{"id":107632,"date":"2026-09-19T23:24:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-19T15:24:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/107632.html"},"modified":"2026-09-19T23:24:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T15:24:38","slug":"linux-day9-%e5%a4%8d%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e9%83%a8%e5%88%86%ef%bc%88%e5%ae%9e%e6%93%8d%e4%ba%a7%e5%87%ba%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/107632.html","title":{"rendered":"Linux Day9\u2014\u2014\u590d\u4e60\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u5b9e\u64cd\u4ea7\u51fa\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

—<\/p>\n

type: learning-note<\/p>\n

title: Linux：\u5757 1 \u4ea7\u51fa\u65e5\u2014\u2014\u6743\u9650\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u64cd<\/p>\n

date: 2026-09-19<\/p>\n

description: 21 \u6761\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u5199\u8865\u6f0f（\u7f3a 10 \u6761）\u3001\u8131\u79bb\u6559\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e94\u9879\u5b9e\u64cd（\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7ec4+\u5efa\u7528\u6237 \/ \u6539\u6743\u9650\u6570\u5b57\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5 \/ \u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005 \/ \u67e5\u8fdb\u7a0b+kill \/ \u5199 crontab）\u3001\u8e29\u8fc7\u516d\u4e2a\u5751\u3001rwx \u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3001nano \u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7528\u6cd5<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

# 2026-09-19 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

> 📌 GitHub：https:\/\/github.com\/AR-firefly<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u7b14\u8bb0\u533a<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u4e00\u300121 \u6761\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4：\u9ed8\u5199 \u2192 \u8865\u6f0f<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u9ed8\u51fa\u6765 11 \u6761**：`pwd` `ls` `cd` `mkdir` `touch` `cp` `mv` `rm` `cat` `head` `man`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6ca1\u9ed8\u51fa\u6765 \/ \u9ed8\u9519 10 \u6761**：`less` `tail` `find` `ps` `kill` `top` `chmod` `chown` `crontab`（\u5916\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e `–help` \u7684\u7591\u95ee）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u8865\u8bb2\u8981\u70b9：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u547d\u4ee4 | \u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u5173\u952e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u70b9 |<\/p>\n

| ——— | —————— | ———————————————————————————————————————————————— |<\/p>\n

| `less` | \u5206\u9875\u770b\u6587\u4ef6 | \u540d\u5b57\u6765\u81ea\u300cless is more\u300d\u6897，\u662f\u66f4\u8001\u7684 `more` \u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u7248；**\u6309 `q` \u9000\u51fa**（\u8ddf `man` \u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9605\u8bfb\u5668） |<\/p>\n

| `tail` | \u770b\u6587\u4ef6**\u7ed3\u5c3e** | `head` \u662f\u5934\u3001`tail` \u662f\u5c3e，**\u5b83\u4fe9\u662f\u4e00\u5bf9**；`-n 20` \u6307\u5b9a\u884c\u6570；**`-f`**（follow）\u8ddf\u7740\u770b\u65b0\u8ffd\u52a0\u7684\u884c，\u6392\u969c\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u9760\u5b83 |<\/p>\n

| `find` | \u5728**\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u627e\u6587\u4ef6** | \u8ddf `grep` \u5206\u5de5\u8bb0\u7262：**`grep` \u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u7684\u5185\u5bb9，`find` \u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab**\u3002\u7528\u6cd5 `find \/etc -name "*.conf"` |<\/p>\n

| `ps` | \u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b | **p**rocess **s**tatus；`ps aux` \u770b\u5168\u90e8\u8fdb\u7a0b，**\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u53ea\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef** |<\/p>\n

| `kill` | \u7ed3\u675f\u8fdb\u7a0b | **\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53d1 SIGTERM（15）**；`kill -9` \u624d\u662f\u5f3a\u6740\u3002\u540d\u5b57\u5199\u6cd5\u7b49\u4ef7：`-9` = `-KILL` = `-SIGKILL` |<\/p>\n

| `top` | **\u5b9e\u65f6**\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b | \u8ddf `ps` \u7684\u533a\u522b：`ps` \u662f**\u62cd\u4e00\u5f20\u7167**，`top` \u662f**\u770b\u76f4\u64ad**；`q` \u9000\u51fa |<\/p>\n

| `chmod` | \u6539**\u6743\u9650\u4f4d** | **ch**ange **mod**e\u3002\u7ba1\u300c\u80fd\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u300d |<\/p>\n

| `chown` | \u6539**\u6240\u6709\u8005** | **ch**ange **own**er\u3002\u7ba1\u300c\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u300d |<\/p>\n

| `crontab` | \u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1\u8868 | **`cron` \u662f\u540e\u53f0\u5e72\u6d3b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f（\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b），`crontab` \u662f\u7ed9\u5b83\u6392\u6d3b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4**（cron **tab**le）；`-e` \u7f16\u8f91（edit）\u3001`-l` \u5217\u51fa（list）\u3001`-r` \u5220\u9664（remove） |<\/p>\n

| `man` | \u67e5\u624b\u518c | **`–help` \u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u4ee4，\u662f\u300c\u9009\u9879\u300d**\u3002`man ls` \u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed9\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u624b\u518c，`ls –help` \u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u7528\u6cd5 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### `kill` \u8fd9\u6761\u683d\u4e86\u4e2a\u8ddf\u5934（\u91cd\u70b9）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u539f\u6765\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7406\u89e3**：\u300c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f 9（\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236\u3001\u4f1a\u7b49\u5b83\u8dd1\u5b8c），\u5f3a\u5236\u662f 15\u300d\u2014\u2014**\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u542b\u4e49\u53cd\u4e86**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u600e\u4e48\u649e\u7834\u7684**：\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a `sleep 300 &`，\u7136\u540e `kill <PID>`（\u4e0d\u5e26\u6570\u5b57），**\u5b83\u7acb\u523b\u5c31\u6b7b\u4e86**，\u4e00\u79d2\u6ca1\u591a\u8dd1：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

