{"id":100761,"date":"2026-09-05T09:16:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T01:16:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/100761.html"},"modified":"2026-09-05T09:16:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T01:16:59","slug":"postgresql-%e4%bb%8e%e9%9b%b6%e5%88%b0%e4%bc%81%e4%b8%9a%e7%ba%a7%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wsisp.com\/helps\/100761.html","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL \u4ece\u96f6\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"

PostgreSQL \u4ece\u96f6\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357<\/h2>\n

📚 \u672c\u6587\u6863\u6db5\u76d6 PostgreSQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u57fa\u7840\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb 🎯 \u9002\u5408\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u3001DBA\u3001\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u6c42<\/p>\n

\n

📑 \u76ee\u5f55<\/h3>\n
  • PostgreSQL \u7b80\u4ecb<\/li>\n
  • \u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u914d\u7f6e<\/li>\n
  • \u57fa\u7840\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n
  • \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027<\/li>\n
  • \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/li>\n
  • \u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u90e8\u7f72\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4<\/li>\n
  • \u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/li>\n
    \n

    1. PostgreSQL \u7b80\u4ecb<\/h3>\n

    1.1 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f PostgreSQL<\/h4>\n

    PostgreSQL \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684 \u5f00\u6e90\u5bf9\u8c61-\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7cfb\u7edf，\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7 35 \u5e74\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5f00\u53d1\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5b83\u4ee5\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u8457\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

    1.2 \u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\u7279\u6027\u7c7b\u522b\u5177\u4f53\u7279\u6027<\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    SQL \u652f\u6301<\/td>\n\u5b8c\u6574\u7684 SQL \u6807\u51c6\u652f\u6301\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\nJSON\/JSONB\u3001\u6570\u7ec4\u3001hstore\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236<\/td>\n\u591a\u7248\u672c\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236 (MVCC)\u3001\u4e8b\u52a1\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u6269\u5c55\u6027<\/td>\n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/td>\nSSL\/TLS\u3001\u884c\u7ea7\u5b89\u5168\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u89d2\u8272\u7ba1\u7406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    1.3 PostgreSQL vs \u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h4>\n

    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510
    \n\u2502 \u7279\u6027 \u2502 PostgreSQL \u2502 MySQL \u2502 SQL Server \u2502
    \n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524
    \n\u2502 \u5f00\u6e90 \u2502 \u2705 \u5b8c\u5168\u5f00\u6e90 \u2502 \u2705 \u5f00\u6e90 \u2502 \u274c \u5546\u4e1a \u2502
    \n\u2502 ACID \u4e8b\u52a1 \u2502 \u2705 \u5b8c\u6574\u652f\u6301 \u2502 \u2705 InnoDB \u2502 \u2705 \u5b8c\u6574 \u2502
    \n\u2502 JSON \u652f\u6301 \u2502 \u2705 \u539f\u751f JSONB \u2502 \u2705 \u57fa\u672c JSON \u2502 \u2705 \u652f\u6301 \u2502
    \n\u2502 \u6269\u5c55\u6027 \u2502 \u2b50 \u6781\u5f3a \u2502 \u4e2d\u7b49 \u2502 \u6709\u9650 \u2502
    \n\u2502 \u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1 \u2502 PostgreSQL \u2502 GPL \u2502 \u5546\u4e1a\u8bb8\u53ef \u2502
    \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518<\/p>\n

    \n

    2. \u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n

    2.1 \u5b89\u88c5\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h4>\n

    Windows \u5b89\u88c5<\/h5>\n

    # \u65b9\u6cd51: \u4f7f\u7528\u5b98\u65b9\u5b89\u88c5\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span>
    \n# \u4e0b\u8f7d\u5730\u5740: https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/download\/windows\/<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u65b9\u6cd52: \u4f7f\u7528 Chocolatey<\/span>
    \nchoco install postgresql<\/p>\n

    # \u65b9\u6cd53: \u4f7f\u7528 winget<\/span>
    \nwinget install PostgreSQL.<\/span>PostgreSQL<\/p>\n

    Linux \u5b89\u88c5<\/h5>\n

    # Ubuntu\/Debian<\/span>
    \nsudo<\/span> apt<\/span> update
    \nsudo<\/span> apt<\/span> install<\/span> postgresql postgresql-contrib<\/p>\n

    # CentOS\/RHEL<\/span>
    \nsudo<\/span> yum install<\/span> postgresql-server postgresql-contrib
    \nsudo<\/span> postgresql-setup initdb<\/p>\n

    # \u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1<\/span>
    \nsudo<\/span> systemctl start postgresql
    \nsudo<\/span> systemctl enable<\/span> postgresql<\/p>\n

    Docker \u5b89\u88c5<\/h5>\n

    # \u5feb\u901f\u542f\u52a8<\/span>
    \ndocker<\/span> run –name<\/span> postgres-db \\\\<\/span>
    \n -e<\/span> POSTGRES_PASSWORD<\/span>=<\/span>your_password \\\\<\/span>
    \n -p<\/span> 5432<\/span>:5432 \\\\<\/span>
    \n -d<\/span> postgres:15<\/p>\n

    # \u5e26\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u5b58\u50a8<\/span>
    \ndocker<\/span> run –name<\/span> postgres-db \\\\<\/span>
    \n -e<\/span> POSTGRES_PASSWORD<\/span>=<\/span>your_password \\\\<\/span>
    \n -v<\/span> pgdata:\/var\/lib\/postgresql\/data \\\\<\/span>
    \n -p<\/span> 5432<\/span>:5432 \\\\<\/span>
    \n -d<\/span> postgres:15<\/p>\n

