{"id":107096,"date":"2026-09-19T00:24:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T16:24:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/107096.html"},"modified":"2026-09-19T00:24:34","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T16:24:34","slug":"linux-day8-fhs%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%b1%82%e6%ac%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/107096.html","title":{"rendered":"Linux Day8\u2014\u2014FHS\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21"},"content":{"rendered":"

—<\/p>\n

type: learning-note<\/p>\n

title: Linux：FHS \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21<\/p>\n

date: 2026-09-18<\/p>\n

description:FHS（\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21\u6807\u51c6）：\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u3001man hier \u600e\u4e48\u67e5\u3001\u6839\u76ee\u5f55 22 \u6761\u76ee =19 \u6807\u51c6 +3 \u672c\u673a\u79c1\u8d27\u3001\u516d\u4e2a\u91cd\u70b9\u76ee\u5f55（\/etc \/var \/usr \/proc \/home \/bin）\u3001\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0e UsrMerge\u3001ls -l\u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u5217\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u542b\u4e49<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

# 2026-09-18 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

> 📌 \u6211\u7684 GitHub：https:\/\/github.com\/AR-firefly<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u7b14\u8bb0\u533a<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**FHS = Filesystem Hierarchy Standard（\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21\u6807\u51c6）**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u5b83\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u662f**\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e1c\u897f**：`\/` \u5e95\u4e0b\u8be5\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u26a0\ufe0f \u4e0d\u662f"\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd"\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u662f**\u540d\u5b57\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u8bcd | \u610f\u601d | \u8bf4\u7684\u662f |<\/p>\n

| ———- | ———- | —————————— |<\/p>\n

| Filesystem | \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf | \u7ba1\u54ea\u4e2a\u9886\u57df |<\/p>\n

| Hierarchy | \u5c42\u6b21\u3001\u5c42\u7ea7 | \u600e\u4e48\u7ec4\u7ec7（\u6811\u5f62） |<\/p>\n

| Standard | \u6807\u51c6 | \u4ec0\u4e48\u6027\u8d28（\u5927\u5bb6\u7ea6\u5b9a\u597d\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u5957） |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**"\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6709\u4e24\u5c42\u610f\u601d**（\u4eca\u5929\u53ea\u7528\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42）：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u5c42 | \u6307\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5b66 |<\/p>\n

| — | ————————————- | —————- |<\/p>\n

| 1 | \u4ece `\/` \u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u6574\u68f5**\u76ee\u5f55\u6811** | \u4eca\u5929 |<\/p>\n

| 2 | \u6587\u4ef6\u5728**\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a**\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u683c\u5f0f（ext4 \u7b49） | \u7b2c 2 \u5929（inode） |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981 FHS<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u7edf\u4e00\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861**\u2014\u2014\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u524d，\u5404\u56fd\u5c3a\u5b50\u957f\u77ed\u4e0d\u4e00，\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a"\u4e09\u5c3a"\u5230\u54ea\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

FHS \u4e4b\u524d\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837：\u540c\u6837\u662f"\u914d\u7f6e\u653e\u54ea"，\u5404\u5bb6\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5404\u5199\u5404\u7684\u3002\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u540e：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– \u811a\u672c\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6362\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u4e0d\u7528\u91cd\u5199<\/p>\n

– \u4eba\u6362\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u7528\u91cd\u65b0\u5b66"\u4e1c\u897f\u5728\u54ea"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u4f1a\u51fa\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4e71\u5b50**：\u4f60\u5199\u4e86\u4e2a\u811a\u672c `cat \/var\/log\/syslog | grep ERROR`，\u5728**\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u53f0**\u8dd1\u901a\u4e86；\u53d1\u7ed9\u540c\u5b66，\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u628a\u65e5\u5fd7\u653e\u5728\u522b\u5904，\u811a\u672c\u7acb\u523b\u6b7b：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

cat: \/var\/log\/syslog: No such file or directory<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u811a\u672c\u6ca1\u9519\u3001\u4e5f\u6ca1\u574f，\u5c31\u662f"\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e"\u3002**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u5168\u666f：22 \u6761\u76ee = 19 \u6807\u51c6 + 3 \u79c1\u8d27<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

ls \/ \u7684 22 \u4e2a\u6761\u76ee：<\/p>\n

bin boot dev etc home init lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt<\/p>\n

proc root run sbin snap srv sys tmp usr var<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u7c7b\u522b | \u6570\u91cf | \u662f\u8c01 |<\/p>\n

| ————————– | —— | ————————————————————————————————————————————————– |<\/p>\n

| **FHS \u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55** | **19** | `\/bin` `\/boot` `\/dev` `\/etc` `\/home` `\/lib` `\/lost+found` `\/media` `\/mnt` `\/opt` `\/proc` `\/root` `\/run` `\/sbin` `\/srv` `\/sys` `\/tmp` `\/usr` `\/var` |<\/p>\n

| **\u672c\u673a\u7279\u6709\u7684**（FHS \u6ca1\u6709） | **3** | `\/init`（WSL \u7684\u542f\u52a8\u7a0b\u5e8f，**\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u5f55**）\u00b7 `\/lib64`（\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u2192`usr\/lib64`）\u00b7 `\/snap`（Ubuntu \u7684 snap \u5305\u7cfb\u7edf） |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u600e\u4e48\u77e5\u9053\u90a3 3 \u4e2a\u662f"\u79c1\u8d27"**：`man hier` \u91cc**\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u4eec**\u300219 vs 22 \u5dee\u51fa\u6765\u7684，\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88 FHS \u7684"\u672c\u5730\u52a0\u6599"\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