$ sleep 300 &<\/p>\n

[1] 11503<\/p>\n

$ kill 11503<\/p>\n

[1]+ Terminated sleep 300<\/p>\n

$ ps -p 11503<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 PID TTY TIME CMD<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

`ps` \u53ea\u5269\u8868\u5934 = \u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u90a3\u53e5 `Terminated` **\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7b54\u6848**\u2014\u2014`TERM` = **term**inate\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

`man kill` \u539f\u6587：`The default signal for kill is TERM.`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u4fe1\u53f7 | \u7f16\u53f7 | \u540d\u5b57\u542b\u4e49 | \u884c\u4e3a |<\/p>\n

| ——– | —— | ——————— | ———————————————————————- |<\/p>\n

| **\u9ed8\u8ba4** | **15** | **TERM**（terminate） | \u300c**\u8bf7\u4f60\u7ed3\u675f**\u300d\u2014\u2014\u8fdb\u7a0b**\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a**：\u76f4\u63a5\u9000，\u6216\u8005\u5148\u5b58\u76d8\u3001\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u518d\u9000 |<\/p>\n

| `-9` | 9 | **KILL** | \u300c**\u5185\u6838\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u6389\u4f60**\u300d\u2014\u2014**\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6355\u83b7**，\u6ca1\u5f97\u5546\u91cf |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 `kill -9` \u5e38\u89c1**：\u6709\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5361\u6b7b\u4e86\u3001\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a 15，\u90a3\u65f6\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4fe1\u53f7\u6740\u4e0d\u6389，\u53ea\u80fd\u4e0a 9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u8bb0\u5fc6\u94a9\u5b50**：**\u5927\u7684\u662f\u5ba2\u6c14\u8bdd（15 \u6e29\u67d4），\u5c0f\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u624b（9 \u5f3a\u6740）**\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u522b\u626d\u611f\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u94a9\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

（`kill` \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53d1 TERM \u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684：**\u300c\u8bf7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u597d\u597d\u7ed3\u675f\u300d\u624d\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4**，\u4e07\u4e00\u5b83\u6b63\u5728\u5199\u6587\u4ef6，\u5f97\u7ed9\u673a\u4f1a\u6536\u62fe\u5e72\u51c0\u3002）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u4e8c\u3001\u4e94\u9879\u5b9e\u64cd<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u8f93\u51fa\u89c1 `kb\/\u4ea7\u51fa\/\u57571-\u6743\u9650\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u64cd\u8bb0\u5f55.md`，\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u7559\u9aa8\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### 2.1 \u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7ec4 + \u5efa\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

sudo groupadd s1prod # \u5efa\u7ec4<\/p>\n

sudo useradd -m -G s1prod s1prod2 # \u5efa\u7528\u6237：-m \u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55，-G \u52a0\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e09\u4ef6\u5957**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

grep s1prod \/etc\/group<\/p>\n

id s1prod2<\/p>\n

ls \/home<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u600e\u4e48\u8bfb**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `\/etc\/group` \u4e00\u884c 4 \u6bb5：`\u7ec4\u540d:\u5bc6\u7801\u5360\u4f4d:gid:\u6210\u5458\u5217\u8868`，**\u6700\u540e\u90a3\u683c\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u6210\u5458**<\/p>\n

– `id` \u7684 **`gid=`** \u662f**\u4e3b\u7ec4**（\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a）；**`groups=`** \u662f**\u5168\u90e8\u7ec4** = \u4e3b\u7ec4 + \u6240\u6709\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4<\/p>\n

– **\u4e3b\u7ec4\u4ece\u54ea\u6765**：`useradd` \u4e0d\u5e26 `-g` \u65f6**\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ed9\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u540d\u4e3b\u7ec4**（\u672c\u673a\u5f00\u5173 `\/etc\/login.defs:192` \u5199\u7740 `USERGROUPS_ENAB yes`）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### 2.2 \u6539\u6743\u9650（\u6570\u5b57\u6cd5 + \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

chmod 750 perm-test # \u6570\u5b57\u6cd5<\/p>\n

chmod g-x perm-test # \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5：\u7ed9\u540c\u7ec4\u51cf\u6389\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n

chmod u+x perm-test # \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5：\u7ed9\u5c5e\u4e3b\u52a0\u56de\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5\u7684\u94c1\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u6b7b\u7684**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

chmod g – x \u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2191 \u2191 \u2191<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2460\u5bf9\u8c01 \u2461\u52a0\u51cf \u2462\u4ec0\u4e48\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– \u2460 \u5bf9\u8c01：`u` \u5c5e\u4e3b \/ `g` \u540c\u7ec4 \/ `o` \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba \/ `a` \u6240\u6709\u4eba（**\u4e0d\u5199 = \u9ed8\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u4eba**）<\/p>\n

– \u2461 \u52a0\u51cf：`+` \u52a0 \/ `-` \u51cf<\/p>\n

– \u2462 \u4ec0\u4e48\u6743\u9650：`r` \/ `w` \/ `x`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u9a8c\u8bc1"\u76ee\u5f55\u6ca1\u6709 `x` \u5c31\u8fdb\u4e0d\u53bb"**：`chmod 400` \u4e4b\u540e `cd` \u62a5 `Permission denied`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### 2.3 \u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

sudo chown s1prod2:s1prod perm-test # \u8bed\u6cd5：\u6362\u6210\u8c01:\u6362\u6210\u54ea\u4e2a\u7ec4 \u6587\u4ef6（\u5192\u53f7\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701）<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6539\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c**：\u539f\u5c5e\u4e3b（`ar-26710`）**\u8fde\u6539\u6743\u9650\u90fd\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u4e86**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ chmod 750 perm-test<\/p>\n

chmod: Operation not permitted (os error 1)<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u89c4\u5219**：**\u6539\u6743\u9650\u53ea\u8ba4\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b，\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u662f root\u3002** \u8ddf\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### 2.4 \u67e5\u8fdb\u7a0b \u2192 \u627e PID \u2192 kill<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ sleep 300 &<\/p>\n

