{"id":102201,"date":"2026-09-08T11:12:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T03:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/102201.html"},"modified":"2026-09-08T11:12:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T03:12:21","slug":"%e6%97%b6%e7%a9%ba%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86%e5%85%a8%e6%94%bb%e7%95%a5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/102201.html","title":{"rendered":"\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5168\u653b\u7565"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5168\u653b\u7565\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u5230\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ba1\u7b97<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e00\u7bc7\u957f\u6587&#xff0c;\u5e2e\u4f60\u6253\u901a\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4efb\u7763\u4e8c\u8109\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u505a\u7269\u6d41\u8c03\u5ea6\u3001\u5916\u5356\u914d\u9001\u3001\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u3001\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u4e1a\u52a1&#xff0c;\u4f60\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u548c&#034;\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e&#034;\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u4f60\u771f\u7684\u628a\u5b83\u5904\u7406\u597d\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u641e\u5bf9\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;\u5b58\u50a8\u9009\u5bf9\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;\u8f68\u8ff9\u6f02\u79fb\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;\u5b9e\u65f6\u56f4\u680f\u625b\u4f4f\u4e86\u5417&#xff1f;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0&#xff0c;\u662f\u6211\u591a\u5e74\u8e29\u5751\u540e\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u4ece\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684\u5751&#xff0c;\u5230\u5b58\u50a8\u9009\u578b\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u3001\u8f68\u8ff9\u6e05\u6d17\u3001\u6d41\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff0c;\u518d\u5230\u5de5\u7a0b\u5316\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0e\u524d\u6cbf\u65b9\u5411&#xff0c;15 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\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e&#xff08;Spatio-Temporal Data&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49&#xff0c;\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\u4e09\u5927\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f&#xff1a;\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f&#xff08;\u5c5e\u6027&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4&#xff08;\u65f6\u95f4&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff08;\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u6570\u636e\u5927\u591a\u662f&#034;\u7eaf\u5c5e\u6027&#034;\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8ba2\u5355\u8868\u91cc\u6709\u91d1\u989d\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u7528\u6237 ID&#xff0c;\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u800c\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e&#xff0c;\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u9644\u52a0\u5b57\u6bb5&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u5206\u6790\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u51fa\u79df\u8f66 GPS \u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7ad9\u4fe1\u53f7\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u5916\u5356\u9a91\u624b\u7684\u6253\u5361&#xff0c;\u90fd\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.2 \u4e09\u5927\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u8981\u7d20\u8bf4\u660e\u5178\u578b\u8868\u793a\u793a\u4f8b<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff08;Space&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u63cf\u8ff0&#034;\u5728\u54ea\u91cc&#034;&#xff0c;\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u3001\u5750\u6807\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5f62\u72b6\u7b49<\/td>\n<td>\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6&#xff08;lng, lat&#xff09;\u3001\u70b9\/\u7ebf\/\u9762\u51e0\u4f55\u3001GeoHash \u7f16\u7801<\/td>\n<td>116.397, 39.908&#xff08;\u5929\u5b89\u95e8&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65f6\u95f4&#xff08;Time&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u63cf\u8ff0&#034;\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019&#034;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5<\/td>\n<td>Unix \u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3001ISO 8601\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5 [t1, t2]<\/td>\n<td>2024-06-15T08:30:00&#043;08:00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5c5e\u6027&#xff08;Attribute&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u63cf\u8ff0&#034;\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&#034;&#xff0c;\u5373\u4e1a\u52a1\u8bed\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u8ba2\u5355\u53f7\u3001\u8bbe\u5907 ID \u7b49<\/td>\n<td>speed&#061;45km\/h, driver_id&#061;10086<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u7f3a\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4&#xff0c;\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u505a\u9759\u6001\u5206\u6790&#xff1b;\u53ea\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4&#xff0c;\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u901a\u65f6\u5e8f\u6570\u636e&#xff1b;\u4e09\u8005\u7ed3\u5408&#xff0c;\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u56de\u7b54&#034;\u4e00\u8f86\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u4ece A \u5230 B \u7528\u4e86\u591a\u4e45\u3001\u8d70\u4e86\u54ea\u6761\u8def\u3001\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed5\u8def&#034;\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e1a\u52a1\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.3 \u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u4e0e\u4e1a\u52a1\u4ef7\u503c<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u51e0\u4e4e\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981&#034;\u4f4d\u7f6e &#043; \u65f6\u95f4&#034;\u5206\u6790\u7684\u884c\u4e1a&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7269\u6d41\u4e0e\u914d\u9001&#xff1a;\u5305\u88f9\u8f68\u8ff9\u8ffd\u8e2a\u3001\u914d\u9001\u65f6\u6548\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8def\u5f84\u4f18\u5316\u3002\u67d0\u5934\u90e8\u5feb\u9012\u4f01\u4e1a\u6bcf\u5929\u5904\u7406\u8d85\u8fc7 10 \u4ebf\u6761\u5305\u88f9\u8282\u70b9\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5206\u62e8\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9009\u5740\u4f18\u5316&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5e73\u5747\u914d\u9001\u65f6\u6548\u7f29\u77ed\u4e86 15%\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u4e0e\u51fa\u884c&#xff1a;\u4f9b\u9700\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u5b9a\u4ef7\u3001\u6d3e\u5355\u8c03\u5ea6\u3002\u65f6\u7a7a\u805a\u7c7b\u5206\u6790\u5e2e\u52a9\u5e73\u53f0\u8bc6\u522b&#034;\u70ed\u70b9\u533a\u57df&#034;&#xff0c;\u5728\u9ad8\u5cf0\u65f6\u6bb5\u63d0\u524d\u8c03\u5ea6\u8fd0\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u4e0e\u8f66\u8054\u7f51&#xff1a;\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5730\u56fe\u6784\u5efa\u3001\u8f66\u8f86\u8f68\u8ff9\u56de\u653e\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u9a7e\u9a76\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u6bcf\u8f86\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u6c7d\u8f66\u6bcf\u5929\u53ef\u4ea7\u751f TB \u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02&#xff1a;\u57ce\u5e02\u90e8\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u6d41\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\u3001\u5e94\u6025\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u57ce\u5e02\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65f6\u611f\u77e5\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u5835\u3001\u70ed\u529b\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f4d\u7f6e\u667a\u80fd&#xff08;Location Intelligence&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5546\u5708\u5206\u6790\u3001\u95e8\u5e97\u9009\u5740\u3001\u7528\u6237\u753b\u50cf\u3002\u7ed3\u5408 POI \u6570\u636e\u548c\u7528\u6237\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\u7a7a\u8f68\u8ff9&#xff0c;\u7cbe\u51c6\u523b\u753b\u7528\u6237\u7684&#034;\u751f\u6d3b\u534a\u5f84&#034;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u73af\u4fdd&#xff1a;\u7cbe\u51c6\u519c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u519c\u673a\u8f68\u8ff9\u76d1\u63a7\u3001\u536b\u661f\u9065\u611f\u65f6\u5e8f\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6c61\u67d3\u6e90\u6269\u6563\u6a21\u62df\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>1.4 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97&#034;\u6211\u4f1a\u7528 Python \u8bfb\u53d6 GPS \u6570\u636e\u3001\u753b\u5230\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a&#034;\u5c31\u662f\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5bf9&#xff0c;\u6570\u636e\u504f\u4e86\u51e0\u767e\u7c73&#xff0c;\u4e1a\u52a1\u65b9\u6295\u8bc9&#034;\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0d\u51c6&#034;<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u66b4\u589e&#xff0c;\u5355\u673a\u8dd1\u4e0d\u52a8&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u65b9\u6848<\/li>\n<li>\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u5dee&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684&#034;\u9644\u8fd1 3 \u516c\u91cc\u5185\u7684\u8ba2\u5355&#034;\u67e5\u8be2\u8981\u597d\u51e0\u79d2<\/li>\n<li>\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u810f&#xff0c;GPS \u6f02\u79fb\u5bfc\u81f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u9ad8\u8fbe 200km\/h<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u56f4\u680f\u5224\u65ad\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7 100ms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5957\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282&#xff0c;\u6211\u4eec\u9010\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u3001\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c2\u8003<\/h3>\n<h4>2.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5751<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728 GIS \u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd&#xff1a;\u201c80% \u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898&#xff0c;\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d \u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5938\u5f20\u3002\u56fd\u5185\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u75db\u82e6&#xff0c;\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e09\u5957\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u5728\u6df7\u7528&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5c31\u8e29\u5751\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.2 \u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807\u7cfb vs \u6295\u5f71\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff08;Geographic Coordinate System&#xff09; \u7528\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u8868\u793a\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u5355\u4f4d\u662f&#034;\u5ea6&#034;\u3002\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5c31\u662f WGS84&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f GPS \u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6295\u5f71\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff08;Projected Coordinate System&#xff09; \u5c06\u7403\u9762\u5750\u6807\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u6295\u5f71\u53d8\u6362\u5230\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u5355\u4f4d\u662f&#034;\u7c73&#034;\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6709 Web Mercator&#xff08;EPSG:3857&#xff0c;Web \u5730\u56fe\u901a\u7528&#xff09;\u3001UTM \u5206\u533a\u6295\u5f71\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u6295\u5f71\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5355\u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>\u5ea6&#xff08;\u00b0&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7c73&#xff08;m&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n<td>\u5168\u7403<\/td>\n<td>\u5c40\u90e8\u533a\u57df<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8ddd\u79bb\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<td>\u9700\u8981\u7403\u9762\u516c\u5f0f&#xff08;\u5982 Haversine&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u6b27\u6c0f\u8ddd\u79bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9762\u79ef\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e&#xff0c;\u9700\u7b49\u9762\u79ef\u6295\u5f71<\/td>\n<td>\u8f83\u51c6\u786e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868<\/td>\n<td>WGS84&#xff08;EPSG:4326&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>Web Mercator&#xff08;EPSG:3857&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u5168\u7403\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<td>\u5730\u56fe\u6e32\u67d3\u3001\u8ddd\u79bb\/\u9762\u79ef\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u7528 WGS84&#xff08;EPSG:4326&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u8ba1\u7b97\u8ddd\u79bb\/\u9762\u79ef\u65f6\u4e34\u65f6\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6295\u5f71\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b8c\u518d\u8f6c\u56de\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>2.3 EPSG \u7f16\u7801\u901f\u67e5<\/h4>\n<p>EPSG&#xff08;European Petroleum Survey