> **`\/lost+found` \u662f\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55，\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u8d27**\u3002`man hier` \u91cc\u6709\u5b83：<\/p>\n

> `This directory contains items lost in the filesystem.` \u2014\u2014 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u540e，fsck \u627e\u56de\u7684\u788e\u7247\u653e\u8fdb\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u5173\u952e\u65b9\u6cd5\/\u6d41\u7a0b<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u2460 \u67e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684 \u2014\u2014 \u4e09\u6b65\u8d70**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6b65 | \u600e\u4e48\u505a | \u5b83\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48 |<\/p>\n

| — | ——————– | ———————————————————– |<\/p>\n

| 1 | \u5728 `man hier` \u91cc\u641c\u5b83 | **\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55** \u2192 \u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u4f60\u5b98\u65b9\u5b9a\u4e49 |<\/p>\n

| 2 | **\u641c\u4e0d\u5230** | \u8fd9\u4e2a"\u641c\u4e0d\u5230"**\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5173\u952e\u4fe1\u606f**：\u5b83**\u4e0d\u662f FHS \u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55** |<\/p>\n

| 3 | `ls` \u8fdb\u53bb\u770b | \u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u300c**\u8fd9\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u5b9e\u9645**\u653e\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u300d\u2014\u2014\u8f85\u52a9，\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e0d\u4e86\u7b2c 1 \u6b65 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u26a0\ufe0f **"\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230"\u8981\u518d\u5f80\u4e0b\u5206\u4e00\u5c42**：`man hier` \u6ca1\u6709 \u2260 "\u53ea\u6709\u4f60\u4e00\u53f0\u6709"\u3002`\/snap` \u662f**\u6240\u6709 Ubuntu \u90fd\u6709**\u3001`\/init` \u662f**\u6240\u6709 WSL \u90fd\u6709**\u3002\u8981\u95ee"\u5b83\u662f\u8c01\u7684"，\u5f97**\u53e6\u5916\u67e5**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u2461 \u67e5 FHS \u672c\u8eab**：`man hier`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

hier(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual<\/p>\n

NAME<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0hier – description of the filesystem hierarchy<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `hier` = hierarchy \u780d\u6389\u540e\u534a\u622a（man \u6587\u6863\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u5f88\u77ed）<\/p>\n

– `(7)` = man \u624b\u518c\u7684**\u7ae0\u8282\u53f7**（7 = \u6742\u9879 \/ \u7ea6\u5b9a\u7c7b）<\/p>\n

– `description` = \u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u8bf4\u660e<\/p>\n

– `of the filesystem hierarchy` = "\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u7684"<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u9000\u51fa**：\u6309 `q`（quit）\u3002`man` \u7528\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u5668\u548c `less` \u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a，\u4e0d\u6309 `q` \u4f1a\u5361\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u51fa\u4e0d\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u2462 `man` \u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5**（\u5206\u60c5\u51b5，\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5f8b `man`）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u4f60\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u662f | \u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u67e5 | \u4f8b\u5b50 |<\/p>\n

| ———— | ————————————– | ————– |<\/p>\n

| **\u9876\u7ea7\u76ee\u5f55** | `man hier` | `man hier` |<\/p>\n

| **\u547d\u4ee4** | `man \u547d\u4ee4\u540d` | `man ls` |<\/p>\n

| **\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6** | `man 5 \u540d\u5b57`（**\u7b2c 5 \u8282** = \u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f） | `man 5 passwd` |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u8fb9\u754c**：`man hier` **\u53ea\u7ba1 FHS \u5217\u51fa\u7684\u76ee\u5f55**\u3002`\/snap` \u90a3\u79cd\u79c1\u8d27，`man hier` \u548c `man snap` \u90fd\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230\u2014\u2014\u5f97\u53bb\u67e5\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6587\u6863\u3002**\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u80fd\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u3002**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u2463 \u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u590d\u7528**：`man hier | grep "\/srv"`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `man hier` = \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u6863<\/p>\n

– `|` = \u7ba1\u9053：\u628a\u5de6\u8fb9\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u5f53\u4f5c\u53f3\u8fb9\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u5165<\/p>\n