    2.2 \u8fde\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n

    # \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>
    \npsql -U<\/span> postgres<\/p>\n

    # \u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>
    \npsql -U<\/span> username -d<\/span> database_name -h<\/span> host<\/span> -p<\/span> port<\/p>\n

    # \u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>
    \npsql "postgresql:\/\/user:password@host:5432\/database"<\/span><\/p>\n

    2.3 \u6838\u5fc3\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n

    PostgreSQL \u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4f4d\u7f6e:
    \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 postgresql.conf # \u4e3b\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6
    \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 pg_hba.conf # \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8ba4\u8bc1\u914d\u7f6e
    \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 pg_ident.conf # \u7528\u6237\u540d\u6620\u5c04\u914d\u7f6e<\/p>\n

    postgresql.conf \u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u6570<\/h5>\n

    # \u8fde\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e
    \nlisten_addresses = 'localhost' # \u76d1\u542c\u5730\u5740
    \nport = 5432 # \u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3
    \nmax_connections = 100 # \u6700\u5927\u8fde\u63a5\u6570<\/p>\n

    # \u5185\u5b58\u914d\u7f6e
    \nshared_buffers = '256MB' # \u5171\u4eab\u7f13\u51b2\u533a
    \nwork_mem = '4MB' # \u5de5\u4f5c\u5185\u5b58
    \nmaintenance_work_mem = '64MB' # \u7ef4\u62a4\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n

    # WAL \u914d\u7f6e
    \nwal_level = 'replica' # WAL \u7ea7\u522b
    \nmax_wal_size = '1GB' # \u6700\u5927 WAL \u5927\u5c0f<\/p>\n

    pg_hba.conf \u793a\u4f8b<\/h5>\n

    # TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
    \nlocal all postgres peer
    \nhost all all 127.0.0.1\/32 scram-sha-256
    \nhost all all 0.0.0.0\/0 scram-sha-256<\/p>\n

    \n

    3. \u57fa\u7840\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h3>\n

    3.1 \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e0e\u8868\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

    \u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h5>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> my_database
    \n WITH<\/span> OWNER =<\/span> postgres
    \n ENCODING =<\/span> 'UTF8'<\/span>
    \n LC_COLLATE =<\/span> 'en_US.UTF-8'<\/span>
    \n LC_CTYPE =<\/span> 'en_US.UTF-8'<\/span>
    \n TEMPLATE =<\/span> template0;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>
    \n\\\\l<\/p>\n

    — \u5207\u6362\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/span>
    \n\\\\c my_database<\/p>\n

    \u521b\u5efa\u8868<\/h5>\n

    — \u7528\u6237\u8868\u793a\u4f8b<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> users (<\/span>
    \n id SERIAL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n username VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>50<\/span>)<\/span> UNIQUE<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n email VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span> UNIQUE<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n password_hash VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>255<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n created_at TIMESTAMP<\/span> WITH<\/span> TIME<\/span> ZONE DEFAULT<\/span> CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n updated_at TIMESTAMP<\/span> WITH<\/span> TIME<\/span> ZONE DEFAULT<\/span> CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n is_active BOOLEAN<\/span> DEFAULT<\/span> TRUE<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8ba2\u5355\u8868\u793a\u4f8b<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders (<\/span>
    \n order_id SERIAL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n user_id INTEGER<\/span> REFERENCES<\/span> users(<\/span>id)<\/span> ON<\/span> DELETE<\/span> CASCADE<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n product_name VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n quantity INTEGER<\/span> DEFAULT<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n price DECIMAL<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n status<\/span> VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>20<\/span>)<\/span> DEFAULT<\/span> 'pending'<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n created_at TIMESTAMP<\/span> WITH<\/span> TIME<\/span> ZONE DEFAULT<\/span> CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u8868\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>
    \n\\\\d users
    \n\\\\d orders<\/p>\n

    3.2 CRUD \u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

    \u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/h5>\n

    — \u5355\u884c\u63d2\u5165<\/span>
    \nINSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> users (<\/span>username,<\/span> email,<\/span> password_hash)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span> (<\/span>'john_doe'<\/span>,<\/span> 'john@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hashed_password'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u591a\u884c\u63d2\u5165<\/span>
    \nINSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> users (<\/span>username,<\/span> email,<\/span> password_hash)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span>
    \n (<\/span>'jane_smith'<\/span>,<\/span> 'jane@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hashed_password_1'<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n (<\/span>'bob_wilson'<\/span>,<\/span> 'bob@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hashed_password_2'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6279\u91cf\u63d2\u5165<\/span>
    \nINSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> orders (<\/span>user_id,<\/span> product_name,<\/span> quantity,<\/span> price)<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n id,<\/span>
    \n 'Product '<\/span> ||<\/span> id,<\/span>
    \n floor(<\/span>random(<\/span>)<\/span> *<\/span> 10<\/span> +<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>::int<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n (<\/span>random(<\/span>)<\/span> *<\/span> 100<\/span>)<\/span>::decimal<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>
    \nFROM<\/span> users
    \nWHERE<\/span> id <=<\/span> 5<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/h5>\n