[1] 12807<\/p>\n

$ ps<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 PID TTY TIME CMD<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a07444 pts\/0 00:00:01 bash<\/p>\n

\u00a0 12807 pts\/0 00:00:00 sleep<\/p>\n

\u00a0 12817 pts\/0 00:00:00 ps<\/p>\n

$ kill 12807<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`ps` \u56db\u5217**：`PID` \u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7 \/ `TTY` \u7ed1\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7aef \/ **`TIME` \u7d2f\u8ba1\u5360\u7528 CPU \u7684\u65f6\u95f4（\u4e0d\u662f"\u8dd1\u4e86\u591a\u4e45"）** \/ `CMD`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282**：**`ps` \u4f1a\u628a"\u81ea\u5df1"\u4e5f\u5217\u51fa\u6765**（\u8dd1 ps \u65f6\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b）；**\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684 `ps` \u53ea\u5217\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef**（\u60f3\u770b\u5168\u90e8\u7528 `ps aux`，\u5b9e\u6d4b 4 \u884c vs 41 \u884c）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`&` \u7684\u4f5c\u7528**：\u628a\u547d\u4ee4**\u4e22\u5230\u540e\u53f0**\u3002\u4e0d\u52a0 `&`，\u524d\u53f0\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a**\u5360\u4f4f\u7ec8\u7aef**\u2014\u2014\u6572\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u8fdb\u4e0d\u53bb（\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0 `&`，\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86"\u8d81\u5b83\u8fd8\u5728\u8dd1\u65f6"\u53bb `ps` \u91cc\u627e\u5b83）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### 2.5 \u5199 crontab<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

*\/5 * * * * date >> \/tmp\/cron-test.log<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5c31\u4e24\u5757**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

*\/5 * * * * date >> \/tmp\/cron-test.log<\/p>\n

\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019 \u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– \u4e94\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u4f9d\u6b21\u662f **\u5206 \u65f6 \u65e5 \u6708 \u5468**；`*` = \u6bcf\u4e2a\u90fd\u7b97，`*\/5` = \u6bcf 5 \u4e2a\u4e00\u6b21<\/p>\n

– `>>` = **\u8ffd\u52a0**（\u5199\u5230\u672b\u5c3e，\u4e0d\u52a8\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9）；\u5bf9\u6bd4 `>` \u662f**\u8986\u76d6**（\u6e05\u7a7a\u518d\u5199）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e24\u6b65\u9a8c\u8bc1**（\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701）：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

1. **\u5148\u9a8c"\u547d\u4ee4\u90a3\u4e00\u534a"**：`date >> \/tmp\/cron-test.log` \u624b\u52a8\u8dd1\u4e00\u6b21<\/p>\n

2. **\u518d\u9a8c cron \u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u81ea\u5df1\u8dd1**：\u7b49 5 \u5206\u949f，`cat \/tmp\/cron-test.log` \u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u51fa\u884c\u6765<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

Sat Sep 19 22:23:51 CST 2026 \u2190 \u624b\u52a8\u8dd1\u7684\u90a3\u6b21<\/p>\n

Sat Sep 19 22:25:01 CST 2026 \u2190 cron \u81ea\u5df1\u8dd1\u7684<\/p>\n

Sat Sep 19 22:30:02 CST 2026 \u2190 cron \u81ea\u5df1\u8dd1\u7684<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u7528\u5b8c\u6e05\u6389**：`crontab -r`（`-r` = remove，\u5220\u6574\u4e2a crontab）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**crontab \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u54ea**：`\/var\/spool\/cron\/crontabs\/<\u7528\u6237\u540d>`\u2014\u2014**\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

`crontab -e` \u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b：\u2460 \u628a\u5b83\u90a3\u8fb9\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u590d\u5236\u5230\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6（`\/tmp\/crontab.XXXX`）\u2192 \u2461 \u7528\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u6253\u5f00**\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6** \u2192 \u2462 \u5b58\u76d8\u9000\u51fa\u540e**\u68c0\u67e5\u8bed\u6cd5** \u2192 \u2463 **\u5b89\u88c5**\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u5f55 \u2192 \u2464 \u5220\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5**\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u76ee\u5f55\u6572 `crontab -e`，\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4efd crontab**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u4e09\u3001\u8e29\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u5751<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### \u5751 1：`useradd` \u4e0d\u5e26 `-m` \u2192 \u53ea\u767b\u8bb0，\u4e0d\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ sudo useradd s1prod<\/p>\n

$ grep s1prod \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n

s1prod:x:1003:1005::\/home\/s1prod:\/bin\/sh \u2190 \u767b\u8bb0\u5199\u7740\u5bb6"\u5e94\u8be5\u5728" \/home\/s1prod<\/p>\n

$ ls \/home<\/p>\n

ar-26710 s1tester2 \u2190 \u4f46\u5b9e\u7269\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**"\u767b\u8bb0\u8868 \u2260 \u5b9e\u7269"**：`\/etc\/passwd` \u7b2c 6 \u683c\u5199\u7684\u662f\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55**\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u54ea**，\u662f**\u6307\u5411**；\u76ee\u5f55\u672c\u8eab\u5f97\u9760 `-m` \u53bb**\u9020**\u3002\u6ca1\u9020\u7684\u8bdd，\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u8fdb\u6765 `cd ~` \u76f4\u63a5\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

