5c40&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u5317\u4eac&#xff1a;\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2014.<br \/>\n[38] \u738b\u6d69. \u8d85\u8d8a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66[M]. \u5f90\u82f1\u747e&#xff0c;\u8bd1. \u676d\u5dde&#xff1a;\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e&#xff0c;2010.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba<br \/>\n\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6307\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u00b7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5960\u57fa<br \/>\n\u7ade\u4e89\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bba\u8bc1<br \/>\n\u5377\u9996\u8bed&#xff1a;\u4e3a\u4f55\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb&#xff1f;<br \/>\n\u7ade\u4e89\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u5230\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8bba\u8bc1\u90fd\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e4b\u524d&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u786e\u8ba4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u76f4\u89c9&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u51bb\u7ed3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<br \/>\n\u672c\u5377\u5c06\u5728\u4e94\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u751f\u547d\u6f14\u5316\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u91cf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[12268,12270,12269,12267,12271],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-107765","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-12268","tag-12270","tag-12269","tag-12267","tag-12271"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - 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