    — \u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> is_active =<\/span> TRUE<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8054\u63a5\u67e5\u8be2<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n u.<\/span>username,<\/span>
    \n u.<\/span>email,<\/span>
    \n COUNT<\/span>(<\/span>o.<\/span>order_id)<\/span> as<\/span> order_count,<\/span>
    \n SUM<\/span>(<\/span>o.<\/span>price *<\/span> o.<\/span>quantity)<\/span> as<\/span> total_spent
    \nFROM<\/span> users u
    \nLEFT<\/span> JOIN<\/span> orders o ON<\/span> u.<\/span>id =<\/span> o.<\/span>user_id
    \nGROUP<\/span> BY<\/span> u.<\/span>id,<\/span> u.<\/span>username,<\/span> u.<\/span>email
    \nHAVING<\/span> COUNT<\/span>(<\/span>o.<\/span>order_id)<\/span> ><\/span> 0<\/span>
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> total_spent DESC<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users
    \nWHERE<\/span> id IN<\/span> (<\/span>
    \n SELECT<\/span> user_id FROM<\/span> orders
    \n WHERE<\/span> price ><\/span> 50<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u7a97\u53e3\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n username,<\/span>
    \n email,<\/span>
    \n created_at,<\/span>
    \n ROW_NUMBER(<\/span>)<\/span> OVER<\/span> (<\/span>ORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> created_at)<\/span> as<\/span> row_num,<\/span>
    \n DENSE_RANK(<\/span>)<\/span> OVER<\/span> (<\/span>ORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> created_at)<\/span> as<\/span> dense_rank
    \nFROM<\/span> users;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e<\/h5>\n

    — \u5355\u884c\u66f4\u65b0<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> users
    \nSET<\/span> email =<\/span> 'new_email@example.com'<\/span>
    \nWHERE<\/span> username =<\/span> 'john_doe'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6279\u91cf\u66f4\u65b0<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> orders
    \nSET<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'completed'<\/span>
    \nWHERE<\/span> created_at <<\/span> CURRENT_DATE<\/span> –<\/span> INTERVAL<\/span> '7 days'<\/span>
    \nAND<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'pending'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u4f7f\u7528 CTE \u66f4\u65b0<\/span>
    \nWITH<\/span> user_orders AS<\/span> (<\/span>
    \n SELECT<\/span> user_id,<\/span> COUNT<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> order_count
    \n FROM<\/span> orders
    \n GROUP<\/span> BY<\/span> user_id
    \n)<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> users
    \nSET<\/span> is_active =<\/span> FALSE<\/span>
    \nWHERE<\/span> id IN<\/span> (<\/span>
    \n SELECT<\/span> user_id
    \n FROM<\/span> user_orders
    \n WHERE<\/span> order_count =<\/span> 0<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e<\/h5>\n

    — \u5355\u884c\u5220\u9664<\/span>
    \nDELETE<\/span> FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> username =<\/span> 'bob_wilson'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6279\u91cf\u5220\u9664<\/span>
    \nDELETE<\/span> FROM<\/span> orders
    \nWHERE<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'cancelled'<\/span>
    \nAND<\/span> created_at <<\/span> CURRENT_DATE<\/span> –<\/span> INTERVAL<\/span> '1 year'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8f6f\u5220\u9664（\u63a8\u8350）<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> users SET<\/span> is_active =<\/span> FALSE<\/span> WHERE<\/span> id =<\/span> 123<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    3.3 \u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n

    — \u57fa\u672c\u4e8b\u52a1<\/span>
    \nBEGIN<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    INSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> users (<\/span>username,<\/span> email,<\/span> password_hash)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span> (<\/span>'transaction_user'<\/span>,<\/span> 'tx@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hash'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    UPDATE<\/span> accounts SET<\/span> balance =<\/span> balance –<\/span> 100<\/span> WHERE<\/span> user_id =<\/span> 1<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> accounts SET<\/span> balance =<\/span> balance +<\/span> 100<\/span> WHERE<\/span> user_id =<\/span> 2<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    COMMIT<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u56de\u6eda\u4e8b\u52a1<\/span>
    \nBEGIN<\/span>;<\/span>
    \n— \u67d0\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c…<\/span>
    \nROLLBACK<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u4fdd\u5b58\u70b9<\/span>
    \nBEGIN<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nINSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> users (<\/span>username,<\/span> email,<\/span> password_hash)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span> (<\/span>'user1'<\/span>,<\/span> 'user1@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hash1'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    SAVEPOINT<\/span> sp1;<\/span><\/p>\n

    INSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> users (<\/span>username,<\/span> email,<\/span> password_hash)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span> (<\/span>'user2'<\/span>,<\/span> 'user2@example.com'<\/span>,<\/span> 'hash2'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    ROLLBACK<\/span> TO<\/span> sp1;<\/span><\/p>\n

    COMMIT<\/span>;<\/span> — \u53ea\u63d0\u4ea4 user1<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    4. \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027<\/h3>\n