（\u8fd9\u6761 09-17 \u5b66\u8fc7\u3001\u4eca\u5929\u53c8\u9519\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21，\u89c1\u300c\u65e7\u77e5\u8bc6\u56de\u6536\u300d\u3002）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### \u5751 2：`chmod` \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u987a\u5e8f\u53cd + \u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u7a7a\u683c<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ chmod g -x perm-test # g \u548c -x \u4e4b\u95f4\u591a\u4e86\u7a7a\u683c<\/p>\n

chmod: cannot access 'g': No such file or directory<\/p>\n

$ ls -ld perm-test<\/p>\n

drw-r—– … perm-test \u2190 \u5c5e\u4e3b\u7684 x \u4e5f\u6ca1\u4e86<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48**：`chmod` \u6309\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89e3\u6790\u2014\u2014`g -x` \u88ab\u62c6\u6210**\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570**，`-x` \u88ab\u5f53\u6210**\u6a21\u5f0f**（= \u5bf9**\u6240\u6709\u4eba**\u53bb\u6389 `x`），`g` \u88ab\u5f53\u6210**\u6587\u4ef6\u540d**\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u52a8\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u7ec4\u4e00\u4e2a，\u800c\u662f**\u4e09\u7c7b\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u94c1\u5f8b**：\u6a21\u5f0f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f**\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7740\u7684\u6574\u4f53**（`g-x`），**\u4e00\u6709\u7a7a\u683c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e86**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### \u5751 3：\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84 vs \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ ls ~ # \u80fd\u770b\u5230 perm-test<\/p>\n

$ chown s1prod2:s1prod perm-test<\/p>\n

chown: cannot dereference 'perm-test': No such file or directory<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728 `\/etc`**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u5199\u6cd5 | \u7c7b\u578b | \u5c55\u5f00\u6210 |<\/p>\n

| ———– | ——– | ——————————————————– |<\/p>\n

| `~` | **\u7edd\u5bf9** | `\/home\/ar-26710` |<\/p>\n

| `perm-test` | **\u76f8\u5bf9** | **\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55** + `\/perm-test` = `\/etc\/perm-test`（\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728） |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u89c4\u5219**：\u4ee5 `\/` \u5f00\u5934（\u6216 `~`）\u2192 **\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84，\u5728\u54ea\u6572\u90fd\u4e00\u6837**；\u4e0d\u4ee5 `\/` \u5f00\u5934 \u2192 **\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84，\u8ddf\u7740\u4f60\u7ad9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53d8**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### \u5751 4：`chown` \u7684\u5192\u53f7\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ chown s1prod2 s1prod perm-test # \u5c11\u4e86\u5192\u53f7<\/p>\n

chown: cannot dereference 's1prod': No such file or directory<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`chown` \u6309\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89e3\u6790：\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd = \u6362\u6210\u8c01，\u540e\u9762\u6240\u6709\u8bcd\u5168\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u3002** \u5c11\u4e86\u5192\u53f7，`s1prod` \u5c31\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u627e\u4e86（\u6240\u4ee5\u62a5\u9519\u91cc\u53ea\u6709\u5b83\u548c `perm-test`，\u6ca1\u6709 `s1prod2`）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

#### \u5751 5：\u4e0d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b，\u5c31\u6539\u4e0d\u52a8\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```bash<\/p>\n

$ chmod 750 perm-test<\/p>\n

chmod: Operation not permitted (os error 1)<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u8ddf\u5751 4 \u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9762：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– **\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b**：\u54ea\u6015\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u662f `000`，**\u7167\u6837\u80fd `chmod`**<\/p>\n

– **\u4e0d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b**：\u54ea\u6015\u80fd\u8fdb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e5f\u662f `Operation not permitted`（\u53ea\u6709 `sudo` \u80fd\u6551）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u56db\u3001`rwx` \u5bf9\u300c\u6587\u4ef6\u300d\u548c\u300c\u76ee\u5f55\u300d\u5206\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| | \u5bf9**\u6587\u4ef6** | \u5bf9**\u76ee\u5f55** |<\/p>\n

| — | ——————- | ——————————– |<\/p>\n

| `r` | \u8bfb**\u5185\u5bb9**（`cat`） | \u5217\u51fa**\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48**（`ls`） |<\/p>\n

| `w` | \u6539**\u5185\u5bb9** | \u5728\u91cc\u9762**\u5efa \/ \u5220 \/ \u6539\u540d** |<\/p>\n

| `x` | **\u6267\u884c**\u5b83 | **\u8fdb\u53bb**（`cd`）\u3001\u8bbf\u95ee\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e24\u5904\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u9519\u7684**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

1. **\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w` \u7ba1\u7684\u662f"\u589e\u5220\u6587\u4ef6"，\u4e0d\u662f"\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9"**（\u2192 \u5751 6）<\/p>\n