Group&#xff09;\u7f16\u7801\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684&#034;\u8eab\u4efd\u8bc1\u53f7&#034;\u3002\u638c\u63e1\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7f16\u7801&#xff0c;\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u8986\u76d6 90% \u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>EPSG:4326\u2014\u2014WGS84 \u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff0c;GPS \u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u901a\u7528\u6807\u51c6<\/li>\n<li>EPSG:3857\u2014\u2014Web Mercator \u6295\u5f71&#xff0c;OpenStreetMap\u3001Google Maps\u3001Mapbox \u7b49 Web \u5730\u56fe\u901a\u7528<\/li>\n<li>EPSG:4490\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5730\u5750\u6807\u7cfb CGCS2000&#xff08;\u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u56fd\u5185\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u6807\u51c6<\/li>\n<li>EPSG:4549\u2014\u2014CGCS2000 \/ 3-degree Gauss-Kruger CM 96E&#xff0c;\u56fd\u5185\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5e38\u7528\u6295\u5f71<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>2.4 WGS84 \/ GCJ02 \/ BD09&#xff1a;\u56fd\u5185\u7ed5\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u4e09\u5957\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u95ee\u9898&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>WGS84&#xff1a;\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6&#xff0c;GPS \u82af\u7247\u76f4\u63a5\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>GCJ02&#xff1a;\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u53c8\u79f0&#034;\u706b\u661f\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#034;\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a&#xff0c;\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u56fe\u670d\u52a1\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528 GCJ02 \u8fdb\u884c\u5750\u6807\u504f\u79fb\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\u9ad8\u5fb7\u5730\u56fe\u3001\u817e\u8baf\u5730\u56fe\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u90fd\u662f GCJ02\u3002<\/p>\n<p>BD09&#xff1a;\u767e\u5ea6\u5730\u56fe\u5728 GCJ02 \u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u518d\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u5c42\u52a0\u5bc6&#xff0c;\u5f62\u6210 BD09 \u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u767e\u5ea6\u7cfb\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u91cf\u7ea7\u8f6c\u6362\u96be\u5ea6<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>WGS84<\/td>\n<td>GPS \u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u56fe<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u504f\u79fb<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GCJ02<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8\u5fb7\u3001\u817e\u8baf\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u56fe<\/td>\n<td>100-700 \u7c73<\/td>\n<td>\u6709\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u8f6c\u6362\u7b97\u6cd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>BD09<\/td>\n<td>\u767e\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u5728 GCJ02 \u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u518d\u504f 100-300 \u7c73<\/td>\n<td>\u6709\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u8f6c\u6362\u7b97\u6cd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u8e29\u5751\u6848\u4f8b&#xff1a;\u67d0\u7269\u6d41\u516c\u53f8\u7528 GPS \u8bbe\u5907\u91c7\u96c6 WGS84 \u5750\u6807&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5728\u9ad8\u5fb7\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u5c55\u793a\u65f6&#xff0c;\u6240\u6709\u8f68\u8ff9\u90fd\u504f\u79fb\u4e86\u7ea6 500 \u7c73&#xff0c;\u9a91\u624b\u53cd\u9988&#034;\u8f68\u8ff9\u5168\u8dd1\u9a6c\u8def\u4e0a\u53bb\u4e86&#034;\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u505a WGS84 \u2192 GCJ02 \u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5168\u94fe\u8def\u7edf\u4e00\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff08;\u63a8\u8350 WGS84 \u5b58\u50a8&#xff0c;\u5c55\u793a\u65f6\u6309\u9700\u8f6c\u6362&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5165\u5e93\u65f6\u660e\u786e\u6807\u8bb0\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7c7b\u578b&#xff0c;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u6e90\u6570\u636e\u878d\u5408\u524d&#xff0c;\u5fc5\u987b\u7edf\u4e00\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u6e90\u5e93\u63a8\u8350&#xff1a;coordtransform-py&#xff08;Python&#xff09;\u3001gcoord&#xff08;JavaScript&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e09\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n<h4>3.1 \u77e2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u77e2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7528\u70b9\u3001\u7ebf\u3001\u9762\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u51e0\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9e\u4f53&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u70b9&#xff08;Point&#xff09;&#xff1a;POI\u3001\u57fa\u7ad9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001GPS \u91c7\u6837\u70b9<\/li>\n<li>\u7ebf&#xff08;LineString&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u9053\u8def\u3001\u8f68\u8ff9\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41<\/li>\n<li>\u9762&#xff08;Polygon&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u3001\u5546\u5708\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u56f4\u680f<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u70b9\/\u591a\u7ebf\/\u591a\u9762&#xff08;Multi&#xff09;*&#xff1a;\u4e00\u7ec4\u51e0\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u96c6\u5408<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u77e2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9ad8\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u7d27\u51d1\u3001\u652f\u6301\u62d3\u6251\u5173\u7cfb\u67e5\u8be2&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u8868\u8fbe\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.2 \u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7f51\u683c&#xff08;\u50cf\u7d20&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u50cf\u7d20\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u536b\u661f\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b57\u9ad8\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b&#xff08;DEM&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u6c14\u8c61\u6e29\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u56fe<\/li>\n<li>\u57ce\u5e02\u70ed\u5c9b\u6548\u5e94\u56fe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u9002\u5408\u8fde\u7eed\u8868\u9762\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6805\u683c\u8fd0\u7b97&#xff0c;\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5927\u3001\u7cbe\u5ea6\u53d7\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u573a\u666f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6c14\u8c61\u3001\u9065\u611f\u9886\u57df&#xff0c;\u7269\u6d41\u548c LBS \u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u8f83\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.3 \u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u662f\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u4e5f\u6700\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u8ff9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6709\u5e8f\u7684 GPS \u70b9\u5e8f\u5217&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9 &#061; {(lng\u2081, lat\u2081, t\u2081), (lng\u2082, lat\u2082, t\u2082), \u2026, (lng\u2099, lat\u2099, t\u2099)}<\/p>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u7b49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;\u8f68\u8ff9\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u6bd4\u8f83\u3001\u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6bb5\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u70b9\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u8def\u5f84\u9884\u6d4b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.4 OGC \u6807\u51c6\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>OGC&#xff08;Open Geospatial Consortium&#xff09;\u662f\u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6807\u51c6\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u6807\u51c6\u4f5c\u7528\u5de5\u7a0b\u610f\u4e49<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Simple Features<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u70b9\u7ebf\u9762\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS\u3001GeoPandas \u7b49\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Well-Known Text (WKT)<\/td>\n<td>\u51e0\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8868\u793a<\/td>\n<td>POINT(116.4 39.9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Well-Known Binary (WKB)<\/td>\n<td>\u51e0\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u793a<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b58\u50a8\u683c\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u6bd4 WKT \u66f4\u9ad8\u6548<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GeoJSON<\/td>\n<td>\u57fa\u4e8e JSON \u7684\u5730\u7406\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u683c\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>Web \u7aef\u6700\u901a\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u683c\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GML<\/td>\n<td>\u57fa\u4e8e XML \u7684\u5730\u7406\u6807\u8bb0\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>\n<td>\u8f83\u91cd&#xff0c;\u653f\u5e9c\/\u6d4b\u7ed8\u9879\u76ee\u5076\u6709\u4f7f\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>WMS\/WFS<\/td>\n<td>\u5730\u56fe\u670d\u52a1\/\u8981\u7d20\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u534f\u8bae<\/td>\n<td>\u670d\u52a1\u7aef\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u63a5\u53e3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>3.5 \u683c\u5f0f\u9009\u578b\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u683c\u5f0f\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5b58\u50a8\u6548\u7387\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f\u652f\u6301\u5e93<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>WKT<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td>SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u8c03\u8bd5\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS\u3001GEOS\u3001Shapely<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>WKB<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u4f20\u8f93<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS\u3001GEOS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GeoJSON<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>Web API \u4ea4\u4e92\u3001\u524d\u7aef\u6e32\u67d3<\/td>\n<td>Turf.js\u3001Mapbox\u3001Leaflet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shapefile<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>\u4f20\u7edf GIS \u8f6f\u4ef6\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362<\/td>\n<td>QGIS\u3001ArcGIS\u3001GeoPandas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Geopackage<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u73b0\u4ee3 GIS \u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u683c\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>QGIS\u3001GDAL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FlatGeobuf<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0<\/td>\n<td>\u5f88\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93<\/td>\n<td>\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7aef\u76f4\u63a5\u6d41\u5f0f\u8bfb\u53d6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;Web \u5e94\u7528\u9996\u9009 GeoJSON \u505a\u524d\u540e\u7aef\u4ea4\u4e92&#xff0c;\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b58\u50a8\u7528 WKB&#xff08;PostGIS \u9ed8\u8ba4&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8de8\u7cfb\u7edf\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u8003\u8651 Geopackage \u6216 FlatGeobuf\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u56db\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u9009\u578b<\/h3>\n<h4>4.1 \u9009\u578b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8003\u91cf<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4e1a\u52a1\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u6838\u5fc3\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2&#xff1a;\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u6548\u7684&#034;\u9644\u8fd1&#034;\u3001\u201c\u5305\u542b\u201d\u3001&#034;\u76f8\u4ea4&#034;\u7b49\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd0\u7b97<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21&#xff1a;GPS \u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u52a8\u8f84\u767e\u4ebf\u3001\u5343\u4ebf\u7ea7<\/li>\n<li>\u67e5\u8be2\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u8054\u5408\u67e5\u8be2&#xff08;\u201c\u67d0\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5185\u67d0\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba2\u5355\u201d&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5199\u5165\u541e\u5410&#xff1a;IoT \u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u7ec8\u7aef\u6301\u7eed\u4e0a\u62a5&#xff0c;\u5199\u5165\u538b\u529b\u5927<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>4.2 \u4e3b\u6d41\u5b58\u50a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5b58\u50a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u5199\u5165\u541e\u5410\u67e5\u8be2\u80fd\u529b\u751f\u6001\u6210\u719f\u5ea6\u9002\u5408\u573a\u666f<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>PostGIS<\/td>\n<td>GiST&#xff08;R \u6811&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>\u6781\u5f3a&#xff08;\u5b8c\u6574\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u719f<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>MongoDB