    4.1 \u7d22\u5f15\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n

    \u7d22\u5f15\u7c7b\u578b<\/h5>\n

    — B-tree \u7d22\u5f15（\u9ed8\u8ba4，\u6700\u5e38\u7528）<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_users_email ON<\/span> users(<\/span>email)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u590d\u5408\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_orders_user_status ON<\/span> orders(<\/span>user_id,<\/span> status<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u90e8\u5206\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_active_users ON<\/span> users(<\/span>email)<\/span>
    \nWHERE<\/span> is_active =<\/span> TRUE<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_users_lower_email ON<\/span> users(<\/span>LOWER(<\/span>email)<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — GIN \u7d22\u5f15（\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u6587\u641c\u7d22\u3001JSONB\u3001\u6570\u7ec4）<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_products_tags ON<\/span> products USING<\/span> GIN(<\/span>tags)<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_documents_search ON<\/span> documents USING<\/span> GIN(<\/span>to_tsvector(<\/span>'english'<\/span>,<\/span> content)<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — GiST \u7d22\u5f15（\u7528\u4e8e\u51e0\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u7c7b\u578b）<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_locations_point ON<\/span> locations USING<\/span> GIST(<\/span>point<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — BRIN \u7d22\u5f15（\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u8868\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u626b\u63cf）<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_logs_timestamp ON<\/span> logs USING<\/span> BRIN(<\/span>created_at)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \n\\\\d tablename
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_indexes WHERE<\/span> tablename =<\/span> 'users'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.2 JSONB \u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u5305\u542b JSONB \u7684\u8868<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> products (<\/span>
    \n id SERIAL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n name VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n attributes JSONB NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span> DEFAULT<\/span> '{}'<\/span>::jsonb
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/span>
    \nINSERT<\/span> INTO<\/span> products (<\/span>name,<\/span> attributes)<\/span>
    \nVALUES<\/span>
    \n (<\/span>'iPhone 15'<\/span>,<\/span> '{"brand": "Apple", "color": "black", "specs": {"ram": "6GB", "storage": "128GB"}}'<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n (<\/span>'Galaxy S24'<\/span>,<\/span> '{"brand": "Samsung", "color": "white", "specs": {"ram": "8GB", "storage": "256GB"}}'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u8be2 JSONB \u5b57\u6bb5<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n name,<\/span>
    \n attributes–<\/span>>><\/span>'brand'<\/span> as<\/span> brand,<\/span>
    \n attributes–<\/span>><\/span>'specs'<\/span>–<\/span>>><\/span>'ram'<\/span> as<\/span> ram
    \nFROM<\/span> products;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6761\u4ef6\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> products
    \nWHERE<\/span> attributes @><\/span> '{"brand": "Apple"}'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5c55\u5f00 JSONB<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n name,<\/span>
    \n jsonb_object_keys(<\/span>attributes)<\/span> as<\/span> key<\/span>
    \nFROM<\/span> products;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u66f4\u65b0 JSONB<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> products
    \nSET<\/span> attributes =<\/span> attributes ||<\/span> '{"color": "blue"}'<\/span>::jsonb
    \nWHERE<\/span> id =<\/span> 1<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6dfb\u52a0\u5d4c\u5957\u5b57\u6bb5<\/span>
    \nUPDATE<\/span> products
    \nSET<\/span> attributes =<\/span> jsonb_set(<\/span>
    \n attributes,<\/span>
    \n '{specs, battery}'<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n '"4500mAh"'<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>
    \nWHERE<\/span> id =<\/span> 1<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.3 \u5b58\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> OR<\/span> REPLACE<\/span> FUNCTION<\/span> calculate_order_total(<\/span>
    \n p_user_id INTEGER<\/span>
    \n)<\/span> RETURNS<\/span> DECIMAL<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span> AS<\/span> $$
    \nDECLARE<\/span>
    \n v_total DECIMAL<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nBEGIN<\/span>
    \n SELECT<\/span> COALESCE<\/span>(<\/span>SUM<\/span>(<\/span>quantity *<\/span> price)<\/span>,<\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span>
    \n INTO<\/span> v_total
    \n FROM<\/span> orders
    \n WHERE<\/span> user_id =<\/span> p_user_id;<\/span><\/p>\n

    RETURN<\/span> v_total;<\/span>
    \nEND<\/span>;<\/span>
    \n$$ LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> calculate_order_total(<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> user_total;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u89e6\u53d1\u5668\u51fd\u6570<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> OR<\/span> REPLACE<\/span> FUNCTION<\/span> update_modified_column(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \nRETURNS<\/span> TRIGGER<\/span> AS<\/span> $$
    \nBEGIN<\/span>
    \n NEW.<\/span>updated_at =<\/span> CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<\/span>;<\/span>
    \n RETURN<\/span> NEW;<\/span>
    \nEND<\/span>;<\/span>
    \n$$ LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u89e6\u53d1\u5668<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TRIGGER<\/span> update_users_modtime
    \n BEFORE UPDATE<\/span> ON<\/span> users
    \n FOR EACH ROW<\/span>
    \n EXECUTE<\/span> FUNCTION<\/span> update_modified_column(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u5b58\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> OR<\/span> REPLACE<\/span> PROCEDURE<\/span> process_orders(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \nLANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql
    \nAS<\/span> $$
    \nBEGIN<\/span>
    \n UPDATE<\/span> orders
    \n SET<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'shipped'<\/span>
    \n WHERE<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'paid'<\/span>
    \n AND<\/span> created_at <<\/span> CURRENT_DATE<\/span> –<\/span> INTERVAL<\/span> '2 days'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    RAISE NOTICE 'Orders processed at %'<\/span>,<\/span> NOW<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nEND<\/span>;<\/span>
    \n$$;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8c03\u7528\u5b58\u50a8\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>
    \nCALL<\/span> process_orders(<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.4 \u5206\u533a\u8868<\/h4>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders_partitioned (<\/span>
    \n order_id SERIAL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n user_id INTEGER<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n product_name VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n price DECIMAL<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n created_at TIMESTAMP<\/span> WITH<\/span> TIME<\/span> ZONE DEFAULT<\/span> CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span> (<\/span>order_id,<\/span> created_at)<\/span>
    \n)<\/span> PARTITION<\/span> BY<\/span> RANGE (<\/span>created_at)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u5206\u533a<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders_2024_q1 PARTITION<\/span> OF<\/span> orders_partitioned
    \n FOR<\/span> VALUES<\/span> FROM<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-01-01'<\/span>)<\/span> TO<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-04-01'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders_2024_q2 PARTITION<\/span> OF<\/span> orders_partitioned
    \n FOR<\/span> VALUES<\/span> FROM<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-04-01'<\/span>)<\/span> TO<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-07-01'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders_2024_q3 PARTITION<\/span> OF<\/span> orders_partitioned
    \n FOR<\/span> VALUES<\/span> FROM<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-07-01'<\/span>)<\/span> TO<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-10-01'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders_2024_q4 PARTITION<\/span> OF<\/span> orders_partitioned
    \n FOR<\/span> VALUES<\/span> FROM<\/span> (<\/span>'2024-10-01'<\/span>)<\/span> TO<\/span> (<\/span>'2025-01-01'<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u5206\u533a<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_partitions WHERE<\/span> tablename =<\/span> 'orders_partitioned'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    5. \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/h3>\n