2. **\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w` \u5fc5\u987b\u914d\u5408 `x` \u624d\u751f\u6548**\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709 `rw-`（\u6709 r \u6709 w \u6ca1 x）\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u91cc，`touch` \u548c `mkdir` \u90fd\u662f `Permission denied`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`750` \u62c6\u5f00**：`rwx` `r-x` `—` = \u5c5e\u4e3b\u5168\u6743 \/ \u540c\u7ec4\u53ef\u8bfb\u53ef\u8fdb \/ \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6570\u5b57\u600e\u4e48\u6765\u7684**：`r=4` `w=2` `x=1`，\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u52a0（`7=4+2+1`\u3001`5=4+0+1`\u3001`0=0`）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u4e94\u3001`nano` \u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7528\u6cd5<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`nano` \u4e0d\u662f\u67e5\u770b\u5668，\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u672c\u7f16\u8f91\u5668**（`man nano` \u539f\u6587：`nano is a small and friendly text editor`）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u7528\u6cd5\u5dee\u522b\u5728\u8fd9\u513f**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6572\u7684 | \u6253\u5f00\u7684\u662f | \u5b58\u76d8\u65f6 |<\/p>\n

| —————– | ————————————————— | —————————————— |<\/p>\n

| `nano` | \u4e00\u4e2a**\u7a7a\u767d\u7f13\u51b2\u533a**（\u9876\u90e8 `New Buffer`，\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u540d\u5b57） | **\u95ee\u4f60\u8981\u5b58\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6587\u4ef6\u540d**\u2014\u2014\u7b54\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u5c31\u5b58\u4e0d\u4e86 |<\/p>\n

| **`nano \u6587\u4ef6\u540d`** | \u90a3\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6，\u76f4\u63a5\u6539 | \u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u56de\u53bb \u2713 |<\/p>\n

| `crontab -e` | crontab \u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6（**\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a**） | \u76f4\u63a5\u5b58，\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5e2e\u7740\u5b89\u88c5 \u2713 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6240\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u6572 `nano` \u4f1a\u5361\u4f4f，\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5199，\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8981\u5b58\u54ea\u513f\u3002** \u8bb0\u4f4f：**`nano` \u540e\u9762\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**nano \u7684\u5b58\u76d8\u9000\u51fa（\u4e24\u6b65）**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

1. `Ctrl+O` \u2192 \u5e95\u90e8\u95ee\u4f60**\u5b58\u5230\u54ea\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6** \u2192 \u76f4\u63a5**\u56de\u8f66**（\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u540d，**\u522b\u6539**）<\/p>\n

2. `Ctrl+X` \u2192 \u95ee `Save modified buffer?` \u2192 \u6309 `Y` \u5b58 \/ `N` \u4e0d\u5b58<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u53e6\u5916**：**nano \u6253\u5f00\u5c31\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5b57**，\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6309\u4ec0\u4e48\u952e\u8fdb"\u7f16\u8f91\u6a21\u5f0f"（\u8fd9\u70b9\u8ddf vim \u4e0d\u4e00\u6837，vim \u8981\u5148\u6309 `i`）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u53ea\u60f3\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9**\u4e0d\u7528 nano，\u7528 `cat`（\u5168\u770b）\u6216 `less`（\u5206\u9875\u770b）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u7ebf\u7d22\u533a（\u5b66\u5b8c\u540e\u5408\u4e0a\u6750\u6599，\u81ea\u95ee\u81ea\u7b54）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `kill` \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53d1\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7？\u5b83\u548c `-9` \u5206\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e3a？**<\/p>\n

A: \u9ed8\u8ba4 **15 = TERM**（terminate），\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c**\u8bf7\u4f60\u7ed3\u675f**\u300d\u2014\u2014\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a：\u76f4\u63a5\u9000，\u6216\u5148\u5b58\u76d8\u3001\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\u518d\u9000\u3002`-9` = **KILL**，\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u5185\u6838\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u6389\u4f60\u300d，**\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6355\u83b7**\u3002\u8bb0\u5fc6\u94a9\u5b50：**\u5927\u7684\u662f\u5ba2\u6c14\u8bdd（15），\u5c0f\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u624b（9）**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6，\u770b\u7684\u662f\u8c01\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684 `w`？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u5b83\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w`**，\u8ddf\u90a3\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u9650\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5220\u6587\u4ef6\u6539\u7684\u662f**\u76ee\u5f55\u91cc\u7684\u90a3\u5f20\u6e05\u5355**，\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a `000` \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7167\u6837\u80fd\u5220\u6389\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `chmod 750` \u91cc\u90a3\u4e2a `750`，\u4e09\u4f4d\u5206\u522b\u7ed9\u8c01\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u7684？**<\/p>\n

A: \u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d**\u5c5e\u4e3b**\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d**\u540c\u7ec4**\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4d**\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba**\u3002\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f `r=4` `w=2` `x=1` \u76f8\u52a0：`7=4+2+1`（rwx）\u3001`5=4+0+1`（r-x）\u3001`0`（—）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w` \u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 `w`，\u4f5c\u7528\u4e00\u6837\u5417？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837**\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 `w` = \u6539**\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9**；\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w` = \u5728\u91cc\u9762**\u5efa \/ \u5220 \/ \u6539\u540d**\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 `w` **\u5fc5\u987b\u914d\u5408 `x` \u624d\u751f\u6548**（\u53ea\u6709 `rw-` \u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u91cc `touch`\u3001`mkdir` \u90fd\u62a5 `Permission denied`）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728 `\/etc` \u91cc\u6572 `chown … perm-test` \u4f1a\u62a5"\u627e\u4e0d\u5230"？**<\/p>\n

A: \u56e0\u4e3a `perm-test` \u662f**\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84**，\u4f1a\u5148\u8ddf"\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u5f55"\u62fc\u8d77\u6765 = `\/etc\/perm-test`（\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728）\u3002`ls ~` \u80fd\u627e\u5230，\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a `~` \u4f1a\u5c55\u5f00\u6210**\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84** `\/home\/ar-26710`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `chown s1prod2 s1prod perm-test` \u8fd9\u6761\u9519\u5728\u54ea？**<\/p>\n

A: \u5c11\u4e86\u5192\u53f7\u3002`chown` \u6309\u4f4d\u7f6e\u89e3\u6790\u2014\u2014**\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd = \u6362\u6210\u8c01，\u540e\u9762\u6240\u6709\u8bcd\u5168\u662f\u6587\u4ef6**\u3002\u6240\u4ee5 `s1prod` \u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u53bb\u627e\u4e86\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u5199\u6cd5\u662f `chown s1prod2:s1prod perm-test`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u5355\u72ec\u6572 `nano`（\u4e0d\u5e26\u6587\u4ef6\u540d）\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5361\u4f4f？**<\/p>\n