Geo<\/td>\n<td>2dsphere<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u7b49&#xff08;\u57fa\u7840\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u6210\u719f<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7b80\u5355\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Elasticsearch Geo<\/td>\n<td>BKD Tree<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u7b49&#xff08;geo_distance \u7b49&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u6210\u719f<\/td>\n<td>\u641c\u7d22&#043;\u7a7a\u95f4\u6df7\u5408\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ClickHouse<\/td>\n<td>\u652f\u6301 H3\/S2 \u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\n<td>\u6781\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u5f3a&#xff08;\u805a\u5408\u5206\u6790\u4f18\u79c0&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u8f83\u65b0<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 OLAP \u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Apache IoTDB<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u539f\u751f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\n<td>\u6781\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u5f31<\/td>\n<td>\u8f83\u65b0<\/td>\n<td>IoT \u65f6\u5e8f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u8f85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>4.3 PostGIS&#xff1a;\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7684&#034;\u745e\u58eb\u519b\u5200&#034;<\/h4>\n<p>PostGIS \u662f PostgreSQL \u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6269\u5c55\u63d2\u4ef6&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u529f\u80fd\u6700\u5168\u9762\u3001\u751f\u6001\u6700\u6210\u719f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 OGC Simple Features \u89c4\u8303&#xff0c;\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 500&#043; \u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u51e0\u4e4e\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u52bf&#xff1a;\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\u6781\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc&#xff1b;\u652f\u6301 R \u6811\u7d22\u5f15&#xff08;GiST&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u4e0e QGIS\u3001GeoServer \u7b49 GIS \u5de5\u5177\u94fe\u65e0\u7f1d\u5bf9\u63a5&#xff1b;\u793e\u533a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3001\u6587\u6863\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c40\u9650&#xff1a;\u5355\u673a\u5199\u5165\u541e\u5410\u6709\u4e0a\u9650&#xff08;\u7ea6\u6570\u4e07 TPS&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u8d85\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u67e5\u8be2\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56 Citus \u7b49\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u56f4\u680f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001POI \u68c0\u7d22\u3001\u533a\u57df\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.4 MongoDB Geo&#xff1a;\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7b80\u5355\u67e5\u8be2<\/h4>\n<p>MongoDB \u7684 2dsphere \u7d22\u5f15\u652f\u6301\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2&#xff08;near\u3001geoWithin\u3001geoIntersects&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5927\u4f46\u67e5\u8be2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u52bf&#xff1a;\u6c34\u5e73\u6269\u5c55\u80fd\u529b\u5f3a&#xff1b;\u5199\u5165\u541e\u5410\u9ad8&#xff1b;\u6587\u6863\u6a21\u578b\u7075\u6d3b&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u5c5e\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c40\u9650&#xff1a;\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982 PostGIS \u4e30\u5bcc&#xff1b;\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fde\u63a5&#xff08;Join&#xff09;\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;O2O \u5e73\u53f0\u7684&#034;\u9644\u8fd1\u5546\u5bb6&#034;\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 POI \u5b58\u50a8\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.5 Elasticsearch Geo&#xff1a;\u641c\u7d22 &#043; \u7a7a\u95f4<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u4f60\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f**\u201c\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u641c\u7d22 &#043; \u8ddd\u79bb\u8fc7\u6ee4\u201d**\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u65f6&#xff0c;Elasticsearch \u662f\u5929\u7136\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5b83\u7684 BKD Tree \u7d22\u5f15\u5bf9 geo_distance \u67e5\u8be2\u505a\u4e86\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u7269\u6d41\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5168\u6587\u68c0\u7d22 &#043; \u5730\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3001\u6253\u8f66\u5e73\u53f0\u7684&#034;\u9644\u8fd1\u53f8\u673a&#034;\u641c\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.6 ClickHouse&#xff1a;\u8d85\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 OLAP<\/h4>\n<p>ClickHouse \u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u5206\u6790\u9886\u57df\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u3002\u5b83\u539f\u751f\u652f\u6301 H3 \u548c S2 \u7d22\u5f15\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u914d\u5408\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u9ad8\u541e\u5410\u5206\u6790\u80fd\u529b&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u79d2\u7ea7\u5b8c\u6210\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u6761\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u805a\u5408\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u5168\u56fd\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u51fa\u884c\u70ed\u529b\u7edf\u8ba1\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u56de\u653e\u4e0e\u6316\u6398\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>4.7 \u9009\u578b\u51b3\u7b56\u77e9\u9635<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u573a\u666f\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21\u67e5\u8be2\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u63a8\u8350\u65b9\u6848<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u533a\u57df\u56f4\u680f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001POI \u7ba1\u7406<\/td>\n<td>\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9644\u8fd1\u5546\u5bb6\/\u53f8\u673a\u641c\u7d22<\/td>\n<td>\u5343\u4e07~\u4ebf\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td>MongoDB Geo \/ ES<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u641c\u7d22 &#043; \u5730\u7406\u6df7\u5408\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<td>\u4ebf\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>Elasticsearch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5168\u56fd\u8f68\u8ff9 OLAP \u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<td>\u767e\u4ebf~\u5343\u4ebf<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d<\/td>\n<td>ClickHouse &#043; H3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u65f6\u8f68\u8ff9\u5199\u5165&#043;\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8\u5199\u5165<\/td>\n<td>\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td>MongoDB \/ Cassandra &#043; Redis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7efc\u5408\u578b\u5e73\u53f0<\/td>\n<td>\u591a\u89c4\u6a21<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS&#xff08;OLTP&#xff09;&#043; ClickHouse&#xff08;OLAP&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e94\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u67e5\u8be2<\/h3>\n<h4>5.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15<\/h4>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u67e5\u8be2\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f**\u201c\u7a7a\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\u201d**\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982&#034;\u627e\u5230\u8ddd\u79bb\u6211 3 \u516c\u91cc\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9910\u5385&#034;\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u904d\u5386&#xff0c;\u5bf9 N \u6761\u6570\u636e\u9010\u4e00\u8ba1\u7b97\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff0c;\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u662f O(N)\u3002\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230\u767e\u4e07\u3001\u4ebf\u7ea7\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u79cd\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f&#xff1a;\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u5904\u7406&#xff0c;\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u6811\u5f62\u6216\u7f51\u683c\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u5f97\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4ece O(N) \u964d\u5230 O(log N) \u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.2 \u4e3b\u6d41\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u7d22\u5f15\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u9002\u7528\u7ef4\u5ea6\u67e5\u8be2\u7279\u70b9\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>R \u6811<\/td>\n<td>\u6700\u5c0f\u5916\u63a5\u77e9\u5f62&#xff08;MBR&#xff09;\u5c42\u6b21\u5d4c\u5957<\/td>\n<td>2D\/3D<\/td>\n<td>\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u76f8\u4ea4\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<td>PostGIS GiST<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>QuadTree<\/td>\n<td>\u9012\u5f52\u56db\u53c9\u5212\u5206<\/td>\n<td>2D<\/td>\n<td>\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u8303\u56f4\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<td>\u6e38\u620f\u5730\u56fe\u3001\u56fe\u7247\u5904\u7406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>KD-Tree<\/td>\n<td>\u6cbf\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4ea4\u66ff\u5207\u5206<\/td>\n<td>\u591a\u7ef4<\/td>\n<td>\u6700\u8fd1\u90bb\u67e5\u8be2<\/td>\n<td>\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u7684 KNN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Geohash<\/td>\n<td>\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f4d\u7f16\u7801<\/td>\n<td>2D&#xff08;\u5168\u7403&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u524d\u7f00\u5339\u914d\u3001\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n<td>Redis Geo\u3001\u65e9\u671f LBS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>S2 Cell<\/td>\n<td>\u7403\u9762\u5c42\u6b21\u7f51\u683c&#xff08;Google&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7403\u9762<\/td>\n<td>\u8986\u76d6\u3001\u76f8\u4ea4\u3001\u5305\u542b<\/td>\n<td>Google \u7cfb\u4ea7\u54c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H3<\/td>\n<td>\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u5c42\u6b21\u7f51\u683c&#xff08;Uber&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u7403\u9762<\/td>\n<td>\u805a\u5408\u3001\u90bb\u57df\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<td>Uber\u3001Lyft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>5.3 GeoHash \u8be6\u89e3<\/h4>\n<p>GeoHash \u5c06\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u7f16\u7801\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&#xff0c;\u76f8\u540c\u524d\u7f00\u7684\u70b9\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u76f8\u8fd1\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8d8a\u957f&#xff0c;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>GeoHash \u957f\u5ea6\u7f51\u683c\u5927\u5c0f&#xff08;\u7ea6&#xff09;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7b49\u7ea7<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>4 \u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>~39km \u00d7 ~20km<\/td>\n<td>\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6 \u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>~1.2km \u00d7 ~0.6km<\/td>\n<td>\u8857\u533a\u7ea7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 \u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>~38m \u00d7 ~19m<\/td>\n<td>\u5efa\u7b51\u7ea7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10 \u4f4d<\/td>\n<td>~1.2m \u00d7 ~0.6m<\/td>\n<td>\u5398\u7c73\u7ea7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u4f18\u52bf&#xff1a;\u7f16\u7801\u7b80\u5355&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u505a\u7d22\u5f15\u524d\u7f00&#xff1b;\u4e00\u7ef4\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5373\u53ef\u8868\u8fbe\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u52a3\u52bf&#xff1a;\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898&#xff08;\u76f8\u90bb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ef\u80fd GeoHash \u524d\u7f00\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u7f51\u683c\u662f\u77e9\u5f62\u7684&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u7b49\u9762\u79ef&#xff08;\u7eac\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u7f51\u683c\u8d8a\u6241&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>5.4 H3 \u8be6\u89e3<\/h4>\n<p>H3 \u662f Uber \u5f00\u6e90\u7684\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u5c42\u6b21\u7f51\u683c\u7cfb\u7edf&#xff0c;\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u7f51\u683c&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u4f18\u52bf&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u5404\u5411\u540c\u6027&#xff1a;\u4ece\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5230\u516d\u4e2a\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e00\u81f4&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 GeoHash \u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n<li>\u7b49\u9762\u79ef&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6240\u6709 Cell \u9762\u79ef\u76f8\u540c<\/li>\n<li>\u90bb\u57df\u67e5\u8be2\u9ad8\u6548&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e2a Cell \u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684 6 \u4e2a\u90bb\u5c45&#xff0c;k-ring \u64cd\u4f5c\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u6548<\/li>\n<li>\u5c42\u6b21\u805a\u5408\u81ea\u7136&#xff1a;\u4ece\u7c97\u5230\u7ec6&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u5206\u6790<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H3 \u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u53c2\u8003&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62\u8fb9\u957f&#xff08;\u7ea6&#xff09;\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>~1107 km<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u6d32\u7ea7\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>~60 km<\/td>\n<td>\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7\u805a\u5408<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>~5 km<\/td>\n<td>\u57ce\u533a\u7ea7\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>~174 m<\/td>\n<td>\u8857\u533a\u7ea7\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>~0.7 m<\/td>\n<td>\u5efa\u7b51\u7ea7\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>5.5 GeoHash vs H3 \u5de5\u7a0b\u9009\u578b<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7ef4\u5ea6GeoHashH3<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7f51\u683c\u5f62\u72b6<\/td>\n<td>\u77e9\u5f62<\/td>\n<td>\u516d\u8fb9\u5f62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u90bb\u57df\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5dee&#xff08;8 \u90bb\u5c45\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u597d&#xff08;6 \u90bb\u5c45\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e00\u81f4&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8fb9\u754c\u95ee\u9898<\/td>\n<td>\u4e25\u91cd<\/td>\n<td>\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9762\u79ef\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5dee&#xff08;\u7eac\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\u8d8a\u6241&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u597d&#xff08;\u540c\u5c42\u7b49\u9762\u79ef&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u6001\u6210\u719f\u5ea6<\/td>\n<td>\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u719f<\/td>\n<td>\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5e93\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<td>\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>\n<td>\u5b98\u65b9\u652f\u6301\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td>\u7b80\u5355\u8fd1\u4f3c\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u524d\u7f00\u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\n<td>\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u3001\u90bb\u57df\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7b49\u9762\u79ef\u7edf\u8ba1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684&#034;\u9644\u8fd1 N \u516c\u91cc&#034;\u67e5\u8be2&#xff0c;GeoHash \u591f\u7528\u4e14\u5b9e\u73b0\u7b80\u5355<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u7edf\u8ba1&#xff08;\u5982\u6309\u533a\u57df\u7edf\u8ba1\u8ba2\u5355\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u70ed\u529b\u5206\u6790&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350 H3<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56 GeoHash&#xff08;\u5982 Redis Geo&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6025\u7740\u8fc1\u79fb&#xff0c;\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u884c\u5f15\u5165 H3 \u505a\u5206\u6790<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5.6 \u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n<p>\u7d22\u5f15\u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u786e\u4fdd\u7a7a\u95f4\u5217\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7d22\u5f15&#xff08;PostGIS \u7528 GiST&#xff0c;MongoDB \u7528 2dsphere&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u8868&#xff0c;\u8003\u8651\u5206\u533a\u8868\u2014\u2014\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u533a &#043; \u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u533a\u8054\u5408<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u671f\u6267\u884c VACUUM ANALYZE&#xff08;PostgreSQL&#xff09;\u6216\u4f18\u5316\u7d22\u5f15<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u67e5\u8be2\u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5148\u7528 BBox \u7c97\u7b5b&#xff0c;\u518d\u7528\u7cbe\u786e\u51e0\u4f55\u8fc7\u6ee4&#xff1a;\u5148 bounding box \u5feb\u901f\u7f29\u5c0f\u8303\u56f4&#xff0c;\u518d ST_Intersects \u7cbe\u786e\u5224\u65ad<\/li>\n<li>\u907f\u514d\u5728\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u505a\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u63d0\u524d\u8f6c\u597d&#xff0c;\u5b58\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/li>\n<li>\u9650\u5236\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u8981 SELECT *&#xff0c;\u53ea\u53d6\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5<\/li>\n<li>\u5229\u7528\u8986\u76d6\u7d22\u5f15&#xff1a;\u5c06\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u6bb5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7d22\u5f15\u4e2d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u67b6\u6784\u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u70ed\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u8fd1\u671f&#xff09;\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u5e93&#xff08;Redis&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u51b7\u6570\u636e\u653e\u5217\u5b58&#xff08;ClickHouse&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u8bfb\u5199\u5206\u79bb&#xff1a;\u5199\u5165\u8d70\u4e3b\u5e93&#xff0c;\u67e5\u8be2\u8d70\u526f\u672c<\/li>\n<li>\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u7b56\u7565&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5e38\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u56f4\u680f\u3001POI \u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u5b58\u5230\u5e94\u7528\u5c42<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516d\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17<\/h3>\n<h4>6.1 \u810f\u6570\u636e\u662f\u65f6\u7a7a\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5934\u53f7\u654c\u4eba<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u4f60\u62ff\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5f80\u5f80\u5343\u75ae\u767e\u5b54&#xff1a;\u5750\u6807\u6f02\u79fb\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4e71\u5e8f\u3001\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u6df7\u7528\u3001\u62d3\u6251\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u6570\u636e\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u505a\u6e05\u6d17\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u7ed3\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f&#034;\u5783\u573e\u8fdb\u3001\u5783\u573e\u51fa&#034;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c&#xff0c;\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u76ee&#xff0c;60%~70% \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u82b1\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5938\u5927\u5176\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.2 \u5e38\u89c1\u810f\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5750\u6807\u6f02\u79fb&#xff08;GPS Jump&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;\u76f8\u90bb\u4e24\u4e2a\u91c7\u6837\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u8ddd\u79bb\u7a81\u7136\u66b4\u589e&#xff08;\u5982\u4ece 10 \u7c73\u8df3\u5230 5 \u516c\u91cc&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7136\u540e\u53c8\u8df3\u56de\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u56e0&#xff1a;GPS \u4fe1\u53f7\u5728\u5ba4\u5185\u3001\u96a7\u9053\u3001\u9ad8\u697c\u5bc6\u96c6\u533a\u57df\u8870\u51cf&#xff0c;\u63a5\u6536\u673a\u5207\u6362\u5230\u57fa\u7ad9\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6216 Wi-Fi \u5b9a\u4f4d&#xff0c;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9aa4\u964d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u90bb\u70b9\u7684\u77ac\u65f6\u901f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u8d85\u8fc7\u5408\u7406\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u9053\u8def &gt; 150 km\/h&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u6f02\u79fb\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4e71\u5e8f\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u3001\u95f4\u9694\u5f02\u5e38&#xff08;\u5982\u4e24\u4e2a\u70b9\u95f4\u9694 0.1 \u79d2\u4f46\u8ddd\u79bb 2 \u516c\u91cc&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u68c0\u67e5\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5355\u8c03\u6027&#xff1b;\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u5206\u5e03&#xff0c;\u6807\u8bb0\u5f02\u5e38\u503c&#xff08;\u5982\u95f4\u9694 &lt; 1 \u79d2\u6216 &gt; 1 \u5c0f\u65f6&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u6df7\u7528<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u6279\u6570\u636e\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\u662f WGS84&#xff0c;\u90e8\u5206\u662f GCJ02&#xff0c;\u5bfc\u81f4\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a&#034;\u5206\u53c9&#034;\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u89c2\u5bdf&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0&#034;\u53cc\u8f68&#034;\u73b0\u8c61&#xff0c;\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u6df7\u7528\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\u805a\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u4e24\u7ec4\u504f\u79fb\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u62d3\u6251\u9519\u8bef<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;\u9762\u6570\u636e\u81ea\u76f8\u4ea4\u3001\u7f1d\u9699&#xff08;Gap&#xff09;\u3001\u91cd\u53e0&#xff08;Overlap&#xff09;&#xff1b;\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u4e0d\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;PostGIS \u7684 ST_IsValid \u51fd\u6570\u68c0\u6d4b&#xff1b;QGIS \u7684\u62d3\u6251\u68c0\u67e5\u63d2\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u590d\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61&#xff1a;\u540c\u4e00\u6761 GPS \u8bb0\u5f55\u88ab\u591a\u6b21\u4e0a\u62a5&#xff0c;\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc6\u522b\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u6309\u8bbe\u5907 ID &#043; \u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u53bb\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>6.3 \u6e05\u6d17\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u4fee\u590d\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u5750\u6807\u6f02\u79fb\u4fee\u590d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b56\u7565\u4e00&#xff1a;\u9608\u503c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6cd5\u3002\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u5927\u5408\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u5982 120 km\/h&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8d85\u8fc7\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u70b9\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u5f02\u5e38\u5e76\u5254\u9664\u6216\u63d2\u503c\u4fee\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b56\u7565\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2\u3002\u5229\u7528\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83&#xff0c;\u504f\u5dee\u8fc7\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u9002\u5408\u8fde\u7eed\u8f68\u8ff9\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b56\u7565\u4e09&#xff1a;\u4e2d\u503c\u6ee4\u6ce2\u3002\u53d6\u524d\u540e N \u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e&#xff0c;\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u6291\u5236\u7a81\u53d1\u6027\u6f02\u79fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b56\u7565\u56db&#xff1a;DBSCAN \u805a\u7c7b\u3002\u5bf9\u5bc6\u96c6\u91c7\u6837\u533a\u57df\u505a\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u7c7b&#xff0c;\u79bb\u7fa4\u70b9\u5373\u4e3a\u6f02\u79fb\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4fee\u590d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e71\u5e8f\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u91cd\u6392\u5e8f<\/li>\n<li>\u91cd\u590d\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;\u53bb\u91cd\u4fdd\u7559\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761<\/li>\n<li>\u95f4\u9694\u5f02\u5e38&#xff1a;\u63d2\u503c\u8865\u70b9&#xff08;\u7ebf\u6027\u63d2\u503c\u6216\u6837\u6761\u63d2\u503c&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5efa\u7acb\u5143\u6570\u636e\u767b\u8bb0&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u6761\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u5fc5\u987b\u6807\u6ce8\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/li>\n<li>\u5165\u5e93\u65f6\u7edf\u4e00\u8f6c\u6362&#xff1a;\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u7edf\u4e00\u8f6c\u4e3a WGS84 \u5b58\u50a8<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u8981\u624b\u5199\u7b97\u6cd5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u62d3\u6251\u4fee\u590d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PostGIS \u7684 ST_MakeValid \u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4fee\u590d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u9519\u8bef<\/li>\n<li>\u9762\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7f1d\u9699\u548c\u91cd\u53e0\u9700\u8981\u4e1a\u52a1\u5c42\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6&#xff08;\u5982\u7f1d\u9699 &lt; 1 \u7c73\u89c6\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>6.4 \u5efa\u7acb\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u6e05\u6d17\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u800c\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u673a\u5236&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5165\u5e93\u6821\u9a8c&#xff1a;\u5728\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u9053\u5165\u53e3\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6821\u9a8c\u89c4\u5219&#xff08;\u5750\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u9608\u503c&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u5165\u5f02\u5e38\u961f\u5217<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u671f\u5de1\u68c0&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u5468\/\u6bcf\u6708\u7edf\u8ba1\u6f02\u79fb\u7387\u3001\u7f3a\u5931\u7387\u3001\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7b49\u8d28\u91cf\u6307\u6807<\/li>\n<li>\u544a\u8b66\u673a\u5236&#xff1a;\u5f53\u8d28\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u8d85\u8fc7\u9608\u503c\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u544a\u8b66<\/li>\n<li>\u8d28\u91cf\u62a5\u544a&#xff1a;\u5b9a\u671f\u8f93\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u62a5\u544a&#xff0c;\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0a\u6e38\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u6539\u8fdb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e03\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<h4>7.1 \u6838\u5fc3\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u51e0\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6570\u503c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u7c7b\u578b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8ddd\u79bb\u8ba1\u7b97<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7403\u9762\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff1a;Haversine \u516c\u5f0f\u3001Vincenty \u516c\u5f0f&#xff08;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8&#xff0c;\u8003\u8651\u5730\u7403\u692d\u7403\u4f53&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u6295\u5f71\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff1a;\u5728\u6295\u5f71\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0b\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97\u6b27\u6c0f\u8ddd\u79bb<\/li>\n<li>\u8def\u7f51\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff1a;\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u9053\u8def\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5bfc\u822a\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff08;\u9700\u8981\u8def\u7f51\u6570\u636e&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f&#xff1a;\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u76f4\u63a5\u7b97\u6b27\u6c0f\u8ddd\u79bb\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684&#xff01;1 \u5ea6\u7ecf\u5ea6\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7eac\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e0d\u540c&#xff08;\u8d64\u9053\u7ea6 111km&#xff0c;\u6781\u5730\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e 0&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9762\u79ef\u8ba1\u7b97<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7403\u9762\u9762\u79ef&#xff1a;PostGIS \u7684 ST_Area \u5728\u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0b\u81ea\u52a8\u4f7f\u7528\u7403\u9762\u9762\u79ef\u516c\u5f0f<\/li>\n<li>\u6295\u5f71\u9762\u79ef&#xff1a;\u5728\u7b49\u9762\u79ef\u6295\u5f71\u4e0b\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff0c;\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u51c6\u786e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7f13\u51b2\u533a&#xff08;Buffer&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61&#xff0c;\u6309\u6307\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\u751f\u6210\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;\u56f4\u7ed5 POI \u751f\u6210 500 \u7c73\u670d\u52a1\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u56f4\u7ed5\u9053\u8def\u751f\u6210\u566a\u58f0\u5f71\u54cd\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ST_Intersects&#xff1a;\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4ea4<\/li>\n<li>ST_Contains \/ ST_Within&#xff1a;\u5305\u542b\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n<li>ST_DWithin&#xff1a;\u662f\u5426\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\u5185<\/li>\n<li>ST_Touches&#xff1a;\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u90bb&#xff08;\u8fb9\u754c\u63a5\u89e6&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6700\u8fd1\u90bb\u67e5\u8be2&#xff08;KNN&#xff09;<\/p>\n<p>\u627e\u5230\u8ddd\u79bb\u76ee\u6807\u70b9\u6700\u8fd1\u7684 K \u4e2a\u70b9\u3002PostGIS \u4e2d\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7 &lt;-&gt; \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u914d\u5408 GiST \u7d22\u5f15\u9ad8\u6548\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.2 PostGIS \u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>PostGIS \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7 500 \u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570&#xff0c;\u6309\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u7c7b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u522b\u5178\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u9014<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_GeomFromText, ST_MakePoint<\/td>\n<td>\u4ece WKT\/\u5750\u6807\u521b\u5efa\u51e0\u4f55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5c5e\u6027\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_X, ST_Y, ST_Length, ST_Area<\/td>\n<td>\u63d0\u53d6\u5750\u6807\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u957f\u5ea6\/\u9762\u79ef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5173\u7cfb\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_Intersects, ST_Contains, ST_DWithin<\/td>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u7a7a\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_Distance, ST_Azimuth<\/td>\n<td>\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u65b9\u4f4d\u89d2\u8ba1\u7b97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53d8\u6362\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_Transform, ST_Buffer, ST_Simplify<\/td>\n<td>\u5750\u6807\u53d8\u6362\u3001\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u3001\u7b80\u5316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u805a\u5408\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_Union, ST_Collect, ST_ClusterDBSCAN<\/td>\n<td>\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u4e0e\u805a\u7c7b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8f93\u51fa\u51fd\u6570<\/td>\n<td>ST_AsGeoJSON, ST_AsText<\/td>\n<td>\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e3a GeoJSON\/WKT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>7.3 GeoPandas \u8ba1\u7b97\u601d\u8def<\/h4>\n<p>GeoPandas \u662f Python \u4e2d\u505a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u9996\u9009\u5e93&#xff0c;\u5b83\u5c01\u88c5\u4e86 Shapely&#xff08;\u51e0\u4f55\u8fd0\u7b97&#xff09;\u3001Fiona&#xff08;\u6570\u636e\u8bfb\u5199&#xff09;\u3001Matplotlib&#xff08;\u53ef\u89c6\u5316&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c Pandas \u7684 API\u3002<\/p>\n<p>GeoPandas vs PostGIS \u5bf9\u6bd4&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7ef4\u5ea6PostGISGeoPandas<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b<\/td>\n<td>\u6781\u5f3a&#xff08;500&#043; \u51fd\u6570&#xff09;<\/td>\n<td>\u5f3a&#xff08;\u57fa\u4e8e Shapely\/GEOS&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21<\/td>\n<td>\u652f\u6301\u6d77\u91cf\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<td>\u53d7\u5185\u5b58\u9650\u5236&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7f16\u7a0b\u4f53\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>SQL<\/td>\n<td>Python&#xff08;\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6d41\u7a0b&#xff09;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53ef\u89c6\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u9700\u914d\u5408 QGIS \u7b49<\/td>\n<td>\u5185\u7f6e Matplotlib \u7ed1\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7aef\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u5728\u7ebf\u670d\u52a1<\/td>\n<td>\u79bb\u7ebf\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u6d41\u7a0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u5904\u7406<\/td>\n<td>ST_Transform<\/td>\n<td>to_crs \u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u4e2d\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u5206\u6790\u548c\u539f\u578b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7528 GeoPandas&#xff1b;\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8ba1\u7b97\u7528 PostGIS&#xff1b;\u4e24\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u2014\u2014PostGIS \u505a\u91cd\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff0c;GeoPandas \u505a\u7ed3\u679c\u5206\u6790\u548c\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>7.4 \u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5<\/h4>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fde\u63a5&#xff08;Spatial Join&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6309\u7167\u7a7a\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8ba2\u5355\u70b9\u5173\u8054\u5230\u5b83\u6240\u5728\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u3002PostGIS \u7528 ST_Intersects \u5b9e\u73b0&#xff0c;GeoPandas \u7528 sjoin \u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408&#xff1a;\u6309\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7ec4\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002\u4f20\u7edf GROUP BY \u6309\u5b57\u6bb5\u5206\u7ec4&#xff0c;\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408\u5219\u6309&#034;\u533a\u57df&#034;\u5206\u7ec4\u2014\u2014\u5982\u6309\u7f51\u683c&#xff08;H3&#xff09;\u805a\u5408\u8ba2\u5355\u91cf\u3001\u6309\u884c\u653f\u533a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7528\u6237\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u516b\u3001\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n<h4>8.1 \u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u7684\u70b9\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u70b9\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5904\u7406\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u6761\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8f66\u8f86\u8f68\u8ff9\u5305\u542b&#xff1a;\u8bbe\u5907 ID\u3001\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u89d2\u3001\u6d77\u62d4\u7b49\u5b57\u6bb5\u3002\u539f\u59cb\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u5f80\u5f80\u5305\u542b\u6570\u767e\u5230\u6570\u5343\u4e2a\u91c7\u6837\u70b9&#xff0c;\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u4ece\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5230\u51e0\u5929\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.2 GPS \u6f02\u79fb\u6291\u5236<\/h4>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u8f68\u8ff9\u5904\u7406\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65&#xff0c;\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6291\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u901f\u5ea6\u9608\u503c\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u90bb\u70b9\u7684\u77ac\u65f6\u901f\u5ea6&#xff0c;\u8d85\u8fc7\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u9053\u8def 120 km\/h\u3001\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def 200 km\/h&#xff09;\u7684\u70b9\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u6f02\u79fb\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6709\u6548&#xff0c;\u4f46\u5bf9\u4f4e\u901f\u573a\u666f&#xff08;\u6b65\u884c\u3001\u9a91\u884c&#xff09;\u6548\u679c\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u9608\u503c\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u90bb\u6bb5\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316&#xff0c;\u7a81\u53d8\u70b9\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6f02\u79fb\u3002\u6bd4\u901f\u5ea6\u9608\u503c\u66f4\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u5c14\u66fc\u6ee4\u6ce2&#xff1a;\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b&#xff08;\u5300\u901f\u6216\u5300\u52a0\u901f&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7528\u9884\u6d4b\u503c\u548c\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u6f02\u79fb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u6548\u679c\u597d\u4f46\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a0d\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e2d\u503c\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed N \u4e2a\u70b9\u8ba1\u7b97\u76f8\u90bb\u95f4\u8ddd&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u503c\u504f\u5dee\u8fc7\u5927&#xff0c;\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.3 \u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6bb5<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e00\u6761\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u6309\u7167\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6bb5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u5206\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u76f8\u90bb\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u8d85\u8fc7\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u5982 30 \u5206\u949f&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u884c\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u548c\u65b0\u884c\u7a0b\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u8df3\u8dc3\u5206\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u76f8\u90bb\u70b9\u8ddd\u79bb\u8d85\u8fc7\u9608\u503c&#xff08;\u5982 5 \u516c\u91cc&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u662f GPS \u4fe1\u53f7\u4e2d\u65ad\u540e\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u901f\u5ea6\u4ece\u9ad8\u53d8\u4f4e&#xff08;\u6216\u9759\u6b62&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u505c\u7559\u70b9\u8f85\u52a9\u5206\u6bb5&#xff1a;\u5148\u8bc6\u522b\u505c\u7559\u70b9&#xff08;\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u4ee5\u505c\u7559\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u5206\u6bb5\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.4 \u8def\u5f84\u5339\u914d&#xff08;Map Matching&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p>Map Matching \u662f\u5c06 GPS \u8f68\u8ff9\u70b9\u5339\u914d\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u8def\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e GPS \u5b58\u5728\u8bef\u5dee&#xff0c;\u539f\u59cb\u8f68\u8ff9\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5728\u9053\u8def\u4e0a&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7b97\u6cd5&#034;\u5438\u9644&#034;\u5230\u8def\u7f51\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7b97\u6cd5&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6700\u8fd1\u70b9\u5339\u914d&#xff1a;\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a GPS \u70b9\u5339\u914d\u5230\u8ddd\u79bb\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u9053\u8def\u7ebf\u6bb5\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u4f46\u5bf9\u566a\u58f0\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Hidden Markov Model&#xff08;HMM&#xff09;\u5339\u914d&#xff1a;\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5efa\u6a21\u4e3a\u9690\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u6a21\u578b&#xff0c;\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u89c2\u6d4b\u6982\u7387&#xff08;\u70b9\u5230\u8def\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb&#xff09;\u548c\u8f6c\u79fb\u6982\u7387&#xff08;\u76f8\u90bb\u70b9\u7684\u5339\u914d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&#xff09;\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6548\u679c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ST-Matching&#xff1a;\u5728 HMM \u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f15\u5165\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f&#xff0c;\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4f4e\u91c7\u6837\u9891\u7387\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b9e\u8df5&#xff1a;\u5f00\u6e90\u65b9\u6848\u63a8\u8350 OSRM \u7684 Map Matching \u670d\u52a1\u6216 GraphHopper \u7684 Map Matching \u6a21\u5757\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e HMM \u7b97\u6cd5&#xff0c;\u914d\u5408 OpenStreetMap \u8def\u7f51\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>8.5 \u505c\u7559\u70b9\u8bc6\u522b<\/h4>\n<p>\u505c\u7559\u70b9&#xff08;Stay Point&#xff09;\u8bc6\u522b\u662f\u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6790\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4efb\u52a1&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u627e\u51fa\u7528\u6237\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u505c\u7559\u4e86\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5&#xff1a;\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3 T \u5185&#xff0c;\u5982\u679c\u8f68\u8ff9\u70b9\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u8303\u56f4\u5c0f\u4e8e\u9608\u503c D&#xff08;\u5982 200 \u7c73&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u505c\u7559\u70b9\u3002\u505c\u7559\u70b9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ef\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u70b9\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7269\u6d41&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u53f8\u673a\u7684\u88c5\u8d27\u70b9\u3001\u5378\u8d27\u70b9<\/li>\n<li>\u51fa\u884c&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5e38\u53bb\u5730\u70b9<\/li>\n<li>\u96f6\u552e&#xff1a;\u8bc6\u522b\u5546\u573a\u5185\u987e\u5ba2\u7684\u70ed\u533a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u4e5d\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u805a\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n<h4>9.1 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POI\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u70b9\u7b49\u76f4\u63a5\u6807\u6ce8\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u3002\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5927\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u805a\u5408\/\u62bd\u7a00&#xff0c;\u907f\u514d\u5730\u56fe\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u56e2\u7cca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9\u56de\u653e&#xff1a;\u5c06\u8f68\u8ff9\u70b9\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u52a8\u753b\u64ad\u653e\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u7269\u6d41\u8ffd\u8e2a\u3001\u51fa\u884c\u56de\u6eaf\u3001\u6848\u4ef6\u8fd8\u539f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ed\u529b\u56fe&#xff1a;\u7528\u989c\u8272\u6df1\u6d45\u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3002\u9002\u5408\u5c55\u793a\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u8ba2\u5355\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u4e8b\u6545\u5206\u5e03\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b49\u503c\u7ebf\/\u7b49\u503c\u9762&#xff1a;\u4ece\u79bb\u6563\u91c7\u6837\u70b9\u751f\u6210\u8fde\u7eed\u8868\u9762&#xff0c;\u5982\u6c14\u6e29\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>OD \u7ebf&#xff08;Origin-Destination&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u7528\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u70b9\u548c\u7ec8\u70b9&#xff0c;\u7ebf\u7684\u7c97\u7ec6\u8868\u793a\u6d41\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u9002\u5408\u5c55\u793a\u901a\u52e4\u6d41\u3001\u7269\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3D \u53ef\u89c6\u5316&#xff1a;\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u767d\u6a21 &#043; \u8f68\u8ff9\u53e0\u52a0\u3001\u5730\u5f62 &#043; \u6570\u636e\u53e0\u52a0&#xff0c;\u9002\u5408\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7\u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>10.3 \u524d\u7aef\u5730\u56fe\u5e93\u9009\u578b\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h4>\n<table>\n<tr>\u5e93\u5f00\u6e90\/\u5546\u4e1a\u6e32\u67d3\u5f15\u64ce\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21\u7279\u8272\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Leaflet<\/td>\n<td>\u5f00\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>Canvas\/SVG<\/td>\n<td>\u4e07\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u8f7b\u91cf&#xff08;42KB&#xff09;\u3001\u63d2\u4ef6\u4e30\u5bcc<\/td>\n<td>\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u56fe\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u539f\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mapbox GL JS<\/td>\n<td>\u5f00\u6e90\u6838\u5fc3<\/td>\n<td>WebGL<\/td>\n<td>\u5341\u4e07\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u77e2\u91cf\u5207\u7247\u3001\u6837\u5f0f\u5f3a\u5927\u30013D \u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<td>\u5546\u4e1a\u5730\u56fe\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u7cbe\u7f8e\u5730\u56fe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Deck.gl<\/td>\n<td>\u5f00\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>WebGL<\/td>\n<td>\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u3001\u56fe\u5c42\u4e30\u5bcc<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8f68\u8ff9\/\u70ed\u529b\/\u6563\u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>OpenLayers<\/td>\n<td>\u5f00\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>Canvas<\/td>\n<td>\u4e07\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u529f\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u3001OGC \u6807\u51c6\u652f\u6301\u597d<\/td>\n<td>\u4e13\u4e1a GIS \u5e94\u7528\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u9879\u76ee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cesium<\/td>\n<td>\u5f00\u6e90<\/td>\n<td>WebGL<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21<\/td>\n<td>3D \u5730\u7403\u3001\u5730\u5f62\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f\u30013D GIS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u767e\u5ea6\/\u9ad8\u5fb7\u5730\u56fe JS API<\/td>\n<td>\u5546\u4e1a<\/td>\n<td>WebGL<\/td>\n<td>\u89c6\u63a5\u53e3<\/td>\n<td>\u56fd\u5185\u8def\u7f51\u6570\u636e\u51c6\u786e\u3001API \u6613\u7528<\/td>\n<td>\u56fd\u5185 LBS \u5e94\u7528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>10.4 \u9009\u578b\u51b3\u7b56\u5efa\u8bae<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8f7b\u91cf\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u7ebf&#xff1a;Leaflet&#xff0c;\u63d2\u4ef6\u751f\u6001\u4e30\u5bcc&#xff0c;\u793e\u533a\u6d3b\u8dc3<\/li>\n<li>\u5546\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5730\u56fe\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;Mapbox GL JS&#xff0c;\u77e2\u91cf\u5207\u7247 &#043; \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6837\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u6548\u679c\u7cbe\u7f8e<\/li>\n<li>\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u6e32\u67d3&#xff1a;Deck.gl&#xff0c;WebGL \u6e32\u67d3\u5f15\u64ce&#xff0c;\u4e13\u4e3a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/li>\n<li>3D\/\u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f&#xff1a;Cesium&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u5730\u5f62\u30013D Tiles\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74<\/li>\n<li>\u56fd\u5185\u5408\u89c4\u8981\u6c42&#xff1a;\u767e\u5ea6\/\u9ad8\u5fb7\u5730\u56fe API&#xff0c;\u81ea\u5e26 GCJ02 \u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff0c;\u514d\u53bb\u8f6c\u6362\u70e6\u607c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bae&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f68\u8ff9\u56de\u653e\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u63a8\u8350 Deck.gl \u7684 TripsLayer&#xff0c;\u5b83\u4e13\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u52a8\u753b\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u8f68\u8ff9\u70b9\u7684\u6d41\u7545\u6e32\u67d3\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u56fe&#xff0c;Deck.gl \u7684 HeatmapLayer \u548c Mapbox \u7684 HeatmapLayer \u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u5927\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u7a7a\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n<h4>11.1 \u5355\u673a\u74f6\u9888\u4e0e\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u9700\u6c42<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f53\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u89c4\u6a21\u8fbe\u5230\u5341\u4ebf\u6761\u4ee5\u4e0a&#xff08;\u5982\u5168\u56fd\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u7f51\u7ea6\u8f66\u8f68\u8ff9&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u5355\u673a\u65b9\u6848&#xff08;PostGIS\u3001GeoPandas&#xff09;\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.2 Apache Sedona&#xff08;\u539f Spark Spatial&#xff09;<\/h4>\n<p>Apache Sedona \u662f Apache \u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5f15\u64ce&#xff0c;\u524d\u8eab\u662f Spark Spatial\u3002\u5b83\u5728 Spark \u4e4b\u4e0a\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u652f\u6301 Spatial RDD&#xff08;\u5f39\u6027\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u96c6&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u6d77\u91cf\u7684\u70b9\/\u7ebf\/\u9762\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0e PostGIS \u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u51fd\u6570&#xff08;ST_Distance, ST_Intersects \u7b49&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u652f\u6301\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fde\u63a5&#xff08;Spatial Join&#xff09;\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408<\/li>\n<li>\u5185\u7f6e R \u6811\u548c QuadTree \u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u5168\u56fd\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8de8\u57ce\u5e02\u51fa\u884c OD \u77e9\u9635\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u56f4\u680f\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.3 Dask-GeoPandas<\/h4>\n<p>Dask-GeoPandas \u662f GeoPandas \u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7248\u672c&#xff0c;\u57fa\u4e8e Dask \u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5b83\u5c06 GeoDataFrame \u5207\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u5206\u533a&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u8ba1\u7b97\u540e\u5408\u5e76\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f18\u52bf&#xff1a;API \u4e0e GeoPandas \u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u81f4&#xff0c;\u8fc1\u79fb\u6210\u672c\u4f4e&#xff1b;\u9002\u5408 GeoPandas \u7528\u6237\u65e0\u7f1d\u5347\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c40\u9650&#xff1a;\u4e0d\u5982 Sedona \u6210\u719f&#xff0c;\u7a7a\u95f4 Join \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6709\u5f85\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u767e\u4e07~\u5343\u4e07\u7ea7\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790&#xff0c;\u5df2\u6709 GeoPandas \u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.4 \u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8f68\u8ff9\u8ba1\u7b97\u67b6\u6784\u601d\u8def<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8f68\u8ff9\u5904\u7406\u67b6\u6784\u5982\u4e0b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u63a5\u5165\u5c42&#xff1a;GPS \u8bbe\u5907\/IoT \u7ec8\u7aef\u901a\u8fc7 MQTT\/Kafka \u4e0a\u62a5\u539f\u59cb\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17\u5c42&#xff1a;Kafka Consumer \u6d88\u8d39\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u8fdb\u884c\u5750\u6807\u6821\u9a8c\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6821\u9a8c\u3001\u6f02\u79fb\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u6e05\u6d17\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5199\u5165 Kafka \u6216\u6570\u636e\u6e56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b58\u50a8\u5c42&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u70ed\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;HBase \/ Cassandra&#xff08;\u652f\u6301\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u70b9\u67e5&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e&#xff1a;ClickHouse \/ Parquet on S3&#xff08;\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8&#xff0c;OLAP \u53cb\u597d&#xff09;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c42&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u79bb\u7ebf\u5206\u6790&#xff1a;Spark\/Sedona \u505a\u5168\u91cf\u8f68\u8ff9\u5206\u6790&#xff08;\u8def\u5f84\u5339\u914d\u3001\u505c\u7559\u70b9\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u805a\u7c7b&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff1a;Flink \u505a\u5b9e\u65f6\u56f4\u680f\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u68c0\u6d4b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u670d\u52a1\u5c42&#xff1a;\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u5916\u63d0\u4f9b API&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>11.5 \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u8981\u70b9<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u5206\u533a\u7b56\u7565&#xff1a;\u6309\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u533a&#xff08;H3\/S2 Cell&#xff09;&#043; \u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u533a&#xff08;\u5929\/\u5c0f\u65f6&#xff09;\u8054\u5408\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<li>\u907f\u514d\u6570\u636e\u503e\u659c&#xff1a;\u70ed\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u504f\u8fdc\u5730\u533a&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u5904\u7406&#xff08;\u5982\u6309 H3 \u7684 Cell \u62c6\u5206\u70ed\u70b9\u533a\u57df&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u5217\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8&#xff1a;\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528 Parquet \u683c\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u53ea\u8bfb\u53d6\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5217<\/li>\n<li>\u5411\u91cf\u5316\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff1a;\u5728 Pandas\/GeoPandas \u4e2d\u907f\u514d for \u5faa\u73af&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u5411\u91cf\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u6d41\u5f0f\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97<\/h3>\n<h4>12.1 \u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u9700\u6c42<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u4e1a\u52a1\u573a\u666f\u9700\u8981\u6beb\u79d2\u5230\u79d2\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u54cd\u5e94&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u7535\u5b50\u56f4\u680f&#xff1a;\u9a91\u624b\/\u53f8\u673a\u8fdb\u5165\u6216\u79bb\u5f00\u56f4\u680f\u533a\u57df\u65f6&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u5373\u65f6\u89e6\u53d1\u901a\u77e5<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u8def\u5f84\u504f\u79bb\u68c0\u6d4b&#xff1a;\u8fd0\u8f93\u8f66\u8f86\u504f\u79bb\u89c4\u5212\u8def\u7ebf\u65f6\u5b9e\u65f6\u544a\u8b66<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u4f9b\u9700\u9884\u6d4b&#xff1a;\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u524d\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8ba2\u5355\u548c\u8fd0\u529b\u5206\u5e03&#xff0c;\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u5b9a\u4ef7<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u68c0\u6d4b&#xff1a;\u6839\u636e\u8f66\u8f86\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u6d4b\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>12.2 \u6d41\u5f0f\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6311\u6218<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6279\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c&#xff0c;\u6d41\u5f0f\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u9762\u4e34\u72ec\u7279\u6311\u6218&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u72b6\u6001\u7ba1\u7406&#xff1a;\u8f68\u8ff9\u6570\u636e\u662f\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5224\u65ad&#034;\u662f\u5426\u504f\u79bb\u8def\u7ebf&#034;\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u70b9&#xff0c;\u8fd9\u5728\u6d41\u5f0f\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u7ef4\u62a4\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e71\u5e8f\u4e0e\u5ef6\u8fdf&#xff1a;GPS \u6570\u636e\u5230\u8fbe\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u91c7\u96c6\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4&#xff08;\u7f51\u7edc\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3001\u91cd\u4f20&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406 Watermark \u548c Late Data\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15\u5b9e\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7d22\u5f15&#xff08;R \u6811&#xff09;\u662f\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u6570\u636e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684&#xff0c;\u6d41\u5f0f\u573a\u666f\u9700\u8981\u652f\u6301\u52a8\u6001\u589e\u5220\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.3 Apache Flink \u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u573a\u666f\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/h4>\n<p>Flink \u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6d41\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6846\u67b6&#xff0c;\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u65f6\u56f4\u680f\u5224\u65ad&#xff1a;\u5c06\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0a\u62a5\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a Event Stream&#xff0c;\u56f4\u680f\u6570\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a Broadcast State\u3002\u6bcf\u6761\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u56f4\u680f\u505a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5224\u65ad&#xff08;ST_Within&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u89e6\u53d1\u8fdb\u5165\/\u79bb\u5f00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u65f6\u8f68\u8ff9\u62fc\u63a5&#xff1a;\u5229\u7528 Flink \u7684 Keyed State &#043; ProcessFunction&#xff0c;\u6309\u8bbe\u5907 ID \u7ef4\u62a4\u8f68\u8ff9\u7a97\u53e3\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a97\u53e3\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u5b8c\u6574\u8f68\u8ff9\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u65f6\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u5408&#xff1a;\u5c06\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7f16\u7801\u4e3a H3 Cell&#xff0c;\u5728 Flink \u4e2d\u6309 H3 Cell \u505a\u7a97\u53e3\u805a\u5408&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u70ed\u529b\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.4 Spark Streaming \u65b9\u6848<\/h4>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u56e2\u961f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 Spark \u751f\u6001&#xff0c;Spark Structured Streaming \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u4e0e Spark SQL\u3001Sedona \u7684\u65e0\u7f1d\u96c6\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;\u5fae\u6279\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f&#xff08;\u79d2\u7ea7\u5ef6\u8fdf\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7&#xff09;\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff0c;\u5982\u6bcf 5 \u79d2\u66f4\u65b0\u4e00\u6b21\u533a\u57df\u70ed\u529b\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>12.5 \u5b9e\u65f6\u56f4\u680f\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b9e\u73b0<\/h4>\n<p>\u7535\u5b50\u56f4\u680f\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97\u573a\u666f&#xff0c;\u5176\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b9e\u73b0\u8981\u70b9&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u56f4\u680f\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406&#xff1a;\u56f4\u680f\u6570\u636e\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u9891\u7e41&#xff08;\u5982\u5546\u5708\u8303\u56f4&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u5b58\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d&#xff08;Redis \/ \u5e94\u7528\u5185\u5b58&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u64ad\u6d41\u4e0b\u53d1\u5230\u6240\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u8282\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u5224\u65ad\u4f18\u5316&#xff1a;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u56f4\u680f&#xff08;\u77e9\u5f62\u3001\u5706\u5f62&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u7528 BBox &#043; \u8ddd\u79bb\u5224\u65ad\u5373\u53ef&#xff1b;\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u591a\u8fb9\u5f62\u56f4\u680f&#xff0c;\u4f7f\u7528\u5c04\u7ebf\u6cd5&#xff08;Ray Casting&#xff09;\u5224\u65ad\u70b9\u662f\u5426\u5728\u591a\u8fb9\u5f62\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5ef6\u8fdf\u63a7\u5236&#xff1a;\u6574\u4e2a\u94fe\u8def&#xff08;\u6570\u636e\u63a5\u5165 \u2192 \u56f4\u680f\u5224\u65ad \u2192 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u8f93\u51fa&#xff09;\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u5728 100ms \u4ee5\u5185\u3002\u4f18\u5316\u70b9\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;\u51cf\u5c11\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5f00\u9500\u3001\u56f4\u680f\u5224\u65ad\u7528 C\/C&#043;&#043; \u6269\u5c55\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Exactly-Once \u8bed\u4e49&#xff1a;\u56f4\u680f\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u590d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e22\u5931&#xff0c;\u9700\u8981\u5229\u7528 Flink \u7684 Checkpoint \u673a\u5236\u4fdd\u8bc1 Exactly-Once\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e09\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5316\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u6cbb\u7406<\/h3>\n<h4>13.1 \u4ece Demo \u5230\u751f\u4ea7&#xff1a;\u5de5\u7a0b\u5316\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f<\/h4>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5728 Jupyter Notebook \u91cc\u8dd1\u901a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u7a7a\u5206\u6790 Demo&#xff0c;\u5c31\u89c9\u5f97&#034;\u641e\u5b9a\u4e86&#034;\u3002\u4f46\u4ece Demo \u5230\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u4ece\u54ea\u6765&#xff1f;\u8d28\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u8bc1&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4f55\u8ffd\u6eaf&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u914d\u7f6e\u5982\u4f55\u7ba1\u7406&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u7248\u672c\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u652f\u6301&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u76d1\u63a7\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf&#xff1f;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848&#xff0c;\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u5426\u957f\u671f\u7a33\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.2 \u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u8840\u7f18<\/h4>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u8840\u7f18&#xff08;Data Lineage&#xff09;\u8ffd\u8e2a\u6570\u636e\u4ece\u6e90\u5934\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u5168\u94fe\u8def\u3002\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u573a\u666f\u4e2d&#xff0c;\u8840\u7f18\u7ba1\u7406\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u8bb0\u5f55&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u53d8\u6362\u5386\u53f2&#xff1a;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u5750\u6807\u8f6c\u6362\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u8bb0\u5f55\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4ec0\u4e48\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u7b97\u6cd5\/\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u5426\u5219\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa&#xff1a;Map Matching \u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8f68\u8ff9 \u2192 \u5339\u914d\u540e\u8f68\u8ff9 \u2192 \u8def\u5f84\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c&#xff0c;\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5e94\u6709\u7248\u672c\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u878d\u5408\u8bb0\u5f55&#xff1a;\u591a\u6e90\u6570\u636e\u878d\u5408\u65f6&#xff0c;\u8bb0\u5f55\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3001\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>13.3 \u7248\u672c\u5316\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7248\u672c\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u573a\u666f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u53d8\u66f4&#xff1a;\u67d0\u5730\u4ece A \u5e02\u5212\u5f52 B \u5e02&#xff0c;\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u9700\u8981\u6807\u8bb0\u7248\u672c<\/li>\n<li>\u8def\u7f51\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;\u65b0\u5efa\u9053\u8def\u3001\u9053\u8def\u6539\u540d\u3001\u9053\u8def\u5c01\u95ed&#xff0c;\u8def\u7f51\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7248\u672c\u63a7\u5236<\/li>\n<li>\u56f4\u680f\u66f4\u65b0&#xff1a;\u914d\u9001\u8303\u56f4\u8c03\u6574&#xff0c;\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u56f4\u680f\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u7528\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u56de\u6eaf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6848&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;\u4f7f\u7528 Slowly Changing Dimension&#xff08;SCD&#xff09;Type 2 \u8bb0\u5f55\u7248\u672c<\/li>\n<li>\u6587\u4ef6\u5c42\u9762&#xff1a;GeoPackage \u652f\u6301\u7248\u672c\u5316\u6269\u5c55<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u6e56&#xff1a;Iceberg \/ Hudi \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u65c5\u884c\u529f\u80fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>13.4 \u8d28\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\u4f53\u7cfb\u5305\u62ec&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\u76d1\u63a7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6307\u6807\u544a\u8b66\u9608\u503c\u793a\u4f8b<\/tr>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b8c\u6574\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u5230\u8fbe\u7387\u3001\u5b57\u6bb5\u7f3a\u5931\u7387<\/td>\n<td>\u5230\u8fbe\u7387 &lt; 95%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u51c6\u786e\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5750\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u5408\u7406\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6f02\u79fb\u7387 &gt; 5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u7387\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u4e00\u81f4\u7387<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7387 &gt; 0.