    5.1 \u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n

    \u4f7f\u7528 EXPLAIN \u5206\u6790<\/h5>\n

    — \u57fa\u672c\u5206\u6790<\/span>
    \nEXPLAIN<\/span> SELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> email =<\/span> 'test@example.com'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790（\u5305\u542b\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4）<\/span>
    \nEXPLAIN<\/span> ANALYZE<\/span> SELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> email =<\/span> 'test@example.com'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa<\/span>
    \nEXPLAIN<\/span> (<\/span>ANALYZE<\/span>,<\/span> BUFFERS,<\/span> FORMAT JSON)<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> email =<\/span> 'test@example.com'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u8bc6\u522b<\/span>
    \nEXPLAIN<\/span> (<\/span>ANALYZE<\/span>,<\/span> VERBOSE)<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> u.<\/span>*<\/span>,<\/span> o.<\/span>*<\/span>
    \nFROM<\/span> users u
    \nJOIN<\/span> orders o ON<\/span> u.<\/span>id =<\/span> o.<\/span>user_id
    \nWHERE<\/span> u.<\/span>is_active =<\/span> TRUE<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5e38\u89c1\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u5de7<\/h5>\n

    — 1. \u907f\u514d SELECT *<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> id,<\/span> username,<\/span> email FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> is_active =<\/span> TRUE<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 2. \u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u9002\u7684 JOIN \u7c7b\u578b<\/span>
    \n— \u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 INNER JOIN<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> users u
    \nINNER<\/span> JOIN<\/span> orders o ON<\/span> u.<\/span>id =<\/span> o.<\/span>user_id;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 3. \u6279\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>
    \n— \u4f7f\u7528 COPY \u66ff\u4ee3\u591a\u6761 INSERT<\/span>
    \nCOPY users FROM<\/span> STDIN WITH<\/span> CSV;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 4. \u4f7f\u7528 CTE \u66ff\u4ee3\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2（\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2）<\/span>
    \nWITH<\/span> active_users AS<\/span> (<\/span>
    \n SELECT<\/span> id FROM<\/span> users WHERE<\/span> is_active =<\/span> TRUE<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> orders WHERE<\/span> user_id IN<\/span> (<\/span>SELECT<\/span> id FROM<\/span> active_users)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 5. \u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528 LIMIT<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> large_table ORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> id LIMIT<\/span> 100<\/span> OFFSET<\/span> 0<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    5.2 \u914d\u7f6e\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u914d\u7f6e<\/span>
    \nSHOW<\/span> shared_buffers;<\/span>
    \nSHOW<\/span> work_mem;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574（\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ea7\u522b）<\/span>
    \nSET<\/span> work_mem =<\/span> '8MB'<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nSET<\/span> maintenance_work_mem =<\/span> '128MB'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7edf\u8ba1<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_stat_database;<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_stat_user_tables;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u6162\u67e5\u8be2<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_stat_activity
    \nWHERE<\/span> state =<\/span> 'active'<\/span>
    \nAND<\/span> query_start <<\/span> NOW<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> INTERVAL<\/span> '5 minutes'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    5.3 \u7d22\u5f15\u7ef4\u62a4<\/h4>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u7d22\u5f15\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n indexrelname,<\/span>
    \n idx_scan,<\/span>
    \n idx_tup_read,<\/span>
    \n idx_tup_fetch
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_stat_user_indexes
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> idx_scan DESC<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u627e\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n schemaname,<\/span>
    \n tablename,<\/span>
    \n indexname,<\/span>
    \n idx_scan
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_stat_user_indexes
    \nWHERE<\/span> idx_scan =<\/span> 0<\/span>
    \nAND<\/span> indexname NOT<\/span> LIKE<\/span> '%pkey%'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u91cd\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \nREINDEX INDEX<\/span> idx_users_email;<\/span>
    \nREINDEX TABLE<\/span> users;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5206\u6790\u8868\u7edf\u8ba1<\/span>
    \nANALYZE<\/span> users;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — VACUUM \u6e05\u7406<\/span>
    \nVACUUM users;<\/span>
    \nVACUUM FULL<\/span> users;<\/span> — \u5b8c\u5168\u6e05\u7406（\u4f1a\u9501\u8868）<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    6. \u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u90e8\u7f72\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4<\/h3>\n