A: \u5b83\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u662f**\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u7f13\u51b2\u533a**，\u5b58\u76d8\u65f6\u4f1a\u95ee\u300c\u5b58\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6587\u4ef6\u300d\u3002`crontab -e` \u987a\u5229，\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a**\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u5b9a\u597d\u4e86\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u54ea\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u6539\u4e86\u5c5e\u4e3b\u4e4b\u540e，\u539f\u5c5e\u4e3b\u8fd8\u80fd `chmod` \u5417？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u4e0d\u80fd**，\u62a5 `Operation not permitted`\u3002**\u6539\u6743\u9650\u53ea\u8ba4\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b，\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u662f root**，\u8ddf\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `>>` \u548c `>` \u7684\u533a\u522b？**<\/p>\n

A: `>>` = **\u8ffd\u52a0**（\u5199\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u672b\u5c3e，**\u4e0d\u52a8**\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9）；`>` = **\u8986\u76d6**（\u5148\u6e05\u7a7a\u518d\u5199）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `crontab` \u6587\u4ef6\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u54ea？**<\/p>\n

A: `\/var\/spool\/cron\/crontabs\/<\u7528\u6237\u540d>`\u2014\u2014**\u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55**\u3002\u6240\u4ee5**\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u6572 `crontab -e`，\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4efd**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u603b\u7ed3（50\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185，\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u4eca\u5929\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u5757 1 \u4ea7\u51fa\u65e5：21 \u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u8865\u9f50，\u8131\u79bb\u6559\u7a0b\u72ec\u7acb\u8dd1\u901a\u5efa\u7528\u6237\/\u6539\u6743\u9650\/\u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005\/\u67e5\u8fdb\u7a0b+kill\/\u5199 crontab；\u649e\u7834\u516d\u4e2a\u5751（`-m`\u3001\u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5\u7a7a\u683c\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u5192\u53f7\u3001\u5c5e\u4e3b\u3001\u5220\u6587\u4ef6\u770b\u76ee\u5f55）；`kill` \u9ed8\u8ba4 15 \u4e0d\u662f 9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u590d\u4e60\u5361\u7247<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6982\u5ff5 | \u5fc5\u5b66\/\u4e86\u89e3 | \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd | \u573a\u666f |<\/p>\n

| ————————- | ——— | ———————————————— | ———————— |<\/p>\n

| \u5757 1 \u4ea7\u51fa\u65e5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u628a\u5b66\u8fc7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f**\u8131\u79bb\u6559\u7a0b**\u505a\u51fa\u6765 | \u6bcf\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5757\u5b66\u5b8c\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5468\u516d |<\/p>\n

| `less` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u5206\u9875\u770b\u6587\u4ef6，`q` \u9000\u51fa | \u770b\u957f\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/p>\n

| `tail` \/ `tail -f` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u770b\u7ed3\u5c3e；`-f` \u8ddf\u7740\u770b\u65b0\u884c | \u76ef\u65e5\u5fd7 |<\/p>\n

| `find` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u5728**\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a**\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab | \u5fd8\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u653e\u54ea |<\/p>\n

| `grep` vs `find` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `grep` \u627e**\u5185\u5bb9**，`find` \u627e**\u6587\u4ef6** | \u522b\u7528\u9519 |<\/p>\n

| `ps` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u62cd\u4e00\u5f20\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5feb\u7167；\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u53ea\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7ec8\u7aef | \u627e PID |<\/p>\n

| `ps aux` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u5217**\u6240\u6709**\u8fdb\u7a0b | \u5168\u76d8\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b |<\/p>\n

| `kill` \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4fe1\u53f7 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | **15 = TERM**（\u8bf7\u4f60\u7ed3\u675f），**\u4e0d\u662f 9** | \u7ed3\u675f\u8fdb\u7a0b |<\/p>\n

| `kill -9` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | **KILL**，\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\/\u6355\u83b7 | \u5361\u6b7b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b |<\/p>\n

| `top` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u5b9e\u65f6\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b（`ps` \u662f\u62cd\u7167，`top` \u662f\u76f4\u64ad） | \u770b\u8c01\u5728\u5403 CPU |<\/p>\n

| `cron` vs `crontab` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `cron` \u662f\u540e\u53f0\u7a0b\u5e8f，`crontab` \u662f\u6392\u6d3b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4 | \u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1 |<\/p>\n

| cron \u4e94\u5b57\u6bb5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | **\u5206 \u65f6 \u65e5 \u6708 \u5468**；`*` \u6bcf\u4e2a，`*\/5` \u6bcf 5 \u4e2a | \u5199\u5b9a\u65f6 |<\/p>\n

| `crontab -e \/ -l \/ -r` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u7f16\u8f91 \/ \u5217\u51fa \/ \u5220\u9664 | \u7ba1\u7406\u5b9a\u65f6\u4efb\u52a1 |<\/p>\n

| `>>` vs `>` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u8ffd\u52a0 vs \u8986\u76d6 | \u5199\u65e5\u5fd7 |<\/p>\n

| `chmod` \u6570\u5b57\u6cd5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `r=4 w=2 x=1` \u76f8\u52a0 | 750 \/ 644 |<\/p>\n

| `chmod` \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u987a\u5e8f **\u5bf9\u8c01\u2192\u52a0\u51cf\u2192\u6743\u9650**（`g-x`），**\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u7a7a\u683c** | \u5fae\u8c03\u67d0\u4e00\u4f4d |<\/p>\n