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65f6\u6548\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6570\u636e\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3001\u5904\u7406\u5ef6\u8fdf<\/td>\n<td>\u5ef6\u8fdf &gt; 10 \u79d2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u552f\u4e00\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u91cd\u590d\u7387<\/td>\n<td>\u91cd\u590d\u7387 &gt; 0.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>13.5 \u5143\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5143\u6570\u636e\u9664\u4e86\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u8868\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5b57\u6bb5\u8bf4\u660e\u5916&#xff0c;\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c2\u8003\u4fe1\u606f&#xff1a;\u5750\u6807\u7cfb&#xff08;EPSG \u7f16\u7801&#xff09;\u3001\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7b49\u7ea7<\/li>\n<li>\u65f6\u95f4\u53c2\u8003\u4fe1\u606f&#xff1a;\u65f6\u533a\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u3001\u91c7\u6837\u9891\u7387<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f&#xff1a;\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u91c7\u96c6\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u5df2\u77e5\u95ee\u9898<\/li>\n<li>\u4e1a\u52a1\u8bed\u4e49&#xff1a;\u7a7a\u95f4\u8303\u56f4&#xff08;bounding box&#xff09;\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u7ea7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5de5\u5177\u63a8\u8350&#xff1a;Apache Atlas&#xff08;\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406&#xff09;\u3001OpenMetadata&#xff08;\u5f00\u6e90\u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55&#xff09;\u3001\u81ea\u5efa\u5143\u6570\u636e\u670d\u52a1&#xff08;\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u65b9\u6848&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u56db\u3001\u524d\u6cbf\u65b9\u5411<\/h3>\n<h4>14.1 \u65f6\u7a7a\u5927\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n<p>\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b&#xff08;LLM&#xff09;\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u65f6\u7a7a\u9886\u57df\u6e17\u900f\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u65b9\u5411&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u9884\u6d4b\u5927\u6a21\u578b&#xff1a;\u5982\u534e\u4e3a\u7684&#034;Pangu-Weather&#034;\u6c14\u8c61\u5927\u6a21\u578b&#xff0c;\u7528 AI \u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u6570\u503c\u5929\u6c14\u9884\u62a5&#xff0c;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u601d\u8def\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4ea4\u901a\u6d41\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u4eba\u7fa4\u6d41\u52a8\u9884\u6d4b\u7b49\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>LLM &#043; GIS&#xff1a;\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u67e5\u8be2\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982&#xff0c;\u201c\u5e2e\u6211\u627e\u51fa\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u4e94\u73af\u5185\u3001\u8ddd\u79bb\u5730\u94c1\u7ad9 500 \u7c73\u4ee5\u5185\u3001\u6708\u79df\u91d1\u4f4e\u4e8e 5000 \u7684\u623f\u6e90\u201d\u2014\u2014LLM \u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4 SQL&#xff0c;\u5728 PostGIS \u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a embedding&#xff1a;\u5c06\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7f16\u7801\u4e3a\u5411\u91cf\u8868\u793a&#xff0c;\u7528\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63a8\u8350\u3001\u533a\u57df\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49\u4e0b\u6e38\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.2 \u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f<\/h4>\n<p>\u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f&#xff08;Digital Twin&#xff09;\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u7b49\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7cbe\u786e\u91cd\u5efa&#xff0c;\u5e76\u5b9e\u65f6\u540c\u6b65\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>3D GIS&#xff08;Cesium \/ Bentley ContextCapture&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u6784\u5efa\u57ce\u5e02\u4e09\u7ef4\u6a21\u578b<\/li>\n<li>IoT \u6570\u636e\u63a5\u5165&#xff1a;\u5b9e\u65f6\u540c\u6b65\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6570\u636e&#xff08;\u4ea4\u901a\u6d41\u91cf\u3001\u7a7a\u6c14\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u80fd\u8017&#xff09;<\/li>\n<li>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5e93&#xff1a;\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6d77\u91cf\u7684 3D \u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e &#043; \u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u6e32\u67d3&#xff1a;WebGL \u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 3D \u573a\u666f\u7684\u6d41\u7545\u6e32\u67d3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5e94\u7528&#xff1a;\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u8fd0\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u5fc3&#xff08;IOC&#xff09;\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5b6a\u751f\u76d1\u63a7\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u4eff\u771f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.3 \u65f6\u7a7a AI<\/h4>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a AI \u662f\u5c06\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49 AI \u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u9886\u57df&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<p>\u8f68\u8ff9\u9884\u6d4b&#xff1a;\u7528 LSTM \/ Transformer \u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u79fb\u52a8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u56fe\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc&#xff08;ST-GNN&#xff09;&#xff1a;\u5c06\u8def\u7f51\u5efa\u6a21\u4e3a\u56fe\u7ed3\u6784&#xff0c;\u7528\u56fe\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u505a\u4ea4\u901a\u6d41\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u8def\u51b5\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5730\u7406\u7f16\u7801\u4e0e\u9006\u5730\u7406\u7f16\u7801&#xff1a;\u7528\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u63d0\u5347\u5730\u5740\u89e3\u6790\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\u667a\u80fd\u89e3\u8bd1&#xff1a;\u7528 CV \u6a21\u578b\u81ea\u52a8\u8bc6\u522b\u536b\u661f\u5f71\u50cf\u4e2d\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u3001\u9053\u8def\u3001\u6c34\u4f53\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.4 3D GIS \u4e0e\u5ba4\u5185\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h4>\n<p>3D GIS&#xff1a;\u4ece 2D \u5730\u56fe\u8d70\u5411 3D&#xff0c;\u652f\u6301\u5730\u5f62\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u767d\u6a21\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u7ba1\u7ebf\u7b49\u4e09\u7ef4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e3b\u6d41\u5e73\u53f0\u5305\u62ec Cesium&#xff08;Web \u7aef 3D \u5730\u7403&#xff09;\u3001Bentley&#xff08;\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ea7 3D GIS&#xff09;\u3001ArcGIS Pro&#xff08;\u4e09\u7ef4\u5206\u6790&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5ba4\u5185\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u5730\u56fe&#xff1a;GPS \u5728\u5ba4\u5185\u65e0\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c&#xff0c;\u5ba4\u5185\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4f9d\u8d56 Wi-Fi \u6307\u7eb9\u3001\u84dd\u7259\u4fe1\u6807\u3001UWB\u3001\u5730\u78c1\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5ba4\u5185\u5730\u56fe&#xff08;Indoor Map&#xff09;\u6b63\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u573a\u3001\u673a\u573a\u3001\u533b\u9662\u7b49\u5927\u578b\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u6807\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3D Tiles&#xff1a;\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u6d41\u5f0f\u4f20\u8f93\u5927\u89c4\u6a21 3D \u5730\u7406\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u683c\u5f0f&#xff0c;\u7531 Cesium \u56e2\u961f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301 LOD&#xff08;\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7ec6\u8282&#xff09;&#xff0c;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6548\u6e32\u67d3\u57ce\u5e02\u7ea7\u522b\u7684 3D \u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>14.5 \u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u4e0e\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5730\u56fe<\/h4>\n<p>\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6781\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5730\u56fe&#xff1a;\u7cbe\u5ea6\u8981\u6c42\u8fbe\u5230\u5398\u7c73\u7ea7&#xff0c;\u5305\u542b\u8f66\u9053\u7ebf\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u6807\u5fd7\u3001\u8def\u6cbf\u7b49\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u65f6\u5b9a\u4f4d&#xff1a;\u878d\u5408 GPS\/IMU\/\u6fc0\u5149\u96f7\u8fbe\/\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u7b49\u591a\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6570\u636e&#xff0c;\u5b9e\u73b0\u5398\u7c73\u7ea7\u5b9e\u65f6\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/li>\n<li>\u65f6\u7a7a\u6570\u636e\u878d\u5408&#xff1a;\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u9891\u7387\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6570\u636e\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u65f6\u7a7a\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u878d\u5408<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u5341\u4e94\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u9879\u76ee<\/h3>\n<h4>15.1 \u4e0d\u540c\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u8fdb\u9636\u8def\u5f84<\/h4>\n<p>\u8def\u5f84\u4e00&#xff1a;\u540e\u7aef\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8f6c\u65f6\u7a7a\u65b9\u5411<\/p>\n<p>\u5df2\u6709\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;SQL\u3001Java\/Python\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u9636\u8def\u7ebf&#xff1a;\u5b66\u4e60\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c2\u8003&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u4e8c&#xff09; \u2192 PostGIS \u7a7a\u95f4\u67e5\u8be2&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u56db\u3001\u4e94&#xff09; \u2192 GeoPandas \u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u4e09\u3001\u4e03&#xff09; \u2192 \u8f68\u8ff9\u5904\u7406&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u516b&#xff09; \u2192 \u5927\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341\u4e00&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u8ba1\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;3~6 \u4e2a\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5f84\u4e8c&#xff1a;\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u5e08\/\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u5411<\/p>\n<p>\u5df2\u6709\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;Python\u3001Pandas\u3001SQL\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u9636\u8def\u7ebf&#xff1a;GeoPandas \u5165\u95e8&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u4e09\u3001\u4e03&#xff09; \u2192 \u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5206\u6790&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u4e5d&#xff09; \u2192 \u53ef\u89c6\u5316&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341&#xff09; \u2192 \u65f6\u7a7a AI&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341\u56db&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u8ba1\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;2~4 \u4e2a\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5f84\u4e09&#xff1a;\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6df1\u5165\u65f6\u7a7a\u9886\u57df<\/p>\n<p>\u5df2\u6709\u57fa\u7840&#xff1a;Spark\u3001Flink\u3001Hadoop \u751f\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u9636\u8def\u7ebf&#xff1a;Sedona \u5165\u95e8&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341\u4e00&#xff09; \u2192 \u6d41\u5f0f\u65f6\u7a7a\u8ba1\u7b97&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341\u4e8c&#xff09; \u2192 \u6570\u636e\u6cbb\u7406&#xff08;\u672c\u7ae0\u5341\u4e09&#xff09; \u2192 \u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1&#xff08;\u7efc\u5408&#xff09;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9884\u8ba1\u5468\u671f&#xff1a;3~5 \u4e2a\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>15.2 \u63a8\u8350\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90<\/h4>\n<p>\u4e66\u7c4d&#xff1a;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u300aGeographic Data Science with Python\u300b\u2014\u2014GeoPandas \u5b9e\u6218\u5b9d\u5178<\/li>\n<li>\u300aSpatial Data Analysis in R\u300b\u2014\u2014R 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