– `grep "\/srv"` = \u6311\u51fa\u542b `\/srv` \u7684\u884c<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u26a0\ufe0f **`grep` \u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u5339\u914d**，\u4f1a\u591a\u547d\u4e2d：`man hier | grep "\/opt"` \u5b9e\u9645\u8f93\u51fa **5 \u884c**（\u6d89\u53ca 3 \u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6761\u76ee：`\/opt`\u3001`\/etc\/opt`\u3001`\/var\/opt`\u2014\u2014\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7684**\u8bf4\u660e\u884c**\u91cc\u4e5f\u542b `\/opt` \u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26）；`grep "\/run"` \u8f93\u51fa **3 \u884c**（`\/run`\u3001`\/var\/run`）\u3002\u8981\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d\u5f97\u518d\u52a0\u6761\u4ef6（**\u6ca1\u5b66，\u7528\u5230\u518d\u8bf4**）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u516d\u4e2a\u91cd\u70b9\u76ee\u5f55\u901f\u67e5<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u76ee\u5f55 | \u653e\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u6211\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd |<\/p>\n

| ———— | ———————————- | ————————————————– |<\/p>\n

| `\/etc` | **\u914d\u7f6e**（\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u53d8） | \u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u914d\u7f6e，**\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6709\u6ca1\u6709 `.conf` \u540e\u7f00** |<\/p>\n

| `\/var` | **\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e**（\u65e5\u5fd7\u7b49，\u4e00\u76f4\u6da8） | "\u5565\u6742\u4e03\u6742\u516b\u7684\u90fd\u5f80\u91cc\u9762\u9001"\u2014\u2014**\u78c1\u76d8\u6ee1\u5148\u67e5\u8fd9** |<\/p>\n

| `\/usr` | **\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7ed9\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6**（\u53ef\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u53ea\u8bfb） | \u8c01\u88c5\u540c\u7248\u672c Ubuntu \u90fd\u6709，**\u4e00\u6a21\u4e00\u6837** |<\/p>\n

| `\/usr\/local` | **\u672c\u673a\u4e13\u5c5e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f**（\u81ea\u5df1\u88c5\u7684） | "\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u7684" vs "\u6211\u72ec\u6709\u7684"\u2014\u2014**`local` = \u672c\u673a\u72ec\u6709** |<\/p>\n

| `\/proc` | **\u5185\u6838\u7a97\u53e3**（\u4f2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf） | \u4e0d\u5360\u78c1\u76d8，\u91cc\u9762\u662f**\u5185\u6838\u5b9e\u65f6\u751f\u6210**\u7684 |<\/p>\n

| `\/home` | **\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55**（FHS \u91cc\u6807 optional） | \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4 |<\/p>\n

| `\/bin` | **\u547d\u4ee4**（\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fee\u590d\u65f6\u4e5f\u8981\u80fd\u7528） | \u5b83\u662f**\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5**，\u6307\u5411 `\/usr\/bin` |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u51e0\u6761\u539f\u6587\u4f9d\u636e**（`man hier`）：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `\/etc`：`Contains configuration files which are local to the machine.` \u2014\u2014 `local to the machine` = **\u672c\u673a\u4e13\u5c5e**<\/p>\n

– `\/var`：`This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool and log files.`<\/p>\n

– `\/var\/log`：`Miscellaneous log files.`<\/p>\n

– `\/usr`：`It should hold only shareable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted by various machines running Linux.`<\/p>\n

– `\/usr\/local`：`This is where programs which are local to the site typically go.`<\/p>\n

– `\/lost+found`：`This directory contains items lost in the filesystem.`<\/p>\n

– `\/proc`：`This is a mount point for the proc filesystem, which provides information about running processes and the kernel.` + `This pseudo-filesystem …`<\/p>\n

– `\/home`：`… The structure of this directory depends on local administration decisions (optional).`<\/p>\n

– `\/bin`：`This directory contains executable programs which are needed in single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it.`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e48\u5206**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `\/etc` vs `\/var` \u2192 \u6309\u300c**\u53d8\u4e0d\u53d8**\u300d\u5288\u5f00（\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u52a8 \/ \u65e5\u5fd7\u4e00\u76f4\u6da8）<\/p>\n

– `\/usr` \u2192 \u6309\u300c**\u53ef\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u53ea\u8bfb**\u300d\u6765（\u591a\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u5171\u7528\u4e00\u4efd）<\/p>\n

– `\/bin` \u2192 \u6309\u300c**\u7cfb\u7edf\u5feb\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e5f\u5f97\u80fd\u7528**\u300d\u6765（\u5355\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u5f0f \/ \u4fee\u590d\u65f6\u8981\u7528）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u4e0e UsrMerge<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**`ls -l` \u91cc\u7684 `->` = \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5**\u3002\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1，\u53f3\u8fb9\u662f\u5b83**\u6307\u5411\u7684\u76ee\u6807**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\/bin -> usr\/bin \u5927\u5c0f 7 \u2190 'usr\/bin' \u662f 7 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26<\/p>\n