    6.1 \u5907\u4efd\u4e0e\u6062\u590d<\/h4>\n

    # \u903b\u8f91\u5907\u4efd<\/span>
    \npg_dump -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -f<\/span> backup.sql<\/p>\n

    # \u5907\u4efd\u7279\u5b9a\u8868<\/span>
    \npg_dump -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -t<\/span> users<\/span> -t<\/span> orders -f<\/span> tables_backup.sql<\/p>\n

    # \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u683c\u5f0f\u5907\u4efd（\u63a8\u8350，\u652f\u6301\u5e76\u884c\u6062\u590d）<\/span>
    \npg_dump -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -Fc<\/span> -f<\/span> backup.dump<\/p>\n

    # \u5e76\u884c\u5907\u4efd<\/span>
    \npg_dump -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -j<\/span> 4<\/span> -Fc<\/span> -f<\/span> backup.dump<\/p>\n

    # \u5168\u5e93\u5907\u4efd（\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93）<\/span>
    \npg_dumpall -U<\/span> postgres -f<\/span> all_databases.sql<\/p>\n

    # \u6062\u590d\u5907\u4efd<\/span>
    \npg_restore -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -Fc<\/span> backup.dump<\/p>\n

    # \u5e76\u884c\u6062\u590d<\/span>
    \npg_restore -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> my_database -j<\/span> 4<\/span> -Fc<\/span> backup.dump<\/p>\n

    \u5b9a\u65f6\u5907\u4efd\u811a\u672c<\/h5>\n

    #!\/bin\/bash<\/span>
    \n# backup.sh<\/span><\/p>\n

    BACKUP_DIR<\/span>=<\/span>"\/backups\/postgresql"<\/span>
    \nDATE<\/span>=<\/span>$(<\/span>date<\/span> +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)<\/span><\/span>
    \nBACKUP_FILE<\/span>=<\/span>"$BACKUP_DIR<\/span>\/backup_$DATE<\/span>.dump"<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u521b\u5efa\u5907\u4efd\u76ee\u5f55<\/span>
    \nmkdir<\/span> -p<\/span> $BACKUP_DIR<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u6267\u884c\u5907\u4efd<\/span>
    \npg_dump -U<\/span> postgres -d<\/span> production_db -Fc<\/span> -f<\/span> $BACKUP_FILE<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u5220\u96647\u5929\u524d\u7684\u5907\u4efd<\/span>
    \nfind<\/span> $BACKUP_DIR<\/span> -name<\/span> "backup_*.dump"<\/span> -mtime<\/span> +7 -delete<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u8bb0\u5f55\u65e5\u5fd7<\/span>
    \necho<\/span> "Backup completed: $BACKUP_FILE<\/span>"<\/span> >><\/span> \/var\/log\/pg_backup.log<\/p>\n

    6.2 \u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u67b6\u6784<\/h4>\n

    \u6d41\u590d\u5236\u914d\u7f6e<\/h5>\n

    # \u4e3b\u5e93\u914d\u7f6e (postgresql.conf)
    \nwal_level = replica
    \nmax_wal_senders = 10
    \nwal_keep_size = 1024
    \nsynchronous_commit = on<\/p>\n

    # \u4e3b\u5e93\u8ba4\u8bc1 (pg_hba.conf)
    \nhost replication replicator 192.168.1.0\/24 scram-sha-256<\/p>\n

    # \u4ece\u5e93\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/span>
    \npg_basebackup -h<\/span> master_host -U<\/span> replicator -D<\/span> \/var\/lib\/postgresql\/data -Fp<\/span> -Xs<\/span> -P<\/span> -R<\/span><\/p>\n

    # \u4ece\u5e93\u914d\u7f6e (postgresql.auto.conf)<\/span>
    \nprimary_conninfo =<\/span> 'host=master_host port=5432 user=replicator password=xxx'<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236<\/h5>\n

    — \u4e3b\u5e93：\u521b\u5efa\u53d1\u5e03<\/span>
    \nALTER<\/span> SYSTEM SET<\/span> wal_level =<\/span> 'logical'<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> PUBLICATION my_publication FOR<\/span> TABLE<\/span> users,<\/span> orders;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u4ece\u5e93：\u521b\u5efa\u8ba2\u9605<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> SUBSCRIPTION my_subscription
    \nCONNECTION 'host=master_host dbname=my_database user=replicator password=xxx'<\/span>
    \nPUBLICATION my_publication;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u67e5\u770b\u8ba2\u9605\u72b6\u6001<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> pg_stat_subscription;<\/span><\/p>\n