| `chmod` \u4e0d\u5199\u5bf9\u8c01 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u9ed8\u8ba4**\u6240\u6709\u4eba** | \u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u8bef\u4f24 |<\/p>\n

| `chown` \u8bed\u6cd5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `\u7528\u6237:\u7ec4 \u6587\u4ef6`，**\u5192\u53f7\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701** | \u6539\u5f52\u5c5e |<\/p>\n

| `chown` \u4e0d\u52a8\u6743\u9650\u4f4d | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u53ea\u6539\u5f52\u5c5e，\u6743\u9650\u4f4d\u539f\u6837 | \u522b\u6307\u671b\u5b83\u987a\u4fbf\u6539\u6743\u9650 |<\/p>\n

| `Operation not permitted` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u4e0d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f root | chmod \u62a5\u8fd9\u4e2a |<\/p>\n

| \u6539\u6743\u9650\u8ba4\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u53ea\u8ba4**\u5c5e\u4e3b\u8eab\u4efd**\u6216 root，\u4e0d\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u6743\u9650 | 000 \u4e5f\u80fd\u6539 |<\/p>\n

| \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84 vs \u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `\/` \u6216 `~` \u5f00\u5934 = \u7edd\u5bf9，\u5728\u54ea\u6572\u90fd\u4e00\u6837 | \u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/p>\n

| \u76ee\u5f55\u65e0 `x` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u8fdb\u4e0d\u53bb（`cd` \u62a5\u9519） | \u6743\u9650\u6392\u969c |<\/p>\n

| \u76ee\u5f55 `w` \u8981\u914d `x` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u53ea\u6709 `rw-` \u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u91cc `touch`\/`mkdir` \u90fd\u5931\u8d25 | \u5efa\u4e0d\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/p>\n

| \u5220\u6587\u4ef6\u770b\u8c01\u7684 `w` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u770b**\u76ee\u5f55**\u7684 `w`，\u4e0d\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u81ea\u5df1 | \u6587\u4ef6\u5220\u4e0d\u6389 |<\/p>\n

| `rwx` \u5bf9\u76ee\u5f55 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | r=\u5217\u6e05\u5355\u3001w=\u589e\u5220\u6539\u540d\u3001x=\u8fdb\u53bb | \u6743\u9650\u6a21\u578b |<\/p>\n

| `useradd -m` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u4e0d\u5e26 `-m` \u53ea\u767b\u8bb0\u4e0d\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55 | "\u767b\u8bb0\u8868 \u2260 \u5b9e\u7269" |<\/p>\n

| `-g` vs `-G` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u5c0f\u5199\u4e3b\u7ec4（\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a），\u5927\u5199\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4 | \u5efa\u7528\u6237 |<\/p>\n

| `-a` \u53ea\u5728 `usermod` | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `usermod -aG` \u8ffd\u52a0；`useradd` \u6ca1\u6709 `-a` | \u52a0\u7ec4 |<\/p>\n

| \u540c\u540d\u4e3b\u7ec4 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `useradd` \u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ed9\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u5efa\u540c\u540d\u4e3b\u7ec4 | \u770b `id` \u7684 gid |<\/p>\n

| `id` \u8f93\u51fa | \u5fc5\u5b66 | `gid=` \u4e3b\u7ec4，`groups=` \u5168\u90e8\u7ec4 | \u67e5\u7528\u6237\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u7ec4 |<\/p>\n

| `nano` \u7528\u6cd5 | \u5fc5\u5b66 | **\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u6587\u4ef6\u540d**；`Ctrl+O` \u5b58\u3001`Ctrl+X` \u9000 | \u7f16\u8f91\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/p>\n

| `nano` \u65e0\u63d2\u5165\u6a21\u5f0f | \u5fc5\u5b66 | \u6253\u5f00\u5c31\u80fd\u6253\u5b57（vim \u624d\u8981\u6309 `i`） | \u522b\u6df7 |<\/p>\n

| crontab \u6587\u4ef6\u4f4d\u7f6e | \u4e86\u89e3 | `\/var\/spool\/cron\/crontabs\/<\u7528\u6237\u540d>` | \u597d\u5947\u5b83\u5b58\u54ea |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u65e7\u77e5\u8bc6\u56de\u6536（\u4eca\u5929\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u7684）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6982\u5ff5 | \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd | \u51fa\u5904 |<\/p>\n

| ———————- | ———————————————————————————- | —————————- |<\/p>\n

| `pwd` \u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u56de\u7b54"**\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55**"，\u4e0d\u662f"\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea"\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u91cc\u6572\u5b83\u663e\u793a\u5bb6，\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a**\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u5bb6** | 09-05 \u62bd\u8003\u7b54\u9519 |<\/p>\n

| `~` | **\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55**\u3002root \u7684\u5bb6\u5728 `\/root`（\u4e0d\u662f `\/home\/root`） | 09-05 \u62bd\u8003\u7b54\u4e0d\u51fa |<\/p>\n

| `$` vs `#` | \u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u7ed3\u5c3e：`$` \u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u3001`#` root\u3002**\u662f"\u4f60\u662f\u8c01"，\u4e0d\u662f"\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea"** | 09-05 \u62bd\u8003\u63aa\u8f9e\u9519 |<\/p>\n

| `hier` | **hier**archy \u780d\u540e\u534a\u622a；`man hier` = FHS \u8bf4\u660e\u4e66 | 09-18 \u5b66\u8fc7，\u4eca\u5929\u5fd8 |<\/p>\n

| `echo` | \u628a\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u539f\u6837\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765；`echo $HOME` \u770b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c | 09-18 \u7528\u8fc7，\u4eca\u5929\u95ee"\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d" |<\/p>\n