\/lib -> usr\/lib \u5927\u5c0f 7<\/p>\n

\/lib64 -> usr\/lib64 \u5927\u5c0f 9<\/p>\n

\/sbin -> usr\/sbin \u5927\u5c0f 8<\/p>\n

```<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**UsrMerge（merged-\/usr）**：\u539f\u6765 `\/bin` `\/sbin` `\/lib` \u662f**\u72ec\u7acb\u76ee\u5f55**，\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u5408\u5e76\u8fdb `\/usr`，**\u539f\u4f4d\u6362\u6210\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5**\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u5408\u5e76**：`\/` \u548c `\/usr` \u5206\u5f00\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a**\u5197\u4f59**；\u7ba1\u7406\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5bb9\u5668\/\u6c99\u7bb1\u66f4\u597d\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u8001\u8def\u5f84\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u80fd\u7528**：**\u53ea\u8981\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u8fd8\u5728，`\/bin\/ls` \u5c31\u7167\u6837\u80fd\u7528**\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f"\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u4fdd\u7559"\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### `ls -l`\u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u90a3\u4e00\u5217：\u542b\u4e49\u968f\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u7c7b\u578b | \u90a3\u4e00\u5217\u662f | \u4f8b\u5b50 |<\/p>\n

| ————– | ———————————– | ———————————— |<\/p>\n

| **\u666e\u901a\u6587\u4ef6** | **\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570** | `\/etc\/passwd` = 1476 |<\/p>\n

| **\u76ee\u5f55** | \u76ee\u5f55\u9879\u5360\u7528\u7684**\u5757\u5927\u5c0f**（\u901a\u5e38 4096） | `\/etc` = 4096 |<\/p>\n

| **\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5** | **\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570** | `\/bin` = **7**（`usr\/bin` 7 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26） |<\/p>\n

| **\u4f2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf** | **0** \u2014\u2014 \u5b83\u4e0d\u5b58\u78c1\u76d8 | `\/proc` = 0\u3001`\/sys` = 0 |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6240\u4ee5**："\u5927\u5c0f = 0"**\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e**"\u7a7a"；"\u5927\u5c0f = 7"**\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e**"7 \u5b57\u8282\u5185\u5bb9"\u3002**\u8fd9\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7c7b\u578b\u3002**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u5b9e\u6218\u8bb0\u5f55<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u6839\u76ee\u5f55**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `ls \/` \u2192 22 \u4e2a\u6761\u76ee（\u89c1\u4e0a）<\/p>\n

– `ls -l \/` \u2192 `dr-xr-xr-x 321\/313\/323 root root 0 … proc` \u2014\u2014 **\u540c\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u8dd1\u4e09\u6b21，\u90a3\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4e09\u6b21\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c**（321 \u2192 313 \u2192 323），\u56e0\u4e3a `\/proc` \u662f**\u5b9e\u65f6**\u7684<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u516d\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `ls \/etc | head -20` \u2192 169 \u9879，`\/etc\/passwd` `\/etc\/group` `\/etc\/shadow` \u7684\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u662f **Sep 17**（= \u6211\u5efa\u7ec4\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u90a3\u5929）<\/p>\n

– `ls \/var` \u2192 13 \u9879；`ls \/var\/log | head -12` \u2192 27 \u9879；`\/var\/log\/syslog` \u6709 **519602 \u5b57\u8282**<\/p>\n

– `ls \/usr` \u2192 10 \u9879；`ls \/usr\/local` \u2192 10 \u9879\u3002**\u6ce8\u610f：`\/usr\/local\/bin` \u662f\u7a7a\u7684，\u4f46 `\/usr\/local\/lib` \u91cc\u6709 `python3.14`\u3001`\/usr\/local\/share` \u91cc\u6709 5 \u9879**\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f"\u5168\u7a7a"<\/p>\n

– `dpkg -S \/usr\/bin\/ls` \u2192 `coreutils-from-uutils: \/usr\/bin\/ls`；`ls \/usr\/bin | wc -l` \u2192 **905**<\/p>\n

– `ls \/proc | head -15` \u2192 \u524d 15 \u5168\u662f\u6570\u5b57（**PID**）；`cat \/proc\/version` \u2192 `Linux version 6.18.33.2-microsoft-standard-WSL2 …`<\/p>\n

– `ls \/home` \u2192 `ar-26710` `s1tester2`（**\u6ca1\u6709 `s1tester`**\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f53\u5e74\u662f\u7528\u4e0d\u5e26 `-m` \u7684 `useradd` \u5efa\u7684）<\/p>\n

– `echo $HOME` \u2192 `\/home\/ar-26710`；`echo ~` \u2192 \u4e00\u6837<\/p>\n

– `ls \/bin | wc -l` \u2192 **905**；`ls \/usr\/bin | wc -l` \u2192 **905**（**\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55**）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `ls -ld \/bin` \u2192 `lrwxrwxrwx … 7 \/bin -> usr\/bin`<\/p>\n

– `readlink \/bin` \u2192 `usr\/bin`<\/p>\n

– `ls -li \/bin\/ls \/usr\/bin\/ls` \u2192 **inode \u53f7\u90fd\u662f 1935**（\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6）<\/p>\n