    6.3 \u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u544a\u8b66<\/h4>\n

    \u76d1\u63a7\u67e5\u8be2<\/h5>\n

    — \u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u76d1\u63a7<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n state,<\/span>
    \n COUNT<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> count
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_stat_activity
    \nGROUP<\/span> BY<\/span> state;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u957f\u4e8b\u52a1\u68c0\u6d4b<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n pid,<\/span>
    \n now<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> pg_stat_activity.<\/span>query_start AS<\/span> duration,<\/span>
    \n query,<\/span>
    \n state
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_stat_activity
    \nWHERE<\/span> (<\/span>now<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span> –<\/span> pg_stat_activity.<\/span>query_start)<\/span> ><\/span> interval<\/span> '5 minutes'<\/span>
    \nAND<\/span> state !=<\/span> 'idle'<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u8868\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n schemaname,<\/span>
    \n tablename,<\/span>
    \n pg_size_pretty(<\/span>pg_total_relation_size(<\/span>schemaname||<\/span>'.'<\/span>||<\/span>tablename)<\/span>)<\/span> AS<\/span> size
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_tables
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> pg_total_relation_size(<\/span>schemaname||<\/span>'.'<\/span>||<\/span>tablename)<\/span> DESC<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5927\u5c0f<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n datname,<\/span>
    \n pg_size_pretty(<\/span>pg_database_size(<\/span>datname)<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> size
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_database
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> pg_database_size(<\/span>datname)<\/span> DESC<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u9501\u76d1\u63a7<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span>
    \n l.<\/span>pid,<\/span>
    \n l.<\/span>mode<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n l.<\/span>granted,<\/span>
    \n a.<\/span>query
    \nFROM<\/span> pg_locks l
    \nJOIN<\/span> pg_stat_activity a ON<\/span> l.<\/span>pid =<\/span> a.<\/span>pid
    \nWHERE<\/span> NOT<\/span> l.<\/span>granted;<\/span><\/p>\n

    Prometheus + Grafana \u76d1\u63a7<\/h5>\n

    # docker-compose.yml<\/span>
    \nversion<\/span>:<\/span> '3.8'<\/span>
    \nservices<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n postgres<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n image<\/span>:<\/span> postgres:<\/span>15<\/span>
    \n environment<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n POSTGRES_PASSWORD<\/span>:<\/span> secure_password
    \n ports<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> "5432:5432"<\/span>
    \n volumes<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> pgdata:<\/span>\/var\/lib\/postgresql\/data<\/p>\n

    postgres_exporter<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n image<\/span>:<\/span> prometheuscommunity\/postgres–<\/span>exporter
    \n environment<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n DATA_SOURCE_NAME<\/span>:<\/span> "postgresql:\/\/postgres:secure_password@postgres:5432\/postgres?sslmode=disable"<\/span>
    \n ports<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> "9187:9187"<\/span>
    \n depends_on<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> postgres<\/p>\n

    prometheus<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n image<\/span>:<\/span> prom\/prometheus
    \n volumes<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> .\/prometheus.yml:<\/span>\/etc\/prometheus\/prometheus.yml
    \n ports<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> "9090:9090"<\/span><\/p>\n

    grafana<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n image<\/span>:<\/span> grafana\/grafana
    \n ports<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> "3000:3000"<\/span>
    \n environment<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n –<\/span> GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin<\/p>\n

    volumes<\/span>:<\/span>
    \n pgdata<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

    6.4 \u5b89\u5168\u914d\u7f6e<\/h4>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u53ea\u8bfb\u7528\u6237<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> ROLE readonly_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> CONNECT<\/span> ON<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> my_database TO<\/span> readonly_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> USAGE<\/span> ON<\/span> SCHEMA<\/span> public<\/span> TO<\/span> readonly_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> SELECT<\/span> ON<\/span> ALL<\/span> TABLES<\/span> IN<\/span> SCHEMA<\/span> public<\/span> TO<\/span> readonly_role;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> USER<\/span> readonly_user WITH<\/span> PASSWORD 'secure_password'<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> readonly_role TO<\/span> readonly_user;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u521b\u5efa\u8bfb\u5199\u7528\u6237<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> ROLE readwrite_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> CONNECT<\/span> ON<\/span> DATABASE<\/span> my_database TO<\/span> readwrite_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> USAGE<\/span> ON<\/span> SCHEMA<\/span> public<\/span> TO<\/span> readwrite_role;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> SELECT<\/span>,<\/span> INSERT<\/span>,<\/span> UPDATE<\/span>,<\/span> DELETE<\/span> ON<\/span> ALL<\/span> TABLES<\/span> IN<\/span> SCHEMA<\/span> public<\/span> TO<\/span> readwrite_role;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> USER<\/span> readwrite_user WITH<\/span> PASSWORD 'secure_password'<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nGRANT<\/span> readwrite_role TO<\/span> readwrite_user;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u884c\u7ea7\u5b89\u5168\u7b56\u7565<\/span>
    \nALTER<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders ENABLE<\/span> ROW<\/span> LEVEL<\/span> SECURITY;<\/span><\/p>\n

    CREATE<\/span> POLICY user_orders ON<\/span> orders
    \nFOR<\/span> ALL<\/span>
    \nUSING<\/span> (<\/span>user_id =<\/span> current_setting(<\/span>'app.current_user_id'<\/span>)<\/span>::integer<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u542f\u7528 SSL<\/span>
    \n— postgresql.conf<\/span>
    \nssl =<\/span> on<\/span>
    \nssl_cert_file =<\/span> '\/path\/to\/server.crt'<\/span>
    \nssl_key_file =<\/span> '\/path\/to\/server.key'<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    7. \u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n