| `useradd` \u4e0d\u5e26 `-m` | **\u4e0d\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55**，\u53ea\u5f80 `\/etc\/passwd` \u767b\u8bb0 | 09-17 \u5b66\u8fc7，**\u4eca\u5929\u53c8\u8e29** |<\/p>\n

| "\u767b\u8bb0\u8868 \u2260 \u5b9e\u7269" | `\/etc\/passwd` \u5199\u7740 `\/home\/s1prod`，`\/home` \u91cc\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83 | 09-17 \u5b66\u8fc7，**\u4eca\u5929\u53c8\u8e29** |<\/p>\n

| `grep` \u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u5339\u914d | `grep s1prod \/etc\/group` \u4f1a\u8fde `s1prod1` `s1prod2` \u4e00\u8d77\u635e\u51fa\u6765 | 09-18 \u5b66\u8fc7，\u4eca\u5929\u53c8\u9047\u5230 |<\/p>\n

| `chmod` \u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5\u7684"\u5bf9\u8c01" | `u` \/ `g` \/ `o` \/ `a`，**\u4e0d\u5199\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba** | 09-08 \u5b66\u8fc7，\u4eca\u5929\u8bef\u4f24 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u590d\u4e60\u62bd\u8003<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– **\u62bd\u4e86 4 \u95ee**：\u2460 `pwd` \u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48 \u2461 `~` \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48 \/ \u4e24\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea \u2462 `$` \u548c `#` \u4ee3\u8868\u8c01 \u2463 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66 Linux \u800c\u4e0d\u662f PowerShell<\/p>\n

– **\u7ed3\u679c：2 \u5bf9 2 \u9519**<\/p>\n

\u00a0 – \u2705 `$` \/ `#` \u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u5bf9（\u4f46\u63aa\u8f9e\u8981\u62e7\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4fe9\u662f**\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u7b26\u53f7**，\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea）<\/p>\n

\u00a0 – \u2705 "\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66 Linux"：\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86"\u901a\u7528\u8bed"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3<\/p>\n

\u00a0 – \u274c `pwd`：\u9519\u7b54\u6210"\u662f\u5bb6"\u3002\u7528\u53cd\u4f8b\u649e\u7834\u2014\u2014`cd \/etc` \u540e\u6572 `pwd` \u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u4ec0\u4e48？\u7b54"\u76ee\u5f55"，\u5e76\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e86\u539f\u56e0（"\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc"）<\/p>\n

\u00a0 – \u26a0\ufe0f `~`：\u7b54\u4e0d\u51fa\u3002\u8865\u8bb2：`~` = \u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6；root \u5728 `\/root`，`ar-26710` \u5728 `\/home\/ar-26710`<\/p>\n

– \u4e24\u6761\u9519\u9898\u5df2\u8fdb\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u300c\u65e7\u77e5\u8bc6\u56de\u6536\u300d\u6bb5<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u4eca\u65e5\u4ea7\u51fa\u9a8c\u6536<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6761 | \u6807\u51c6 | \u7ed3\u679c |<\/p>\n

| — | —————————————————————- | —————————————- |<\/p>\n

| \u2460 | \u672c\u5730 Linux \u73af\u5883\u8dd1\u901a | \u65e9\u5df2\u8fbe\u6807（WSL2 \/ Ubuntu 26.04） |<\/p>\n

| \u2461 | \u8131\u79bb\u6559\u7a0b\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210：\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7ec4 \/ \u6539\u6743\u9650 \/ \u67e5\u8fdb\u7a0b \/ kill \/ \u5199 crontab | \u2705 **\u4e94\u9879\u5168\u90e8\u771f\u673a\u8dd1\u901a** |<\/p>\n

| \u2462 | \u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u8bdd\u8bb2\u6e05 `rwx` \u4e0e `750` | \u2705 \u901a\u8fc7（\u542b"\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 w \u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48"\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42） |<\/p>\n

| \u2463 | 21 \u6761\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u67e5\u7b14\u8bb0\u9ed8\u51fa\u6765 | \u2705 \u9ed8\u5199 \u2192 \u8865\u8bb2 \u2192 \u91cd\u9ed8，\u5168\u90e8\u9f50 |<\/p>\n

| \u2464 | Python \u65e5\u5fd7\u89e3\u6790\u811a\u672c\u8dd1\u901a | \u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5728 `kb\/\u4ea7\u51fa\/\u57571-Python\u65e5\u5fd7\u7edf\u8ba1.py` |<\/p>\n

| \u2465 | \u6743\u9650\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u64cd\u8bb0\u5f55\u843d\u76d8 | \u2705 `kb\/\u4ea7\u51fa\/\u57571-\u6743\u9650\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u64cd\u8bb0\u5f55.md` |<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

—type: learning-notetitle: Linux：\u5757 1 \u4ea7\u51fa\u65e5\u2014\u2014\u6743\u9650\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u64cddate: 2026-09-19description: 21 \u6761\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4\u9ed8\u5199\u8865\u6f0f（\u7f3a 10 \u6761）\u3001\u8131\u79bb\u6559\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e94\u9879\u5b9e\u64cd（\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u5efa\u7528\u6237 \/ \u6539\u6743\u9650\u6570\u5b57\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b57\u6bcd\u6cd5 \/ \u6539\u6240\u6709\u8005 \/ \u67e5\u8fdb\u7a0bkill \/ \u5199 crontab）\u3001\u8e29\u8fc7\u516d\u4e2a\u5751\u3001rwx \u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3001nano \u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7528\u6cd5—# 2026-09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[58],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-107632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-server","tag-linux"],"yoast_head":"\nLinux Day9\u2014\u2014\u590d\u4e60\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u5b9e\u64cd\u4ea7\u51fa\uff09 - 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