– `ls -di \/bin\/ \/usr\/bin\/` \u2192 **1471 \/ 1471**（\u52a0\u659c\u6760\u5f3a\u5236\u8ddf\u968f，\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\/mnt（WSL \u62db\u724c）**<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

– `ls \/mnt` \u2192 `c` `d` `wsl` `wslg` \u2014\u2014 **Windows \u7684 C \u76d8 D \u76d8\u6302\u5728\u8fd9\u513f**<\/p>\n

– `ls "\/mnt\/d\/\u5b66\u4e60\/AI\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212"` \u2192 \u80fd\u770b\u5230 `CLAUDE.md`\u3001`kb`\u3001`\u603b\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84` \u7b49 **18 \u9879**<\/p>\n

– Windows \u8def\u5f84 `D:\\\\\u5b66\u4e60\\\\AI\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212` \u2194 WSL \u8def\u5f84 `\/mnt\/d\/\u5b66\u4e60\/AI\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

### \u8e29\u7684\u5751<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u73b0\u8c61 | \u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5 | \u600e\u4e48\u5904\u7406 |<\/p>\n

| ———————————————————————- | ——————————————————————– | ————————————————————————————————————————————- |<\/p>\n

| `du -sh \/proc` \u62a5\u4e00\u5806 `Permission denied` | `\/proc` \u91cc\u6df7\u7740\u5927\u91cf**\u53ea\u6709 root \u80fd\u8bfb**\u7684\u4e1c\u897f（\u5982 `\/proc\/1\/task\/1\/fd`） | **\u62a5\u9519\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684**\u3002\u52a0 `2>\/dev\/null` \u628a\u62a5\u9519\u6254\u6389：`du -sh \/proc 2>\/dev\/null` \u2192 `0` |<\/p>\n

| `ls` \u91cc\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u663e\u793a\u6210 `''$'\\\\345\\\\207\\\\272\\\\351\\\\242\\\\230\\\\345\\\\215\\\\225''.json'` | \u90a3\u662f**\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u8282\u7801**，\u89e3\u51fa\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u51fa\u9898\u5355\u300d\u3002\u6587\u4ef6**\u6ca1\u574f**，\u662f\u663e\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f | \u540c\u4e00\u9879\u5728 UTF-8 locale \u4e0b\u6b63\u5e38\u663e\u793a\u4e3a `\u51fa\u9898\u5355.json`\u3002\u540d\u5b57\u5e26**\u7a7a\u683c**\u7684\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u5355\u5f15\u53f7（`'harness engineering'`），\u90a3\u662f**\u65b9\u4fbf\u4f60\u590d\u5236\u56de\u547d\u4ee4\u884c** |<\/p>\n

| `ls -di \/bin` \u663e\u793a inode `13`，\u548c `\/usr\/bin` \u7684 `1471` \u4e0d\u4e00\u6837 | `ls -di` \u5bf9\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u663e\u793a**\u94fe\u63a5\u81ea\u5df1**，**\u4e0d\u8ddf\u968f**\u76ee\u6807 | \u8981\u770b\u76ee\u6807\u5c31**\u52a0\u659c\u6760**：`ls -di \/bin\/`；\u6216\u7528 `stat -L` |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**\u65b0\u5b66\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8f93\u51fa\u901a\u9053\u6982\u5ff5**：<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u901a\u9053 | \u7f16\u53f7 | \u88c5\u4ec0\u4e48 |<\/p>\n

| ————— | —– | ——– |<\/p>\n

| \u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa stdout | **1** | \u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u679c |<\/p>\n

| \u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef stderr | **2** | \u62a5\u9519\u4fe1\u606f |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

`2>\/dev\/null` = \u628a**\u62a5\u9519**\u6254\u6389（`\/dev\/null` \u662f\u9ed1\u6d1e\u8bbe\u5907，\u5199\u8fdb\u53bb\u5c31\u6d88\u5931）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u7ebf\u7d22\u533a（\u5b66\u5b8c\u540e\u5408\u4e0a\u6750\u6599，\u81ea\u95ee\u81ea\u7b54）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: FHS \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f29\u5199\u91cc，"Standard" \u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e1c\u897f？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u5927\u5bb6\u7ea6\u5b9a\u597d\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u5957**\u7684\u89c4\u8303，\u4e0d\u662f"\u5efa\u8bae"\u3002\u5b83\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u662f**\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9**：`\/` \u5e95\u4e0b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u77e5\u9053 `\/snap` \u4e0d\u662f FHS \u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55？**<\/p>\n