    7.1 \u5f00\u53d1\u89c4\u8303<\/h4>\n

    \u547d\u540d\u89c4\u8303<\/h5>\n

    — \u8868\u540d：\u5c0f\u5199 + \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf，\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> users (<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> order_items (<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span>.<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5217\u540d：\u5c0f\u5199 + \u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> users (<\/span>
    \n user_id SERIAL<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n username VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>50<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n created_at TIMESTAMP<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u7d22\u5f15\u540d：idx_\u8868\u540d_\u5217\u540d<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_users_email ON<\/span> users(<\/span>email)<\/span>;<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> INDEX<\/span> idx_orders_user_id ON<\/span> orders(<\/span>user_id)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u5916\u952e\u540d：fk_\u8868\u540d_\u5f15\u7528\u8868\u540d<\/span>
    \nALTER<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders ADD<\/span> CONSTRAINT<\/span> fk_orders_users
    \nFOREIGN<\/span> KEY<\/span> (<\/span>user_id)<\/span> REFERENCES<\/span> users(<\/span>id)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — \u68c0\u67e5\u7ea6\u675f\u540d：chk_\u8868\u540d_\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>
    \nALTER<\/span> TABLE<\/span> orders ADD<\/span> CONSTRAINT<\/span> chk_orders_quantity
    \nCHECK<\/span> (<\/span>quantity ><\/span> 0<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u7c7b\u578b\u9009\u62e9<\/h5>\n

    — \u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 SERIAL \u6216 GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY<\/span>
    \nCREATE<\/span> TABLE<\/span> users (<\/span>
    \n id GENERATED ALWAYS AS<\/span> IDENTITY<\/span> PRIMARY<\/span> KEY<\/span>,<\/span> — \u63a8\u8350<\/span>
    \n — \u6216 id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY<\/span>
    \n username VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>50<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n email VARCHAR<\/span>(<\/span>255<\/span>)<\/span> NOT<\/span> NULL<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n is_active BOOLEAN<\/span> DEFAULT<\/span> TRUE<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n price DECIMAL<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span> — \u91d1\u989d\u4f7f\u7528 DECIMAL<\/span>
    \n created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT<\/span> NOW<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>,<\/span>
    \n data<\/span> JSONB — \u7075\u6d3b\u6570\u636e\u4f7f\u7528 JSONB<\/span>
    \n)<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    7.2 \u6027\u80fd\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n

    — 1. \u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \n— \u4e3a WHERE\u3001JOIN\u3001ORDER BY \u7684\u5217\u521b\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>
    \n— \u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7d22\u5f15，\u5f71\u54cd\u5199\u5165\u6027\u80fd<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 2. \u6279\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>
    \n— \u4f7f\u7528 COPY \u547d\u4ee4\u6279\u91cf\u5bfc\u5165<\/span>
    \n— \u4f7f\u7528 INSERT … VALUES (…), (…), … \u6279\u91cf\u63d2\u5165<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 3. \u5206\u9875\u4f18\u5316<\/span>
    \n— \u4f7f\u7528\u6e38\u6807\u6216 keyset \u5206\u9875\u4ee3\u66ff OFFSET<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> orders
    \nWHERE<\/span> id ><\/span> last_id
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> id
    \nLIMIT<\/span> 100<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 4. \u907f\u514d\u9501\u7ade\u4e89<\/span>
    \n— \u4f7f\u7528 SKIP LOCKED \u5904\u7406\u961f\u5217<\/span>
    \nSELECT<\/span> *<\/span> FROM<\/span> job_queue
    \nWHERE<\/span> status<\/span> =<\/span> 'pending'<\/span>
    \nORDER<\/span> BY<\/span> created_at
    \nLIMIT<\/span> 1<\/span>
    \nFOR<\/span> UPDATE<\/span> SKIP LOCKED;<\/span><\/p>\n

    — 5. \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60<\/span>
    \n— \u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 PgBouncer \u6216\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60<\/span><\/p>\n

    7.3 \u8fd0\u7ef4\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n

    # 1. \u5b9a\u671f\u7ef4\u62a4<\/span>
    \n# \u6bcf\u5468\u6267\u884c VACUUM ANALYZE<\/span>
    \nvacuumdb –all<\/span> –analyze<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 2. \u76d1\u63a7\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span>
    \ndf<\/span> -h<\/span>
    \nSELECT pg_size_pretty(<\/span>pg_database_size(<\/span>'my_database'<\/span>))<\/span>;<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 3. \u68c0\u67e5\u590d\u5236\u5ef6\u8fdf<\/span>
    \nSELECT
    \n client_addr,
    \n state,
    \n sent_lsn,
    \n write_lsn,
    \n replay_lag
    \nFROM pg_stat_replication;<\/span><\/p>\n

    # 4. \u65e5\u5fd7\u7ba1\u7406<\/span>
    \n# postgresql.conf<\/span>
    \nlog_destination =<\/span> 'stderr'<\/span>
    \nlogging_collector =<\/span> on
    \nlog_directory =<\/span> 'pg_log'<\/span>
    \nlog_filename =<\/span> 'postgresql-%Y-%m-%d.log'<\/span>
    \nlog_rotation_age =<\/span> 1d
    \nlog_rotation_size =<\/span> 100MB<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    PostgreSQL \u4ece\u96f6\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5357 📚 \u672c\u6587\u6863\u6db5\u76d6 PostgreSQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u57fa\u7840\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb 🎯 \u9002\u5408\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u3001DBA\u3001\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u6c42 📑 \u76ee\u5f55
    \nPostgreSQL \u7b80\u4ecb\u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u914d\u7f6e\u57fa\u7840\u64cd\u4f5c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u90e8\u7f72\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5 1. PostgreSQL \u7b80\u4ecb
    \n1.1 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f PostgreSQL
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