A: `man hier` \u91cc**\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83**\u3002"**\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230**"\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7b54\u6848，\u4e0d\u662f"\u6ca1\u67e5\u5230"\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `man hier` \u67e5\u4e0d\u5230，\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u8fd9\u53f0\u6709\u5417？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u4e0d\u662f**\u3002\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e"**\u5b83\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e FHS \u6807\u51c6**"\u3002\u5b83\u662f"\u8c01\u7684"\u8fd8\u8981\u518d\u5206：`\/snap` \u662f**\u6240\u6709 Ubuntu \u90fd\u6709**\u3001`\/init` \u662f**\u6240\u6709 WSL \u90fd\u6709**，\u8ddf"\u53ea\u6709\u4f60\u4e00\u53f0\u6709"\u662f\u4e24\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `\/lost+found` \u662f\u79c1\u8d27\u5417？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u4e0d\u662f**，\u5b83\u662f **FHS \u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55**\u3002`man hier` \u91cc\u5199\u7740 `This directory contains items lost in the filesystem.`<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u5728 `\/etc` \u91cc\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u540e\u7f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6 `foo`，\u600e\u4e48\u5224\u65ad\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u914d\u7f6e？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u770b\u5b83\u5728\u54ea，\u4e0d\u770b\u5b83\u957f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837**\u3002`\/etc` \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u662f `Contains configuration files`\u2014\u2014\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95e8，\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `man hier | grep "\/opt"` \u4f1a\u51fa\u51e0\u884c？\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48？**<\/p>\n

A: \u4f60\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u51fa **5 \u884c**\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a `grep` \u662f**\u6a21\u7cca\u5339\u914d**\u2014\u2014**\u542b\u6709** `\/opt` \u5c31\u547d\u4e2d，\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u547d\u4e2d\u7684 5 \u884c\u6d89\u53ca 3 \u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u6761\u76ee（`\/opt`\u3001`\/etc\/opt`\u3001`\/var\/opt`），\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7684**\u8bf4\u660e\u884c**\u91cc\u4e5f\u542b `\/opt`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `\/usr` \u548c `\/usr\/local` \u7684\u533a\u522b？**<\/p>\n

A: `\/usr` = **\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7ed9\u7684**（\u8c01\u88c5\u540c\u7248\u672c Ubuntu \u90fd\u6709，\u4e00\u6a21\u4e00\u6837）；`\/usr\/local` = **\u672c\u673a\u72ec\u6709\u7684**（\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u88c5\u7684，\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u673a\u5668\u6ca1\u6709）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 `du -sh \/proc` \u663e\u793a 0？**<\/p>\n

A: \u56e0\u4e3a `\/proc` \u662f**\u4f2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf**\u2014\u2014\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f**\u5185\u6838\u5b9e\u65f6\u751f\u6210\u7684**，\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `ls -l` \u91cc `\/bin` \u90a3\u884c\u7684\u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u662f 7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a 7 \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48？**<\/p>\n

A: \u662f**\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u957f\u5ea6**\u2014\u2014`\/bin` \u6307\u5411 `usr\/bin`，`usr\/bin` \u6b63\u597d **7 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26**\u3002\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u81ea\u8eab\u5b58\u7684**\u53ea\u6709"\u6307\u5411\u54ea\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84"\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32**，\u5b83\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u591a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `\/bin` \u548c `\/usr\/bin` \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u8fd8\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a？**<\/p>\n

A: **\u4e00\u4e2a**\u3002`\/bin` \u662f\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411 `\/usr\/bin`\u3002\u8bc1\u636e：\u4e24\u4e2a\u8def\u5f84\u7684 inode \u53f7\u90fd\u662f **1471**（\u52a0\u659c\u6760\u5f3a\u5236\u8ddf\u968f\u540e）\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

**Q: `\/mnt` \u548c `\/media` \u5206\u522b\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48？**<\/p>\n

A: `\/media` = **\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u4ecb\u8d28**（U \u76d8\u3001CD\/DVD），\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u6302；`\/mnt` = **\u4e34\u65f6\u6302\u8f7d**，\u591a\u534a\u4eba\u624b\u52a8\u6302\u3002WSL \u628a\u4f60\u7684 Windows C\/D \u76d8\u6302\u5728 `\/mnt\/c`\u3001`\/mnt\/d`\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u603b\u7ed3（50\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185，\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u4eca\u5929\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u770b\u61c2 Linux \u76ee\u5f55\u6811：22 \u4e2a\u9876\u7ea7\u6761\u76ee\u91cc 19 \u4e2a\u662f FHS \u6807\u51c6；\u4f1a\u67e5（`man hier`）；\u5206\u6e05\u516d\u4e2a\u91cd\u70b9\u76ee\u5f55\u5404\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48；\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u662f"\u6307\u8def\u724c"（`\/bin` \u2192 `\/usr\/bin`）；`ls -l` \u7684\u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u5217\u542b\u4e49\u968f\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u590d\u4e60\u5361\u7247<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6982\u5ff5 | \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd | \u6211\u7684\u573a\u666f |<\/p>\n

| ———————— | ————————————————- | ———————————– |<\/p>\n

| FHS | \u89c4\u5b9a `\/` \u5e95\u4e0b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u5404\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48 | \u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u8be5\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48 |<\/p>\n

| `man hier` | \u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u5e26\u7684 FHS \u8bf4\u660e\u4e66 | \u67e5\u4efb\u4f55\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55 |<\/p>\n

| `hier(7)` \u7684 `(7)` | man \u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u53f7（7=\u6742\u9879） | \u8bfb man \u9875\u6807\u9898 |<\/p>\n

| `man 5 passwd` | \u67e5**\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f**\u7528\u7b2c 5 \u8282 | \u67e5 `\/etc\/passwd` \u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5b9a\u4e49 |<\/p>\n

| `q` | \u9000\u51fa man \/ less | \u5361\u5728\u6587\u6863\u91cc\u51fa\u4e0d\u6765 |<\/p>\n

| 22 vs 19 | 19 = FHS \u6807\u51c6，\u591a\u7684 **3** \u4e2a\u662f\u672c\u673a\u79c1\u8d27 | \u8ba4\u51fa `\/snap` `\/init` `\/lib64` |<\/p>\n

| `\/init` `\/lib64` `\/snap` | 3 \u4e2a\u672c\u673a\u79c1\u8d27：WSL \/ \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5 \/ Ubuntu | \u5b83\u4eec `man hier` \u67e5\u4e0d\u5230 |<\/p>\n

| `\/lost+found` | **\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u76ee\u5f55**，\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u8d27 | \u88c5 fsck \u627e\u56de\u7684\u788e\u7247 |<\/p>\n

| "\u67e5\u4e0d\u5230" | = **\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6**，\u4e0d\u662f"\u6ca1\u67e5\u5230" | \u5224\u65ad\u964c\u751f\u76ee\u5f55 |<\/p>\n

| `\/etc` | \u914d\u7f6e，**\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u53d8** | \u6539\u914d\u7f6e\u53bb\u8fd9 |<\/p>\n

| `.conf` \u540e\u7f00 | **\u4e0d\u662f**\u5224\u65ad\u4f9d\u636e，**\u4f4d\u7f6e**\u624d\u662f | `\/etc\/bash.bashrc` \u6ca1\u6709\u540e\u7f00\u4e5f\u662f\u914d\u7f6e |<\/p>\n

| `\/var` | **\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e**，\u65e5\u5fd7\u5728\u8fd9，**\u4e00\u76f4\u6da8** | \u78c1\u76d8\u6ee1\u5148\u67e5\u8fd9 |<\/p>\n

| `\/var\/log` | \u65e5\u5fd7\u76ee\u5f55（27 \u9879） | \u6392\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7 |<\/p>\n

| `\/usr` | **\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7ed9\u7684**\u8f6f\u4ef6，\u53ef\u5171\u4eab\u53ea\u8bfb | `\/usr\/bin` \u6709 905 \u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4 |<\/p>\n

| `\/usr\/local` | **\u672c\u673a\u72ec\u6709**\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6 | `bin` \u7a7a，\u4f46 `lib`\/`share` \u6709\u5185\u5bb9 |<\/p>\n

| `local` \u7684\u542b\u4e49 | "**\u672c\u673a\u4e13\u5c5e**"，\u4e0d\u662f"\u672c\u5730 vs \u8fdc\u7a0b" | \u522b\u7406\u89e3\u6210"\u672c\u5730\u7535\u8111" |<\/p>\n

| `\/proc` | **\u5185\u6838\u7a97\u53e3**，\u4f2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf，\u4e0d\u5360\u78c1\u76d8 | \u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u770b\u5185\u6838\u4fe1\u606f |<\/p>\n

| PID | \u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7，`\/proc` \u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u76ee\u5f55 = \u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b | `ls \/proc` \u90a3\u4e00\u5806\u6570\u5b57 |<\/p>\n

| `\/home` | \u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55，FHS \u91cc\u6807 **optional** | \u7528\u6237\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4 |<\/p>\n

| `$HOME` \/ `~` | "\u6211\u5bb6\u5728\u54ea"，\u4e24\u8005\u7b49\u4ef7 | `echo ~` \u2192 `\/home\/ar-26710` |<\/p>\n

| `\/bin` | \u547d\u4ee4，**\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fee\u590d\u65f6\u4e5f\u8981\u80fd\u7528**\u7684\u90a3\u6279 | 905 \u4e2a，\u4e14\u662f\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5 |<\/p>\n

| \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5 | "**\u6307\u8def\u724c**"：\u81ea\u8eab\u53ea\u5b58\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84 | `ls -l` \u91cc\u7684 `->` |<\/p>\n

| `readlink` | \u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5370\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u54ea | `readlink \/bin` \u2192 `usr\/bin` |<\/p>\n

| UsrMerge | `\/bin` `\/sbin` `\/lib` \u5408\u5e76\u8fdb `\/usr`，\u539f\u4f4d\u7559\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5 | \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 `\/bin` \u662f\u7bad\u5934 |<\/p>\n

| \u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6743\u9650 | \u6c38\u8fdc\u662f `rwxrwxrwx`，**\u4e0d\u751f\u6548**（\u770b\u76ee\u6807\u7684） | `lrwxrwxrwx` \u90a3 9 \u4f4d |<\/p>\n

| `l` \u5f00\u5934 | `ls -l` \u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d = **\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5**（`-`\u6587\u4ef6 `d`\u76ee\u5f55） | \u8bfb `ls -l` \u7b2c\u4e00\u5217 |<\/p>\n

| \u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u5217（\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5） | = **\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570** | `\/bin` = 7（`usr\/bin` 7 \u5b57\u7b26） |<\/p>\n

| \u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u5217（\u76ee\u5f55） | = **4096**（\u5757\u5927\u5c0f），\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u5c0f | `\/etc` = 4096 |<\/p>\n

| \u300c\u5927\u5c0f\u300d\u5217（\u4f2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf） | = **0** | `\/proc` `\/sys` |<\/p>\n

| `\/mnt` | \u4e34\u65f6\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9；WSL \u628a Windows \u76d8\u6302\u8fd9 | `\/mnt\/d\/\u5b66\u4e60\/AI\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212` |<\/p>\n

| `\/media` | \u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u4ecb\u8d28（U \u76d8\/CD），\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u6302 | \u4f60\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u662f\u7a7a\u7684 |<\/p>\n

| stdout \/ stderr | \u8f93\u51fa 1 \/ \u62a5\u9519 2，\u4e24\u4e2a\u901a\u9053 | `2>\/dev\/null` \u6254\u62a5\u9519 |<\/p>\n

| `2>\/dev\/null` | \u628a\u62a5\u9519\u4e22\u6389 | `du -sh \/proc 2>\/dev\/null` |<\/p>\n

| **\u6570\u6570\u7684\u7b5b\u5b50** | \u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u4f60\u7684\u5339\u914d\u6a21\u5f0f\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7f69\u4f4f\u5168\u90e8 | `grep -cE '^ \/[a-z]+ '` \u6f0f\u4e86 `-` |<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

## \u65e7\u77e5\u8bc6\u56de\u6536（\u4eca\u5929\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u7684）<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

| \u6982\u5ff5 | \u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd | \u51fa\u5904 |<\/p>\n

| —————————– | —————————————————————————- | ————- |<\/p>\n

| `useradd` \u4e0d\u5e26 `-m` | **\u4e0d\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55**，\u53ea\u5f80 `\/etc\/passwd` \u767b\u8bb0 | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| "\u767b\u8bb0\u8868 \u2260 \u5b9e\u7269" | `\/etc\/passwd` \u5199\u7740 `\/home\/s1tester`，\u4f46 `\/home` \u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83 | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `-m` \u662f\u5426\u751f\u6548\u770b `CREATE_HOME` | \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f00\u5173\u5728 `\/etc\/login.defs`，\u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u81ea\u5e26\u7684 | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `\/etc\/skel` | \u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u7684**\u6a21\u677f**，`-m` \u5efa\u5bb6\u65f6\u628a\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u590d\u5236\u8fc7\u53bb | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `usermod -G`（\u4e0d\u5e26 `a`） | **\u9876\u6389**\u539f\u6709\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4；`man usermod`：`the user will be removed from the group` | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `-g` \/ `-G` | \u5c0f\u5199\u6539**\u4e3b\u7ec4**，\u5927\u5199\u6539**\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4** | 09-17 \u7b2c 6 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `ls -l` 9 \u4f4d\u6743\u9650 | \u524d 1 \u4f4d\u662f**\u7c7b\u578b**，\u540e 9 \u4f4d\u624d\u662f**\u6743\u9650** | 09-07 \u7b2c 2 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `grep` \u53c2\u6570\u987a\u5e8f | `grep \u8981\u627e\u7684 \u4ece\u54ea\u627e`，\u53cd\u4e86\u62a5 `No such file` | 09-09 \u7b2c 4 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| \u7ba1\u9053 `\\\\|` | \u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u5f53\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u8f93\u5165 | 09-09 \u7b2c 4 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `head -20` | \u53ea\u8981\u524d 20 \u884c | 09-09 \u7b2c 4 \u5929 |<\/p>\n

| `dpkg` | Debian \u7cfb\u5e95\u5c42\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668（`apt` \u662f\u5b83\u7684\u524d\u7aef） | \u4eca\u5929\u65b0\u5b66 |<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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